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Atlas of Clinical Ophthalmology
Samar K Basak
CHAPTER 1:
Diseases of the Eyelids
Congenital Lid Conditions
Eyelash Abnormalities
Entropion
Ectropion
Inflammatory Lid Conditions
Ptosis: Drooping of Upper Lid
Other Lid Conditions
Benign Lid Conditions
Malignant Lid Conditions
Other Malignant Lid Conditions
Miscellaneous Lid Conditions
Congenital Lid Conditions
Epicanthus
Telecanthus
Coloboma of the Eyelid
Distichiasis
Blepharophimosis Syndrome
Epiblepharon
Euryblepharon
Eyelash Abnormalities
Trichiasis
Eyelash Ptosis
Lash in the Punctum
Eyelash in the Anterior Chamber
Metaplastic Eyelash(es)
Poliosis
Madarosis
Brittle Eyelash
Trichomegaly
Matting of Eyelashes
Entropion
Congenital Entropion
Involutional (Senile) Entropion
Cicatricial Entropion
Acute Spastic Entropion
Ectropion
Involutional (Senile) Ectropion
Cicatricial Ectropion
Paralytic Ectropion
Mechanical Ectropion
Inflammatory Lid Conditions
Acute Contact Dermatitis
Chronic Contact Dermatitis
Atopic Dermatitis of the Lid
Angular Blepharoconjunctivitis
Primary Herpes Simplex of Lids
Herpes Zoster Ophthalmicus
Blepharitis
Meibomianitis
Preseptal Cellulitis
External Hordeolum (Stye)
Internal Hordeolum (Inflamed Chalazion)
Chalazion
Ptosis: Drooping of Upper Lid
Ptosis
Synkinetic Ptosis
Pseudoptosis
Congenital Ptosis
Acquired Ptosis
Senile (Aponeurotic) Ptosis
Lid Retraction
Other Lid Conditions
Chemosis or Lid Edema
Lagophthalmos
Blepharochalasis
Dermatochalasis
Floppy Eyelid Syndrome
Symblepharon
Essential Blepharospasm
Ecchymosis of the Eyelids
Phthiriasis Palpebrum
Benign Lid Conditions
Xanthelasma
Capillary Hemangioma (Strawberry Nevus)
Port-wine Stain (Nevus Flammeus)
Molluscum Contagiosum
Sebaceous Cyst
Keratoacanthoma
Keratic Horn
Squamous Cell Papilloma (Viral Wart)
Basal Cell Papilloma (Seborrheic Keratosis)
Oculodermal Melanocytosis (Nevus of Ota)
Acquired Nevus
Milia and Comedones
Cyst of Moll
Epidermal Inclusion Cyst
External Angular Dermoid
Malignant Lid Conditions
Basal Cell Carcinoma (Rodent Ulcer)
Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Meibomian Gland Carcinoma
Carcinoma of Gland of Zeis
Other Malignant Lid Conditions
Lentigo Malignum
Nodular Malignant Melanoma
Miscellaneous Lid Conditions
Baggy Eyelids
Depigmentation of Periocular Skin
Ankyloblepharon
Nodular Hemangiomas
Tarsorrhaphy
CHAPTER 2:
Diseases of the Conjunctiva
Signs of Conjunctival Diseases
Acute Conjunctivitis
Chronic Conjunctivitis
Allergic Conjunctivitis
Conjunctival Degenerations
Benign Lesions
Malignant Lesions
Pigmented Lesions
Other Conjunctival Conditions
Signs of Conjunctival Diseases
Hyperemia of the Conjunctiva
Congestion
Subconjunctival Hemorrhage
Edema (Chemosis)
Follicles
Papillae
Membranes
Preauricular Lymphadenopathy
Acute Conjunctivitis
Acute Mucopurulent Conjunctivitis
Purulent Conjunctivitis
Ophthalmia Neonatorum
Membranous Conjunctivitis
Angular Conjunctivitis
Acute Hemorrhagic Conjunctivitis
Acute Follicular Conjunctivitis
