Index

Textbook of Pediatric Infectious Diseases A Parthasarathy, Rohit Agrawal, Vijay N Yewale, Jaydeep Choudhury, Ritabrata Kundu, Digant D Shastri, Abhay K Shah, Kheya Ghosh Uttam

SECTION 1: GENERAL TOPICS
1.1:MAGNITUDE OF INFECTIOUS AND VACCINE PREVENTABLE DISEASES IN CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS IN INDIA
- INTRODUCTION
- DEMOGRAPHY
- REPORTED CASES
  - The Magnitude
- THE FUTURE OF VACCINE PREVENTABLE DISEASES SURVEILLANCE IN INDIA
- ACKNOWLEDGMENT
1.2:INFECTIOUS DISEASES SURVEILLANCE IN INDIA
- INTRODUCTION
- PASSIVE AND ACTIVE SURVEILLANCE
- THE ROLE OF LABORATORY IN SURVEILLANCE
- THE PURPOSES OF DISEASE SURVEILLANCE
- SURVEILLANCE FOR ELIMINATION OR ERADICATION
- PASSIVE, ACTIVE, VIROLOGICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL SURVEILLANCE FOR POLIO ELIMINATION
- SURVEILLANCE IN AIDS CONTROL
- THE STATE OF PUBLIC HEALTH SURVEILLANCE IN INDIA
- INTEGRATED DISEASE SURVEILLANCE PROJECT
- SENTINEL-BASED SURVEILLANCE OF SELECTED DISEASES
- CONCLUSION
1.3:ROLE OF GAVI IN THE CONTROL OF VACCINE PREVENTABLE DISEASES IN INDIA
- INTRODUCTION
- WHO IS PART OF GAVI?
- WHAT DOES GAVI DO?
  - Increases Immunization Coverage and Improves Health Systems
- HOW DOES GAVI WORK?
- ROLE AND IMPACT OF GAVI IN INDIA
- TYPE OF SUPPORT FROM GAVI
- 2012 AND BEYOND
- SUPPORT FOR INDIA IN 2012 AND BEYOND
1.4:RATIONAL DRUG THERAPY IN PEDIATRIC INFECTIOUS DISEASES
- INTRODUCTION
- GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF RATIONAL DRUG SELECTION
- RATIONAL ANTIBIOTIC THERAPY
- WHEN SHOULD AN ANTIBIOTIC BE PRESCRIBED?
  - Attempt a Bacteriological Diagnosis
- CIRCUMSTANTIAL EVIDENCE OF BACTERIAL INFECTION
- WHEN THERE IS NO CLUE TO DIAGNOSIS
- WHEN THERE IS NO CLUE TO DIAGNOSIS BUT IS SAFE TO WAIT
- PRINCIPLE OF CHOOSING AN ANTIBIOTIC
- DOSAGE, DURATION AND FREQUENCY OF ADMINISTRATION OF ANTIBIOTIC
- ANTICIPATING INITIAL RESPONSE TO ANTIBIOTIC
- WHEN ANTIBIOTIC FAILS IN SUSPECTED BACTERIAL INFECTION
- WHEN NOT TO PRESCRIBE AN ANTIBIOTIC
- PRESENT SCENARIO OF IRRATIONAL ANTIBIOTIC USE
- WHY DO DOCTORS OVERPRESCRIBE ANTIBIOTICS?
- RATIONAL DRUG THERAPY—RATIONAL PRESCRIBER A PRIORITY!
- HOW TO PREVENT MISUSE OF ANTIBIOTICS?
SECTION 2: DIAGNOSIS AND MANAGEMENT
2.1:PRINCIPALS OF MANAGEMENT OF BACTERIAL INFECTION AND DRUG RESISTANCE
- INTRODUCTION
- MECHANISM OF ACTION OF ANTIBIOTICS
- ANTIBIOTICS COMMONLY USED IN CHILDREN
- PRINCIPAL OF ANTIBIOTIC SELECTION
- MECHANISM OF RESISTANCE TO DIFFERENT ANTIBIOTICS
- MULTIPLE ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE
- INDICATIONS OF ANTIBIOTIC THERAPY
2.2:INFECTION CONTROL IN HOSPITAL AND OFFICE PRACTICE
- INTRODUCTION
- STANDARD PRECAUTIONS IN OUTPATIENT SETTING
- INFECTION CONTROL IN HOSPITALIZED CHILDREN
- PREVENTION OF ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE
2.3:MANAGEMENT OF LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS OF INFECTION
- INTRODUCTION
- COLLECTION OF SPECIMENS
- UNIVERSAL PRECAUTIONS AND LABORATORY SAFETY
- DIRECT MICROSCOPIC EXAMINATION
- TYPES OF MICROSCOPY FOR THE DIAGNOSIS OF INFECTIONS
- CULTURE METHODS
- MEDIA
- AUTOMATION
  - Automation in Blood Culture and Susceptibility Testing
- LIMITATIONS OF CULTURE
- SCREENING
