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Psychology for Nurses
R Sreevani
CHAPTER 1:
Introduction to Psychology
INTRODUCTION
MEANING OF BEHAVIOR
HISTORY AND ORIGIN OF SCIENCE OF PSYCHOLOGY
Structuralism
Gestalt Psychology
Functionalism
Behaviorism
Psychoanalysis
DEFINITIONS OF PSYCHOLOGY
SCOPE OF PSYCHOLOGY
Branches of Pure Psychology
General Psychology
Abnormal Psychology
Social Psychology
Physiological Psychology
Parapsychology
Geopsychology
Developmental Psychology
Experimental Psychology
Branches of Applied Psychology
Educational Psychology
Clinical Psychology
Industrial Psychology
Legal Psychology
Military Psychology
Political Psychology
Applications of Psychology
In the Field of Education
In the Field of Medicine
In the Field of Business and Industry
In the Field of Criminology
In the Field of Politics
In the Filed of Guidance and Counseling
In the Field of Military Science
In the Field of Human Relationship and Self-Development
RELEVANCE TO NURSING
To Understand Her Own Self
To Understand Patients
To Recognize Abnormal Behavior
To Understand Other People
To Provide Quality Care to Patients
Help Patients Adjust to the Situation
Help the Student Nurse to Appreciate the Necessity for Changing the Environment or Surroundings
Help for Effective Studying
Readjustment
METHODS OF PSYCHOLOGY
Introspection or Self-observation Method
Merits
Demerits
Observational Method
Steps in Observation Method
Merits
Demerits
Experimental Method
Essential Features of Experimental Method
Steps in Experimentation
Merits
Demerits
Clinical or Case History Method
Merits
Demerits
Survey Method
Merit
Demerit
Genetic or Developmental Method
Merits
Demerit
REVIEW QUESTIONS
Long Essays
Short Essays
Short Answers
CHAPTER 2:
Biology of Behavior
BODY-MIND RELATIONSHIP—MODULATION PROCESS IN HEALTH AND ILLNESS
Effects of Bodily Conditions on Mental Functioning
Effects of Mental Conditions on Bodily Functioning
GENETICS AND BEHAVIOR: HEREDITY AND ENVIRONMENT
Heredity
Mechanism of Heredity
Environment
Definitions
Types of Environment
Interaction Between Heredity and Environment
BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR: NERVOUS SYSTEM, NEURONS AND SYNAPSE
Receptors (Psychology of Sensations)
External Receptors
Internal Receptors
Sensation
Nursing Implications of Sensory Process
Effectors (Muscular and Glandular Controls of Behavior)
Muscles
Glands
Connectors
Neuron
Neural Impulse
Synapse
Neurotransmitters
NERVOUS SYSTEM
Central Nervous System
Forebrain
Right and Left Hemispheres, Association Cortex
Association Cortex
Midbrain
Hindbrain
Spinal Cord
Peripheral Nervous System
Nature of Behavior of an Organism, Integrated Responses
Integrative Function of the Nervous System
Importance of knowledge of the Nervous System and Glands to a Nurse
REVIEW QUESTIONS
Long Essays
Short Essays
Short Answers
CHAPTER 3:
Cognitive Processes
ATTENTION
Definitions
Types of Attention
Voluntary Attention
Involuntary Attention
Determinants of Attention (or) Methods of Arousing Attention (or) Factors and Conditions Favorable for Capturing Attention
External Factors or Conditions
Internal Factors or Conditions
Duration and Degree of Attention
Span of Attention
Duration of Attention
Sustained Attention (Act of Fixation of Mind)
Shifting Attention
Division of Attention
ALTERATIONS IN ATTENTION (DISTRACTION)
Sources of Distraction
External Factors
Internal Factors
Types of Distraction
Continuous Distraction
Discontinuous Distraction
PERCEPTION
