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Manual of Ophthalmic Diagnosis
E Ahmed
CHAPTER 1:
Differential Diagnosis of Ocular Symptoms and Signs
Ocular Symptoms
Acute Red Eye
Causes
Investigations
Gradual Visual Loss in Senile Age-group
History
Examination
Causes
Acute Painless Visual Loss
Causes
Investigations for Acute Painless Visual Loss
History
Examination
Acute Painful Visual Loss
Causes
Transient Visual Loss (Amaurosis Fugax)
Causes
Diagnosis
Ocular Pain
Causes
Orbital Pain
Causes
Investigations for Headaches
History
Watering
Causes
Burning Sensation of Eyes
Causes
Conjunctival Discharge
Causes
Metamorphopsia, Micropsia and Macropsia
Causes
Double Vision (Diplopia)
Causes
Itching of Eyes
Causes
Foreign Body Sensation
Causes
Photophobia
Causes
Night Blindness
Causes
Day Blindness
Causes
Spots in Front of the Eye(s)
Causes
Haloes Around Lights
Causes
Flashes of Light (Photopsia)
Causes
Chromatopsia (Colored Vision)
Causes
Ocular Signs
Whorl-like Opacity in the Corneal Epithelium
Causes
Prominent Corneal Nerves
Causes
Heterochromic Irides
Causes
Iridescent Lens Particles
Causes
Acute Rise of Intraocular Pressure
Causes
Bone Corpuscle Pigment in Ocular Fundus (Fig. 1.6)
Causes
Decreased Vision but Normal Fundus
Causes
Differential Diagnosis
Sheathing of the Retinal Veins (Periphlebitis)
Causes
Embolus in the Ocular Fundus
Macular Exudates
Causes
Chorioretinal Fold
Causes
Blind Spot Enlargement
Causes
Scotomata
Central and Centrocecal Scotomas (Figs 1.7 and 1.8)
Causes
Arcuate (Bjerrum) Scotoma (Fig. 1.9)
Causes
Altitudinal Hemianopia
Causes
Binasal Hemianopia
Causes
Bitemporal Hemianopia (Fig. 1.10)
Causes
Homonymous Hemianopia (Fig. 1.11)
Causes
Constriction of the Peripheral Fields
Causes
Quadrantanopia (Figs 1.12–1.14)
Dilated Episcleral Vessels
Causes
Decreased Scleral Rigidity
Causes
Extrinsic Muscle Thickening
Causes
Ocular Hypotony
Causes
Progressive Hypermetropia
Causes
Progressive Myopia
Causes
Color Blindness (Figs 1.16A and B)
Hyphema (Fig. 1.17)
Causes
Hypopyon (Fig. 1.18)
Causes
Restricted Ocular Motility
Causes
CHAPTER 2:
Diseases of the Orbit
Anatomy of the Orbit (Fig. 2.1)
Proptosis
Classification
Investigations of Proptosis
Examination
Acute Orbital (Postseptal) Cellulitis
Causes
Clinical Features (Fig. 2.4)
Investigations
Examination
Differential Diagnosis
Orbital Pseudotumors
Clinical Features
Specific Features of Individual Types
Investigations
Differential Diagnosis
Dysthyroid Exophthalmos
Werner's Classification of Eye Changes in Graves’ Disease
Investigations
Cavernous Sinus Thrombosis
Carotidocavernous Fistula
Orbital Varix
Sphenoid Ridge Meningioma
Optic Nerve Glioma (Pilocytic Astrocytoma of Childhood)
Lymphangioma
Rhabdomyosarcoma
Acute Leukemia
Capillary Hemangioma
Cavernous Hemangioma
Malignant Orbital Tumors
Cystic Lesions
Dermoid Cyst
Shallow Orbits
Intermittent Proptosis
Pulsatile Proptosis
Enophthalmos (Fig. 2.11)
CHAPTER 3:
Diseases of the Eyelids
Anatomy (Fig. 3.1 and see Fig. 5.1)
Examination of the Eyelids
Palpebral Aperture
Malposition of Lid and Lid Margin
Examinations
Diffuse Lid Swelling
Causes
Preseptal Cellulitis
Clinical Features (See Fig. 2.5)
Differential Diagnosis
Investigations
Infections of Lids
Causes
Lid Inflammations
Blepharitis
Clinical Features
Chalazion (Fig. 3.4)
Clinical Features
Stye (Fig. 3.5)
Clinical Features
Tarsitis
Clinical Features
Dermatitis
Causes
Molluscum Contagiosum
Clinical Features
Disorders of Lid Margins
Entropion
Clinical Features (Fig. 3.7)
Investigations
Ectropion
Clinical Features (Fig. 3.8)
Investigations
Ptosis
Classifications
Differential Diagnosis