- ANTIMICROBIAL SUSCEPTIBILITY TESTING
- TYPING MICROORGANISMS
  - Methods of Typing Microorganisms
- CULTURE OF PROTOZOA AND HELMINTHS
- TISSUE CULTURE FOR VIRUSES AND OTHER INTRACELLULAR ORGANISMS
  - Virus Neutralization
- SEROLOGY IN THE DETECTION OF INFECTION
- WESTERN BLOTTING (IMMUNOBLOTTING)
- MOLECULAR AMPLIFICATION METHODS
  - Polymerase Chain Reaction
  - Applications of Molecular Amplification Methods
    - Detection of Pathogens that Grow Slowly or that cannot be Cultured
    - Use of Nucleic Acid Amplification Tests in Routine Bacteriology
- SUSCEPTIBILITY TESTING
  - Response to Treatment
- CONCLUSION
2.4:MRSA—PREVALENCE AND CHALLENGES
- INTRODUCTION
  - Evolution of MRSA Strains
- PREVALENCE
- CHALLENGES
- CONCLUSION
2.5:EXTENDED SPECTRUM BETA-LACTAMASE INFECTIONS
- INTRODUCTION
- DEFINITION
- EPIDEMIOLOGY
- RISK FACTORS
- QUALITY CONTROL STRAINS RECOMMENDED
  - Screening for ESBL-Producing Organisms from Carriage Sites
  - Reporting
- MOLECULAR METHODS
- MANAGEMENT
- PREVENTION AND CONTROL
- CONTROL OF AN OUTBREAK
- CONCLUSION
2.6:FEVER WITHOUT FOCUS
- INTRODUCTION
- ETIOLOGIC AGENTS
- OTHER CONSIDERATIONS
- MECHANISMS OF INFECTION
- EVALUATION OF FEVER WITHOUT IDENTIFIABLE SOURCE IN A PREVIOUSLY HEALTHY CHILD LESS THAN 3 YEARS OF AGE
- CONCLUSION
2.7:FEVER WITH RASH
- INTRODUCTION
- TYPES OF SKIN RASH
- ETIOLOGY
- CLINICAL FEATURES
- APPROACH
- CONCLUSION
2.8:SEPSIS AND SEPTIC SHOCK IN CHILDREN
- INTRODUCTION
- DEFINITIONS
- EPIDEMIOLOGY
- ETIOLOGY
- PATHOGENESIS
- CLINICAL FEATURES
- DIAGNOSIS
- ANTIMICROBIAL MANAGEMENT
- SUPPORTIVE CARE IN SEVERE SEPSIS AND SEPTIC SHOCK
- PROGNOSIS
- PREVENTION
- SUMMARY
2.9:INFECTIONS IN IMMUNOCOMPROMISED CHILDREN
- INTRODUCTION
- ETIOPATHOGENESIS
  - Barriers against Infection
- INFECTIONS ASSOCIATED WITH COMMON CONGENITAL IMMUNE DEFICIENCIES
- INFECTIONS ASSOCIATED WITH SECONDARY IMMUNODEFICIENCIES
- MODALITIES OF DIAGNOSIS
- TREATMENT
  - Treatment of Febrile Neutropenia
- PREVENTION OF INFECTIONS IN IMMUNOCOMPROMISED CHILDREN
2.10:HEALTHCARE-ASSOCIATED INFECTIONS
- INTRODUCTION
  - Nosocomial Infection
  - Hospital Acquired Infection
  - Healthcare-associated Infection
  - Colonization
- EPIDEMIOLOGY
- MICROBIOLOGY AND ANTIBIOTICS
- PREVENTION
- HAND HYGIENE
- DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT
- DEFINITION
- EPIDEMIOLOGY
- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
- ETIOLOGY
- DIAGNOSIS
  - Clinical Diagnosis
  - Invasive Diagnostic Tests
- PREVENTION
  - Elevation of Head of the Bed
  - Hand Hygiene
  - Early Extubation
  - Selective Decontamination of the Digestive Tract
  - Other Measures
  - Education and the Bundle Approach
- TREATMENT
- INTRODUCTION
- EPIDEMIOLOGY
- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
- ETIOLOGY
- DIAGNOSIS AND DEFINITION
- PREVENTION
  - Before Putting a Line
  - Inserting a Central Line
  - Type of Catheter
  - Management of CVCs after Insertion
  - Surveillance of CVCs for CLABSI
  - Replacement of CVCs
  - Considerations for Arterial Lines
  - Considerations for Umbilical Lines
- TREATMENT
- INTRODUCTION
  - Epidemiology
  - Pathophysiology
  - Etiology
  - Diagnosis and Definition
  - Catheter-associated Bacteriuria Includes Both CA-ASB and CAUTI.