Chronic Conjunctivitis
Simple Chronic Conjunctivitis
Trachoma
Allergic Conjunctivitis
Phlyctenular Conjunctivitis
Vernal Conjunctivitis (Keratoconjunctivitis) or VKC
Atopic Conjunctivitis
Acute Allergic Conjunctivitis
Giant Papillary Conjunctivitis (GPC)
Conjunctival Degenerations
Concretion (Lithiasis)
Pinguecula
Pterygium
Benign Lesions
Conjunctival Cysts
Epibulbar Limbal Dermoid
Dermolipoma (Lipodermoid)
Choristomas
Conjunctival Lipoma
Malignant Lesions
Conjunctival Intraepithelial Neoplasia (CIN)
Invasive Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Pigmented Lesions
Flat Superficial Pigmentation
Benign Epithelial Melanosis
Benign Subepithelial Melanocytosis
Simple Nevus
Melanocytoma
Precancerous Melanosis
Malignant Melanoma
Other Conjunctival Conditions
Subconjunctival Hemorrhage
Conjunctival Xerosis
Bitot's Spot
Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca (KCS)
Mucus Fishing Syndrome
Lid Imbrication Syndrome
Ocular Cicatricial Pemphigoid (OCP)
Stevens-Johnson Syndrome (SJS)
Superior Limbic Keratoconjunctivitis (SLK)
Vascular Malformations
Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma
Amyloidosis of Conjunctiva
Conjunctivochalasis
Conjunctival Granulomas
Limbal Stem Cell Deficiency (LSCD)
Xeroderma Pigmentosa
Metastatic Tumors of the Conjunctiva
CHAPTER 3:
Diseases of the Cornea
Cornea: Slit Lamp Examination
Pigments Deposition in the Cornea
Congenital Corneal Conditions
Corneal Edema and Bullous Keratopathy
Keratitis: Suppurative/Infectious
Viral Keratitis
Other Infective Keratitis
Keratitis (Other Types):Noninfectious and Peripheral
Corneal Degenerations
Corneal Dystrophies
Miscellaneous Corneal Conditions
Corneal Graft-Related Problems
Refractive Surgery-Related Corneal Problems
Contact Lens-Related Corneal Problems
Cornea: Slit Lamp Examination
Direct Diffuse Illumination (Figs 3.1.1A to C)
Direct Focal Illumination
Narrow Beam (Optical Section) (Figs 3.1.2A and B)
Broad Beam (Parallelopiped) (Figs 3.1.3A and B)
Indirect Illumination (Figs 3.1.4A and B)
Retroillumination
Specular Reflection (Figs 3.1.7A and B)
Method for Viewing the Posterior Surface
Sclerotic Scatter (Figs 3.1.8A and B)
Oscillatory Illumination
Special Stains for Epithelial Lesions
Pigments Deposition in the Cornea
Iron
Copper
Melanin
Dye
Congenital Corneal Conditions
Microphthalmos (Fig. 3.3.1A)
Nanophthalmos
Megalocornea
Buphthalmos
Keratoglobus
Posterior Keratoconus
Peter's Anomaly (See also Figs 9.2.10 and 9.2.11)
Posterior Embryotoxon
Cornea Plana
Sclerocornea
Keratectasia
Corneal Edema and Bullous Keratopathy
Corneal Edema
Important Causes
Bullous Keratopathy
Keratitis: Suppurative/Infectious
Suppurative Keratitis
Bacterial Keratitis/Ulcer
Special Features of Specific Bacterial Keratitis
Fungal Keratitis (Corneal Ulcer) or Keratomycosis
Acanthamoeba Keratitis
Perforated Corneal Ulcer
Sequel of Healded Corneal Ulcer
Viral Keratitis
Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) Keratitis
Primary HSV Infection
Recurrent HSV Keratitis