Investigations
Examination
Simple Congenital Ptosis
Clinical Features
Myogenic Ptosis due to Myasthenia Gravis
Clinical Features
Marcus Gunn Jaw Winking Phenomenon
Clinical Features (Figs 3.14 and 3.15)
Specific Types of Ptosis
Pseudoptosis
Causes
Disorders of the Eyelashes
Trichiasis
Clinical Features
Madarosis
Causes
Poliosis
Causes
Nodular Lid Swelling
Tumors of the Lids
Papilloma
Clinical Features (Fig. 3.16)
Seborrheic Keratosis
Keratoacanthoma
Clinical Features
Xeroderma Pigmentosum
Basal Cell Carcinoma of the Lid (Fig. 3.17)
Clinical Features
Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Clinical Features
Carcinoma of Meibomian Gland
Clinical Features
Differential Diagnosis
Carcinoma of Gland of Zeis
Clinical Features
Pigmented Lesions of the Eyelid
Nevi
Oculodermal Melanocytosis (Nevus of Ota)
Clinical Features
Pre-cancerous Melanosis
Clinical Features
Malignant Melanoma
Clinical Features
Vascular Tumors
Cavernous Hemangioma
Clinical Features
Capillary Hemangioma
Clinical Features
Nevus Flammeus
Clinical Features (Fig. 3.18)
Ulcerative and Infiltrative Lesions
Cystic Lesions of the Eyelid
Cyst of Zeis Gland
Clinical Features
Cyst of Moll's Gland
Clinical Features
Sebaceous Cyst
Clinical Features
Milia
Clinical Features
Epidermal Inclusion Cyst
Clinical Features
Superficial Dermoid Cyst
Clinical Features (Fig. 3.19)
Lid Retraction (Fig. 3.20)
Miscellaneous Lid Disorders
Phthiriasis Palpebrarum
Dermatochalasis
Clinical Features
Blepharochalasis
Clinical Features
Facial Palsy
Clinical Features
Essential Blepharospasm
Eyelid Manifestations of Systemic Diseases
Xanthelasma (Fig. 3.22)
Clinical Features
Investigations
Other Systemic Diseases causing Lid Manifestations
Clinical Features
Frequent Blinking
Causes
Infrequent Blinking
Causes
Narrow Palpebral Fissure
Cause
Widened Palpebral Fissure
Cause
CHAPTER 4:
Diseases of the Lacrimal Apparatus
Anatomy of the Lacrimal Apparatus (Fig. 4.1)
Dry Eye Syndrome
Stevens-Johnson Syndrome (Erythema Multiforme Major)
Sjögren's Syndrome
Hypersecretion of Tear
Paradoxic Lacrimation (Crocodile Tears)
Acute Dacryoadenitis
Chronic Dacryoadenitis
Lacrimal Gland Tumors
Palpable Mass in Upper and Outer Region of Orbit
Pleomorphic Adenoma (Benign Mixed Cell Tumor)
Dacryops
Atrophy of Lacrimal Gland
Dislocation of Lacrimal Gland
Epiphora
Eversion of the Lower Punctum
Occlusion of the Puncta and Canaliculi
Canaliculitis
Chronic Dacryocystitis
Acute Dacryocystitis
Tumors of the Lacrimal Sac
CHAPTER 5:
Diseases of the Conjunctiva
Anatomy of the Conjunctiva (Fig. 5.1)
Investigations in Case of An Acute Red Eye
Conjunctivitis
Acute Mucopurulent Conjunctivitis
Causes
Clinical Features (Fig. 5.3)
Acute Purulent Conjunctivitis
Causes
Gonococcal Ophthalmia (Fig. 5.4)
Clinical Features
Membranous and Pseudomembranous Conjunctivitis
Causes
Clinical Features
Follicular Conjunctivitis
Causes
Epidemic Keratoconjunctivitis
Clinical Features
Pharyngoconjunctival Fever
Clinical Features
Epidemic Hemorrhagic Conjunctivitis
Clinical Features
Primary Herpes
Clinical Features
Adenoviral Keratoconjunctivitis
Trachoma
Clinical Features
Molluscum Contagiosum
Clinical Features
Chronic Toxic Conjunctivitis
Causes
Clinical Features
Allergic Conjunctivitis
Allergic Dermatoconjunctivitis
Clinical Features
Vernal Keratoconjunctivitis
Clinical Features
Differential Diagnosis
Phlyctenular Keratoconjunctivitis
Clinical Features (Fig. 5.12)
Atopic Keratoconjunctivitis
Clinical Features
Giant Papillary Conjunctivitis
Clinical Features (Fig. 5.13)
Large Papillae on the Upper Tarsal Conjunctiva
Causes
Superior Limbic Keratoconjunctivitis