  - Prevention
  - Treatment
2.11:FEBRILE NEUTROPENIA
- INTRODUCTION
- INITIAL ASSESSMENT AND INVESTIGATION
- MANAGEMENT
2.12:PROPHYLACTIC ANTIMICROBIALS
- INTRODUCTION
- PRINCIPLES IN THE CHOICE OF ANTIBIOTIC PROPHYLAXIS
  - Pertussis
SECTION 3: COMMON SYSTEMIC INFECTIONS
3.1:CONGENITAL INFECTIONS
- INTRODUCTION
- TORCH SCREENING FOR ALL NEONATES IN INDIA
- TORCH SCREENING FOR ALL LOW-BIRTH WEIGHT NEONATES
- ROLE FOR TORCH SCREENING IN CATARACT
- HUMAN CYTOMEGALOVIRUS INFECTION
- TOXOPLASMOSIS
- RUBELLA
- HERPES
- VARICELLA
- CONGENITAL SYPHILIS
- HEPATITIS-B
- TUBERCULOSIS
- CONGENITAL PARVOVIRUS INFECTION
- LISTERIA
3.2:NEONATAL INFECTIONS
- INTRODUCTION
- DEFINITION
- DISEASE BURDEN
- PATHOGENESIS AND RISK FACTORS
- COMMON ORGANISMS IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
- DIAGNOSIS
  - Criteria Used for Clinical Diagnosis of Neonatal Sepsis in Developing Countries
  - Laboratory Investigations
- MANIFESTATIONS
- MANAGEMENT
  - Alternative Regimen
  - Adjunctive Therapy
- PREVENTION
- CONCLUSION
3.3:UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTIONS
- ACUTE RESPIRATORY INFECTION
  - Upper Respiratory Tract Infection
- COMMON COLD
- PHARYNGITIS
- ACUTE SINUSITIS
- ACUTE OTITIS MEDIA
- CROUP SYNDROME
3.4:COMMUNITY ACQUIRED PNEUMONIA
- INTRODUCTION
  - Epidemiology
- ETIOLOGY
- CLINICAL FEATURES
- DIAGNOSIS
- MANAGEMENT
- TREATMENT OF PNEUMONIA
- PREVENTION OF PNEUMONIA
3.5:BACTERIAL MENINGITIS
- INTRODUCTION
- ETIOLOGY
- PATHOGENESIS
- CLINICAL FEATURES
- DIAGNOSIS
- MANAGEMENT
- COMPLICATIONS
- PREVENTION
3.6:VIRAL ENCEPHALITIS
- INTRODUCTION
- EPIDEMIOLOGY
- ETIOLOGY
- PATHOLOGY
- CLINICAL FEATURES
- DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
- DIAGNOSIS
- MANAGEMENT
- REHABILITATION
- PROGNOSIS
- PREVENTION
  - Vaccination
3.7:INFECTIVE ENDOCARDITIS
- INTRODUCTION
- PATHOGENESIS
- PATHOLOGY
  - Microorganisms
- CLINICAL FEATURES
- DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA
- LABORATORY ASSESSMENT
- ANTIBIOTIC TREATMENT
- ROLE OF SURGERY
  - Care at Completion of Treatment
3.8:URINARY TRACT INFECTION AND PYELONEPHRITIS
- INTRODUCTION
- EPIDEMIOLOGY
- DEFINITIONS
- ETIOLOGY
- PATHOGENESIS
- CLINICAL FEATURES
- DIAGNOSTIC FEATURES
- INITIAL EVALUATION
  - Clinical Evaluation
  - Laboratory Evaluation
- INITIAL MANAGEMENT
- IMAGING EVALUATION AFTER THE FIRST URINARY TRACT INFECTION
- SUBSEQUENT EVALUATION
- PREVENTION OF RECURRENT URINARY TRACT INFECTION
- ASYMPTOMATIC BACTERIURIA
- VESICOURETERAL REFLUX
- LONG-TERM FOLLOW-UP
- ACUTE LOBAR NEPHRONIA
- FUNGAL URINARY TRACT INFECTION
- CONCLUSION
3.9:INFECTIVE DIARRHEA
- INTRODUCTION
- EPIDEMIOLOGY
- ETIOPATHOGENESIS
- CLINICAL FEATURES
- MODALITIES OF DIAGNOSIS
  - Stool Test
  - Stool Culture
- TREATMENT
- COMPLICATIONS
- PREVENTION
3.10:INTRA-ABDOMINAL INFECTIONS
- INTRODUCTION
- PERITONITIS
- EPIDEMIOLOGY AND ETIOLOGY
  - Primary Peritonitis
  - Acute Secondary Peritonitis
- CLINICAL FEATURES
- INVESTIGATION
- TREATMENT
- COMPLICATIONS
- PROGNOSIS
- PREVENTION
- ACUTE SECONDARY LOCALIZED PERITONITIS (PERITONEAL ABSCESS)
3.11:SKIN AND SOFT TISSUE INFECTIONS
- SCABIES
  - Complications
  - Treatment
- PEDICULOSIS
- FURUNCULOSIS
- IMPETIGO
- ECTHYMA
- CELLULITIS AND ERYSIPELAS
  - Treatment
- ACUTE LYMPHANGITIS
  - Differential Diagnosis
- SYCOSIS BARBAE
  - Etiology
  - Management
- LUPUS VULGARIS
- SCROFULODERMA
- TUBERCULOSIS VERRUCOSA CUTIS
  - Treatment
- MOLLUSCUM CONTAGIOSUM
  - Treatment
- PITYRIASIS ROSEA
  - Natural History
  - Treatment
- TINEA CORPORIS, TINEA CRURIS AND TINEA FACIEI
  - Management
- TINEA PEDIS AND TINEA MANUUM
  - Diagnosis
  - Treatment
- TINEA CAPITIS
- PITYRIASIS VERSICOLOR
  - Treatment
3.12:BONE AND JOINT INFECTIONS