Dendritic HSV Keratitis
Geographical Keratitis
Stromal Necrotic Keratitis
Metaherpetic Keratitis (Trophic Ulcer)
Disciform Keratitis (HSV Endotheliitis)
Herpes Zoster Ophthalmicus (HZO)
Acute Ocular Lesions
Cornea
Chronic Ocular Lesions
Other Infective Keratitis
Atypical Mycobacterial Keratitis
Nocardia Keratitis
Microsporidial Keratitis
Infectious Crystalline Keratitis
Keratitis (Other Types): Noninfectious and Peripheral
Lagophthalmic (Exposure) Keratitis
Neurotrophic Keratitis (NTK)
Nummular Keratitis
Marginal Keratitis (Catarrhal Ulcer)
Marginal Ulcers with Systemic Collagen Diseases Or Peripheral Ulcerative Keratitis (PUK)
Phlyctenular Keratitis
Interstitial Keratitis (IK)
Punctate Epithelial Erosions (PEEs)
Punctate Epithelial Keratitis (PEK)
Superficial Punctate Keratitis (of Thygeson's)
Superior Limbic Keratoconjunctivitis (SLK)
Atheromatous Ulcer
Striate Keratopathy (Keratitis)
Filamentary Keratopathy (Keratitis)
Shield Ulcer in Vernal Keratoconjunctivitis
Keratitis Medicamentosa
Sclerosing Keratitis
Corneal Degenerations
Corneal Degeneration: Major Features
Arcus Senilis (Gerontoxon)
Terrien's Marginal Degeneration
Pellucid Marginal Degeneration
Mooren's Ulcer
Band-shaped Keratopathy (BSK)
Salzmann's Nodular Degeneration
Spheroidal Degeneration (Climatic Droplet Keratopathy)
Lipid Degeneration (Keratopathy)
White Limbal Girdle of Vogt
Corneal Dystrophies
Corneal Dystrophy: Major Features
Anterior Dystrophies (Epithelium and Bowman's Membrane)
The Common Varieties are:
Meesmann's Dystrophy
Reis-Buckler's Dystrophy
Stromal Dystrophies
Granular Dystrophy
Macular Dystrophy
Lattice Dystrophy
Avellino (Granular-Lattice) Dystrophy
Central (Schnyder) Crystalline Dystrophy
Central Discoid Dystrophy
Congenital Hereditary Stromal Dystrophy
Posterior Dystrophies
Posterior Polymorphous Dystrophy
Cornea Guttata
Fuchs’ Endothelial Dystrophy
Congenital Hereditary Endothelial Dystrophy (CHED)
Keratoconus
Miscellaneous Corneal Conditions
Corneal Abrasion
Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca (KCS)
Vortex Keratopathy
Descemet's Detachment
Descemet's Tear
Descemet's Folds and Wrinkles
Krukenberg's Spindle
Corneal Dellen
Crocodile Shagreen
Prominent Corneal Nerves
Xerophthalmia (Corneal Signs in Avitaminosis-A)
Tunnel Abscess
Recurrent Corneal Erosion (RCE)
Blood Staining of the Cornea
Corneal Tumors
Corneal Graft-Related Problems
Important Corneal Problems/Complications in PK
Primary Donor Failure
Persistent Epithelial Defects
Loose Sutures and Broken Sutures
Early Graft Infection
Recurrence of Previous Diseases in Graft
Induced High and Irregular Astigmatism
Late PK—Wound Dehiscence
Late Graft Infection
Allograft Rejection
Endothelial Rejection
Late Donor Failure
Donor Dislocation in DSEK
Double Anterior Chamber in DALK
Late Interface Scarring in LK
Epithelial Ingrowth in DSEK
Late Secondary Glaucoma
Refractive Surgery-Related Corneal Problems
Late Rupture of RK Wound
Post-PRK Corneal Haze
Wrinkling of the Flap
Diffuse Lamellar Keratitis (DLK)
