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The Eye in History
Frank Joseph Goes
SECTION 1: DESCRIPTIVE
CHAPTER 1:
Famous Ophthalmologists
INTRODUCTION
FAMOUS OPHTHALMOLOGISTS
Pre-18th century
18th-19th Century
Jacques Daviel (France:1696–1762)
Frans Cornelis Donders (Netherlands:1818–1889)
Allvar Gullstrand (Sweden:1862–1930)
Jan Evangelista Purkyne
Hermann Snellen (Netherlands: 1834–1908)
Carl Ferdinand von Arlt (Austria:1812–1887)
Albrecht von Graefe (Germany:1828–1870)
Hermann von Helmholtz (Germany: 1821–1894)
20th–21st Century
William Horatio Bates (USA: 1860–1931)
Bashar al-Assad (Syria: 1965)
Ignacio Barraquer (Spain: 1884–1965)
José Barraquer (Spain: 1916–1998)
Vladimir Petrovich Filatov (Ukraine: 1875–1956)
Svyatoslav Nikolayevich Fyodorov (Russia: 1927–2000)
Charles Kelman (United States: 1930–2004)
Tadeusz Krwawicz (Poland: 1910–1988)
Ioannis Pallikaris (Greece: 1947)
Marshall M Parks (USA: 1918–2005)
Sir Harold Ridley (UK: 1906–2001)
Tsutomu Sato (Japan)
Charles Schepens (Belgium:1912–2006)
THE HALL OF FAME
David J Apple †
Aron-Rosa (France)
Endre A Balazs
Cornelius D Binkhorst (Netherlands:1912–1995)
Alan C Bird
Stewart Duke-Elder (UK: 1899–1978)
Jules François (Belgium: 1907–1984)
Ernst Fuchs (1851–1930)
Hans Goldmann (Switzerland:1899-1991)
Jules Gonin (1870–1935)
Robert Machemer (B 1933)
Stephen Trokel (B 1934)
CHAPTER 2:
Anatomy of the Human Eye
INTRODUCTION
FUNCTION OF THE EYE
DETAILED ANATOMY OF THE EYE
Blood Vessels of the Eyeball
Nerves of the Eyeball
Protective Apparatus of the Eye
Motor and Supporting Apparatus of the Eye
Topographic Anatomy
Dimensions of the Eye
THE RETINA
Rods
Cones
Summary
CHAPTER 3:
Accommodation
INTRODUCTION
HISTORY
PRESBYOPIA
Treatment of Presbyopia, Now and in the Future
CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 4:
Daltonism Color Blindness
INTRODUCTION
COLOR CONES
TYPES AND DEGREE OF COLOR VISION
CAUSE—GENETICS
Other Causes
RED-GREEN COLOR BLINDNESS
DETECTION AND CLASSIFICATION TEST
Management
OCCUPATIONS AND RESTRICTIONS
MISCONCEPTIONS AND COMPENSATIONS
FAMOUS COLOR-BLIND PEOPLE
CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 5:
How We See?
Introduction
IN ANCIENT TIMES
THE PROCESS
Microscopic Anatomy: The Rod and Cone Cells of the Retina
VISUAL PIGMENTS
An Important Protein in the Rod Cell: Rhodopsin
Vitamin A—Retinol-Nutrition
VISION DEVELOPMENT IN CHILDREN
CHEMISTRY OF VISION
Day and Night Vision
Fovea Retina
PSYCHOLOGY
REFLECTION AND SCATTERING
Absorption
Transmission
REFRACTION
CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 6:
Animal Eyes: The Evolution of the Eye
INTRODUCTION
THE EVOLUTION DIFFERENT EYES
The Origin of Vision
Light and Vision Wavelength and Color
What Makes a Good Eye?