Clinical Features (Fig. 5.14)
Cicatrizing Conjunctivitis
Causes
Stevens-Johnson Syndrome (Erythema Multiforme Major)
Clinical Features
Conjunctivitis due to Miscellaneous Causes
Causes
Symptomatic Conditions
Arterial (Active) Conjunctival Hyperemia
Causes
Clinical Features
Venous (Passive) Conjunctival Hyperemia
Causes
Clinical Features
Subconjunctival Hemorrhages
Causes
Clinical Features
Chemosis
Causes
Clinical Features (Fig. 5.16)
Conjunctival Xerosis
Causes
Clinical Features of Epithelial Xerosis—WHO Classification
Symblepharon
Causes
Conjunctival Pigmentation
Causes
Acquired Conjunctival Pigmentation
Causes of Secondary Melanosis
Flat Deep Conjunctival Pigmentation
Clinical Features
Congenital Pigmentation
Nonpigmented Conjunctival Lesions
Degenerative Conditions
Pinguecula
Clinical Features (Fig. 5.17)
Pterygium
Clinical Features (Fig. 5.18)
Concretions (Lithiasis)
Clinical Features
Granuloma
Causes
Bitôt's Spots
Clinical Features
Conjunctival Cyst (Fig. 5.20)
Clinical Features of Lymphatic Cysts
Conjunctival Tumors
Epibulbar Dermoid
Clinical Features
Dermolipoma
Clinical Features (Fig. 5.21)
Papilloma
Clinical Features
Intraepithelial Epithelioma
Clinical Features
Capillary Hemangioma
Clinical Features
Lymphangioma
Clinical Features
Nevus
Clinical Features (Fig. 5.22)
Melanoma
Clinical Features
Melanocytoma
Clinical Features
Nonpigmented Melanoma
Malignant Melanoma
Clinical Features
CHAPTER 6:
Diseases of the Cornea
Structure of the Cornea (Fig. 6.1)
Methods of Examination
Morphologic Classification of Keratitis
Epithelial
Lesions of Bowman's Membrane and Anterior Stroma
Stromal
Lesions of Descemet's Membrane
Endothelial
Central Ulcerative Keratitis
Bacterial Corneal Ulcer
Causes
Clinical Features
Investigations
Examination
Corneal Opacity (Fig. 6.8)
Viral Corneal Ulcer
Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) Keratitis
Dendritic Keratitis
Clinical Features (Fig. 6.10)
Differential Diagnosis
Necrotizing Stromal Keratitis
Clinical Features
Disciform Keratitis
Clinical Features
Differential Diagnosis of HSV Keratitis
Investigations of HSV Keratitis
Examination
Herpes Zoster Ophthalmicus
Clinical Features (Fig. 6.11)
Mycotic Corneal Ulcer
Marginal Ulcerative Keratitis (Fig. 6.13)
Causes
Bacterial Marginal Ulcer
Causes
Trachoma
Acanthamoeba Keratitis
Clinical Features
Differential Diagnosis
Investigations
Allergic Ulcer
Mooren's Ulcer
Clinical Features (Fig. 6.14)
Differential Diagnosis
Systemic Diseases Causing Marginal Corneal Ulcer
NonUlcerative Keratitis
Punctate Epithelial Erosions (PEE)
Causes
Clinical Features
Punctate Epithelial Keratitis (PEK)
Clinical Features
Thygeson's Superficial Punctate Keratopathy (SPK)
Clinical Features (Fig. 6.15)
Punctate Subepithelial Keratitis (PSK)
Clinical Features
Nummular Keratitis
Clinical Features
Stromal Keratitis
Interstitial Keratitis (IK)
Causes
Clinical Features
Noninfectious Keratitis
Exposure Keratopathy (Lagophthalmic Keratitis)
Causes
Clinical Features
Atheromatous Ulcer
Endothelial Lesions
Keratic Precipitates (KPs)
Clinical Features (Fig. 6.16)
Epithelial Edema
Causes
Clinical Features
Stromal Edema
Causes
Corneal Deposits
Causes
Corneal Pigmentation
Stähli-Hudson Line
Clinical Features
Ferry's Line
Stocker's Line
Clinical Features
Fleischer's Ring
Clinical Features
Kayser-Fleischer Ring
Clinical Features
Corneal Degenerations
Arcus Senilis
Clinical Features (Fig. 6.17)
Dellen
Causes
Clinical Features
White Limbal Girdle
Clinical Features
Band-shaped Keratopathy
Causes
Clinical Features (Fig. 6.18)
Investigations
Examinations
Salzmann Nodular Degeneration