Definitions
Principles of Perception (Perceptual Organization)
Principle of Figure-Ground Relationship
Principle of Closure
Principle of Grouping
Principle of Simplicity
Principle of Contour
Principle of Context
Principle of Contrast
Principle of Adaptability
Factors Affecting Perception
Sense Organs
Brain
Memory Images of the Past Experience
Personal Interests and Mind Set
Acquired Interests
Needs and Desires
Errors in Perception
Illusion
Hallucination
Causes for Inaccurate Perception
LEARNING
Definitions
Nature of Learning
Types of Learning
Stimulus Response Learning
Perception Learning
Verbal Learning
Motor Learning
Concept Learning
Problem Solving Learning
Attitude Learning
Paired-associate Learning
Other Types of Learning
Learner and Learning
Factors Influencing Learning
Factors Associated with Learner
Factors Associated with Type of Learning Experience
Factors Associated with Men and Material
LAWS OF LEARNING
Law of Readiness
Law of Effect
Law of Exercise/Use
Law of Frequency
Law of Disuse
Law of Recency
Law of Primacy
Law of Purpose
Law of Association
THEORIES OF LEARNING
Trial and Error Theory of Learning
Educational Implications of Thorndike Theory
Learning by Conditioning
Classical Conditioning
Neutral Stimulus
Unconditioned Stimulus
Conditioned Stimulus
Conditioned Response
Extinction
Spontaneous Recovery
Stimulus Generalization
Educational Implications of Classical Conditioning Theory
Theory of Operant Conditioning (or) Type ‘R’ Conditioning (or) Instrumental Conditioning
Reinforcement
Reinforcer
Positive Reinforcer
Negative Reinforcer
Punishment
Schedules of Reinforcement
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
Fixed-Interval Reinforcement Schedule
Fixed-Ratio Reinforcement Schedule
Variable-Ratio Reinforcement Schedule
Educational Implications of Operant Conditioning Theory
Theory of Insightful Learning (Gestalt Psychology)
Educational Implications of the Theory of Insightful Learning
Cognitive Theory of Learning
Observational Learning
Summary of Various Theories of Learning
Learning Process
Steps in Learning Process
TRANSFER OF LEARNING
Definitions
Types of Transfer
Positive Transfer
Negative Transfer
Zero Transfer
Factors Influencing Transfer of Learning
Some Other Factors are:
Theories of Transfer of Learning
Apperception Theory of Transfer
The Theory of Identical Elements or Identical Components
Theory of Generalization
Transposition Theory of Transfer
Theory of Ideals
Educational Implications of Transfer of Learning
Study Habits
Studying for Examination
MEMORY
Definitions
Types of Memory
Immediate or Sensory Memory
Short-term Memory
Long-term Memory
Nature of Memory
Learning or Registration
Retention
Recall
Recognition
Factors Influencing Memory
Extrinsic Factors
Intrinsic Factors
Theories of Memory
Theory of General Memory Functions
Information Processing Theory
Levels of Processing Theory
Methods of Memorizing
Whole and Part Method
Space and Unspaced Method
Repetition and Practice
Making Use of the Principle of Association
Grouping and Rhythm
Recitation
Utilizing as many Senses as Possible
Pulling at all Together
Funnel Approach
Acronym
Acrostic
Mnemonics
Forgetting
Definitions
Types of Forgetting
Natural Forgetting
Morbid Forgetting (Abnormal)
According to Another Classification
Causes of Forgetting
Theories of Forgetting
Trace Decay Theory
Interference Theory
Repression Theory
THINKING
Definitions
Types of Thinking
Perceptual or Concrete Thinking
Conceptual or Abstract Thinking
