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Clinical En Face OCT Atlas
Bruno Lumbroso, David Huang, Andre Romano, Marco Rispoli, Gabriel Coscas
PART I: TECHNOLOGY AND INTERPRETATION
CHAPTER 1:
Principles of En Face Optical Coherence Tomography: Real Time and Post Processing En Face Imaging in Ophthalmology
Introduction
Different Scanning Procedures
One Letter Terminology of Scanning (A, B, C and T)
Principles of Operation
Time Domain Optical Coherence Tomography
Spectral Domain Optical Coherence Tomography
Spectrometer Based Optical Coherence Tomography
Swept Source Optical Coherence Tomography
Evolution of Optical Coherence Tomography En Face Imaging of the Retina
Combining Optical Coherence Tomography with Scanning Laser Ophthalmoscopy
Simultaneous Real Time Optical Coherence Tomography with Real Time Scanning Laser Ophthalmoscopy
Image Generation from Optical Coherence Tomography Stacks
Acknowledgments
CHAPTER 2:
En Face Image Formation and Interpretation
CHAPTER 3:
Frontal Scans Clinical Applications: Plane Sections and Scans Generated to Follow a Retinal Surface Contour
Introduction
Frontal En Face Plane C Scans
Difficulties in Flat C Scan Interpretation
En Face Frontal Scans Generated to Follow the Cup-shaped Pigment Epithelium Contour
Scan Thickness
Scan Depth
En face One Click Mode
En Face Frontal Scans Aligned (Straightened) Parallel to Pigment Epithelium
SECTION 2: EN FACE OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY STRUCTURE AND HISTOLOGY
CHAPTER 4:
Retinal Structures and En Face Optical Coherence Tomography Features
Introduction
En Face Optical Coherence Tomography Representation of the Retina
Retinal Structures and their En Face Optical Coherence Tomography Features from Sclera to Vitreous
CHAPTER 5:
En Face SD-OCT and Green Angiography
Conclusion
PART II: EN FACE OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY STUDY OF DISEASES AND DISORDERS
CHAPTER 6:
Corneal and Anterior Segment En Face Optical Coherence Tomography
Anterior Segment Optical Coherence Tomography
En Face Technique
Clinical Applications of En Face Anterior Segment Optical Coherence Tomography
Dry Eye Disease
Conjunctival Lesions
Infectious Keratitis
Corneal Neovascularization
Corneal Edema
Uveitis
Corneal Transplantation
Keratoprosthesis
Corneal Trauma
Future
CHAPTER 7:
En Face Optical Coherence Tomography Imaging of Corneal Limbal Stem Cell Niche
Introduction
In Vivo En Face Imaging of the Limbus in Healthy Eyes
Potential Clinical Applications of In Vivo En Face Optical Coherence Tomography Imaging
SECTION 4: RETINAL EN FACE OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY: GENERAL SYNDROMES
CHAPTER 8:
Pigment Epithelium Detachments En Face Optical Coherence Tomography Analysis
Introduction
En Face Scans in Pigment Epithelium Detachments
Central Serous Chorioretinopathy
Chronic Diffuse Epitheliopathy
Polypoidal Choroidal Vasculopathy
Age-related Macular Degeneration
Outer Retinal Tubulations
Conclusion
CHAPTER 9:
Cystoid Macular Edema
Introduction
Early Cystoid Edema
Advanced Cystoid Edema
Regressed Cystoid Edema
Postoperative Edema (Irvine-Gass Syndrome)
Venous Branch Occlusion Edema
Cystoid Edema in Choroiditis and Uveitis
CHAPTER 10:
Postoperative Macular Edema
CHAPTER 11:
Macular Retinoschisis
Introduction
Juvenile Macular Retinoschisis
Other Macular and Retinal Retinoschisis
Macular Schisis in Myopia
CHAPTER 12:
Outer Retinal Tubulations
Introduction
Methods of Acquisition
Outer Retinal Tubulation Patterns
Outer Retinal Tubulation Pattern Above a Fibrovascular Scar
Outer Retinal Tubulation Pattern in Cases of Geographic Atrophy
Conclusion
CHAPTER 13:
Localized Lesions of Outer Retina Layers
Introduction
White Dot Syndromes
Solar Retinopathy
Idiopathic Outer Lamellar Defects
Epitheliitis
Extensive Lesions of the Photoreceptors
Lymphoma
SECTION 5: RETINAL EN FACE OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY EXAMINATION: MACULAR DEGENERATIONS
CHAPTER 14:
En Face Spectral Domain Optical Coherence Tomography Imaging of Non-exudative Age-related Macular Degeneration
CHAPTER 15:
Geographic Atrophy
Introduction
CHAPTER 16:
Drusen and Retinal Pigment Epithelium Detachments
Drusen
Clear Serous Retinal Pigment Epithelium Detachment
Turbid Serous Retinal Pigment Epithelium Detachment
CHAPTER 17:
Spectral Domain Optical Coherence Tomography and Drusen: The En Face Modality
Introduction
Small or Hard Drusen
Large or Soft Drusen
Cuticular or Basal Laminar Drusen
Reticular Pseudodrusen
Drusenoid Retinal Pigment Epithelium Detachment (Figures 4A to D)
CHAPTER 18:
En Face Imaging of Reticular Pseudodrusen
Introduction
Multimodal Imaging of Reticular Pseudodrusen
En Face Imaging of Reticular Pseudodrusen
Image Acquisition
Image Analysis
Findings
Discussion
CHAPTER 19:
En Face Optical Coherence Tomography in Age-related Macular Degeneration: Preliminary Results with Spectralis En Face Optical Coherence Tomography
What can be Expected from En Face Optical Coherence Tomography in Age-related Macular Degeneration?
