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Psychology for Graduate Nurses (for BSc & Post Basic Nursing Students)
Rajesh G Konnur
CHAPTER 1:
Introduction to Psychology
INTRODUCTION
HISTORY AND ORIGIN OF PSYCHOLOGY
Early Age of Prescientific Psychology
Modern Age of Scientific Psychology
Structuralism
Functionalism
Behaviorism and S-R psychology
GESTALT PSYCHOLOGY
PSYCHOANALYSIS/ PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY
Unconscious
Psychoanalytic Method
Free Association
Dream Analysis
Analysis of the Daily Psychopathology
Structure of Personality
Psychosexual Development
Transpersonal Psychology
Cognitive Psychology
Definition of Psychology
Meaning of Science and Behavior
SCOPE OF PSYCHOLOGY
Branches/Areas of Specialization
Pure Psychology
Applied Psychology
Branches of Pure Psychology
Branches of Applied Psychology
PSYCHOLOGY AND NURSING
Case Studies
Drawbacks:
Testing
SUMMARY POINTS
Questions for Introspection
CHAPTER 2:
Biological Basis of Psychology
MIND – BODY RELATIONSHIP
Mind
Aspects of Conscious, Preconscious/Subconscious and Unconsciousness
Consciousness
Analysis of Psychological Phenomena
Mind-body Relationship
Behavioral Genetics
Genetics and Behavior: Heredity and Environment
Gene: Structure and Characteristics
Structure of the Gene
Chemical Structure
Diagram
3. A cyclic nitrogen containing base.
Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)
Types of RNA: Human cell contains 4 types of RNA.
Other types of RNA's:
Gene Mutation and Health
Mechanism of Inheritance
Gregor Mandel's Law of Inheritance
PATTERNS OF INHERITANCE
Autosomal Dominant
Autosomal Recessive
Sex-linked Inheritance
a. X-Linked Dominant Inheritance
b. X-Linked Recessive
c. X-linked Recessive (affected fathers):
d. X-linked Recessive
Codominant Pattern of Inheritance
Mitochondrial Pattern of Inheritance
Multifactorial Pattern of Inheritance
BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR
Nervous System
Parts of the Nervous System
Peripheral Nervous System
Central Nervous System
Brain
Cerebrum
Functions of the Cerebrum
Cerebellum (Little brain)
Thalamus
Medulla Oblongata
Spinal Cord
Functions
Autonomic Nervous System
Sympathetic Nervous System
Sympathetic Chain
Parasympathetic Nervous System
Nervous System and Behavior
Functions of the Brain
Frontal Lobes
NERVOUS SYSTEM AND BEHAVIOR
SENSATION AND BEHAVIOR
Sensory Receptors
Sensory Thresholds
Subliminal Perception
Habituation
Sensory Adaptation
Physiopsychology of Sight/Seeing
Psychological properties of light
Brightness
Structure of the Eye
Anatomy and Physiology of Eye
Retina, Rods and Cones
Blind Spot
Mechanism of Eye
Color Blindness
The Hearing Sense
Physiopsychology of Hearing
Anatomy and Physiology of Ear
External Ear/Outer Ear
Middle Ear
Inner Ear
Types of Hearing Impairments
SENSE OF TASTE
GUSTATION (Sensation of Taste)
Taste Buds
OLFACTION (The sense of smell)
Sense of Touch (Somesthetic Senses)
Feeling of Touch, Pressure and Temperature
Sensory Receptors
Kinesthetic Sense
Vestibular Sense
The Glands and Psychology
Pituitary/Master Gland
Thyroid Gland
Pineal Gland
Pancreas
Gonads
GLANDS AND NURSING PERCEPTIVE
CHAPTER 3:
Cognition, Attention, Perception, Learning, Memory, Thinking, Intelligence
ATTENTION
DETERMINANTS OF ATTENTION
Alteration in Attention
Continuous Distraction
Discontinuous Distraction
PERCEPTION
Constancies: Size, Shape and Brightness
Shape Constancy
Brightness Constancy
PRINCIPLES OF PERCEPTION
Gestalt law of organization
Figure Ground Relationships
Proximity or Nearness
Closure
Continuity
Contiguity
Inclusion
Common Fate
Subjective Factors
Mental set
Motives and Needs
Interest
Emotions
Values
Habits
Familiarity
Attitude
Past Experiences
Objective Factors
PERCEPTUAL ERRORS
LEARNING
Learning: Definition
Nature of Learning
CHARACTERISTICS OF LEARNING
Learning Process
Factors Influencing Learning
Environmental: These include
Theories of Learning
Association Theories of Learning
Law of Exercise
Law of Readiness
Law of Effect
SUB LAWS OF LEARNING
CLASSICAL CONDITIONING THEORY