Equatic Eyes—The Evolution of the Lens
Characteristics of Eyes
The Size
The Pupil
Eyes in Air and in Water
The Eye of Spiders
Mirrors in Animals
Compound Eyes
Insect Eyes
THE DAILY LIFE OF SOME ANIMALS
Birds
Hunting Eyes
Jumping Spiders
Eyes in the Sea
Octopus Eyes
The Archer Fish
The Crab's Periscope
Reptile Eyes—Infrared Vision
The Sensitive Eyes of a Frog
Cat's Eyes
The Predatory Mammals
INSIDE THE MIND OF ANIMALS
CONCLUSION
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
SECTION 2: THE HISTORY
CHAPTER 7:
Nature of Light
ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION
SPEED OF LIGHT
LIGHT SOURCES
THEORIES ABOUT LIGHT
Indian Theories
Greek and Hellenistic Theories
Optical Theory
Particle versus Wave Theory
WAVE-PARTICLE DUALITY
QUANTUM ELECTRODYNAMICS
CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 8:
Anatomy and Function of the Eye
INTRODUCTION
OPHTHALMOLOGY IN THE ANCIENT CIVILIZATIONS
THE GREEK PERIOD
OPHTHALMOLOGY IN INDIA AND CHINA
ARABIAN OPHTHALMOLOGY
THE RENAISSANCE IN EUROPE
THE EARLY MODERN PERIOD:1600–1900
THE 20TH CENTURY
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
CHAPTER 9:
Anatomy of the Central Visual System
THE EARLY PERIOD—THE PROBLEM OF THE RELATION OF THE EYE TO THE BRAIN
THE IN BETWEEN PERIOD
THE MODERN PERIOD OF DETAILED ANATOMY
CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 10:
The Collyria Eye Drops
Introduction
OVER TIME
In Ancient Egypt
Greco-Roman Pharmacology
Arab Pharmacology
THE XIXTH CENTURY!
THE XXTH CENTURY
Antibiotics
Corticoids
Non Steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs (NSAID)
Anti-allergic Eye Drops
Ocular Anti-hypertensive Treatments
Mydriatic and Cycloplegic Eye Drops
Anesthetic Eye Drops
Solutions for Ocular Dryness
Antiviral Eye Drops
THE XXIST CENTURY
Retina and Vitreous
Immunosuppressive–immunomodulatory Eye Drops
EVOLUTION IN PACKAGING
Multidose Bottles
Ointments
Inserts
CONCLUSION
SUMMARY
CHAPTER 11:
Ophthalmoviscosurgical Devices: From Simple Liquids to Surgical Instruments
INTRODUCTION
HISTORY
THE MATERIALS
CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 12:
Invention of Spectacles
INTRODUCTION
ORIGIN
DETAILS
REPRESENTATION IN ART
CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 13:
Visual Aids: From Reading Stones, Glasses, Contact Lenses, Intraocular Lenses, and Ophthalmic Lasers
INTRODUCTION
VISUAL AIDS IN THE ANTIQUE WORLD
THE FIRST SPECTACLES
THE FIRST CONTACT LENSES
SURGICAL METHODS
Clear Lens Extraction or Refractive Lens Exchange
The First Surgical Methods of the Cornea
Incisional Surgical Methods of the Cornea
Lamelliform Surgical Methods of the Cornea
Other Refractive Techniques of the Cornea
CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 14:
Contact Lenses
CONTACT LENSES AS A VISUAL AID
THE EARLY DECADES—FIRST STEPS TO AN IDEA
Leonardo da Vinci (1508)
René Descartes (1638)
Philippe de la Hire (1685)
THE IDEA OF A CONTACT LENS IS BORN
Thomas Young (1801)
Sir John Frederick William Herschel (1827)