Epithelial Ingrowth
LASIK Flap Displacement
Post-LASIK Ectasia
Post-LASIK Dry Eye
Corneal Ulcer and/or Interface Infection
Recurrence of Original Disease after PTK
Late Flap Displacement or Lost Flap
Contact Lens-Related Corneal Problems
Superficial Punctate Keratitis
Contact Lens—Immune Response Keratitis
Acute Hypoxia of Cornea
Tight Lens Syndrome
Corneal Neovascularization
Contact Lens (Toxic) Keratopathy
Infectious Corneal Infiltrates/Ulcer
Giant Papillary Conjunctivitis
CHAPTER 4:
Diseases of the Sclera
Inflammation of the Sclera
Blue Sclera
Focal Discoloration of Sclera
Inflammation of the Sclera
Episcleritis
Simple Episcleritis
Nodular Episcleritis
Scleritis
Anterior Scleritis
Diffuse Anterior Scleritis
Nodular Scleritis (Non-necrotizing)
Anterior Necrotizing Scleritis with Inflammation
Anterior Necrotizing Scleritis without Inflammation (Scleromalacia Perforans)
Posterior Scleritis
Scleral Abscess
Scleral Cyst
Surgically Induced Necrosis of Sclera (SINS)
Scleral Tunnel Abscess
CHAPTER 5:
Abnormalities in Anterior Chamber
Abnormal Depth of the Anterior Chamber
Abnormal Contents of the Anterior Chamber
Anterior Chamber
Abnormal Depth
Shallow Anterior Chamber
Deep Anterior Chamber
Irregular Anterior Chamber
Abnormal Contents
Blood (Hyphema)
Pus (Hypopyon)
Inverse Hypopyon and Pseudohypopyon
Albuminous Materials
Other Abnormal Contents in the Anterior Chamber
CHAPTER 6:
Diseases of the Uvea
Congenital Conditions
Anterior Uveitis (Iridocyclitis)
Choroiditis
Iridocorneal Endothelial (ICE) Syndromes
Other Uveal Diseases
Benign Uveal Lesions/Nodules/Mass
Malignant Uveal Tract Lesions
Congenital Conditions
Aniridia
Coloboma
Albinism
Heterochromia of Iris
Ectropion Uveae
Anterior Uveitis (Iridocyclitis)
Aqueous Flare
Anterior Chamber
Iris Nodules
Heterochromia (Cyclitis of Fuchs’)
Posterior Synechiae
Choroiditis
Toxoplasmosis
Toxocariasis
Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada (VKH) Syndrome
Sympathetic Ophthalmitis
Birdshot Retinochoroiditis
Endophthalmitis
Panophthalmitis
Iridocorneal Endothelial (ICE) Syndromes
Progressive Essential Iris Atrophy
Iris Nevus Syndrome (Cogan-Reese)
Chandler's Syndrome
Other Uveal Diseases
Iridoschisis
Iris Atrophy
Rubeosis Iridis
Primary Choroidal Sclerosis
Iris Cysts
Gyrate Atrophy of the Choroid
Choroideremia
Angioid Streaks
Acute Posterior Multifocal Placoid Pigment Epitheliopathy (APMPPE)
Serpiginous (Geographical) Choroidopathy
Choroidal Detachment
Benign Uveal Lesions/ Nodules/Mass
Iris Floccules
Iris Freckles
Lisch Nodules/Spots
Brushfield Spots
Iris Pearls
Iris Mammillations
Iris Nevus
Choroidal Hemangioma
Benign Melanocytoma (Nevus)
Choroidal Osteoma
Malignant Uveal Tract Lesions
Metastatic Deposits of Retinoblastoma
Malignant Melanoma of the Iris
Medulloepithelioma (Diktyoma)
Malignant Melanoma of the Ciliary Body
Malignant Melanoma of the Choroid
Metastatic Carcinoma of the Uveal Tract
CHAPTER 7:
Pupil and its Abnormalities
Abnormal Pupil
Leukocoria or White Pupillary (Amaurotic Cat's Eye) Reflex
