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Atlas of Fiberoptic Bronchoscopy
Rajendra Prasad
CHAPTER 1:
History of Bronchoscopy
CHAPTER 2:
Normal Bronchial Anatomy and Nomenclature
UPPER AIRWAY
Nasal Passages
Pharynx
Larynx
LOWER AIRWAY
Trachea
Main Carina
Bronchi
Right Upper Lobe Bronchus
Right Middle Lobe Bronchus
Right Lower Lobe Bronchus
Left Upper Lobe Bronchus
Left Lower Lobe Bronchus
NOMENCLATURE OF THE TRACHEOBRONCHIAL TREE
ENDOSCOPIC VISUALIZATION
CATEGORIZATION OF BRONCHOSCOPIC FINDINGS
CHAPTER 3:
Abnormal Patterns of Bronchial Anatomy
ANOMALIES OF BRONCHUS
Variations on the Right Side
Variations on the Left Side
Tracheobronchial Diverticulae or Accessory Cardiac Bronchus
Bridging Bronchus
Bronchial Isomerism (Situs Ambiguous)
CHAPTER 4:
Machine and Instrumentation
FLEXIBLE FIBEROPTIC BRONCHOSCOPE
Ultrathin Flexible Bronchoscope
Video Bronchoscope
LIGHT SOURCE
FIBEROPTIC BRONCHOSCOPE ACCESSORIES
Biopsy Forceps
Cytology Brushes
Bronchoscopic Needle
Baskets and Claws
Specimen Traps
Other Accessories
Photographing Instruments
Fluoroscopy (C-arm Image Intensifier)
Monitoring Equipment
BRONCHOSCOPY SUITE
MOBILE OR PORTABLE BRONCHOSCOPY UNIT
CHAPTER 5:
Cleaning, Disinfection and Sterilization of Fiberoptic Bronchoscopes and Other Accessories
CARE OF BRONCHOSCOPES
Cleaning
Disinfection
Sterilization
Storage and Housing of Fibreoptic Bronchoscopes
CHAPTER 6:
Indications and Contraindications for Fiberoptic Bronchoscopy
DIAGNOSTIC INDICATIONS
THERAPEUTIC INDICATIONS
CONTRAINDICATIONS
Respiratory
Cardiovascular
Neurological
Other Medical Conditions
CHAPTER 7:
Prerequisites for Performing Bronchoscopy
CHAPTER 8:
Topical Anaesthesia
LOCAL ANESTHETICS
Toxicity of Local Anesthetics
TECHNIQUES FOR TOPICAL ANESTHESIA
Aerosolized—Either by Atomizer or by Nebulizer and Use of Gel Preparation
Dropper Instillation
Gargling with Lignocaine Solution
Transtracheal Injection
Local Nerve Block
‘Spray as You Go’
GENERAL ANESTHESIA
CHAPTER 9:
Fiberoptic Bronchoscopy Procedure
PROCEDURE FOR FIBEROPTIC BRONCHOSCOPY
Preparation Immediately Before Insertion
Position of the Patient
Position of the Operator and Holding of Instrument
Routes for Bronchoscopy
Fiberoptic Bronchoscopy Via Transnasal Insertion
Fiberoptic Bronchoscopy Via Transoral Route without a Tracheal Tube
Fiberoptic Bronchoscopy Via Tracheostomy or Endotracheal Tube
Negotiating the Larynx and Tracheobronchial Tree
Right Bronchial Tree
Left Bronchial Tree
Manipulating the Bronchoscope
CHAPTER 10:
Specimen Collection
BRUSH BIOPSY
BRONCHIAL WASHING
ENDOBRONCHIAL FORCEPS BIOPSY
Curette Biopsy
TRANSBRONCHIAL NEEDLE ASPIRATION
BRONCHOALVEOLAR LAVAGE
Indications
Contraindications
Normal Composition of BAL
Evaluation of Results
Protected Bronchoalveolar Lavage
TRANSBRONCHIAL LUNG BIOPSY
BIOPSY FROM PERIPHERAL MASS LESIONS
CHAPTER 11:
Staging of Bronchogenic Carcinoma by Bronchoscopy
STAGING OF BRONCHOGENIC CARCINOMA
Wang Classification
Carina
Right Main Bronchus
Bronchus Intermedius
Left Main Bronchus