Xavier Galezowski (1886)
UPCOMING REVOLUTION: THE FIRST REAL CONTACT LENS
Eugène Kalt (1888)
Adolf Gaston Eugen Fick (March 1888)
August Müller (1889)
Dr Sulzer (1892)
BEGINNING OF THE INDUSTRIAL CENTURY IN CONTACT LENS HISTORY
Friedrich Adolf Müller-Uri (1909)
Carl Zeiss (1911)
REPORT OF A CONTEMPORARY VICTIM
Adolf Wilhelm Müller-Welt (1927)
NEW MOULDING TECHNIQUES FOR SUCCESSFUL CONTACT LENS FITTING
Josef Dallos (1929)
Theodore Obrig (1938)
NEW MATERIALS FOR BETTER LENSES
Istvan Györffy (1937)
Györffy Himself Wrote in 1949
Frederick Ridley (1948)
Heinrich Wöhlk (1947)
Kevin Tuohy (1947)
CORNEAL LENSES
Frank Dickinson (1952)
George Jessen (1962)
Frederick (Freddie) Arthur Burnett Hodd (1964)
Janet Stone (1966)
George Nissel, Penrhyn Thomas (1967)
HARD GAS PERMEABLE LENSES
Irving Fatt (1980)
THE SOFT MEN
Otto Wichterle (1961)
PRESENT EVOLUTION OF CONTACT LENSES
CHAPTER 15:
Glass-spectacles—Spectacle Optics
HISTORY OF GLASS
Introduction
Egypt
Greece—Italy
The Roman Empire
China
Venetian Glass
England-France-Germany
The United States
Optical Glass
OPTICAL QUALITY LENSES IN ANTIQUITY
HISTORY OF SPECTACLES
The First Spectacles
Spectacle Frames
Spectacle Dermatitis
MAKING OF OPTICAL GLASS
Introduction
Optical Glass
OPTICAL QUALITY OF SPECTACLE LENSES
Introduction
Ultraviolet Protection
SPECTACLE OPTICS
Types of Corrective lenses
Presbyopes
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
SECTION 3: BIOMETRY OF THE EYE
CHAPTER 16:
Growth of the Eye
INTRODUCTION
EARLY VISION
ANATOMY OF THE EYE, BIOMETRY AND REFRACTIVE ASPECTS
THE ANLAGE AND GROWTH OF THE EYE
SPECIAL CONDITIONS APPLY TO PRETERMS
THE DEMAND OF CLEAR IMAGING
THE NORMAL GROWTH OF THE EYE—VARIATION AND CORRELATION
Can adult eyes start growing again?
Ocular growth. End-point when?
CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 17:
Refractive Errors
INTRODUCTION
EPIDEMIOLOGY
MYOPIA
Ethnicity and Race
Forms
Clinical Symptoms
Degree
Age at Onset
Congenital Myopia
School Myopia
Higher Levels of Myopia
Adult Onset Myopia
Cause-Occurrence
Genetic Factors
Environmental Factors
Combination of Genetic and Environmental Factors
The Role of Dopamine
Treatment
PATHOLOGICAL MYOPIA
Signs and Symptoms
Pathophysiology
Management
Treatment
ASTIGMATISM
Introduction
The Components of Total Astigmatism
Inheritance
Optical Condition in Astigmatism
Simple Astigmatism
Compound Astigmatism
Mixed Astigmatism
Symptoms of Astigmatism (Fig. 17.20)
Correction
HYPERMETROPIA
Introduction
Hyperopia may be Divided into Two Categories
Inheritance of Simple Hypermetropia
Optical Condition in Hypermetropia
Accommodation in Hypermetropia
Clinical Symptoms
Simple Hyperopia
Prevalence and Incidence
Risk Factors
High Hyperopia
Treatment
CONCLUSION
GLOSSARY
SECTION 4: VARIED EYES
CHAPTER 18:
Do Women See Differently from Men?
INTRODUCTION
SATISFACTION DEGREE AFTER LENS IMPLANTATION
GENDER SPECIFIC HABITS
COLOR VISION
COLOR AND PSYCHOLOGY
How do women and men see each other?