Reflective Thinking or Logical Thinking
Creative Thinking
Critical Thinking
Two Main Types of Thinking
Controlled Thinking
Stages of Creative Thinking
Free Thinking
Levels of Thinking (Based on ‘Bloom's Taxonomy)
Level 1: Knowledge
Level 2: Comprehension
Level 3: Application
Level 4: Analysis
Level 5: Synthesis
Elements in Development of Thought (Tools of Thinking)
Images
Concepts
Symbols and Signs
Languages
Brain Functions
Errors in Thinking
Partialism
Adversary Thinking
Time Scale Error
Initial Judgment
Arrogance and Conceit
Cognitive Thinking Errors
Favorable Elements in Development of Correct Thinking
Interest and Attention
Strong Motivation
Stages in Development of Thinking
Sensorimotor (Birth to 2 Years)
Preoperational (2 to 7 Years)
Concrete Operational (7 to 11 Years)
Formal Operational (11 to15 Years)
Thinking in Relation to Language and Communication
INTELLIGENCE
Definitions
Classification of Intelligence
Concrete Intelligence
Social Intelligence
Abstract or General Intelligence
Gardner's Multiple Intelligence
Emotional Intelligence
Intelligence Quotient
Classification of Individuals According to IQ
Uses of Intelligence
Theories of Intelligence
Factor Theories of Intelligence
Process-Oriented Theories of Intelligence
Information-Processing Theory (Robert Sternberg, 1984)
APTITUDE
Definitions
Concepts
Types
Individual Differences and Variability in Aptitude
Psychometric Assessment of Cognitive Process
Assessment of Intelligence
Individual Verbal Tests
Individual Performance Tests
Group Verbal Intelligence Tests
Group Non-verbal Intelligence Tests
Uses of Intelligence Tests
Limitations of Intelligence Tests
Measurement of Aptitude
Aptitude Test Types
Verbal Reasoning
Numerical Reasoning
Abstract/Inductive/Diagrammatic Reasoning
Logical Reasoning
Specialty/Technical/IT
ALTERATIONS IN COGNITIVE PROCESSES
Alterations in Attention
Alterations in Perception
Types of Illusions
Alterations in Learning
Reading Disorders
Mathematics Disorders
Disorders of Written Expression
Alterations in Memory
Alterations in Thinking
Alterations in Intelligence
Mental Subnormality
Mentally Gifted Children
APPLICATIONS IN NURSING PROFESSION
Nursing Implications of Attention
Nursing Implications of Perception
Nursing Implications of Learning
Nursing Implications of Memory
Nursing Interventions for Impaired Memory
Nursing Implications of Thinking
Nursing Implications of Intelligence
Nursing Implications of Aptitude
REVIEW QUESTIONS
Attention
Short Essay
Short Answers
PERCEPTION
Long Essays
Short Essays
Short Answers
LEARNING
Long Essays
Short Essays
Short Answers
MEMORY
Long Essays
Short Essays
Short Answers
THINKING
Long Essays
Short Essays
Short Answers
INTELLIGENCE
Long Essays
Short Essays
Short Answers
APTITUDE
Short Answers
CHAPTER 4:
Motivation and Emotional Processes
NEEDS
Biological Needs
Psychosocial Needs
DRIVES
Biological Drive
Socio-psychological or Secondary Drive
INCENTIVES
MOTIVES
Definitions
CONCEPTS OF MOTIVATION
TYPES OF MOTIVES
Physiological or Primary Motives
Hunger Motive
Thirst Motive
Respiratory Motive
Need for Rest and Sleep
Need for Elimination of Waste
Sex Motive
Social or Secondary Motives
Affiliation Motives
Need for Status
Power Motive
Social Approval
Personal Motives
Need for Achievement
Vocational Ambitions and Life Goals
Levels of Aspiration
Force of Habit
Interests and Attitudes
Curiosity
Fear
Unconscious Motives
THEORIES OF MOTIVATION
Instinct Theory of Motivation
Drive Theory (Push Theory of Motivation)
