Anesthesia, Critical Care, & Pain: Pain Management Sanjay Bakshi, Sanjeeva Gupta, Dwarkadas K Baheti, Raghbirsingh P Gehdoo
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fm1World Clinics Anesthesia, Critical Care, & Pain Pain Managementfm2
fm3World Clinics Anesthesia, Critical Care, & Pain Pain Management
Editor-in-Chief Dwarkadas K Baheti MD Guest Editors Sanjay Bakshi MD DABPM Sanjeeva Gupta MD DNB FRCA FFPMRCA FIPP Raghbirsingh P Gehdoo MD DA January 2013 Volume 1 Number 1
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Cover images: (Left) Endoscopic discectomy. Courtesy: Sudhir Diwan, Karina Gritsenko, David B Turk. (Middle) Lumbar sympathetic plexus block—anteroposterior view. Courtesy: Samyadev Datta. (Right) Sponges around needles before injection of neurolytic agent. Courtesy: Dwarkadas K Baheti
World Clinics Anesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain: Pain Management
January 2013, Volume 1, Number 1
ISSN: 2320-3978
9789350903124
Printed in India
fm5Contributors  
Editor-in-Chief
 
Guest Editors
 
Contributing Authors
Editorial
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Dwarkadas K Baheti MD
Editor-in-Chief
Evidence-based approach is the key to the success of any specialty in medicine, so pain management cannot be an exception. In the last few decades, significant progress has been made towards understanding the basic and clinical science underlying the various pain syndromes. In spite of this progress, pain remains inadequately and inappropriately treated throughout the world.
Chronic pain as a symptom (now also a disease) has a variety of facets, which at times, make it difficult to manage. Chronic pain conditions are complex and require the total dedication of physicians capable of managing these conditions with a full appreciation of their underlying pathophysiology.
Pain physicians often face a dilemma of how to reach correct diagnosis of a particular symptom, such as backache, headache, neck pain, neuropathic pain, ischemic pain, and cancer pain.
There is unacceptable variation in clinical management of pain due to inadequate training; distorted physician beliefs; inadequate application of pharmacological, behavioral, interventional, and alternative methods of pain management; and on top of it, lack of access to evidence-based approach. It can be either at the level of pain physician or the surroundings in which he/she is working.
With the experience of editing a few books, our team decided to take a step forward towards coming out with an evidence-based journal for the common areas of pain management. The contributors chosen for each area are well known for their clinical and research expertise in the national and international arena.
We are confident that this journal will provide the systematic evidence-based approach to patient care and will broaden access to high quality pain care services.fm12
We express our heartfelt gratitude to all contributors for their invaluable support to make this herculean task to be completed in record time.
Dwarkadas K Baheti MD
Consultant Pain Physician
Lilavati, Shushrusha, Bombay, Raheja, and Hinduja Healthcare Hospitals
Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
Former Professor and Head
Department of Anesthesia and Pain Management
Bombay Hospital Institute of Medical Sciences
12, New Marine Lines, Mumbai 400 020, Maharashtra, India
Email: dr.baheti@gmail.com
fm13Abbreviations 5-HT
5-hydroxytryptamine
AHRQ
Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality
AMPA
α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid
APLD
Automated percutaneous lumbar discectomy
APS
American Pain Society
ARD
Ankyrin repeat domain
ASIC
Acid sensing ion channel
ASIPP
American Society for Interventional Pain Physicians
ATP
Adenosine triphosphate
AV
Atrioventricular