Causes
Clinical Features (Fig. 6.19)
Lipoid Degeneration
Clinical Features
Amyloid Degeneration
Climatic Keratopathy
Clinical Features
Terrien Marginal Degeneration
Clinical Features
Differential Diagnosis
Hyaline Degeneration
Coats’ White Ring
Cornea Farinata
Clinical Features
Mosaic Shagreen
Clinical Features
Corneal Dystrophies
Classification
Epithelial
Meesmann's Juvenile Epithelial Dystrophy
Clinical Features
Cogan Microcystic (Fingerprint Map Dot) Dystrophy
Clinical Features
Bleb-like Dystrophy
Vortex Dystrophy
Causes
Clinical Features
Reis-Bücklers Ring-like Dystrophy
Clinical Features (Fig. 6.20)
Grayson-Wilbrandt Anterior Membrane Dystrophy
Granular, Macular and Lattice Dystrophies
Clinical Features (Figs 6.21 to 6.23)
Granular Dystrophy
Clinical Features (Fig. 6.21)
Macular Dystrophy
Clinical Features (Fig. 6.22)
Lattice Dystrophy
Clinical Features (Fig. 6.23)
Central Crystalline Dystrophy
Clinical Features
Fuchs’ Dystrophy and Cornea Guttata
Clinical Features (Fig. 6.24)
Keratoconus (Conical Cornea, Ectatic Corneal Dystrophy)
Clinical Features of Anterior Type
Congenital Hereditary Endothelial Dystrophy (CHED)
Clinical Features
Keratectasia
Clinical Features
Abnormal Size of the Cornea
Microcornea
Clinical Features
Megalocornea
Clinical Features
Miscellaneous Disorders
Filamentary Keratopathy
Causes
Clinical Features
Sclerosing Keratitis
Clinical Features
Peripheral Thinning of the Cornea
Causes
Diminished Corneal Sensation
Causes
Corneal Vascularization (Fig. 6.28)
Causes of Pannus
Ultraviolet Keratopathy
Cause
Clinical Features
Diffuse Lamellar Keratitis (Sands of Sahara)
Cause
Clinical Features
CHAPTER 7:
Diseases of the Sclera
Investigations for Episcleritis and Scleritis
Episcleritis
Diffuse Episcleritis
Clinical Features
Nodular Episcleritis
Clinical Features (Fig. 7.1)
Differential Diagnosis
Scleritis
Classification
Diffuse Anterior Scleritis
Clinical Features
Nodular Anterior Scleritis
Clinical Features of Nodule (Fig. 7.2)
Necrotizing Scleritis with Inflammation
Clinical Features
Necrotizing Scleritis without Inflammation (Scleromalacia Perforans)
Clinical Features
Differential Diagnosis
Posterior Scleritis
Clinical Features
Investigations
Examinations
Localized Scleral Discoloration
Causes
Diffuse Scleral Discoloration
Causes
Staphyloma
Scleral Necrosis
Causes
CHAPTER 8:
Disorders in the Anterior Chamber
Depth and Content of the Anterior Chamber
Shallow Anterior Chamber (AC)
Causes
Investigations
Leaking Bleb
Clinical Features
Excessive Filtration
Clinical Features
Pupil Block
Clinical Features
Malignant Glaucoma
Clinical Features
Very Deep Anterior Chamber
Causes
Irregular Depth of the Anterior Chamber
Causes
Hyphema
Causes
Cells in the Aqueous
Aqueous Flare
Cause
Plasmoid Aqueous
Causes
Fibrinous Exudates
Causes
Hypopyon
Causes
Pseudohypopyon
Causes
Vitreous in the Anterior Chamber
Causes
Other Abnormal Matters in the Anterior Chamber
Pigments in the Angle of AC
Causes
Peripheral Anterior Synechia
Causes
Blood in Schlemm's Canal
Causes
CHAPTER 9:
Diseases of the Uveal Tract
Anatomy (Fig. 9.1)
Uveitis
Classification
Anterior Uveitis (Iridocyclitis)
Investigations
Differential Diagnosis
Idiopathic Anterior Uveitis
Clinical Features
Acute Iritis
Clinical Features
Chronic Iridocyclitis
Clinical Features
Glaucomatocyclitic Crisis (Posner-Schlossman Syndrome)
Clinical Features
Behçet's Syndrome
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Endophthalmitis
Causes
Clinical Features
Cyclitis
Clinical Features
Intermediate Uveitis (Pars Planitis)
Clinical Features
Investigations
Differential Diagnosis
Posterior Uveitis
