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IAP Textbook of Pediatric Radiology
Anoop Verma, M Zulfikar Ahamed, TM Ananda Kesavan, S Venkateswaran, G Vijayalakshmi, Anand S Vasudev, TK Nandakumaran, TU Sukumaran
CHAPTER 1:
Respiratory System
CHEST
How to Differentiate between AP and PA Film of the Chest?
How to Order for a Chest X-ray
What is to be Observed Before Interpreting a Film?
Go for Systematic Interpretation
Systematic Interpretation
General Principles
Reading Order of a Chest X-Ray
Pathological Search
Lateral View
PNEUMONIAS
The Viral Spectrum
Bronchiolitis with Relatively Clear Lungs
Lateral View (Fig. 1.11)
Bronchiolitis with Parahilar, Peribronchial Infiltrate
Viral LRTI with Atelectasis Mimicking Pneumonia
Posteroanterior View
Clinically
Obstructive Emphysema
Emphysema
Compensatory Emphysema
Obstructive Emphysema
Keynotes
Bacterial Spectrum
Clinically Evident Symptomatic Pneumonias with Normal Chest X-Ray
Negative Auscultation with Positive Chest Image
Subtle Pneumonia
Picking up Subtle Pneumonias
Subtle Early Infiltrate
Lateral Chest Film
Value of the Lateral Chest Film
Applying Felson's Silhoutte Sign
Left Diaphragmatic Leaflet Silhouette Sign
Normal Variation of Right Middle Lobe Silhouette Sign
Pseudofocal Pneumonia
Looking for Hiding Pneumonias
Hiding Left Lower Lobe Pneumonia, behind the Heart
Hiding Pneumonia behind the Right Side of the Heart
Hiding Pneumonia behind the Left Hilum
Hiding Pneumonia behind the Right Hilum
Hiding Pneumonia behind the Liver and Right Diaphragmatic Leaflet
Hiding Pneumonia behind the Left Diaphragmatic Leaflet
Miscellaneous Pneumonias
Tuberculous Pneumonias
PLEURAL FLUID
Empyema
Clues for Staphylococcus Empyema
Rapidly Developing Staphylococcal Empyema
Massive Empyema
Pyopneumothorax
Hydrothorax: Simple Pleural Effusion
Possible Causes
Radiographic Types
Massive Pleural Effusion
Subpulmonic Effusion Depressing the Diaphragmatic Leaflet
Mediastinal or Paraspinal Gutter Effusion
Pleural Effusion with Pneumonia
Large Pleural Effusion Mimicking Lobar Consolidation
Loculated Pleural Effusion
Loculated Effusion with Irregular Configuration
Loculated Effusion in the Lateral Chest Wall
Subpulmonic Effusions
HILAR AND PARATRACHEAL ADENOPATHY
ATELECTASIS
Segmental Atelectasis
Total Lung Atelectasis
Lobar Atelectasis of Right Side
Right Upper Lobe Atelectasis
Atypical Right Upper Lobe Collapse
Right Middle Lobe Collapse
Right Upper and Middle Lobe Atelectasis
Right Lower Lobe Atelectasis
Right Middle and Lower Lobe Atelectasis
Left Lung Atelectasis
Left Upper Lobe Atelectasis
Left Lower Lobe Atelectasis
EMPHYSEMA
Endotracheal Opaque Foreign Bodies
Lobar Emphysema
Congenital Left Upper Lobe Emphysema
PNEUMATOCELES AND PULMONARY ABSCESS
Pneumatocele
Pulmonary Abscess
Air Trappings in the Chest
Pneumomediastinum
Pneumothorax
Pneumopericardium
PULMONARY CONGESTION AND PULMONARY EDEMA
Pneumonia Versus Pulmonary Congestion
PULMONARY CONGESTION
STAGES OF PULMONARY EDEMA
Interstitial Stage
Alveolar Stage
Pulmonary Edema–Interstitial Stage
Pulmonary Edema–Alveolar Stage
ASTHMATIC CHEST
Typical Baseline Asthmatic Chest
Lateral View (Fig. 1.116)
Atelectasis Mimicking Pneumonia in Asthma
Pneumomediastinum Complicating Asthma
Obstructive Emphysema
Compensatory Emphysema
Prominent Pulmonary Artery
Elongated Small Heart
COMMON IN STATUS ASTHMATICUS
Foreign Bodies in the Lower Airway
Foreign Body Mimicking Pneumonia
Right Lower Lobe Atelectasis (Fig. 1.129)
Foreign Body with Pneumomediastinum
MISCELLANEOUS CHEST PROBLEMS
Aspiration Problems
Radiographic Features