Cognitive theory
Behaviorist Theory of Learning
Theory of Continuous Conditioning or Simultaneous Conditioning
Instrumental or Operant Conditioning
Type of Behavior and Conditioning
Respondent Behavior and Type-S Conditioning
Operant Behavior and Type-R Conditioning
Concept of Reinforcement
Positive and Negative Reinforcement
Cognitive Theories of Learning
Gestalt Theories of Learning And Theory of Insinght
Insight Theory of Learning
Characteristics of Insightful Learning
Educational Implications of Insightful Theory
Observational Learning
Machine Learning
Rote Learning
Informal Learning
Formal learning
Learning Organization
MEMORY
Meaning of Memory
Nature of Memory
Definitions
Characteristics/Functions of Memory
Factors Influencing Memory
Conditions of Good Memory
Types of Memory
Models/Theories of Memory
Process of Memory
The Neurocognitive Theory of Memory
Definitions
THINKING
Nature of Thinking
Types of Thinking
INTELLIGENCE AND APTITUDE
Definitions
Nature of Intelligence
Development of Intelligent Behavior
Features of Intelligence
CLASSIFICATION OF INTELLIGENCE
Individual Differences in Intelligence
Heredity
Physical Health
Environment
Intelligence Classified/ Types of Intelligence
Clinical Classification
Unitary or Monarchy Theory
Two Factor or Ecliptic Theory
Three Factor Theory of Intelligence:
Multiple Factor Theory
The Group Factor Theory
Hierarchical Theory
THREE DIMENSIONAL/OR SI MODEL
Sternberg's Triarchic Theory
Emotional Intelligence
Measuring Intelligence
Kaufman Scales
Use of Intelligence Tests
SUMMARY
TEST YOURSELF
CHAPTER 4:
Aptitude
APTITUDE
Concept of Aptitude
Uses
Type of Aptitude Tests
Individual Differences and Variability
Aptitude and the Nurse
Alternations is cognitive processes
SUMMARY
TEST YOUSELF
CHAPTER 5:
Motivation and Emotional Processes
INTRODUCTION
Definitions and Meaning
Meaning of Motivation
CONCEPTS OF MOTIVATION
Theories of Motivation
Drive Theories
Incentive Theories
Opponent - Process Theory
Optimal-Level Theories
Humanistic/Maslow's Theory
Limitations
Hull's Drive Theory
Psychoanalytical theory of motivation
Cognitive Theory of Motivation
Instinct Theory of Motivation
Arousal Theory of Motivation
Self Determination Theory (SDT) of Motivation
Motives and Behavior
Motives
FEATURES OF MOTIVES
MOTIVES AND BEHAVIOR
Hunger
Thirst
Sex
Social Motives
Need for Achievement
Need for Affiliation
Need for power
Human Aggression
Explorative Motives
Effectance Motives
UNCONSCIOUS MOTIVES
CONFLICTS AND FRUSTRATION
Source of Frustration
Reactions To Frustration
Types of Conflicts
Kinds of Conflict
Motivational Conflict
Internal Conflict
The Unconscious Conflict
Repression
Complexes
Censor
Conflict Resolution
Nursing Perceptives
Emotions and Stress
Emotion Defined
Components of Emotion
Changes in Emotions
Internal Changes
External Changes
Theories of Emotion
Cannon Bard Theory of Emotion
Schachter - Singer Theory of Emotions
Lazarus and Cognitive Mediational Theory
James Lange Theory
Facial Feedback Theory of Emotion
Activation Theory of Emotions
Drawbacks
Arnold's Theory of Emotion
Emotional Adjustment
Emotion in health and illness
Sadness
Love
Happiness
Death, Dying, Bereavement and Loss
ALTERNATIONS IN EMOTIONS
CHAPTER 6:
Stress, Health and Coping
STRESS
STRESSORS
EFFECT OF STRESS
Stage 1. Alarm Reaction
Stage 2. Resistance
Stage 3. Exhaustion
COGNITIVE THEORY OF STRESS
Adaptation to Stress and Coping
Adaptation Methods
ATTITUDES
Definitions
What Attitude Means
The Nature of Attitudes
Development of Attitudes
The ABC Model of Attitudes
Learning Theories
Consistency Theories
Cognitive Theories
Group Memberships
Existing Interpersonal Relationships
Particular Situation
Factors Affecting Attitudes
BEHAVIOR AND ATTITUDES
ATTITUDINAL CHANGE
The Source
The Message
One-sided Versus Two-sided Messages
The Receiver
PSYCHOMETRIC ASSESSMENTS OF ATTITUDES
Self-report Methods
Attitude Scales
Involuntary Behavioral Measures
Attitude Scales
Guttman's Scale (Cumulative Scaling)
Bogardus's Social Distance Scale
Nursing Applications
SUMMARY
STUDY QUESTIONS
CHAPTER 7:
