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Basics of Orthopedic Physiotherapy
Subhash M Khatri
CHAPTER 1:
Conceptual Overview
CLINICAL PEARLS
OVERVIEW
CLASSIFICATION OF MUSCULOSKELETAL DISORDERS
PSYCHOLOGICAL REACTIONS TO INJURY
MUSCULOSKELETAL DYSFUNCTIONS
Tightness
Contracture
Deformity
Hypomobility
Hypermobility
Physiotherapy
Modalities
Appliances
Movements
Advice
Ankylosis
Weakness
Pain
MUSCULOSKELETAL PAIN CHARACTERISTICS
ARTICULAR AND MUSCLE PAIN
EFFECTS OF IMMOBILIZATION
END FEEL
JOINT MOBILITY SCALE
JOINT SCREENING
DIAGNOSTIC INFERENCE OF MOVEMENTS
MUSCULOSKELETAL IMAGING
Articular Neurology
SURFACE ANATOMY
PAIN ASSESSMENT
Box Scale
Visual Analog Scale (VAS)
GRADING OF NERVE INJURIES
Sensory Recovery
MYOTOMES DERMATOMES
ROLE OF PHYSIOTHERAPIST
Assessment
Diagnosis
Prescription
Disability Evaluation
Treatment
Prevention
Research
Education
Advice
Administration
CHAPTER 2:
Spine
CLINICAL PEARLS
OVERVIEW
PROLAPSED INTERVERTEBRAL DISC
Overview
Etiology
Pathology
Signs and Symptoms
Investigations
Management
Physiotherapy
Interventions
Modalities
Appliances
Movements
Advice
Prognosis
LUMBAR SPONDYLOSIS
Overview
Etiology
Pathology
Signs and Symptoms
Investigations
Physiotherapy
Modalities
Appliances
Movements
Advice
Prognosis and Prevention
THORACIC OUTLET SYNDROME
Overview
Etiology
Classification
Pathology
Signs and Symptoms
Investigations
Differential Diagnosis
Physiotherapy
Treatment Objectives
Interventions
Modality
Advice
Movements
Appliances
Prognosis
Complications
SCOLIOSIS
Overview
Etiology and Incidence
Types
Scoliotic Research Society'S Classification
Dextro and Levoscoliosis
Postural and Structural
C and S Shaped Scoliosis
Supra and Infra Pelvic Scoliosis
Classification Based on Etiology
Single and Double Curve Scoliosis
Pathological Changes
Pathomechanics
Signs and Symptoms
Diagnosis
Physiotherapy
Movements
Appliances
Modalities
Prognosis
SACROILIAC JOINT DYSFUNCTION
Overview
Causes
Clinical Biomechanics
Classification
Signs and Symptoms
Erichson'S Pelvic Rock Test
Hibb'S Test
Sacroiliac vs Lumbosacral Differentiation
Physiotherapy Treatment
Modality
Appliances
Movements
Advice
CHAPTER 3:
Shoulder
CLINICAL PEARLS
OVERVIEW
FROZEN SHOULDER
Overview
Etiology and Precipitating Factors
Pathology
Signs and Symptoms
Investigations and Diagnosis
Physiotherapy
Phase One
Phase Two
Phase Three
Prevention
SHOULDER DISLOCATION
Overview
Historical Aspects
Etiology and incidence
Classifications
Mechanism
Signs and Symptoms
Investigations and Diagnosis
Physiotherapy
Phase One
Phase Two
Phase Three
SUPRASPINATUS TENDOINITIS
Overview
Etiology and Pathology
Signs and Symptoms
Physiotherapy
Modality
Appliances
Movements
Advice
Prognosis
Prevention
PROXIMAL HUMERAL FRACTURE
Overview
Causes and Precipitating Factors
Types
Pathomechanics
Signs and Symptoms
Physiotherapy
Phase One (0 to 6 Weeks)
Phase Two (6 to 8 Weeks)
Phase Three (8 Weeks Onwards)
Complications
ROTATOR CUFF TEAR
Overview
Causes
Types
Signs and Symptoms
Diagnosis
Physiotherapy
Protection Phase
Mobilization Phase
Strengthening Phase
Functional Restoration Phase
CHAPTER 4:
Elbow
CLINICAL PEARLS
OVERVIEW
Causes of Elbow Pain
Anatomical Diagnosis
TENNIS ELBOW
Overview
Historical Aspects
Synonym
Etiology and Precipitating Factors
Pathology
Microscopic Changes
Signs and Symptoms
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis
Physiotherapy
Acute or Phase 1