Arousal Theory of Motivation
Incentive Theory of Motivation (Pull Theory of Motivation)
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
Physiological Needs
Safety and Security Needs
Need for Love and Belongingness
Self-Esteem Needs
Self-Actualization
MOTIVES AND BEHAVIOR
FRUSTRATION
Definitions
Characteristics of Frustration
Causes or Source of Frustration
External Factors (Environmental Factors)
Internal Factors
Reactions to Frustration
Direct Approaches
Restlessness and Tension
Aggression
Apathy
Fantasy
Stereotype
Regression
CONFLICT
Definition
Types of Conflict
Approach-approach Conflict
Avoidance-avoidance Conflict
Approach-avoidance Conflict
Multiple Approach-avoidance Conflict
Internal Conflicts
RESOLUTION OF FRUSTRATION AND CONFLICT
EMOTIONS AND STRESS
Definitions
COMPONENTS OF EMOTION
Subjective Feeling
Emotional Expression or Expressive Behavior
Facial
Vocal
Bodily Movements or Gestures
Physiological Changes
Conscious Experience
CHANGES IN EMOTIONAL REACTIONS
External Changes
Internal Changes
Psychological Changes
THEORIES OF EMOTION
James-Lange Theory
Cannon-Bard Theory
Schachter-Singer Theory (1962)
Lazarus Theory
EMOTIONAL ADJUSTMENTS
Autonomic Nervous system
Brain Structures
Hormones
EMOTIONS IN HEALTH AND ILLNESS
STRESS
Concepts of Stress
Definitions
STRESSORS
Catastrophic Events
Important Life Events
Daily Hassles
STRESS CYCLE
Stressor
Reaction to Stress
Wear and Tear on the Body and Organ System
Reduced Optimum Health
Increased Sensitivity to Stress
EFFECTS OF STRESS
ADAPTATION TO STRESS
General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) (Hans Selye, 1945)
Alarm Reaction or Fight-or-Flight Response
Resistance Reaction
Exhaustion Stage
COPING WITH STRESS
Emotion-focused Coping
Problem-focused Coping
Avoidance Coping
Coping Styles According to Roger and Nash (1995)
Classification of Coping Strategies According to Cohen and Lazarus (1979)
ATTITUDE
Meaning
Definitions
CHARACTERISTICS/NATURE OF ATTITUDE
FORMATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF ATTITUDE
BEHAVIOR AND ATTITUDE
ATTITUDINAL CHANGE
Health Education and Attitude Change
FACTORS AFFECTING ATTITUDINAL CHANGE
PSYCHOMETRIC ASSESSMENT OF MOTIVATION, EMOTIONS AND ATTITUDES
Psychometric Assessment of Motivation
Projective Techniques
Personality Inventories
Situational Tests
Psychometric Assessment of Emotions
Psychometric Assessment of Attitudes
Measurement of Attitudes
Opinion Surveys (Public Opinion Polling) and Self-report Methods
Attitude Scales
Voluntary Behavioral Methods
ALTERATIONS IN EMOTIONS DURING ILLNESS
Nursing Interventions for Emotional Reactions
Spend time with Patients
Handling the Emotions
Orientation of Patient to Health Care Facility
Identification of Learning Needs of Patients
Provide Diversional Activities
Taking Care of Insomnia, Food and Fluid Intake, Elimination Pattern
Maintain Cheerfulness and Humor
Seek Help of Mental Health Professionals
NURSING IMPLICATIONS OF MOTIVES
NURSING IMPLICATIONS OF EMOTIONS
ATTITUDE DURING HEALTH AND ILLNESS
Attitudes Towards Treatment
NURSING IMPLICATIONS OF ATTITUDE
Patient Care
Formation of Attitudes of Peers or Juniors
Acceptance of New Technology
Curriculum Planning
Effects of Attitudes on Meaningful Learning and Retention
REVIEW QUESTIONS
Long Essays
Short Essays
Short Answers
CHAPTER 5:
Personality
DEFINITIONS
TOPOGRAPHY OF PERSONALITY
TYPES OF PERSONALITY
Hippocrates Classification
Kretschmer's Classification
Sheldon's Classification