Causes
Clinical Features
Investigations
Differential Diagnosis
Active Chorioretinitis
Clinical Features
Healed Chorioretinitis
Clinical Features (Fig. 9.4)
Choroidal Tuberculosis
Clinical Features
Differential Diagnosis
Toxoplasmosis
Clinical Features (Fig. 9.5)
Syphilis
Clinical Features
Sarcoidosis
Clinical Features
Panuveitis
Causes
Idiopathic Specific Uveitis Syndromes
Acute Posterior Multifocal Placoid Pigment Epitheliopathy (APMPPE)
Clinical Features
Serpiginous (Helicoid or Geographic) Peripapillary Choroidopathy
Clinical Features
Birdshot Retinochoroidopathy
Clinical Features
Recurrent Multifocal Choroiditis
Clinical Features
Multiple Evanescent White Dot Syndrome (MEWDS)
Clinical Features
Presumed Ocular Histoplasmosis
Clinical Features
Sympathetic Ophthalmitis
Clinical Features
Differential Diagnosis
Retinal Vasculitis
Uveitis in Children
Causes
Laboratory Investigations
Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis
Clinical Features
Investigations
Acute Choroiditis
Clinical Features
Panophthalmitis
Causes
Clinical Features
Uveitis with Secondary Glaucoma
Causes
Rubeosis Iridis
Causes
Clinical Features (Fig. 9.7)
Neovascularization of Choroid
Causes
Clinical Features
Uveal Effusion Syndrome
Clinical Features
Degenerative Changes in the Uvea
Essential Iris Atrophy
Clinical Features
Primary Choroidal Atrophy
Secondary Choroidal Atrophy
Iris Cysts
Clinical Features
Investigations
Tumors of the Uvea
Malignant Melanoma of Iris
Clinical Features
Differential Diagnosis
Investigations
Malignant Melanoma of Choroid
Clinical Features
Investigations
Ectropion Uveae
Causes
Iris Atrophy
Causes
Clinical Features (Fig. 9.8)
Iridodonesis (Tremulousness of Iris)
Causes
Clinical Features
CHAPTER 10:
Pupillary Disorders
Pathways of Pupillary Light Reflex (Fig. 10.1).
Parasympathetic
Sympathetic
Accommodation
Small Pupil (Miosis)
Causes
Physiological Anisocoria
Clinical Features
Horner's Syndrome
Clinical Features
Adie's Pupil
Clinical Features (Fig. 10.3)
Argyll Robertson Pupil
Clinical Features (Fig. 10.4)
Special Investigations
Myotonic Dystrophy
Clinical Features
Large Pupil (Mydriasis)
Causes
Oculomotor Nerve Palsy
Clinical Features
Parinaud's Dorsal Midbrain Syndrome
Clinical Features
Abnormalities of Pupil Shape
Causes
Axenfeld-Rieger Anomaly
Unequal Size of the Pupils (Anisocoria)
Causes
Investigations in Anisocoria (Fig. 10.5)
History
Examination
Irregular Pupil
Causes
Essential Atrophy of the Iris
Clinical Features
Abnormal Pupillary Reflex
Causes
Light-Near Dissociation of Pupillary Reactions
Causes
Relative Afferent Pupillary Defect (RAPD) [Marcus Gunn Pupil]
Causes
Paradoxic Pupillary Reaction
Causes
White Pupil in Childhood
CHAPTER 11:
Diseases of the Crystalline Lens
Anatomy of the Crystalline Lens (Fig. 11.1)
Senile Cortical Cataract
Clinical Features
Senile Nuclear Cataract
Clinical Features
Secondary Cataract
Snowflake Cataract
Clinical Features
Stellate Posterior Cortical Cataract
Clinical Features
Rosette-shaped Cataract (Fig. 11.6)
Clinical Features
Localized Cataract
Anterior Capsular Cataract
Causes
Pseudoexfoliation Syndrome
Clinical Features
True Exfoliation
Clinical Features
Pigmentation on Anterior Lens Capsule
Causes
Posterior Subcapsular Cataract
Causes
Clinical Features (Fig. 11.7)
Developmental Cataract
Complicated Cataract
Causes
Clinical Features
Displacement of the Lens
Investigations in Displaced Lens
Aphakia
Clinical Features
After-cataract (Posterior Capsular Opacification)
Opacities in Pseudophakia
Developmental Abnormalities
CHAPTER 12:
Diseases of the Vitreous Humor
Anatomy of the Vitreous Humor (Fig. 12.1)