En Face Optical Coherence Tomography
Authors’ Experience
1. Drusen
2. Drusenoid PED
3. Fibrovascular Pigment Epithelium Detachment (FV-PED) in AMD
Results
En Face OCT
4. Polypoidal Choroidal Vasculopathy
5. Classic CNV in AMD
6. Adult Onset Vitelliform Macular Dystrophy
7. Outer Retinal Tubulations
8. Late and Cicatricial Lesions
Conclusion
CHAPTER 20:
Other Types of Acquired Macular Degenerations
Introduction
Dye Light Toxicity
Vitelliform Macular Dystrophy
Macular Atrophy Related to Grid Laser Photocoagulation
Solar Retinopathy
Inner Segment/Outer Segment Irregularity After Macular Hole Surgery
Central Areolar Choroidal Dystrophy
Cone-Rod Dystrophy
Retinitis Pigmentosa
CHAPTER 21:
Torpedo Maculopathy
Description and Pathogenesis
Imagery of Torpedo Maculopathy
Report of Cases
Case 1
Case 2
Conclusion
CHAPTER 22:
En Face Optical Coherence Tomography in Retinal Dystrophies
Introduction
Retinitis Pigmentosa
Bietti Crystalline Dystrophy
Stargardt Disease
Best Vitelliform Macular Dystrophy
Autosomal Recessive Bestrophinopathy
Juvenile Retinoschisis
Pattern Dystrophies
SECTION 6: RETINAL EN FACE OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY EXAMINATION: OTHER MACULAR DISEASES
CHAPTER 23:
Central Serous Chorioretinopathy (By Means of Scans Adapted to RPE Concavity)
Introduction
CHAPTER 24:
Optical Coherence Tomography En Face in Central Serous Chorioretinopathy
Introduction
Description of Retinal Changes
Description of Choroidal Changes
Conclusion
CHAPTER 25:
En Face Optical Coherence Tomography in Idiopathic Macular Telangiectasia
Introduction
En Face Imaging Patterns of the Normal Retinal Vasculature
En Face Imaging in MacTel
MacTel Type 1: Aneurysmal Telangiectasia4
MacTel Type 2: Perifoveal Telangiectasia16-24
Conclusion
SECTION 7: RETINAL EN FACE OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY EXAMINATION: VASCULAR DISEASES AND INFECTIONS
CHAPTER 26:
Retinal Venous Occlusion
Introduction
Case 1
Case 2
Case 3
Case 4
Case 5
Case 6
CHAPTER 27:
Diabetic Maculopathy and En Face Optical Coherence Tomography
Introduction
Definition of Macular Edema
Fluid Dynamics in DME: Sources of Fluid and Fluid Location in the Retina
Microscopic Location of Fluid
Macroscopic Fluid Location in Relation to Retinal Layers
Observation of DME with OCT Imaging: Quantitative and Qualitative Approaches in the Evaluation of Fluid
Quantitative Approaches for the Evaluation of Fluid
Qualitative Approaches for the Evaluation of Fluid
Quantitative Evaluation of Bipolar Integrity with OCT En Face
Summary
CHAPTER 28:
En Face OCT Morphologic Changes in Diabetic Maculopathy
En Face OCT Images Adapted to the Cup-shaped Retina in the Study of Diabetic Macular Edema
Cystoid Diabetic Macular Edema may have Vascular or Tractional Causes
Vascular Cystoid Macular Edema
Traction Cystoid Macular Edema
CHAPTER 29:
En Face Optical Coherence Tomography Scan in Inflammatory Disorders
Introduction
Retinal Vasculitis
Case Study
Inflammatory Choroidal Neovascular Membrane
Case Study
Vitreomacular Traction
Case Study
Epiretinal Membrane
Case Study
Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada Syndrome
Case Study 1
Case Study 2
Case Study 3
Sympathetic Ophthalmia
Case Study
Behçet's Disease
Case Study
Serpiginous Choroiditis
Case Study 1
Case Study 2
CHAPTER 30:
Outer Retina En Face OCT in Inflammatory Disorders
Introduction
Multiple Evanescent White Dot Syndrome (MEWDS)