BDNF
Brain-derived neurotropic factor
BGS
British Geriatrics Society
BMT
Bone marrow transplant
BPS
British Pain Society
CaM
Ca2+/calmodulin
CAM
Complementary and alternative medicine
CaMKII
CaM-dependent protein kinase II
cAMP
Cyclic adenosine monophosphate
CBC
Complete blood count
CCR2
Chemokine receptor 2
CGRP
Calcitonin gene-related peptide
CHEOPS
Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Pain Scale
CI
Confidence interval
CLL2
Chemokine ligand 2
CNS
Central nervous system
COX
Cyclooxygenase
CPG
Clinical practice guideline
CRF
Continuous radiofrequency
CRPS
Complex regional pain syndrome
CSF
Cerebrospinal fluid
CT
Computed tomography
CYP2D6
Cytochrome P450 2D6
DAG
Diacylglycerol
DDD
Degenerative disc disease
DLPFC
Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
DRG
Dorsal root ganglion
EMLA
Eutectic mixture of local anesthetic
ENT
Ear, nose, and throat
ERK
Extracellular signal-regulated kinase
FCA
Family controlled analgesia
FLACC
Face, legs, activity, cry, consolability
fMRI
Functional magnetic resonance imaging
GA
General anesthesia
GABA
γ-aminobutyric acid
GPCR
G-protein-coupled receptor
HPA
Hypothalamo-pituitary adrenal
HPV
Human papillomavirus
IASP
International Association for the Study of Pain
IDET
Intradiscal electrothermal therapy
IL-1β
Interleukin-1β
INR
International normalized ratio
IP3
Inositol triphosphate
IPTP
Interventional pain treatment procedure
ITDD
Intrathecal drug delivery
IV
Intravenously
LA
Local anesthetic
LBP
Low back pain
LDN
Low dose naltrexone
M6G
Morphine-6-glucuronide
MAO
Monoamine oxidase
MAPK
Mitogen-activated protein kinase
MBT
Mind-body therapy
MILD
Minimally invasive lumbar decompression
miRNA
Micro-RNA
mPFC
Medial prefrontal cortex
MRI
Magnetic resonance imaging
NCA
Nurse controlled analgesia
Nd:YAG
Neodymium:yttrium-aluminum-garnet
NELTC
North East London NHS Treatment Centre
NGF
Nerve growth factor
fm14NHS
National Health Service
NICE
National Institute of Clinical Excellence
NIPS
Neonatal infant pain scale
NK1
Neurokinin 1
NMDA
N-methyl-D-aspartate
NO
Nitric oxide
NOS
Nitric oxide synthase
NPO
Nil per oral
NSAID
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug
ODI
Oswestry disability index
OPS
Objective pain scale
P2X4
Purinergic ionotropic receptor
PAG
Periaqueductal gray
PAR
Protease activated receptor
PCA
Patient controlled analgesia
PDD
Percutaneous disc decompression
PDN
Peripheral diabetic neuropathies
PDPH
Postdural puncture headache
PET
Positron emission tomography
PG
Prostaglandin
PGE2
Prostaglandin E2
PHN
Postherpetic neuralgia
PIP2
Phosphatidylinositol bisphosphonate
PIRFT
Percutaneous intradiscal radiofrequency thermocoagulation
PKA
Protein kinase A
PKC
Protein kinase C
PLA2
Phospolipase A2
PLC
Phospholipase C
PLDD
Percutaneous laser disc decompression
PRF
Pulsed radiofrequency
PSIS
Posterior superior iliac spine
QoL
Quality of life
RCT
Randomized controlled trial
RF
Radiofrequency
RMDG
Roland morris disability questionnaire
RR
Relative risk
RTX
Resiniferatoxin
RVM
Rostral ventral medulla
SAM
Sympatho-adrenomedullary
SAP
Superior articular process
SCC
Squamous cell carcinoma
SCS
Spinal cord stimulation
SF-36
Short Form 36
SNRI
Selective noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor
SSRI
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor
STIR
Short-tau inversion recovery
TCA
Tricyclic antidepressant
TENS
Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation
TLR
Toll-like receptor
TNF-α
Tumor necrosis factor-α
trkA
Tropomyosin receptor kinase A
TRP
Transient receptor potential
TRPA1
Transient receptor potential ankyrin 1
TRPM8
Transient receptor potential melastin 8
TRPV1
Transient receptor potential vanilloid 1
USPSTF
United States Preventative Services Task Force
VAS
Visual analog scale
VGCC
Voltage-gated calcium channel
VO2
Volumetric oxygen consumption