Sub Acute or Phase 2
Chronic or Phase 3
Prevention
SUPRACONDYLAR FRACTURE OF HUMERUS
Overview
Synonyms
Etiology and Incidence
Classification
Clinical Features
Investigations
Treatment
Modality
Advice
Appliances
Movements
Complications
GOLFER'S ELBOW
Overview
Synonym
Historical Aspects
Definition
Etiology and Precipitating Factors
Pathology
Clinical Features
Differential Diagnosis
Physiotherapy
Acute Phase/Phase 1
Sub Acute Phase/Phase 2
Chronic Phase/Phase 3
Prevention
ELBOW DISLOCATION
Overview
Definition
Synonyms
Etiology and Incidence
Mechanisms
Classification
Clinical Features
Investigations
Prevention
Prognosis
Complications
Treatment
Physiotherapy
Phase I/Acute /0 to 6 Weeks
Phase II/Recovery/6 to 10 Weeks
Phase III/Maintenance/10 Weeks Onwards
Physiotherapy After Operative Management
Complications
STUDENT'S ELBOW
Overview
Etiology and Incidence
Types
Clinical Features
Investigations
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment
Complications
Prognosis
Prevention
CHAPTER 5:
Wrist and Hand
CLINICAL PEARLS
OVERVIEW
COLLES FRACTURE
Overview
Classification
Etiology, Precipitating Factors and Mechanism
Signs and Symptoms
Orthopedic Management
Physiotherapy
Modalities
Appliances
Movements
Advice
Complications
CARPAL TUNNEL SYNDROME
Overview
Etiology and Precipitating Factors
Pathology
Clinical Features
Investigations
Treatment
Modalities
Appliances
Movements
Advice
Differential Diagnosis
Prevention
Prognosis
Complications
FLEXOR TENDON INJURY
Overview
Causes
Zones of Flexor Tendon Injury
Signs and Symptoms
Physiotherapy
Maximum Protection Phase (0-3 Weeks)
Mobility Phase (3 to 6 Weeks)
Phase of Strengthening or Return to Activity (6-12 Weeks)
DE QUERVAIN'S DISEASE
Overview
Causes
Pathology
Signs and Symptoms
Physiotherapy
Modalities
Appliance
Movements
Advice
Complications
Prevention
EXTENSOR TENDON INJURY
Overview
Causes
Types of Injuries
Signs and Symptoms
Zones of Extensor Tendon Injuries
Physiotherapy
Maximum Protection Phase (0 – 3 Weeks)
Mobility Phase (3 – 6 Weeks)
Phase of Strengthening or Return to Activity (6 – 12 Weeks):
CHAPTER 6:
Arthritis
CLINICAL PEARLS
OVERVIEW
ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS
Overview
Etiology and Pathology
Types
Clinical Features
Investigations
Diagnosis
Physiotherapy
Modalities
Movements
Advice
Prognosis
OSTEOARTHRITIS
Overview
Etiology
Classification
Pathology
Signs and Symptoms
Investigations
Physiotherapy
Modalities
Movements
Advice
Appliances
Prevention
RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS
Overview
Etiology
Historical Aspects
Pathology
Signs and Symptoms
Articular
Extra-articular
Ocular
Investigations
Assessment of Disease Activity
Classification of Functional Capacity
Differential Diagnosis
Diagnosis
Radiological Classification of Rheumatoid Arthritis
Prognosis
Physiotherapy
Modalities
Appliances
Movements
Advice
FIBROMYALGIA
Overview
Causes
Signs and Symptoms
Diagnosis
Physiotherapy
Modality
Appliances
Movements
Advice
Prognosis
OSTEOPOROSIS
Overview
Types
Causes and Precipitating Factors
Pathology
Signs and Symptoms
Diagnosis
Physiotherapy
Modalities
Appliances
Movements
Advice
Prevention
Prognosis
CHAPTER 7:
Hip
CLINICAL PEARLS
OVERVIEW
Causes of Hip Pain
PROXIMAL FEMORAL FRACTURES
Overview
Etiology and Precipitating Factors
Mechanism
Classification
Signs and Symptoms
Complications
Prognosis
Physiotherapy
Phase 1
Phase 2
Phase 3
Phase 4