Cells in the Vitreous
Inflammatory White Cells in the Vitreous
Causes
White Cells in Iridocyclitis
Clinical Features
White Cells in Pars Planitis
Clinical Features
White Cells in Posterior Uveitis
Clinical Features
Red Blood Cells in the Vitreous
Causes
Pigment Cells in the Vitreous
Causes
Tumor Cells in the Vitreous
Causes
Vitreous Hemorrhage
Causes
Clinical Features
Differential Diagnosis
Investigations
Vitreous Opacities
Muscae Volitantes
Clinical Features
Inflammatory Vitreous Opacities
Asteroid Hyalopathy (Benson's Disease)
Clinical Features
Synchysis Scintillans
Clinical Features
Vitreous Detachment
Posterior Vitreous Detachment (PVD)
Contributory Factors in Causation of PVD
Investigations in PVD
Vitreous Degeneration
Causes
Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy (PVR)
CHAPTER 13:
Glaucomas
Anatomy in Relation to Glaucoma (Fig. 13.1)
Newer Methods of Automated Perimetry
Methods of Glaucoma Detection in Preperimetric Stage
Primary Open-angle Glaucoma (POAG)
Clinical Features
Visual Field Changes in POAG by Manual Methods (Fig. 13.18)
Differential Diagnosis of POAG
Primary Angle Closure
Angle-closure Glaucomas
Intermittent (Subacute) Angle-closure Glaucoma
Clinical Features
Acute Congestive (Angle-closure) Glaucoma
Clinical Features (Fig. 13.22)
Chronic Primary Angle-closure Glaucoma
Clinical Features
Investigations for Primary Angle-closure Glaucoma
Secondary Open-angle Glaucoma
Causes
Secondary Angle-closure Glaucoma
Causes
Glaucomatocyclitic Crisis (Posner-Schlossmann Syndrome)
Clinical Features
Differential Diagnosis
Lens-induced Glaucomas
Differential Diagnosis
Phacolytic (Lens-Protein) Glaucoma
Causes
Clinical Features (Fig. 13.25)
Lens-Particle Glaucoma
Causes
Clinical Features
Phacomorphic Glaucoma
Clinical Features
Lens-Displacement Glaucoma
Causes
Phacoanaphylactic Glaucoma
Clinical Features
Lens-induced (Phacotoxic) Uveitis and Glaucoma
Clinical Features
Traumatic Glaucomas
Glaucoma following Hyphema
Clinical Features
Angle-Recession Glaucoma
Clinical Features
Ghost-cell Glaucoma
Clinical Features
Differential Diagnosis
Neovascular (Hemorrhagic) Glaucoma
Causes
Clinical Features
Differential Diagnosis
Glaucoma in Aphakia and Pseudophakia
Clinical Features
Aqueous Misdirection Syndrome (Malignant Glaucoma)
Clinical Features of Classic Type
Other malignant glaucomas include:
Differential Diagnosis
Miscellaneous Groups of Glaucoma
Uveitis-Glaucoma-Hyphema (UGH) Syndrome
Clinical Features
Pigmentary Glaucoma
Clinical Features
Juvenile-onset Open-angle Glaucoma
Clinical Features
Low-tension (Normal-tension) Glaucoma
Clinical Features
Differential Diagnosis
Epidemic Dropsy (Bengal) Glaucoma
Clinical Features
Plateau Iris Syndrome
Clinical Features
CHAPTER 14:
Diseases of the Retina
Anatomy of the Retina (Figs 14.1. and 14.2)
Investigations in Retinal Disorders
Retinal Hyperemia
Causes
Ophthalmoscopic Picture
Anemia
Edema
Intraretinal Hemorrhage
Types of Intraretinal Hemorrhage
Flame-shaped Hemorrhage
Causes
Ophthalmoscopic Picture (Fig. 14.15)
Dot and Blot Hemorrhages
Causes
Ophthalmoscopic Picture (Fig. 14.16)
Radial and Stellate Hemorrhages
Roth's Spots
Causes
Subhyaloid (Preretinal) Hemorrhages
Causes
Ophthalmoscopic Picture (Fig. 14.17)
Subretinal Hemorrhage
Causes
Ophthalmoscopic Picture
Anomalies of Retinal Blood Vessels
Tortuosities and Varicosities (Fig. 14.18)
Causes
Attenuation of Vessels
Causes of Arterial Attenuation
Anastomoses
Retinal Aneurysms
Causes
Microaneurysms
Hard Exudates
Ophthalmoscopic Picture (Fig. 14.19)
Hard Exudates Arranged in Rings or Clumps
Causes