MEN AND WOMEN EYES IN HISTORY
CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 19:
Beauty is in the Eye of the Beholder
INTRODUCTION
LITERACY
RELIGION
WAR
CRIME
FASHION
CONCLUSION: OBJECTIVE TRUTH AND SUBJECTIVE NATURE
CHAPTER 20:
Windows on the World: The Powerful Symbolism of Light
A MYTHICAL ALLIANCE
DIVINE ILLUMINATION
THE AGE OF ENLIGHTENMENT
SECTION 5: BLINDNESS
CHAPTER 21:
Blindness: The Problem in Ancient and Modern Times
INTRODUCTION
DEFINITION
EPIDEMIOLOGY
PREVENTION OF BLINDNESS—ACTIONS
PREVALENCE—SIGNIFICANCE
OTHER CAUSES OF BLINDNESS
MANAGEMENT
ADAPTIVE TECHNIQUES AND AIDS
Mobility
Reading and Magnification
Other Aids and Techniques
METAPHORICAL USES
CONSEQUENCES SOCIALLY
CONCLUSION
Facing the Challenges of Blindness: World Access for Blind
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
SECTION 6: THE ART OF PAINTING AND THE EYE
CHAPTER 22:
The Artist and the Eye
INTRODUCTION
EYE DISEASES AND THE ARTISTS
EYE DISEASES-SPECTACLES-BLINDNESS IN ART
CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 23:
The Influence of Eye Diseases on the Works of Painters
INTRODUCTION
HISTORICAL STUDY
Refraction
Cataract
Transparent Media
INFLAMMATORY DISORDERS
INHERITED AND ACQUIRED DYSCHROMATOPSIA
CHORIORETINITIS PATHOLOGY
AGE-RELATED MACULAR DEGENERATION
SENILE OPHTHALMOLOGICAL PATHOLOGY
NEURO-OPHTHALMOLOGY
LOSS OF BINOCULAR VISION
CONCLUSION
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
CHAPTER 24:
Ametropia and Painting
INTRODUCTION
PAINTERS’ PORTRAITS
THE PRESBYOPIA PROBLEM
BIFOCAL LENSES AND SELF-PORTRAIT
AMETROPIC PAINTERS
CLASSICAL PAINTING
IMPRESSIONISM
SYMBOLISM
FAUVISM AND EXPRESSIONISM
REALIST PAINTERS OF THE 20TH CENTURY
CONCLUSION
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
CHAPTER 25:
Accommodation and Painting
INTRODUCTION
15TH CENTURY: FLEMISH LANDSCAPES
17TH CENTURY: CAMERA OBSCURA
DIFFUSION CIRCLES IN PAINTING
18TH CENTURY: SELF PORTRAITS
20TH CENTURY: DIVISIONISM AND POINTILLISM
PRESBYOPIA AND POINTILLISM
CONCLUSION
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
CHAPTER 26:
William Turner
INTRODUCTION
HIS LIFE
CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 27:
Claude Monet
INTRODUCTION
HIS LIFE/HIS WORK
CONCLUSION
SECTION 7: EYE DISEASES
CHAPTER 28:
Famous Historical Persons
INTRODUCTION
FAMOUS PEOPLE WHO LOST ONE OR BOTH EYES
Artists
Johann Sebastian Bach (1685–1750) (Fig. 28.1)
Honoré Daumier (1808–1879)
Edgar Degas (1834–1917)
Georg Friedrich Händel (1685–1759)
John Milton (1608–1674)
Claude Monet (1840–1926)
James Thurber (1894–1961)
Entertainers
Andrea Bocelli (1958)
Ray Charles Robinson (1930–2004)
José Montserrate Feliciano García (1945)
Sammy Davis Jr (1926–1990)
Stevie Wonder (1950)
Scientists
Galileo Galilei (1564–1642)
Marchese Guglielmo Marconi (1874–1937)