Right Upper Lobe Atelectasis (Fig. 1.132)
Chronic Lipoid Aspiration
Over Aerated Lung with Microcardia
Allergic Pneumonitis
Lung and Hemoptysis
Delayed Diaphragmatic Hernia
Chest Masses
Normal Lung Casting Abnormal Shadows and Causing Problems
Fallacy of Expiratory Film
Expiratory Film (Fig. 1.144)
Inspiratory Film of the Same Infant (Fig. 1.145)
Normal Thymus Gland
Chest Traumas
Thoracic Cage
Pulmonary Parenchymal Injuries may Manifest as:
Pulmonary contusion
Pulmonary hematomas
Traumatic pneumatoceles:
Catastrophic injuries to respiratory system
CHAPTER 2:
Cardiovascular System
X-RAYS GENERAL
Taking a Chest X-ray
Special Concerns in X-ray in Infants
Heart Borders
Reading a Chest X-ray
Location of the Heart
Presence of CHD in Cardiac Malposition
Size of the Heart
Contour
RV apex occurs with
Atrial Enlargement
Right atrial enlargement
Left atrial enlargement (LAE)
Great Vessels
Pulmonary Vascularity
Pulmonary Oligemia
Pulmonary Plethora
Pulmonary Venous Hypertension
Pulmonary Edema
Examples of Pulmonary Vascular Distribution Problems
Other Abnormalities
Newborn Chest Radiograph
X-RAYS SPECIFIC
Chest Radiograph: Individual Lesions
Left-to-Right Shunts
Atrial Septal Defect
Small ASD
Moderate ASD
Large ASD
ASD with PVOD
Sinus Venosus ASD
ASD with LA Enlargement
Atrioventricular Septal Defect
Ventricular Septal Defect
Small VSD
Moderate VSD
Large VSD
Large VSD, PVOD
VSD with AR
Patent Ductus Arteriosus
Small PDA
Moderate PDA
Large PDA
PDA-PVOD
Pulmonary Stenosis (PS)
Mild-Moderate PS
Severe PS
Severe PS with RV Dysfunction
Aortic Stenosis (AS)
Infant with Severe AS
Child with Severe AS
Child with Severe AS and LV Dysfunction
Coarctation of Aorta
Infant with Significant CoA
Child with Significant CoA
Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome
Anomalous Left Coronary Artery from Pulmonary Artery
Cyanotic Congenital Heart Disease (CCHD)
Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF)
Transposition of Great Arteries
TGA-IVS
TGA-VSD
Tricuspid Atresia (TA)
Ebstein's Anomaly
New born: Significant Ebstein's Anomaly
Infant or Child with Ebstein's Anomaly
Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Connection (TAPVC)
Obstructed TAPVC in Newborn
Non-obstructed TAPVC (Supracardiac)
Double Outlet Right Ventricle (DORV)
Single Ventricle
L-Transposition of Great Arteries
Truncus Arteriosus
Eisenmenger Syndrome
Cardiac Malpositions
Dextroposed Heart
True Dextrocardia
Levocardia with Situs Inversus
Rheumatic Heart Diseases
Mitral Stenosis
Mitral Regurgitation
Aortic Regurgitation
Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy (HCM)
Dilated Cardiomyopathy
Pericardial Effusion
ABBREVIATIONS
CHAPTER 3:
Bone and Metabolic Diseases
INTRODUCTION
Accessory Ossicles
Some Peculiar Features in the Growing Skeleton
Estimation of Bone Age
CHROMOSOMAL DISEASES
Turner's Syndrome
Noonan's Syndrome
Down's Syndrome
Trisomy 13, 18 and Cri Du Chat Syndrome
SKELETAL DYSPLASIAS
Achondroplasia
Inheritance
Radiological Features (Fig. 3.9)
Hypochondroplasia
Inheritance
Radiological features
Thanatophoric Dysplasia
Inheritance
Radiological features
Asphyxiating Thoracic Dysplasia (Jeune's Disease)
Inheritance
Radiological Features
Chondroectodermal Dysplasia (Ellis-van Creveld Syndrome)
Inheritance
Radiological Features
Short Rib Polydactyly Syndromes
Chondrodysplasia Punctate
Inheritance
Radiological Features
Metatropic Dysplasia
Radiological Features
Cleidocranial Dysplasia
Inheritance
Radiological Features
Metaphyseal Chondrodysplasia
Radiological Features
Metaphyseal Dysplasia