Abnormal Pupil
Acoria
Corectopia
Polycoria/Pseudopolycoria
Persistent Pupillary Membrane
Small (Miotic) Pupil
Large (Mydriatic) Pupil
Abnormalities in the Shape of Pupil
Anisocoria
Leukocoria or White Pupillary (Amaurotic Cat's Eye) Reflex
CHAPTER 8:
Diseases of the Lens
Congenital Conditions of Lens
Lens-Induced Ocular Diseases
Cataract
Congenital or Developmental Cataract
Senile (Adult) Cataract
Specific Cataract Entities
Opacities in Aphakia or Pseudophakia
Displacement of the Crystalline Lens and IOL
Aphakia
Congenital Conditions of Lens
Coloboma of the Lens
Anterior Lenticonus
Posterior Lenticonus
Spherophakia (Microspherophakia)
Ectopia Lentis
Marfan's Syndrome
Homocystinuria
Weill-Marchesani Syndrome
Lens-Induced Ocular Diseases
Phacolytic Glaucoma
Phacogenic (Phacomorphic) Glaucoma
Phacotoxic Uveitis
Cataract
Lental Opacity
Congenital or Developmental Cataract
Anterior Polar Cataract
Posterior Polar Cataract
Coronary Cataract
Zonular (Lamellar) Cataract
Central Pulverulent Cataract
Rubella Cataract
Sutural Cataract
Blue Dot Cataract
Other Types of Congenital/Developmental Cataract
Senile (Adult) Cataract
Cortical Cataract
Stages of Cortical Cataract
Immature Stage
Intumescent Stage
Mature Stage
Hypermature Stage
Cupuliform Cataract (Posterior Subcapsular Cataract)
Nuclear Cataract
Other Types of Adult Cataract
Surgical Techniques in Senile Cataracts
Specific Cataract Entities
Diabetic Cataract
Complicated Cataract
Galactose Cataract
Traumatic Cataract
Glaukomflecken
Opacities in Aphakia or Pseudophakia
Anterior Capsular Opacification/Fibrosis
Posterior Capsular Opacification (PCO) or ‘After Cataract’
Soemmering's Ring
Cortical Matter Behind the IOL
Capsular Inflammatory Deposits/Plaques
Posterior Capsular Folds
Pseudophakic Deposits/Opacities/Defects
Displacement of the Crystalline Lens and IOLs
Subluxation of the Crystalline Lens
Dislocation of the Crystalline Lens
Displacement of the IOL
Miscellaneous Pseudophakic Conditions
Aphakia
CHAPTER 9:
Glaucomas
Congenital or Infantile Glaucoma (Buphthalmos)
Primary Angle-Closure Glaucoma
Primary Open Angle Glaucoma
Secondary Glaucomas
Filtering Bleb Abnormalities
Other Complications
Congenital or Infantile Glaucoma (Buphthalmos)
Primary Congenital Glaucoma
Secondary Developmental Glaucoma
Primary Angle-Closure Glaucoma
Acute Congestive Attack
Chronic Congestive Attack
Stage of Absolute Glaucoma
Slit Lamp Grading of Angle (van Herick)
Primary Open Angle Glaucoma
Cupping of the Optic Disk
Absolute Glaucoma in POAG
Secondary Glaucomas
Pseudoexfoliation Glaucoma
Phacomorphic Glaucoma
Phacolytic Glaucoma
Lens-Particle Glaucoma
Associated with Ectopia Lentis/Subluxation or Dislocation of Lens
Pigmentary Glaucoma
Inflammatory Secondary Glaucoma
Glaucoma Associated with Trauma
Glaucoma Following Intraocular Surgery
Malignant (Ciliary Block) Glaucoma
Neovascular Glaucoma
Iridocorneal Endothelial (ICE) Syndrome
Other Causes of Secondary Glaucoma
Filtering Bleb Abnormalities