PERSONALITY
PERSONALITY
Personality Defined
NATURE OF PERSONALITY
Types of Personality
I. According to Hippocrates, four types of personality he identified.
II. Carl Jung, Classified personality into two types.
Topography of Personality
THEORIES OF PERSONALITY
Dynamic Theories of Personality
Sigmund Freud's Theory of Psychoanalysis
V. Type and Trait Theories of Personality
Type Theory of Hippocrates
Learning and Behavioral Theories of Personality
Dollard and Miller Theory of Social Learning
Radical Behaviorism of Skinner/ Reinforcement Theory
Social Learning Theory
Humanistic Theory of Personality
MASLOW'S THEORY OF SELF-ACTUALIZATION
Psychometric Assessment of Personality
Subjective Methods
Interview
Case History
Autobiography
Questionnaire
Objective Methods
Observation
BEHAVIORAL / SITUATIONAL TESTS
Rating Scales
Sociometry
Projective Methods
Rorschach Inkblot Technique
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
Word Association Test
Dream Analysis
Alterations In Personality
PERSONALITY AND NURSING
SUMMARY
TEST YOURSELF
CHAPTER 8:
Developmental Psychology
PRENATAL STAGE
INFANCY (BIRTH — 2 YEARS)
Physical Development
Cognitive Development
SOCIAL AND EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT
EARLY CHILDHOOD STAGE (2 ‒ 6 YEARS)
PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT
COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT
SOCIAL AND EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT
MIDDLE CHILDHOOD PHASE (6 ‒12 YEARS)
PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT
COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT
SOCIAL AND EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT
ADOLESCENCE STAGE
PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT
COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT
SEXUAL DEVELOPMENT
EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT
EARLY ADULTHOOD STAGE
PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT
CONGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT
SOCIAL AND EMOTIONAL FAMILY DEVELOPMENT
MIDDLE ADULTHOOD STAGE
PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT
COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT
SOCIAL AND EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT
LATE ADULTHOOD/OLD AGE (60 YEARS – DEATH)PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT
COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT
SOCIAL AND EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT
VULNERABLE GROUPS AND CHALLENGES
SICK PEOPLE
CHALLENGED PEOPLE
WOMEN
PSYCHOLOGY OF GROUPS
CHAPTER SUMMARY
PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT
POSTNATAL DEVELOPMENT
ADOLESCENCE
ADULTHOOD
REVIEW QUESTIONS
CHAPTER 9:
Mental Health and Mental Hygiene
CONCEPTS
Mental Hygiene Defined
Mental Health and Mental Hygiene
Characteristics of Mentally Healthy Person
Criteria of Mental Health
Characteristics of Mentally Healthy Person
Warning Signs of Poor Mental Health
Promotive and Preventive Mental Health Strategies and Services
EGO-Defence Mechanisms
IMPLICATION OF DEFENSE MECHANISMS
Advantages
Disadvantages
Personal and Social Adjustments
Adjustment Process
Guidance and Counseling
CHARACTERISTICS OF GUIDANCE
PRINCIPLES OF GUIDANCE
GUIDANCE AND COUNSELING
BASIC ASSUMPTIONS OF GUIDANCE
FUNCTIONS OF GUIDANCE
SCOPE OF GUIDANCE
NEED FOR GUIDANCE SERVICE IN EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS
NURSING PERCEPTIVES
SUMMARY
REVIEW QUESTIONS
CHAPTER 10:
Psychological Assessment and Tests
CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD PSYCHOLOGICAL TEST
PRINCIPLES
USES OF TESTS
INTERPRETATION OF TESTS
NURSING PERCEPTIVES
SUMMARY POINTS
REVIEW QUESTIONS
INDEX
TOC
Index
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