Diaphyseal Dysplasia (Engelmann's Disease)
Cerebrocostomandibular Syndrome
Ectodermal Dysplasia
Disorders with Altered Density Osteogenesis Imperfecta
Radiological Features
Osteopetrosis
Radiological Features
Pycnodysostosis
Inheritance
Radiological Features
Melorheostosis
Dysostosis Multiplex Group
Mucopolysaccharidoses [Hurler's Syndrome (1H)]
Radiological Features
Morquio's Disease (MPSIV)
Radiological Features
Mucolipidosis
Radiological Features
Certain Questions to Ask in Suspected Dysplasia
RICKETS
Hypophosphatasia
Scurvy
Hypervitaminosis
Heavy Metal Poisoning
Fluorosis
Renal Osteodystrophy
Wilson's Disease
BONE IN ENDOCRINE DISEASE HYPOTHYROIDISM
Hyperthyroidism
Hypoparathyroidism
Hyperparathyroidism
Hypopituitarism
Hyperpituitarism
Adrenogenital Syndrome
Cushing's Syndrome
INFECTIONS OF BONES AND JOINTS
Acute Osteomyelitis
Chronic Osteomyelitis
Sclerosing Osteitis of Garre
Brodie's Abscess
Septic Arthritis
Tuberculous Osteomyelitis
Tuberculosis of Joints
Spinal Tuberculosis
Syphilis
Rubella
Pyomyositis
NEOPLASIA OF BONES
Bone Tumors
Benign Bone Tumors
Osteochondroma
Enchondroma
Osteoid Osteoma
Osteoblastoma
Osteofibrous Dysplasia
Fibrous Dysplasia
Giant Cell Tumor or Osteoclastoma
Malignant Bone Tumors
Osteosarcoma
Ewing's Tumor
Skeletal Metastasis
MISCELLANEOUS
Avascular Necrosis
Osteochondroses
Perthe's Disease
Kohler's Disease
Sever's Disease
Sinding Larsen Disease
Osgood Schlatter Disease
Freiberg' Disease
Panner's Disease
Thiemann's Disease
Friedreich's Disease
Scheuermann's Disease
Blount's Disease
Child Abuse/Non-accidental Injury
Infantile Cortical Hyperostosis
Histiocytosis
CHAPTER 4:
Gastrointestinal System
CONVENTIONAL X-RAY OF ABDOMEN IN INFANTS AND CHILDREN
GASTRIC OUTLET OBSTRUCTION
Pyloric Atresia and Pyloric Membrane
Infantile Hypertrophic Pyloric Stenosis
DUODENAL OBSTRUCTION
Duodenal Atresia
Annular Pancreas, Duodenal Diaphragm
Malrotation of the Bowel
JEJUNAL ATRESIA
ILEAL ATRESIA
Meconium Ileus
Giant Cyst Meconium Peritonitis
Microcolon
HIRSCHSPRUNG'S DISEASE (HD)
Barium Enema in Hirschsprung's Disease
ANORECTAL MALFORMATIONS
Ascites
Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia
Differential Diagnosis
Diaphragmatic Hernia in Older Children
Morgagni Hernia
Hiatus Hernia
Eventration of Diaphragm
Pneumoperitoneum
Pure Esophageal Atresia
Achalasia Cardia
Intussusception
Ba Enema X-ray
Abdominopelvic Cyst
Pneumatosis Intestinalis
CHAPTER 5:
Genitourinary System
CONVENTIONAL RADIOLOGY IN PEDIATRIC RENAL DISEASES
Indications
Technique
UROLITHIASIS
Intravenous Urography
Preparation
Technique
Indications
Voiding Cystourethrogram
Technique
Bladder capacity is calculated as:
Vesicoureteral Reflux
Grading of VUR
Abnormalities of the Urethra
Posterior Urethral Valve
Anterior Urethral Valve, Stricture and Diverticulum
Abnormalities of the Urinary Bladder
Neurogenic Bladder
Bladder Diverticulae
Megacystis
CHAPTER 6:
Neonatology
NEONATAL CHEST X-RAY
Pneumothorax
Pneumomediastinum
Pneumopericardium
Fluid/Consolidation
Normal Neonatal Chest
Prominent Thymus
Hyaline Membrane Disease
General Considerations
X-ray Appearance
Transient Tachypnea of the Newborn
General Considerations
X-ray Appearance
Meconium Aspiration Syndrome
General Considerations
Imaging findings:
Pulmonary Hypoplasia
Esophageal Atresia
Types
Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia
Clinical Features
Differential Diagnosis
Eventration of Diaphragm
Etiology
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Examination of Abdomen
Common queries in plain X-ray abdomen. Which type of bowel is it?