- INTRODUCTION
- OSTEOMYELITIS
- CONCLUSION
- PYOGENIC ARTHRITIS
- Conclusion
SECTION 4: COMMON BACTERIAL INFECTIONS
4.1:SALMONELLA INFECTIONS
- INTRODUCTION
- ENTERIC FEVER
  - Etiological Agent
  - Epidemiology
- PATHOGENESIS
- CLINICAL FEATURES
- DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
- COMPLICATIONS
- IAPCOI RECOMMENDATIONS
- NONTYPHOIDAL SALMONELLA INFECTIONS
  - Pathogenesis
  - Clinical Features
4.2:DIPHTHERIA
- INTRODUCTION
- EPIDEMIOLOGY
- ETIOPATHOGENESIS
- CLINICAL FEATURES
- MODALITIES OF DIAGNOSIS
- DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
- TREATMENT
  - Supportive Treatment
- COMPLICATIONS
- PROGNOSIS
- PREVENTION
4.3:PERTUSSIS
- INTRODUCTION
- EPIDEMIOLOGY
- ETIOLOGY
- PATHOGENESIS
  - Clinical Features
- COMPLICATIONS
- DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
- DIAGNOSIS
- MANAGEMENT
  - Prophylaxis of Contacts
    - Vaccination
4.4:TETANUS
- INTRODUCTION
- EPIDEMIOLOGY
- CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
  - Incubation Period
    - Generalized Tetanus
    - Neonatal Tetanus
  - Diagnosis
- TREATMENT
- PROGNOSIS
- PREVENTION
4.5:CHOLERA
- INTRODUCTION
- EPIDEMIOLOGY
- ETIOPATHOGENESIS
- CLINICAL FEATURES
- DIAGNOSIS
- TREATMENT
- COMPLICATIONS
- PROGNOSIS
- PREVENTION
4.6:MYCOPLASMA INFECTION
- INTRODUCTION
- PATHOGENESIS
- CLINICAL FEATURES
- TREATMENT
- PROGNOSIS
- SUMMARY
4.7:TUBERCULOSIS
- INTRODUCTION
- EPIDEMIOLOGY
- ETIOPATHOGENESIS
- HIGH-RISK FACTORS FOR ACTIVE TUBERCULOSIS
  - Primary Complex
- CLINICAL FEATURES
  - Symptoms
- MODALITIES OF DIAGNOSIS
- TREATMENT
- RECENT WHO (2010) AND RNTCP (2012) RECOMMENDATIONS
  - Monitoring
- COMPLICATIONS
  - Drug Resistance
- PROGNOSIS
- PREVENTION
4.8:LEPROSY
- INTRODUCTION
- EPIDEMIOLOGY
- PATHOGENESIS
- MODES OF TRANSMISSION
- CLINICAL FEATURES
  - Incubation Period
    - Skin
    - Nerves
- CLINICAL VARIETIES OF LEPROSY
- DIAGNOSIS
- MOLECULAR BIOLOGICAL APPROACHES
- TREATMENT
- DURATION OF THERAPY
- COMPLICATIONS
- PREVENTION
- LEPROSY ELIMINATION STRATEGY
SECTION 5: COMMON VIRAL INFECTIONS
5.1:MEASLES
- INTRODUCTION
- EPIDEMIOLOGY
  - Indian Scenario
- ETIOPATHOGENESIS
  - Etiological Agent
- PATHOGENESIS
- MODE OF TRANSMISSION
- INFECTIVITY PERIOD
- RISK FACTORS
- SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
- DIAGNOSIS
  - Differential Diagnosis
- COMPLICATION
- SUBACUTE SCLEROSING PANENCEPHALITIS
- TREATMENT
  - Role of Vitamin A
- PROGNOSIS
- PREVENTION OF MEASLES
5.2:RUBELLA
- INTRODUCTION
- VIRUS
- EPIDEMIOLOGY
- ETIOPATHOGENESIS
- POSTNATAL INFECTION
- CONGENITAL RUBELLA SYNDROME
- MANAGEMENT OF RUBELLA
5.3:MUMPS
- INTRODUCTION
- ETIOLOGY
- PATHOGENESIS
- EPIDEMIOLOGY
- CLINICAL FEATURES
- COMPLICATIONS
- DIAGNOSIS
- DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
- TREATMENT
- PROGNOSIS
- PREVENTION
5.4:POLIOMYELITIS
- INTRODUCTION
- ETIOPATHOGENESIS
- EPIDEMIOLOGY
- CLINICAL FEATURES
- LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS
- TREATMENT
- PROGNOSIS
- PREVENTION
  - Vaccine Associated Paralytic Poliomyelitis and Vaccine Derived Polio Viruses
- POLIO ERADICATION
  - Acute Flaccid Paralysis Case Investigation
  - Laboratory Investigation
- POST-POLIO SYNDROME
5.5:ACUTE VIRAL HEPATITIS
- INTRODUCTION
- DEFINITION OF ACUTE VIRAL HEPATITIS
- EPIDEMIOLOGY
- ETIOPATHOGENESIS
- CLINICAL FEATURES OF ACUTE VIRAL HEPATITIS
- LESS COMMON HEPATOTROPIC VIRUSES
- ATYPICAL FEATURES AND COMPLICATIONS OF ACUTE VIRAL HEPATITIS
- INVESTIGATIONS
  - Serological Tests
    - Acute HDV Infection
- DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
  - Non-hepatotropic Viruses
  - Non-viral Hepatitis
- MANAGEMENT OF ACUTE VIRAL HEPATITIS
- TREATMENT OF ACUTE HEPATITIS DUE TO OTHER NON-HEPATOTROPIC VIRUSES