Acute Posterior Multifocal Placoid Pigment Epitheliopathy (APMPPE)
Tuberculosis
Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada Disease
CHAPTER 31:
En Face Optical Coherence Tomography Scan in Parasitosis
Toxoplasmic Retinochoroiditis
Case Study 1
Case Study 2
Case Study 3
Diffuse Unilateral Subacute Neuroretinitis
Case Study 4
CHAPTER 32:
En Face OCT Imaging in Ocular Toxoplasmosis
Introduction
Description of Vitreous, Retinal and Choroidal Changes
SECTION 8: MYOPIA AND PATHOLOGIC MYOPIA
CHAPTER 33:
En Face Optical Coherence Tomography in High Myopia
Introduction
REFERENCES
SECTION 9: VITREORETINAL INTERFACE: MACULAR HOLES, PSEUDOHOLES AND LAMELLAR HOLES
CHAPTER 34:
Vitreomacular Interface Alteration: A New Semiology with En Face Optical Coherence Tomography
Introduction
En Face Spectral Domain Optical Coherence Tomography Picture of the Retinal Surface
Vitreomacular Traction
Classification of Epiretinal Membrane with En Face Optical Coherence Tomography of the Retinal Surface
Gass Classification
Differentiating the Main En Face Optical Coherence Tomography Patterns
Secondary Patterns
Limits and Shortcomings of En Face Optical Coherence Tomography of the Retinal Surface
CHAPTER 35:
Vitreoretinal Interface Before and After Macular Surgery
CHAPTER 36:
Vitreoretinal Interface Aspects After Macular Hole Surgery
Internal Limiting Membrane Peeling: The Rationale
En Face Optical Coherence Tomography After Macular Hole Surgery with Internal Limiting Membrane Peeling
CHAPTER 37:
Idiopathic Macular Holes
Introduction
CHAPTER 38:
Macular Pseudohole
Introduction
Case Study 1
Case Study 2
Case Study 3
CHAPTER 39:
Lamellar Holes
Introduction
SECTION 10: CHOROID
CHAPTER 40:
Evaluation of Intrachoroidal Cavitation (Peripapillary Detachment) in Pathologic Myopia with En Face Optical Coherence Tomography
Introduction
Conclusion
CHAPTER 41:
En Face Optical Coherence Tomography of Choroidal Nevi and Melanomas
Introduction
SECTION 11: GLAUCOMA AND OPTIC NERVE
CHAPTER 42:
Inner Nuclear Layer Cystic Degeneration, in the Macular Area of Glaucomatous Patients, on “En Face” and B Scan Optical Coherence Tomography
Introduction
PART III: CLINICAL EN FACE OCT FTJTURE DEVELOPMENTS
CHAPTER 43:
En Face Angiography of the Retinal, Choroidal and Optic Nerve Head Circulation with Ultrahigh-Speed Optical Coherence Tomography
Introduction
Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography
System Setup
Scan Pattern
Split-Spectrum Amplitude Decorrelation
En Face Angiogram
Macular Region Retinal and Choroidal Circulation
Optic Nerve Head Circulation
Summary
CHAPTER 44:
Development and Advances in En Face Oct Using Spectral and Swept Source/Fourier Domain Technologies
Introduction
High Speed Spectral/Fourier Domain OCT
Ultrahigh Speed Swept Source/Fourier Domain OCT (Figure 6)
Increasing Image Acquisition Time Using Motion Tracking and Compensation
Summary
CHAPTER 45:
Adaptive Optics Fundus Imaging: Application to Age-related Macular Degeneration
Introduction
CHAPTER 46:
Near Adaptive Optics Quality Scanning Laser Ophthalmoscopy—Optical Coherence Tomography Imaging Using Ultra-high Resolution Confocal Microscopy and Ultra-high Speed Spectral Domain Optical Coherence Tomography
Introduction
Reconstructed En Face C Scan Tomographic Dissection of the Retina
Summary
INDEX
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