Normal Functioning Bleb
Failed/Flat Filtering Bleb
Large Cystic Filtering Bleb
Multilocular Filtering Bleb
Overhanging Filtering Bleb
Other Morphological Types of Bleb
Overfiltering Filtering Bleb
Leaking Filtering Bleb
Blebitis (Bleb Infection)
Other Complications
Pseudobleb
CHAPTER 10:
Diseases of the Vitreous
Vitreous Opacities
Miscellaneous Vitreous Opacities
Vitreous Opacities
Muscae Volitantes
Asteroid Hyalosis (Benson's Disease)
Synchysis Scintillans
Persistent Hyperplastic Primary Vitreous (PHPV)
Vitreous Cells
Vitreous Hemorrhage
Miscellaneous Vitreous Opacities
Pigment Cells (‘Tobacco Dust’ Sign)
Cotton Ball Exudates
Parasite in the Vitreous Cavity
Foreign Bodies in the Vitreous
Vitreous Prolapse
CHAPTER 11:
Diseases of the Optic Nerve
Congenital Abnormalities of Optic Disk
Vascular Anomalies at the Disk
Optic Neuritis
Other Causes of Unilateral Disk Edema
Papilledema
Other Causes of Bilateral Disk Edema
Optic Atrophy
Primary Optic Disk Tumors
Infiltrative Disk Lesions
Congenital Abnormalities of Optic Disk
Myelinated Nerve Fibers
Persistent Hyaloid Artery
Optic Disk Drusen
Optic Disk Conus
Congenital Optic Disk Pit
Coloboma of the Optic Disk
‘Morning Glory’ Syndrome
Small Disk: High Hypermetropia
Hypoplastic Optic Disk
Tilted Disk
Large Disk: Myopia
Large Disk (Megalopapilla)
Disk with Large Cup
Glaucomatous Cupping
Vascular Anomalies at the Disk
Disk Collaterals (Veno-venular Shunt)
Opticociliary Shunts
New Vessels on the Disk (NVD)
Disk Hemorrhage
Dragged Vessels of the Disk
Optic Neuritis
Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy (AION)
Other Causes of Unilateral Disk Edema
Central Retinal Venous Occlusion
Central Vasculitis (Papillophlebitis)
Long Standing Hypotony
Posterior Scleritis
Papilledema
Early Papilledema
Established (Acute) Papilledema
Chronic Papilledema
Atrophic Papilledema
Other Causes of Bilateral Disk Edema
Malignant Hypertension
Other Causes
Optic Atrophy
Primary Optic Atrophy
Secondary Optic Atrophy
Consecutive Optic Atrophy
Glaucomatous Optic Atrophy (Figs 11.29.1 and 11.29.2; see Figs 9.6.15 and 9.6.16)
Temporal Pallor
Primary Optic Disk Tumors
Optic Disk Capillary Hemangioma
Optic Disk Cavernous Hemangioma
Arteriovenous Malformation on Optic Disk
Optic Disk Melanocytoma
Astrocytoma of the Optic Disk
Optic Nerve Glioma and Meningioma
Infiltrative Lesions
CHAPTER 12:
Diseases of the Retina
Congenital Retinal Disorders
Retinal Vascular Disorders
Retinal Exudates
Inflammatory Retinal Lesions
Macular Lesions (Maculopathies)
Multiple Flecked Retinal Lesions
Pigmentary Retinopathy
Retinal Detachment
Hypertensive Retinopathies
Diabetic Retinopathy
Retinopathy of Prematurity
Retinoblastoma
Miscellaneous Retinal Conditions
Congenital Retinal Disorders
Myelinated Nerve Fibers
Phakomatosis
Albinism
Retinochoroidal Coloboma
Retinal Vascular Disorders
Central Retinal Artery Occlusion (CRAO)
Retinal Vein Occlusion
Branch Retinal Venous Occlusion (BRVO)
Preretinal (Subhyaloid) Hemorrhage
Roth's Spot
Subretinal Hemorrhage