  - Prevention
5.6:HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS INFECTION IN CHILDREN
- INTRODUCTION
- ETIOPATHOGENESIS
- CLINICAL FEATURES
- COMPLICATIONS
- DIAGNOSIS
- TREATMENT
- PREVENTION
- PROGNOSIS
5.7:PARVOVIRUS B19 INFECTION IN CHILDREN
- INTRODUCTION
- ETIOLOGY
- EPIDEMIOLOGY
- PATHOGENESIS
- IMMUNOLOGY
- CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
- DIAGNOSIS
- DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
- TREATMENT
- COMPLICATIONS
- PREVENTION
5.8:VARICELLA ZOSTER
- INTRODUCTION
- CHICKENPOX
- VARICELLA ZOSTER (SHINGLES)
5.9:RESPIRATORY SYNCYTIAL VIRUS INFECTION
- INTRODUCTION
- PHENOTYPES OF THE DISEASE
- COMPLICATIONS OF RESPIRATORY SYNCYTIAL VIRUS INFECTION
- INVESTIGATIONS
- MANAGEMENT OF RESPIRATORY SYNCYTIAL VIRUS INFECTION
- VACCINES
- CONCLUSION
5.10:INFLUENZA
- INTRODUCTION
- PERIOD OF CONTAGIOUSNESS
- HISTORY
- VIRUS
- EPIDEMIOLOGY
- CLINICAL INFLUENZA
- COMPLICATIONS OF INFLUENZA
- DIAGNOSIS
- SEASONAL INFLUENZA AND PANDEMICS
- DISEASE BURDEN
- PREVENTION
- TREATMENT
- VACCINATION
5.11:ROTAVIRUS
- EPIDEMIOLOGY
- PATHOGENESIS
- CLINICAL FEATURES
- DIAGNOSIS
- PREVENTION
- DOSE AND SCHEDULE: IAPCOI RECOMMENDATION
  - Human Monovalent Live Vaccine
  - Human Bovine Pentavalent Live Vaccine
- SPECIAL SITUATIONS
- CONTRAINDICATIONS
- FUTURE ROTAVIRUS VACCINE DEVELOPMENT
5.12:HUMAN PAPILLOMA INFECTION
- EPIDEMIOLOGY
  - Human Papillomavirus
  - Indian Scenario
    - Genital Warts
- ETIOPATHOGENESIS
- TRANSMISSION
  - Nonsexual Routes
- CLINICAL FEATURES
- MODALITIES OF DIAGNOSIS
- TREATMENT
- PREVENTION OF HUMAN PAPILLOMAVIRUS INFECTION
5.13:DENGUE ILLNESSES
- INTRODUCTION
- TRANSMISSION
- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
  - Vascular Leak
  - Mechanism for Vascular Leak
- PATHOGENESIS
- DENGUE VIRUS GENOTYPE AND PROTEINS
  - Higher Viral or Viral Protein Load
- T-CELL IMMUNE PATHOLOGY
  - NS-1 Autoimmunity
  - Role of Pre-existing Antibodies
- DISEASE CLASSIFICATION
  - Old Classification
    - Dengue Fever versus Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever: Central Theme in Previous Classification
    - Difficulties with Previous Classification
  - New Classification
- CLINICAL PICTURE
- ORGANOPATHY
- DENGUE CLINICAL MANAGEMENT
5.14:CHIKUNGUNYA FEVER
- INTRODUCTION
- EPIDEMIOLOGY
- CHIKUNGUNYA VIRUS
- PATHOGENESIS
- CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
5.15:INFECTIOUS MONONUCLEOSIS
- INTRODUCTION
- EPIDEMIOLOGY
- ETIOPATHOGENESIS
- CLINICAL FEATURES
- DIAGNOSIS
  - Heterophile Antibody Test
  - Specific EBV Antibodies
- DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
- TREATMENT
- COMPLICATIONS
- PROGNOSIS
- PREVENTION
5.16:HIV/AIDS IN CHILDREN
- EPIDEMIOLOGY
- TRANSMISSION AND PATHOGENESIS OF HIV
- PERINATAL TRANSMISSION OF HIV
- CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS OF HIV
- WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION STAGING SYSTEM FOR HIV IN CHILDREN
- DIAGNOSIS OF HIV
  - Diagnosis of HIV in Infants
    - Human Immunodeficiency Virus Culture
    - Polymerase Chain Reaction
  - Diagnosis of HIV in Children above 18 Months of Age
- MONITORING HIV DISEASE PROGRESSION IN CHILDREN
  - CD4 Count Estimation
  - HIV and Viral Load
- ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY
- TREATMENT OF HIV IN SPECIAL SITUATIONS
  - Infants and Children Diagnosed with TB and HIV
  - Children with Anemia
- RESPONSE OF ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY
- MONITORING A PATIENT ON ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY
- ADVERSE EFFECTS OF ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY
- CHANGING ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY
  - When to Switch Antiretroviral Drugs for Treatment Failure
- RESISTANCE TESTING
- PREVENTION OF PARENT TO CHILD TRANSMISSION OF HIV
- CONCLUSION
SECTION 6: PROTOZOAL, PARASITIC AND FUNGAL INFECTIONS
6.1:MALARIA IN CHILDREN
- HISTORY
- ETIOLOGY
- EPIDEMIOLOGY
- PATHOGENESIS
  - Life Cycle of Plasmodium Species
- CLINICAL MANIFESTATIoN
- DIAGNOSIS
  - Differential Diagnosis
- TREATMENT
6.2:KALA-AZAR
- INTRODUCTION
- EPIDEMIOLOGY
- TRANSMISSION OF KALA-AZAR
- KALA-AZAR VECTOR IN INDIA
  - Host Factors
  - Environmental Factors
- INCUBATION PERIOD
- IMMUNITY
- CLINICAL FEATURES
- LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS AND MANAGEMENT
6.3:FUNGAL INFECTIONS
- INTRODUCTION
- HIGH INDEX OF SUSPICION IS YIELDING IN FUNGAL INFECTIONS
- FUNGAL INFECTIONS OF THE SKIN
  - Dermatophyte Infections
  - Tinea Versicolor
    - Candida Albicans
- BLASTOMYCOSIS
- CANDIDIASIS
- COCCIDIOIDOMYCOSIS
- CRYPTOCOCCOSIS
- HISTOPLASMOSIS
- SPOROTRICHOSIS
- OPPORTUNISTIC FUNGAL INFECTIONS
- PNEUMOCYSTIS JIROVECI INFECTION
- PEARLS IN INVESTIGATING A FUNGAL INFECTION
6.4:PARASITIC BOWEL DISEASES
- INTRODUCTION
- STRONGYLOIDOSIS (STRONGYLOIDES STERCORALIS)
- TRICHURIASIS [WHIPWORM (TRICHURIS TRICHIURA)
- ENTEROBIOSIS (ENTROBIUS VERMICULARIS)
- TRICHINELLA SPECIES (T. SPIRALIS, T. BRITORIS, T. NELSONI, ETC.)
- HOOKWORMS (ANCYCLOSTOMA DUODENALE/NECATOR AMERICANUS)
- CAPILLARIA (PARA CAPILLARIA) PHILIPPINESIS
  - Diagnosis
  - Treatment
- DIPHYLLOBOTHRIUM LATUM (SYN: FISH TAPEWORM)
  - Introduction
  - Treatment
- HYMENOLEPSIS NANA (DWARF TAPEWORM)
- TAENIASIS
  - Introduction
- TAENIA SAGINATA (BEEF TAPEWORM) AND TAENIA SOLIUM (PORK TAPEWORM)
  - Diagnosis
  - Treatment
- ECCHINOCOCCOSIS (HYDATID DISEASE)
  - Introduction
- CRYPTOSPORIDIUM INFESTATION
6.5:AMEBIASIS AND GIARDIASIS IN CHILDREN
- INTRODUCTION
- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
- CLINICAL FEATURES
- LABORATORY STUDIES
- PROCEDURES
  - Endoscopy
  - Aspiration
- TREATMENT
- PREVENTION
- COMPLICATIONS
- PROGNOSIS
- GIARDIASIS IN CHILDREN
SECTION 7: EMERGING INFECTIONS
7.1:RICKETTSIAL INFECTIONS
- INTRODUCTION
- HISTORY
- CLASSIFICATION
- EPIDEMIOLOGY OF RICKETTSIAL INFECTIONS IN INDIA
- ETIOLOGY AND MICROBIOLOGY
- METHOD OF TRANSMISSION
- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
- IMMUNITY
- CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
- NEUROLOGIC INVOLVEMENT IN RICKETTSIAL DISEASES
- PULMONARY INVOLVEMENT
- OTHER INVOLVEMENT
- Q FEVER
- HOST RISK FACTORS FOR SEVERITY OF ILLNESS
- COMPLICATIONS
- DIFFERENTIATING FEATURES AMONG VARIOUS RICKETTSIAL DISEASES
- RICKETTSIAL POX
- TREATMENT AND SUPPORTIVE CARE
- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
7.2:LEPTOSPIROSIS IN CHILDREN
- INTRODUCTION
- EPIDEMIOLOGY
- CLINICAL FEATURES
- DIAGNOSIS
  - Modified Faine's Criteria
- LAB INVESTIGATIONS
- TREATMENT
- COMPLICATIONS
- PREVENTION
7.3:BRUCELLA INFECTION
- INTRODUCTION
- EPIDEMIOLOGY
- ETIOLOGY
- PATHOGENESIS
- CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
- DIAGNOSIS
- CULTURE
- SERODIAGNOSIS
- Other Applications of PCR
  - Sonography of Abdomen
- DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
- TREATMENT
- COMPLICATIONS
- PROGNOSIS
- PREVENTION
  - Isolation of the Hospitalized Patient
  - Control Measures
    - In the Humans
    - In the Animals
7.4:ANAEROBIC INFECTIONS
- INTRODUCTION
- NEONATAL INFECTIONS
- CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM INFECTIONS
- HEAD AND NECK INFECTIONS
- DENTAL INFECTIONS
- OTITIS MEDIA
- INTRA-ABDOMINAL INFECTIONS
- PLEUROPULMONARY INFECTIONS
- SKIN AND SOFT TISSUE INFECTIONS
- BACTEREMIA
- DIAGNOSIS
- TREATMENT
- TETANUS
  - Epidemiology of Tetanus
  - Clinical Manifestations
- DIAGNOSIS
  - Treatment