Macular Star (Stellate Maculopathy) (Fig. 14.20)
Causes
Subretinal Exudates
Causes
Cotton Wool (Soft) Exudates
Causes
Ophthalmoscopic Picture (Fig. 14.21)
Central Retinal Artery Occlusion (CRAO)
Clinical Features
Investigations
Differential Diagnosis
Central Retinal Vein Thrombosis (CRVT)
Ophthalmoscopic Picture (Figs 14.23 and 14.24)
Investigations
Differential Diagnosis
Inflammatory Disorders (Retinitis)
Retinal Vasculitis
Causes
Ophthalmoscopic Picture of Retinal Vasculitis
Eales' Disease
Clinical Features (Fig. 14.26)
Giant-cell Arteritis (Arteritic AION)
Clinical Features
Arteriosclerotic and Hypertensive Retinopathy
Leismann's Classification (1957) of Fundus Picture in Hypertension and Arteriosclerosis
Involutionary (Senile) Arteriosclerosis
Ophthalmoscopic Picture
Scheie's Grading of Arteriosclerosis and Hypertension
Hypertension
Hypertensive Retinopathy
Ophthalmoscopic Picture (Fig. 14.28)
Differential Diagnosis of Hypertensive Retinopathy
Diabetic Retinopathy
Ophthalmoscopic Picture
Differential Diagnosis of Diabetic Retinopathy
Circinate Retinopathy
Ophthalmoscopic Picture (Fig. 14.42)
Renal Retinopathy
Causes
Ophthalmoscopic Picture
Retinopathy in Toxemia of Pregnancy
Ophthalmoscopic Picture
Proliferative Retinopathy
Retinal Neovascularization (Fig. 14.43)
Causes
Peripheral Degenerations in Normal Fundus
Cystoid Degeneration
Ophthalmoscopic Picture
Diagnosis
Senile Retinoschisis
Ophthalmoscopic Picture
Investigations
Chorioretinal Degeneration
Ophthalmoscopic Picture
Cobble Stone (Pavingstone) Degeneration [Chorioretinal Atrophy]
Ophthalmoscopic Picture
Lattice Degeneration
Ophthalmoscopic Picture
Snail-track Degeneration
Ophthalmoscopic Picture
White-with-Pressure (WWP)
Ophthalmoscopic Picture
White-without-Pressure (wwop)
Ophthalmoscopic Picture
Retinal Holes
Retinal Dystrophies
Investigations
Typical Pigmentary Retinal Dystrophy (Retinitis Pigmentosa)
Clinical Features
Investigations
Cone-rod Dystrophy
Clinical Features
Central Areolar Choroidal Dystrophy
Clinical Features
Differential Diagnosis
Choroideremia (Sex-linked Tapetoretinal Dystrophy)
Clinical Features
Gyrate (Essential) Atrophy of Retina and Choroid
Clinical Features
Solitary Dark Fundus Lesions
Causes
Solitary Pale Fundus Lesions
Causes
Macular Disorders
Investigations
Macular Edema
Causes
Non-cystoid Macular Edema
Ophthalmoscopic Picture
Investigations
Central Serous Chorioretinopathy (CSCR) or Retinopathy (CSR)
Clinical Features (Fig. 14.46)
Special Examination
Differential Diagnosis
Cystoid Macular Edema
Causes
Ophthalmoscopic Picture (Fig. 14.50)
Diagnosis
Clinically Significant Macular Edema (csmo)
Ophthalmoscopic Picture (Fig. 14.51)
Traumatic Maculopathy
Myopic Maculopathy
Drug-induced Maculopathy
Bull's-eye Maculopathy
Causes
Ophthalmoscopic Picture (Fig. 14.52)
Heredomacular Dystrophies
Vitelliform Dystrophy
Ophthalmoscopic Picture
Juvenile Macular Dystrophy (Stargardt's Disease)
Clinical Features (Fig. 14.53)
Investigations
Tay-Sachs Disease (Infantile Amaurotic Family Idiocy, Gangliosidosis 2, Type II)
Clinical Features
Niemann-Pick Disease (Sphingomyelin Lipidosis)
Clinical Features
Age-Related Macular Degeneration (ARMD)
Nonexudative (Dry) ARMD
Clinical Features
Investigations
Differential Diagnosis
Exudative (Wet) ARMD (Disciform Macular Degeneration or Kuhnt-Junius Disease)
Ophthalmoscopic Picture (Fig. 14.54)
Investigations
Differential Diagnosis
Macular Hole
Causes
Clinical Features (Fig. 14.55)
Investigations
Differential Diagnosis
Cherry Red Macula
Causes
Dark Macular Lesions
Egg-yolk Macular Lesions
Causes
Disorders of Bruch's Membrane
Angioid Streaks