Joseph-Antoine Ferdinand Plateau (1808–1883)
Politicians, Kings, and Rulers
Alexander the Great (356–323 BC)
Hannibal, son of Hamilcar Barca (247–183 or 182 BC)
Moshe Dayan (1915–1981)
Philip II of Macedon (382–336 BC)
King George V of Hanover (1819–1878)
Henry II of France (1519–1559)
King John the Blind of Bohemia (1296–1346)
Horatio Nelson (1758–1805)
Theodore Roosevelt (1858–1919)
Extraordinary People
Louis Braille (1809–1852)
Homer
Helen Adams Keller (1880–1968)
Joseph Pulitzer (1847–1911)
St Francis of Assisi (1181–1226) (Fig. 28.27)
St Paul–Apostle (c AD 5–c AD 67)
Zohar Sharon
One-Eyed People Become Licensed FAA Licensed Pilots, February 28, 2003
SPECTACLES OF WELL-KNOWN HISTORICAL PEOPLE
Harold Clayton Lloyd, Sr (1893–1971)
Henry Kissinger
President Franklin Delano Roosevelt
Elton John
Dame Edna Everage
WORLD LEADERS IN SURPRISINGLY BAD, SURPRISINGLY SIMILAR EYEWEAR
Late North Korean Leader Kim Jong-II
FAMOUS PERSONS WITH REFRACTIVE EYE PROBLEMS
Napoleon Bonaparte (–4.5)
Franz Peter Schubert (1797–1828)
CHAPTER 29:
Bach: When the angels play for God, They play Bach
INTRODUCTION
HIS LIFE
CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 30:
Gustav Adolf
INTRODUCTION
HIS LIFE
CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 31:
Saint Odilia
PATRON SAINT OF EYE DISEASED AND SIGHTLESS PEOPLE
HER LIFE
CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 32:
Saint Lucia and Other Patron Saints of the Blind
INTRODUCTION
THE STORY
HER LIFE
RELICS
SIMILAR SAINTS ARE VENERATED IN ORTHODOX AND CHRISTIAN RELIGION
Saint Paraskevi
LIFE OF SAINT PARASKEVI
SAINT ODILIA—PATRON SAINT OF THE BLIND
CHAPTER 33:
The Eye of the Sovereign
INTRODUCTION
THE LORGNETTE's OF THE TSAR
THE EYE-SIGHT OF THE TSAR
INTRODUCTION
EMPRESS ALEXANDRA FEDOROVNA
OPHTHALMOLOGISTS AT THE COURT OF THE TSAR
COURT “EMERITUS OPHTHALMOLOGIST”
OPTICIANS SUPPLIERS TO THE IMPERIAL COURT
CONCLUSION
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
CHAPTER 34:
Arthur Conan Doyle
INTRODUCTION
HIS LiFE
DR WATSON AND A CATARACT KNIFE
Story About Sherlock Holmes, Dr Watson and a Cataract Knife
CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 35:
Myopia of the Rulers of Nations
INTRODUCTION
HISTORY
WATERLOO
NAPOLEON'S MILITARY CAMPAIGNS
PHYSICAL CONDITION
CONCLUSION
INTRODUCTION
INVENTION SPECTACLES
HISTORICAL CONTEXT
ORIGIN OF THE MEDICIS
THE FAMILY
Jean de Medici
Cosimo de Medici
Lorenzo the Magnificent: AD 1469–1492 (Fig. 35.14)
Guilano de Medici
Piero de Medici (1471–1503)
Giovanni de Medici–Pope Leon X (1476–1521) (Fig. 35.15)
Catharina de Medici
CONCLUSION
SECTION 8: MAJOR IMPORTANT STEPS BY A SINGLE PERSON IN THE IMPROVEMENT OF THE FUNCTION OF THE EYE
CHAPTER 36:
Abu Ali al-Hasan Ibn al-Hasan Ibn al-Haytham: Madman or Brilliant Physicist?