Jung's Classification
Allport Classification
Personality Types and Heart Disease
THEORIES OF PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT
PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY
Dynamics of Personality
Freud's Stages of Personality Development
THEORY OF PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT
HUMANISTIC APPROACH
Rogers Person-Centered Approach
Self-actualization
Personality Development
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
TRAIT AND TYPE THEORIES OF PERSONALITY
Gordon Allport's Theory (1937)
Raymond Cattell's Theory (1965)
Hans Eysenck's Theory (Trait-type theory of Personality)
LEARNING THEORIES OF PERSONALITY
Dollard and Miller's Learning Theory of Personality
Bandura and Walter's Social Learning Theory
PSYCHOMETRIC ASSESSMENT OF PERSONALITY
Interview Method
Observation Method
Personality Inventories
Projective Techniques
Rorschach Inkblot Test
Thematic Apperception Test
Word Association Test
Sentence Completion Test
Situational Tests
ALTERATIONS IN PERSONALITY DUE TO ILLNESS
Common Behavioral Changes due to Illness
Withdrawn Behavior
Changes in Self-concept, Body Image and Lifestyle
Self-centeredness
Demanding and Dependent Behavior
Uncooperation
Hostility
Shame and Guilt Feelings
Nursing Interventions
ALTERATIONS IN PERSONALITY DUE TO PERSONALITY DISORDERS
Classification of Personality Disorders
Clinical Features of Abnormal Personalities
APPLICATIONS
REVIEW QUESTIONS
Long Essays
Short Essays
Short Answers
CHAPTER 6:
Developmental Psychology
PSYCHOLOGY OF PEOPLE AT DIFFERENT AGES FROM INFANCY TO OLD AGE
Infancy
Children in Hospital
Role of a Nurse
Early Childhood (2 to 6 Years)
Role of a Nurse
Handling Parent's Anxiety
Later Childhood (6 to 12 Years)
Role of a Nurse
Adolescence (12 to 19 Years)
Role of a Nurse
Early Adulthood (20 to 40 Years)
Role of a Nurse
Middle Adulthood (40 to 60 Years)
Role of a Nurse
Late Adulthood (60 Years and Above)
Role of a Nurse
PSYCHOLOGY OF VULNERABLE INDIVIDUALS
Psychology of Challenged Individuals
Psychological Needs of Women
Assertiveness
Body Image
Depression
Teen Pregnancy
Infertility
Domestic Violence
Rape
Psychology of Sick Person
Psychology of Caregivers during Illness
Loss and Grief
Mourning
Psychology of Groups
Classification of Groups
Influence of Group on Individual Behavior
Group Therapy
REVIEW QUESTIONS
Long Essays
Short Essays
Short Answers
CHAPTER 7:
Mental Hygiene and Mental Health
MENTAL HYGIENE
Definition
MENTAL HEALTH
Definitions
CONCEPTS OF MENTAL HYGIENE
Prevention
Preservation
Curative Measures
Balanced Development of the Personality
Leading Happy and Contented Life
CONCEPTS OF MENTAL HEALTH—JAHODA (1958)
A Positive Attitude Towards Self
Growth, Development and the Ability for Self-Actualization
Integration
Autonomy
Perception of Reality
Environmental Mastery
CHARACTERISTICS OF A MENTALLY HEALTHY PERSON
WARNING SIGNS OF POOR MENTAL HEALTH
In Younger Children
In Older Children and Adolescents
In Adults
PROMOTIVE AND PREVENTIVE MENTAL HEALTH STRATEGIES
Primary Prevention
Role of a Nurse in Primary Prevention
Individual Centered Intervention
Interventions Oriented to the Child in the School
Family Centered Interventions to Ensure Harmonious Relationship
Interventions Oriented to Keep Families Intact
Interventions for Families in Crisis
Mental Health Education
Society-centered Preventive Measures
Secondary Prevention
Role of a Nurse in Secondary Prevention
Tertiary Prevention
Role of a Nurse in Tertiary Prevention