  - Supportive Care
- CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE INFECTION
- BOTULISM
- TREATMENT
  - Prognosis
SECTION 8: IAP GUIDELINES/PROTOCOLS
8.1:IAP PROTOCOL ON Malaria
- DIAGNOSIS OF MALARIA
  - Microscopic Diagnosis
  - Rapid Diagnostic Tests
    - Targeted Antigens in Currently Available RDTs
    - Role of RDTs in the Diagnosis of Malaria in Our Country
- MANAGEMENT OF UNCOMPLICATED MALARIA IN CHILDREN
- STATUS OF DRUG RESISTANCE IN INDIA
- ANTIMALARIAL COMBINATION THERAPY
  - Basis of Antimalarial Treatment
  - Treatment Regime of Uncomplicated Malaria
- MANAGEMENT OF SEVERE MALARIA IN CHILDREN
8.2:IAP PROTOCOL ON KALA-AZAR
- DISEASE BURDEN
- DIAGNOSIS
  - Direct Evidences
    - Demonstration and Isolation of Parasites
- CULTURE
- TREATMENT
- PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF KALA-AZAR
  - Strategies
8.3:ENTERIC FEVER IN CHILDREN
- DIAGNOSIS OF ENTERIC FEVER
- TREATMENT OF ENTERIC FEVER
8.4:GUIDELINES FOR RABIES PROPHYLAXIS IN CHILDREN
- INTRODUCTION
  - Problem of Rabies in Children
- POST-EXPOSURE PROPHYLAXIS
- PRE-EXPOSURE VACCINATION/PROPHYLAXIS OF CHILDREN
  - Schedule of Vaccination
    - Intramuscular
    - Intradermal
- SOME TIPS ABOUT HOW TO AVOID DOG BITES
SECTION 9: VACCINES AND IMMUNIZATION
9.1:PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE OF IMMUNIZATION
- INTRODUCTION
- ACTIVE AND PASSIVE IMMUNITY
  - Active Immunity
  - Passive Immunity
    - Humoral and Cell-mediated Immunity
- VACCINATION VERSUS IMMUNIZATION
- BIOLOGY OF VACCINES
- IMMUNOLOGY OF VACCINES
- THE MAIN EFFECTORS OF VACCINE RESPONSES
- IMMUNE RESPONSES AT CELLULAR LEVEL
- DEFINITION, SCOPE AND USES OF EPIDEMIOLOGY
- THE IDEAL IMMUNIZATION SCHEDULE
9.2:IMMUNIZATION IN A NORMAL CHILD
- INTRODUCTION
- VACCINES
- PRACTICAL ASPECTS OF IMMUNIZATION
  - Communicating with Parents or Care Givers
- TECHNICAL ASPECTS OF INJECTION
  - Sterile Technique and Injection Safety
  - Injection Route, Site, Method and Needle Length (Table 9.2.1)
- IMMUNIZATION SCHEDULE
- IMMUNIZATION OF ADOLESCENTS
9.3:IMMUNIZATION OF THE IMMUNE COMPROMISED CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS
- INTRODUCTION
- PRIMARY VERSUS SECONDARY IMMUNE DEFICIENCY
- LIVE VERSUS INACTIVATED VACCINES FOR IMMUNE COMPROMISED
  - Household Contacts
- HEMATOPOIETIC CELL AND OTHER TRANSPLANT RECIPIENTS
- SOLID ORGAN TRANSPLANT
- SUMMARY
9.4:ADOLESCENT IMMUNIZATION
- FAQs BY PARENTS
- FAQs BY PRACTITIONERS
- The three main objectives of Adolescent Immunization
- THE RATIONALE OF THESE SCHEDULES RECOMMENDED BY IAP
9.5:FUTURE VACCINES
- INTRODUCTION
- NEWER TECHNOLOGIES IN VACCINE DEVELOPMENT
  - Vaccinology in the Genomics Era
- REVERSE VACCINOLOGY
- DNA VACCINES
  - DNA Vaccine Construction
    - Administration
    - Status Report
- VIRAL VECTORS FOR VACCINES
  - Existing Products
- NEWER ADJUVANTS
- EDIBLE VACCINES
  - Needle-free Vaccine Delivery
- MALARIA, TUBERCULOSIS AND AIDS VACCINE
  - Vaccines against Malaria
    - The RTS,S/AS01 Vaccine
- HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS VACCINES
  - Novel Vaccinal Approaches
- NEWER TUBERCULOSIS VACCINES
- FUTURE VACCINES AGAINST RESPIRATORY PATHOGENS
- RESPIRATORY SYNCYTIAL VIRUS VACCINES
  - Live Vaccines
  - Vector Vaccines
  - Subunit Vaccines
- PARAINFLUENZA VIRUS VACCINES
- NEWER INFLUENZA VACCINES
  - Adjuvanted Vaccines
  - Next Generation of Influenza Vaccines
- NEWER PNEUMOCOcCAL VACCINES
  - Pneumococcal Protein Vaccines
- NEWER PERTUSSIS VACCINES
  - DNA Vaccines
  - Biodegradable Micro- and Nano-particle Vaccines
  - Live Attenuated Vaccines
- FUTURE VACCINES AGAINST ENTERIC PATHOGENS
  - Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli Vaccines
  - Shigella Vaccines