HIP DISLOCATION
Overview
Causes
Types
Signs and Symptoms
Investigations
Complications
Physiotherapy
Phase One
Phase Two
Phase Three
TROCHANTERIC BURSITIS
Overview
Causes
Signs and Symptoms
Differential Diagnosis
Physiotherapy
Modality
Advice
Movements
Appliances
Prognosis
TOTAL HIP REPLACEMENT
Overview
Indications
Contraindication
Types
Surgical Incisions
Complications
Physiotherapy
Modalities
Appliances
Movements
Advice
ABOVE KNEE AMPUTATION
Overview
Indications
Site of Amputation
Complications
Physiotherapy
Modalities
Appliances
Movements
Advice
CHAPTER 8:
Knee
CLINICAL PEARLS
OVERVIEW
ANTERIOR CRUCIATE LIGAMENT RECONSTRUCTION
Overview
Historical Aspects
Mechanism of Injury
Signs and Symptoms
Indications
Surgical Considerations
Physiotherapy
Maximum Protection Phase
Moderate Protection Phase
Minimum Protection Phase
Return to Activity Phase
Complications
SUPRACONDYLAR FRACTURE FEMUR
Overview
Classification
Geographical Classification
Geometrical Classification
AISF Classification
Mechanism
Signs and Symptoms
Complications
Physiotherapy
Phase 1
Phase 2
Phase 3
Phase 4
TOTAL KNEE REPLACEMENT
History
Indication
Contraindication
Types
Biomechanics of Knee Arthroplasty
Surgical Approaches
Complications
Physiotherapy
Advice
Movements
Modalities
Appliances
PATELLOFEMORAL JOINT DYSFUNCTION
Overview
Pathomechanics
Etiology
Signs and Symptoms
Swelling
Investigations
Physiotherapy
Modalities
Appliances
Movements
Advice
Prognosis
Surgery
OSGOOD-SCHLATTER DISEASE
Overview
Etiology
Pathology
Sport Specific Biomechanics
Signs and Symptoms
Investigations
Prognosis
Complications
Differential Diagnosis
Physiotherapy
Appliances
Modalities
Movements
Advice
CHAPTER 9:
Ankle and Foot
KEY CONCEPTS
OVERVIEW
ANKLE SPRAIN
Overview
Definition
Incidence
Precipitating Factors
Causes
Mechanism of Injury
Signs and Symptoms
Classification
Diagnosis
Physiotherapy
Phase 1
Phase 2
Phase 3
Phase 4
Complications
Prognosis
Prevention
PLANTAR FASCITIS
Overview
Etiology and Precipitating Factors
Pathology
Signs and Symptoms
Investigations
Diagnosis and Differential Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Prevention
POTT'S FRACTURE
Overview
Etiology and Precipitating Factors
Classification
Signs and Symptoms
Investigations
Diagnosis and Differential Diagnosis
Treatment
Phase One
Phase Two
Phase Three
Complications
Prevention
Prognosis
PES PLANUS
Overview
Causes
Biomechanical Review
Pathology
Signs and Symptoms
Classification
Investigations
Diagnosis
Physiotherapy Treatment
PES CAVUS
Overview
Etiology
Classification
Pathology
Clinical Features
Physiotherapy
ANKLE FOOT PAIN HANDOUT FOR PATIENTS
CHAPTER 10:
Orthopedic Manual Therapy
CLINICAL PEARLS
OVERVIEW
MANUAL THERAPIES
Types of Manual Therapies
Effects of Manual Therapy
Indications for Manual Therapy
Contraindications for Manual Therapy
MAITLAND'S CONCEPT
MCKENZIE'S APPROACH
CYRIAX APPROACH
POSITIONAL RELEASE THERAPY
MYOFASCIAL RELEASE
MANUAL TRACTION
MANUAL LYMPH DRAINAGE
MUSCLE ENERGY TECHNIQUE
Shiatsu
Reflexology
CRANIOSACRAL THERAPY (CST)
ISCHEMIC COMPRESSION TECHNIQUE
NEURODYNAMIC RELEASE
KALTENBORN'S MOBILIZATION
JANDA'S APPROACH
COMBINED MOVEMENTS
Appendix
STRENGTH CHART FOR UPPER EXTREMITY
STRENGTH CHART FOR SPINE
STRENGTH CHART FOR LOWER EXTREMITY
NECK CARE
BACK CARE
HAND CARE
KNEE CARE
FOOT CARE
Glossary
Suggested Readings
INDEX
TOC
Index
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