Sub-RPE Hemorrhage
Choroidal Hemorrhage
Neovascularization
Collaterals
Retinal Hemangiomas
Retinal Vasculitis
Frosted Branch Angiitis
Retinal Exudates
Hard Exudates
Macular Stars
Soft Exudates or Cotton Wool Spots
Subretinal Exudates
Coats’ Disease
Inflammatory Retinal Lesions
Multiple Evanescent White Dot Syndrome (MEWDS)
Punctate Inner Choroidopathy (PIC)
Birdshot Retinochoroidopathy
Acute Posterior Multifocal Placoid Pigment Epitheliopathy (APMPPE)
Multifocal Choroiditis with Panuveitis
Disseminated Choroiditis
Serpiginous Choroidopathy
Focal Toxoplasmosis
Toxocariasis
Candidiasis
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) Retinitis
Acute Retinal Necrosis (ARN)
Progressive Outer Retinal Necrosis (PORN)
Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada Syndrome
Sympathetic Ophthalmia
Tuberculous Choroiditis
Macular Lesions (Maculopathies)
Hereditary Maculopathies
Stargardt's Macular Dystrophy
Central Areolar Choroidal Dystrophy
Best's Vitelliform Macular Dystrophy
Hereditary Cone Dystrophy (Bull's Eye Maculopathy)
Myopic Maculopathies
Dry Age-Related Macular Degenerations
Exudative Maculopathies
Cystoid Macular Edema (CME)
Central Serous Retinopathy (CSR)
RPE Detachment
Wet Age-Related Macular Degeneration
Macular Holes
Other Maculopathies
Cellophane Maculopathy
Commotio Retinae (Berlin's Edema)
Crystalline Maculopathy
Multiple Flecked Retinal Lesions
Familial Dominant Drusen (Doyne's Honeycomb Dystrophy)
Fundus Flavimaculatus
Fundus Albipunctatus
Benign Flecked Retina Syndrome
Pattern Dystrophy
Hard Drusens
Soft Drusens
Cuticular (Basal-Laminar) Drusens
Pigmentary Retinopathy
Typical Retinitis Pigmentosa
Atypical Retinitis Pigmentosa
Retinal Detachment
Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment
Associated Predisposing Factors
Tractional Retinal Detachment
Exudative Retinal Detachment
Hypertensive Retinopathy
Diabetic Retinopathy
Nonproliferative Diabetic Retinopathy (NPDR)
Diabetic Maculopathy
Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy (PDR)
Advanced Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy (Advanced PDR)
Retinopathy of Prematurity (ROP)
Retinoblastoma
Miscellaneous Retinal Conditions
Idiopathic Polypoidal Choroidal Vasculopathy
Familial Exudative Vitreoretinopathy
Stickler's Disease
Idiopathic Juxtafoveal Telangiectasia
Goldmann-Favre Syndrome
Congenital Hypertrophy of the Retinal Pigment Epithelium (CHRPE)
Retinoschisis
Purtscher's Retinopathy
Retinal Cysts
CHAPTER 13:
Diseases of the Lacrimal Apparatus
Lacrimal Gland Diseases
Epiphora
Dacryocystitis
Other Lacrimal Conditions
Lacrimal Gland Diseases
Acute Dacryoadenitis
Chronic Dacryoadenitis
Epiphora
Mechanical Obstruction
Lacrimal Pump Failure
Chronic Canaliculitis
Occlusion of Puncta or Canaliculus
Dacryocystitis
Acute (On Chronic) Dacryocystitis
Chronic Dacryocystitis
Tumors of the Lacrimal Sac
Other Lacrimal Conditions
Lacrimal Fistula
Accessory Lacrimal Punctum
Accessory Lobe of Lacrimal Gland
Pyogenic Granuloma of the Lacrimal Puncta