INTRODUCTION
HIS LIFE
CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 37:
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek
INTRODUCTION
HIS LIFE
EARLY INVOLVEMENT WITH THE MICROSCOPE
REPLICA OF MICROSCOPE BY VAN LEEUWENHOEK
RECOGNITION BY THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF LONDON
HIS DISCOVERIES—SECRETS—THE MICROSCOPES
RELIGIOUS INTERPRETATIONS OF VAN LEEUWENHOEK'S DISCOVERIES
POSSIBLE VERMEER CONNECTION
CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 38:
Louis Braille
INTRODUCTION
EARLY LIFE 1812: THE ACCIDENT
LOUIS BRAILLE: HIS EDUCATION
DEVELOPMENT OF THE BRAILLE SYSTEM
Charles Barbier, the Beginning (1821)
The Braille (1829)
DEATH AND HONORS
THE SYSTEM
WRITING BRAILLE
BRAILLE LITERACY STATISTICS— BRAILLE READING TECHNIQUES
CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 39:
John Dalton
INTRODUCTION
THE MAIDEN SPEECH
YOUNG WAS RIGHT/DALTON WAS WRONG
DEATH AND LEGACY
CHAPTER 40:
Otto Wichterle
INTRODUCTION
HIS LIFE
CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 41:
Gerhard Meyer-Schwickerath and his Story of the Trapped Sun
INTRODUCTION
IMPORTANCE OF THE SUN (FIG. 41.2)
GERHARD RE MEYER SCHWICKERATH
The History
His Contribution to Ophthalmology— The “Trapped Sun”
CONCLUSION
SECTION 9: EYE SURGERY
CHAPTER 42:
Cataract
INTRODUCTION
CAUSES
EPIDEMIOLOGY
CATARACT SURGERY
PREVENTION
RECENT RESEARCH
TYPE OF CATARACTS
Cataract may be Graded
CONCLUSION
INTRODUCTION
CLASSIFICATION
CATARACT SURGERY IN ANTIQUITY
DUKE ELDER
CATARACT SURGERY IN THE 18TH CENTURY
CATARACT SURGERY IN THE 19TH CENtuRY
CATARACT OPERATION IN THE 20TH CENTURY
SINSKEY'S METHOD
RICHARD KRATZ
Manual Nucleus Expression through a Small Incision
CAPSULAR SURGERY
Laser-assisted Cataract Surgery
No Anesthesia Cataract Surgery
In 1998, Dr Amar Agarwal introduced Phaconit (Microphaco)
Hiroslin Tseunoka (Fig. 42.84)
CATARACT SURGERY IN THE 21ST CENTURY
FUTURE OF CATARACT SURGERY
CONCLUSION
INTRODUCTION
HIS LIFE
Daviel's Procedure
THE NEW EXTRACAPSULAR TECHNIQUE
CONCLUSION
INTRODUCTION
MEDICAL TRAINING AND EARLY PROFESSIONAL YEARS
A REALIZATION THAT BECAME A REVOLUTION
THE BIRTH OF THE INTRAOCULAR LENS
THE FIRST IOL IMPLANT
A STORM OF REACTION
TURN OF THE TIDE: SLOW ACCEPTANCE
BELATED RECOGNITIONS AND ACCOLADES
A PIONEER IN THE FIELD OF BIOENGINEERING
BEYOND THE IOL: OTHER ADVANCES AND SERVICES
Onchocerciasis, Xerophthalmia, and Ocular Leprosy in Ghana
Nutritional Amblyopia
Breakthroughs in nonsurgical areas of ophthalmology
HUMANITARIAN SERVICES
DEATH
BEGINNINGS
CONTROVERSY
RECOGNITION
LAST WORDS
CONCLUSION
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
CHAPTER 43:
Corneal Surgery
INTRODUCTION
HISTORY OF KERATOPLASTY
RECENT AND CURRENT DEVELOPMENTS IN PENETRATING AND LAMELLAR KERATOPLASTY
Penetrating Keratoplasty
Anterior Lamellar Keratoplasty
Endothelial Keratoplasty
Keratoprostheses
THE FUTURE: TISSUE ENGINEERING
CHAPTER 44:
Refractive Surgery