Presence of free air
Duodenal Atresias and Stenosis
Diagnosis
Ileal Atresia
Plain X-ray Abdomen
Colonic Atresia
Malrotation with Paraduodenal Hernia
Meconium Peritonitis
Hirschsprung's Disease
Inheritance
Clinical Features
Necrotizing Enterocolitis
Pneumoperitoneum
Gastroesophageal Reflux
CHAPTER 7:
Interesting Case Scenarios
INTERESTING RESPIRATORY CASES
Case 1 (Figs 7.1 and 7.2)
Case 2 (Figs 7.3 and 7.4)
Case 3 (Fig. 7.5)
Case 4 (Fig. 7.6)
Case 5 (Fig. 7.7)
Case 6 (Fig. 7.8)
Case 7 (Fig. 7.9)
Radiographic Findings in Pulmonary Tuberculosis
Differential Diagnosis of Miliary Mottling
Case 8 (Figs 7.10 to 7.13)
Case 9 (Fig. 7.14)
Case 10 (Fig. 7.15)
Case 11 (Fig. 7.16)
Case 12 (Fig. 7.17)
Differential Diagnosis of Unilateral Lung Opacity
Case 13 (Fig. 7.18)
Case 14 (Fig. 7.19)
Differential Diagnosis of Mediastinal Mass
Case 15 (Fig. 7.20)
Case 16 (Fig. 7.21)
Case 17 (Fig. 7.22)
Case 18 (Fig. 7.23)
Case 19 (Figs 7.24 and 7.25)
Case 20 (Figs 7.26 and 7.27)
Case 21 (Fig. 7.28)
Case 22 (Fig. 7.29)
Differential Diagnosis of Increased Radiolucency on One Side
Case 23 (Figs 7.30 and 7.31)
Case 24 (Figs 7.32 and 7.33)
HMD—Staging
Differential Diagnosis of Hyaline Membrane Disease (Radiological)
Case 25 (Fig. 7.34)
Case 26 (Fig. 7.35)
Case 27 (Fig. 7.36)
Case 28 (Fig. 7.37)
Case 29 (Fig. 7.38)
Case 30 (Figs 7.39 and 7.40)
Case 31 (Fig. 7.41)
Case 32 (Fig. 7.42)
INTERESTING CARDIOLOGY CASES
Case 33 (Fig. 7.43)
Case 34 (Fig. 7.44)
Case 35 (Fig. 7.45)
Case 36 (Fig. 7.46)
Case 37 (Fig. 7.47)
Case 38 (Figs 7.48)
Causes of Rib Notching
Case 39 (Figs 7.49 and 7.50)
INTERESTING BONE X-RAYS
Case 40 (Figs 7.51 and 7.52)
Rickets in CP May be Due to:
Case 41 (Fig. 7.53)
Case 42 (Figs 7.54 and 7.55)
Case 43 (Figs 7.56 and 7.57)
Case 44 (Fig. 7.58)
Case 45 (Fig. 7.59)
Case 46 (Fig. 7.60)
Case 47 (Figs 7.61 to 7.64)
Case 48 (Figs 7.65 and 7.66)
Case 49 (Figs 7.67 to 7.69)
Case 50 (Fig. 7.70)
Case 51 (Fig. 7.71)
Case 52 (Figs 7.72 and 7.73)
Case 53 (Figs 7.74 and 7.75)
Bibliography
INDEX
TOC
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