Punctal Burn Following Laser DCR
Canalicular Tear
Hemangioma of the Lacrimal Punctum
Centurion Syndrome
CHAPTER 14:
Diseases of the Orbit
Congenital/Developmental Bony Anomalies
Proptosis
Proptosis in Children
Other Orbital Tumors in Children
Proptosis in Adults
Miscellaneous Orbital Lesions
Congenital/Developmental Bony Anomalies
Craniosynostosis
Orbital Dysplasia
Anophthalmos or Extreme Microphthalmos
Cryptophthalmos
Orbitopalpebral (Colobomatous) Cyst
Proptosis
Pseudoproptosis
Enophthalmos
Proptosis in Children
Craniosynostosis (Shallow Orbit)
Orbitopalpebral (Colobomatous) Cyst
Capillary Hemangioma
Preseptal and Orbital Cellulitis
Lymphangioma
Glioma of the Optic Nerve
Rhabdomyosarcoma
Orbital Extension of Retinoblastoma
Acute Leukemia
Other Orbital Tumors in Children
Proptosis in Adults
Inflammatory Orbital Diseases (Orbital Pseudotumor)
Orbital Cellulitis in Adults
Thyroid Associated Ophthalmopathy
Cavernous Hemangioma
Orbital Varix
Meningioma of the Optic Nerve
Carotid Cavernous Fistula
Cavernous Sinus Thrombosis
Other Causes of Proptosis in Adults
Miscellaneous Orbital Lesions
Orbital Rim Lesions
Luxatio Bulbi
Orbital Fat Prolapse
Contracted Socket
CHAPTER 15:
Ocular Motility Disturbances and Squint
Pseudostrabismus (Apparent Squint)
Concomitant Strabismus
Paralytic Strabismus
Miscellaneous Ocular Movement Disorders
Pseudostrabismus (Apparent Squint)
Concomitant Strabismus
Convergent Strabismus (Esotropia)
Divergent Strabismus (Exotropia)
Alternating Strabismus
Vertical Strabismus
Inferior Oblique Overaction
Dissociated Vertical Deviation
Paralytic Strabismus
Total Ophthalmoplegia
External Ophthalmoplegia
Third (Oculomotor) Nerve Palsy
Fourth (Trochlear) Nerve Palsy
Sixth (Abducens) Nerve Palsy
Miscellaneous Ocular Movement Disorders
Duane's Retraction Syndrome
Superior Oblique Tendon Sheath Syndrome (Brown's Syndrome)
Double Elevator Palsy
Restrictive Strabismus
Congenital Fibrosis of Extraocular Muscles (CFEOM)
Orbital Fractures
Strabismus Fixus
CHAPTER 16:
Ocular Injuries
Mechanical Injuries—Types
Contusions (Blunt Injuries)
Penetrating (Perforating) Injuries
Foreign Bodies in the Eye
Chemical Injuries (Burns)
Miscellaneous Injuries
Mechanical Injuries—Types
Closed Globe Injury
Open Globe Injury
Contusions (Blunt Injuries)
Various Effects Resulting from Contusions
Eyelids
Conjunctiva
Cornea
Sclera
Anterior Chamber
Iris
Ciliary Body
Crystalline Lens
Vitreous (See also in Chapter 10)
Choroid
Retina
Optic Nerve
Orbit
Penetrating (Perforating) Injuries
Immediate Effect of Trauma
Signs of Globe Perforation
Introduction of Infection
Sympathetic Ophthalmia
Foreign Bodies in the Eye
Extraocular Foreign Bodies
Conjunctival Foreign Body
Corneal Foreign Body
Intraocular Foreign Body (IOFB)
Siderosis Bulbi
Chalcosis Bulbi
Miscellaneous Organic Materials
Chemical Injuries (Burns)
Other Chemical Injuries
Thermal Burns
Miscellaneous Injuries
Blast Injuries
Radiational Injuries
INDEX
TOC
Index
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