INTRODUCTION
THE CREATOR
CONCLUSION
INTRODUCTION
LASER LIGHT
THE EXCIMER LASER CHARACTERISTICS
PHOTOABLATION TISSUE EFFECT
THE COMPLETE UNIT FOR CORNEAL SURGERY
CONCLUSION
INTRODUCTION
KERATOMILEUSIS
BARRAQUER-KRUMEICH-SWINGER TECHNIQUE
IN-SITU KERATOMILEUSIS
AUTOMATED LAMELLAR KERATOPLASTY
EXCIMER LASER
LASIK
CONCLUSION
INTRODUCTION
CORNEAL INLAYS AND CORNEAL ONLAYS
CLEAR LENS EXTRACTION: THE REMOVAL OF THE CLEAR NATURAL LENS
REFRACTIVE LENS EXCHANGE: CLEAR LENSECTOMY
PHAKIC IOL's
CORRECTION OF HYPEROPIA WITH THERMAL PROCEDURES
PROGRESS IN OPHTHALMIC SURGERY
ONWARD TO PHACO MODERN CATARACT SURGERY
MODERN REFRACTIVE SURGERY: BARRAQUER THE START
RADIAL KERATOTOMY—THE PERK STUDY (FIG. 44.37)
MAKING THE LEAP TO PRK PHOTOREFRACTIVE KERATECTOMY AND THE EXCIMER LASER
The Start
The Concept
The Progress
Wavefront Technology
LASIK and Improvement
The Evolution Femtosecond Laser
CONCLUSION
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
CHAPTER 45:
Posterior Eye Segment Surgery
INTRODUCTION
HISTORY OF VITRECTOMY
RETINAL DISEASES
History
MODERN TREATMENT OF RETINAL DETACHMENT
PROLIFERATIVE DIABETIC RETINOPATHY
MACULAR PUCKER
MACULAR HOLES
VITREOUS DISEASES
Asteroid Hyalosis (Fig. 45.14)
Primary Amyloidosis
CONCLUSION
SECTION 10: THE FUTURE
CHAPTER 46:
The Bionic Eye, Where are the Limits?
INTRODUCTION
FUNCTION OF THE EYE
METHODS AVAILABLE
RESULTS
CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 47:
The Future of Nanotechnology in Ophthalmology
INTRODUCTION
NANOMEDICINE
SOME APPLICATIONS OF NANOTECHNOLOGY TO OPHTHALMOLOGY
Treatment of Disease States: Oxidative Stress2
Noninvasive Biophysical Measurement: Intraocular Pressure2
Coupling Disease Measurement and Treatment: Theragnostics1, 2
Delivery of Drugs, Peptides and Genes1,2
PROSTHETICS1, 2
Regenerative Nanomedicine1, 2
Surgery and Surgical Technology1
CONCLUSION
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
CHAPTER 48:
Gene Therapy in Ophthalmology
INTRODUCTION
ADVANCEMENTS
CURRENT STATUS OF GENE THERAPY FOR INHERITED RETINAL DYSTROPHIES
Recombinant Adeno-associated Virus (rAAV)-Mediated Gene Therapy
Lentivirus-Mediated Gene Therapy
Retinal Dystrophies Amenable to Gene Replacement Therapy
Leber Congenital Amaurosis (LCA)
Achromatopsia
Stargardt Disease (STD)
X-linked Retinoschisis (XLRS)
Best Juvenile Vitelliform Macular Dystrophy (Bvmd), Autosomal Dominant Vitreoretinochoroidopathy (advirc) and Autosomal Recessive Bestrophinopathy (Arb)
X-linked Retinitis Pigmentosa (XLRP)
Choroideremia
TOWARDS MORE WIDESPREAD USE OF GENE THERAPY
Gene-specific Gene Replacement Therapy
Generic Gene Therapy
CHAPTER 49:
Future Trends of Anterior Eye Segment Surgery
INTRODUCTION
CORNEA
REFRACTIVE SURGERY
CATARACT SURGERY
CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 50:
Future Trends of Posterior Eye Segment Surgery
INTRODUCTION
FUTURE
CONCLUSION
INDEX
TOC
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