  - Cholera Vaccines
  - Typhoid Vaccines
- FUTURE VACCINES AGAINST VECTOR BORNE DISEASES
  - Japanese Encephalitis Vaccines
  - Dengue Vaccines
  - Chikungunya Vaccines
    - Chimeric Vaccine against Chikungunya Virus
    - DNA Vaccines against Chikungunya Virus
- FUTURE HEPATITIS VACCINES
  - Hepatitis E Vaccine
  - Hepatitis C Vaccines
    - Vaccine Approaches: Current Status
  - Cytomegalovirus Vaccines
  - Epstein-Barr Virus Vaccines
  - Sabin-inactivated Polio Virus
- VACCINES AGAINST THE NEGLECTED TROPICAL DISEASES
  - Leishmaniasis
  - Schistosomiasis
    - Human Hookworm Vaccine
    - Leptospirosis
- OTHER FUTURE VACCINES
  - Staphylococcal Vaccines
  - Group A Streptococcal Vaccine
  - Group B Streptococcal Vaccine
  - Therapeutic Vaccines
  - Vaccine for Prevention of Asthma
  - Vaccines against Bioterrorism
  - A Vaccine for Obesity
- CONCLUSION
9.6:VACCINE STORAGE AND HANDLING
- INTRODUCTION
- WHAT IS THE COLD CHAIN?
- IMPORTANCE OF MAINTAINING THE COLD CHAIN
- VACCINE STORAGE EQUIPMENT SUPPLIED UNDER THE IMMUNIZATION PROGRAM
- EFFICIENT VACCINE MANAGEMENT PROTOCOLS
  - Routine Vaccine Storage and Handling Protocols
  - Emergency Vaccine Retrieval and Storage
- VACCINE HANDLING PERSONNEL
SECTION 10: MISCELLANEOUS TOPICS
10.1:PERIODIC FEVER
- INTRODUCTION
- PERIODIC FEVER SYNDROME
- FAMILIAL MEDITERRANEAN FEVER
- TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR RECEPTOR ASSOCIATED PERIODIC SYNDROME
- HYPER IGD PERIODIC FEVER SYNDROME OR MEVALONATE KINASE DEFICIENCY
- PERIODIC FEVER, APHTHOUS STOMATITIS, PHARYNGITIS AND ADENITIS OR MARSHALL'S SYNDROME
10.2:SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES IN ADOLESCENTS
- INTRODUCTION
- GLOBAL SCENARIO
- NATIONAL SCENARIO
  - Sexual Activity Within Marriage
  - Premarital Sexual Activity
- PREVALENCE OF SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS IN ADOLESCENTS
- ETIOLOGY OF SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS
- PATHOGENESIS
- DIAGNOSIS AND TESTING FOR SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS
  - Sexually Transmitted Infection Testing in Postpubertal Girls
  - Sexually Transmitted Infections Testing in Boys
- MANAGEMENT OF INDIVIDUAL SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES
- PELVIC INFLAMMATORY DISEASE
- HUMAN PAPILLOMAVIRUS
  - External Genital Warts
  - Adolescents Who Have Undergone Sexual Assault
- COMPLICATIONS OF SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS
- PREVENTION OF SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS IN YOUNG PEOPLE
- CONCLUSION
10.3:INFECTION ASSOCIATED HEMOPHAGOCYTIC LYMPHOHISTIOCYTOSIS
- INTRODUCTION
- TYPES OF HEMOPHAGOCYTIC LYMPHOHISTIOCYTOSIS
- CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
- INVESTIGATIONS
- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
- MANAGEMENT
10.4:SAFE INJECTION PRACTICES
- INTRODUCTION
- SAFE AND APPROPRIATE USE OF INJECTIONS
- SPECIFICS OF SAFE INJECTION PRACTICES
  - Do's and Don'ts of Injection Safety
    - Do's:
    - Don'ts:
- PRACTICAL GUIDANCE ON HAND HYGIENE
- KEY STEPS OF HAND WASHING
- BEST INJECTION TECHNIQUES
- NEEDLE STICK INJURY AND POST-EXPOSURE PROPHYLAXIS
- MANAGEMENT OF EXPOSURE TO HEPATITIS C VIRUS
  - Recommendations for HIV Post-exposure Prohylaxis
- DISPOSAL OF INJECTION WASTE (SYRINGES AND NEEDLES)
- NEWER TECHNOLOGIES
  - Auto-disable Syringes
    - Active Mechanism
    - Passive Mechanism
- PREFILLED VACCINE DEVICES OR POUCH AND NEEDLE DEVICES
- HEALTHCARE WORKER SAFETY DEVICES
ANNEXURES:
ANNEXURE 1:DRUG DOSAGE FOR PEDIATRIC INFECTIONS
ANNEXURE 2:FLUID THERAPY IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES
- INTRODUCTION
- NORMAL REQUIREMENT OF FLUID AND ELECTROLYTES

INDEX

TOC
Index

Chapter Notes