CHAPTER 12:
Complications
PREMEDICATION
LOCAL ANESTHESIA
HYPOXIA
HYPERCARBIA
BRONCHOSPASM
HEMODYNAMIC EFFECTS OF BRONCHOSCOPY
CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS
INFECTIOUS COMPLICATIONS
OTHER COMPLICATIONS
CHAPTER 13:
Bronchoscopy-induced Hemorrhage
PREDISPOSING FACTORS
TREATMENT OF BRONCHOSCOPY-INDUCED HEMORRHAGE
General Measures
Definitive Therapy
Bronchoscopic Suction
Iced Saline Lavage
Vasoactive Drugs
Bronchoscopic Tamponade
Balloon Tamponade
Fibrin Glue
Isolation of Bronchial Tree
Laser Coagulation
Electrocautery
PREVENTION OF BRONCHOSCOPY-INDUCED HEMORRHAGE
CHAPTER 14:
Pediatric Bronchoscopy
ANATOMICAL CONSIDERATIONS
Indications
Diagnostic
Therapeutic
Research
Contraindications
Complications
Procedure
Use of Pediatric Bronchoscopes in Adults
CHAPTER 15:
Advances in Fiberoptic Bronchoscopy
USE OF LASER IN BRONCHOSCOPY
ENDOBRONCHIAL ELECTROCAUTERY
ARGON PLASMA COAGULATION
CRYOTHERAPY FOR ENDOBRONCHIAL LESIONS
ENDOBRONCHIAL BRACHYTHERAPY
PHOTODYNAMIC THERAPY
TRACHEOBRONCHIAL STENTING
AUTOFLUORESCENCE BRONCHOSCOPY
INDICATIONS FOR FLUORESCENCE ENDOSCOPY
ENDOBRONCHIAL ULTRASOUND
CHAPTER 16:
Case Reports—Bronchoscopic Findings in Benign Pulmonary Diseases
CASE 1: ENDOBRONCHIAL POLYP IN A 25-YEAR-OLD FEMALE
CASE 2: BRONCHIAL CARCINOID IN A 22-YEAR-OLD FEMALE
CASE 3: CARCINOID TUMOR IN A 26-YEAR-OLD MALE
CASE 4: RUPTURED HYDATID CYST IN A 31-YEAR-OLD MALE
CASE 5: SARCOIDOSIS IN A 45-YEAR-OLD MALE
CASE 6: SARCOIDOSIS IN A 38-YEAR-OLD FEMALE
CASE 7: LYMPHO TRACHEAL FISTULA IN A 30-YEAR-OLD MALE
CASE 8: ENDOBRONCHIAL TUBERCULOSIS IN A 30-YEAR-OLD FEMALE
CASE 9: ENDOBRONCHIAL TUBERCULOSIS IN A 26-YEAR-OLD FEMALE
CASE 10: ENDOBRONCHIAL TUBERCULOSIS IN A 44-YEAR-OLD FEMALE
CASE 11: ENDOBRONCHIAL TUBERCULOSIS IN A 44-YEAR-OLD MALE
CASE 12: TUBERCULOUS ENDOBRONCHIAL SINUS IN A 21-YEAR-OLD MALE
CASE 13: CHRONIC BRONCHITIS IN A 50-YEAR-OLD MALE
CASE 14: BRONCHIECTASIS IN A 30-YEAR-OLD MALE
CASE 15: BRONCHIECTASIS IN A 50-YEAR-OLD MALE
CHAPTER 17:
Case Reports—Bronchoscopic Findings in Malignant Pulmonary Diseases
CASE 16: SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA IN A 51-YEAR-OLD MALE
CASE 17: SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA IN A 53-YEAR-OLD MALE
CASE 18: SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA IN A 58-YEAR-OLD MALE
CASE 19: SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA IN A 71-YEAR-OLD MALE
CASE 20: SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA IN A 52-YEAR-OLD MALE
CASE 21: SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA IN A 60-YEAR-OLD MALE
CASE 22: SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA IN A 50-YEAR-OLD MALE
CASE 23: SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA IN A 50-YEAR-OLD MALE
CASE 24: SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA IN A 50-YEAR-OLD MALE
CASE 25: SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA IN A 45-YEAR-OLD FEMALE
CASE 26: SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA IN A 56-YEAR-OLD MALE