MENTAL HEALTH SERVICES
Mental Health Agencies—Government at National Level
Mental Health Agencies—Voluntary
Non-Governmental Organizations
Partial Hospitalization
Quarterway Homes
Halfway Home
Self-help Groups
Suicide Prevention Centers
Other Mental Health Services
EGO DEFENCE MECHANISMS AND IMPLICATIONS
Direct Methods
Indirect Methods
Ego Defence Mechanisms
Purposes
Types of Defence Mechanisms
Implications
Relevance to Nursing Practice
PERSONAL AND SOCIAL ADJUSTMENT
Definitions
Areas of Adjustment
Personal Adjustment
Characteristics of a Well-adjusted Person
Social Adjustment
Perception and Social Adjustment
GUIDANCE AND COUNSELING
Definition
Principles of Guidance
Areas of Guidance
Educational Guidance
Vocational Guidance
Personal Guidance
Social Guidance
Avocational Guidance
Health Guidance
Financial Guidance
COUNSELING
Definition
Principles of Counseling
Who Should be Counseled?
Types of Counseling
Individual Counseling
Group Counseling
Phases of Counseling
Appointment and Establishing Relationship
Assessment
Diagnosis
Setting Goals
Intervention
Termination and Follow-up
Attributes and Skills Required for a Counselor
Guidelines for Successful Counseling
Techniques/Approaches to Counseling
Directive or Counselor Centered Counseling
Non-directive or Client-Centered Counseling
Eclectic Counseling
Areas of Counseling
Counseling About Risks
Counseling to Relieve Distress
Interpersonal Counseling
Marriage Guidance Counseling
Problem-solving Counseling
Bereavement Counseling
Crisis Intervention
Purposes of Guidance and Counseling
Guidance and Counseling in the Hospital
Problems Faced by Sick People
Guidance and Counseling in Nursing Education
REVIEW QUESTIONS
Long Essays
Short Essays
Short Answers
CHAPTER 8:
Psychological Assessment and Tests
TYPES OF PSYCHOLOGICAL TESTS
CLASSIFICATION OF PSYCHOLOGICAL TESTS
DEVELOPMENT OF PSYCHOLOGICAL TESTS
CHARACTERISTICS OF PSYCHOLOGICAL TESTS
PRINCIPLES OF PSYCHOLOGICAL TESTS
USES OF PSYCHOLOGICAL TESTS
LIMITATIONS OF PSYCHOLOGICAL TESTS
INTERPRETATION OF PSYCHOLOGICAL TESTS
ROLE OF A NURSE IN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT
REVIEW QUESTIONS
Short Essays
CHAPTER 9:
Individual Differences
MEANING OF INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES
TYPES OF INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES
Physical or Physiological Differences
Psychological Differences
Types of Psychological Differences
CAUSES OF INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES
Heredity
Environment
INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES IN HEALTH AND ILLNESS
Due to these Variations
NURSING IMPLICATIONS OF INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES
REVIEW QUESTIONS
Long Essays
Short Essays
Short Answer
Glossary
Question Bank
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY
CHAPTER 2 BIOLOGY OF BEHAVIOR
CHAPTER 3 COGNITIVE PROCESSES
Sensation, Perception and Attention
Learning
Memory
Thinking
Intelligence and Aptitude
CHAPTER 4 MOTIVATION AND EMOTIONAL PROCESSES
Motivation
Emotional Processes
Attitude
CHAPTER 5 PERSONALITY
CHAPTER 6 DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY
CHAPTER 7 MENTAL HYGIENE AND MENTAL HEALTH
Personal and Social Adjustment
Guidance and Counseling
CHAPTER 8 PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT AND TESTS
CHAPTER 9 INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES
Bibliography
INDEX
TOC
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