CASE 27: SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA IN A 53-YEAR-OLD MALE
CASE 28: SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA IN A 65-YEAR-OLD MALE
CASE 29: SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA IN A 55-YEAR-OLD MALE
CASE 30: SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA IN A 55-YEAR-OLD MALE
CASE 31: ADENOCARCINOMA IN A 53-YEAR-OLD MALE
CASE 32: SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA IN A 47-YEAR-OLD MALE
CASE 33: SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA IN A 58-YEAR-OLD MALE
CASE 34: ADENOCARCINOMA IN A 40-YEAR-OLD MALE
CASE 35: SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA IN A 60-YEAR-OLD MALE
CASE 36: LARGE CELL CARCINOMA IN A 70-YEAR-OLD MALE
CASE 37: ADENOCARCINOMA IN A 65-YEAR-OLD FEMALE
CASE 38: SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA IN A 55-YEAR-OLD MALE
CASE 39: SMALL CELL CARCINOMA IN A 53-YEAR-OLD MALE
CASE 40: ADENOCARCINOMA IN A 45-YEAR-OLD FEMALE
CASE 41: LARGE CELL CARCINOMA IN A 45-YEAR-OLD MALE
CASE 42: SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA IN A 61-YEAR-OLD FEMALE
CASE 43: ADENOSQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA IN A 40-YEAR-OLD MALE
CASE 44: SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA IN A 71-YEAR-OLD FEMALE
CASE 45: SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA IN A 50-YEAR-OLD MALE
CASE 46: LARGE CELL CARCINOMA IN A 56-YEAR-OLD MALE
CASE 47: SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA IN A 38-YEAR-OLD MALE
CASE 48: SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA IN A 53-YEAR-OLD FEMALE
CASE 49: SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA IN A 45-YEAR-OLD MALE
CASE 50: SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA IN A 60-YEAR-OLD MALE
CASE 51: LARGE CELL CARCINOMA IN A 70-YEAR-OLD MALE
CASE 52: SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA IN A 55-YEAR-OLD MALE
CASE 53: BRONCHIOLOALVEOLAR CARCINOMA IN A 50-YEAR-OLD MALE
CASE 54: SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA IN A 52-YEAR-OLD MALE
CASE 55: SMALL CELL CARCINOMA IN A 70-YEAR MALE
CASE 56: SMALL CELL CARCINOMA IN A 51-YEAR-OLD MALE
CASE 57: SMALL CELL CARCINOMA IN A 56-YEAR-OLD MALE
CASE 58: SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA IN A 65-YEAR-OLD MALE
CASE 59: SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA IN A 48-YEAR-OLD MALE
CASE 60: SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA IN A 40-YEAR-OLD MALE
CASE 61: SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA WITH SUPERIOR VENA CAVA SYNDROME IN A 61-YEAR-OLD MALE
CASE 62: SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA IN A 65-YEAR-OLD MALE
CASE 63: TRACHEOESOPHAGEAL FISTULA BY SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA ESOPHAGUS IN A 48-YEAR-OLD MALE
CASE 64: UNDIFFERENTIATED CARCINOMA IN A 70-YEAR-OLD FEMALE
INDEX
TOC
Index
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