Clinical Features
Multiple Yellow-White Flecks
Causes
Colloid Bodies (Drusen)
Clinical Features
Diffuse Pigment Clumping
Causes
Generalized White Fundus
Causes
Folds and Streaks in the Fundus
Causes
Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment (RD)
Clinical Features
Types of Retinal Break
Differential Diagnosis of Retinal Break
Differential Diagnosis of Rhegmatogenous RD
Tractional Retinal Detachment
Causes
Ophthalmoscopic Picture
Exudative Retinal Detachment
Causes
Ophthalmoscopic Picture (Fig. 14.62)
Coats' Disease
Ophthalmoscopic Picture
Epiretinal Membrane (Macular Pucker, Cellophane Maculopathy)
Differential Diagnosis
CHAPTER 15:
Diseases of the Visual Pathways
Anatomy of the Visual Pathways (Fig. 15.1)
Common Clinical Features of Optic Nerve Affections
Optic Neuritis
Causes
Clinical Features
Investigations
Papillitis
Ophthalmoscopic Picture (Fig. 15.2)
Acute Retrobulbar Neuritis
Clinical Features
Differential Diagnosis of Optic Neuritis
Disk-edema (Papilledema)
Causes
Clinical Features (Figs 15.3 and 15.4)
Differential Diagnosis
Investigations
Ischemic Optic Neuropathy
Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy (AION)
Causes
Clinical Features
Differential Diagnosis
Posterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy
Causes
Clinical Features
Differential Diagnosis
Uncommon Optic Neuropathies
Optic Disk Vasculitis (Papillophlebitis)
Clinical Features (Fig. 15.8)
Diabetic Papillopathy
Clinical Features
Toxic Amblyopia
Causes
Optic Atrophy
Primary Optic Atrophy
Causes
Clinical Features (Fig. 15.9)
Consecutive Optic Atrophy
Causes
Secondary Optic Atrophy (Fig. 15.10)
Causes
Clinical Features
Compressive Optic Neuropathy
Causes
Clinical Features
Rare Optic Nerve Disorders
Leber's Hereditary Optic Atrophy
Clinical Features
Arrangement of Fibers in Optic Chiasma
Disorders of Optic Chiasma and Optic Tract
Typical Visual Field Change of
Migraine
Types
Clinical Features of Classic Type
Malingering
CHAPTER 16:
Diseases of Ocular Motility
Anatomy of the Extrinsic Muscles (Fig. 16.1)
Hirschberg's Corneal Light Reflex Test (Figs 16.3A and B)
Krimsky Prism Reflex Test
Bruckner Test
Cover Tests
Prism-Alternate Cover Test
Angle Kappa
Ocular Movements (Figs 16.4A to I)
Cycloplegic Refraction
NPA and NPC (Fig. 16.5)
Sensory Evaluation of Strabismus
Diplopia Tests
Maddox Rod (Fig. 16.6)
Maddox Wing (Fig. 16.7)
Worth's Four-Dot Test (Fig. 16.8)
Bagolini Striated Lenses (Fig. 16.9)
Synoptophore (Fig. 16.10)
After-Image Test
Phase-Difference Haploscope
Haidinger's Brushes
Titmus Stereotest (Fig. 16.11)
Randot Test
TNO Random Test
Hess Screen (Fig. 16.13)
Visuscope
Forced Duction Test
Classification of Strabismus
Latent (Heterophoria)
Concomitant Strabismus
Investigations
Esotropia (Fig. 16.14)
Classification
Fully Accommodative Esotropia
Clinical Features (Figs 16.15A and B)
Partially Accommodative Esotropia
Clinical Features
Hyperaccommodative Esotropia
Clinical Features
Hypoaccommodative Esotropia
Clinical Features
Congenital (Infantile, Essential) Esotropia
Clinical Features
Differential Diagnosis of Congenital Esotropia
Convergence-Excess Esotropia
Clinical Features
Divergent-Weakness Esotropia
Clinical Features
Basic Esotropia
Clinical Features
Exotropia (Figs. 16.16 and 16.17 and B)
Classification
Divergence-Excess Exotropia
Clinical Features
Convergence-Weakness Exotropia
Clinical Features
Intermittent Exotropia
Clinical Features
Basic Exotropia
Clinical Features
Differential Diagnosis of Exotropia
Vertical Squint
Cyclovertical (Alphabet Pattern) Deviations
A-Pattern Esotropia
Clinical Features
V-Pattern Esotropia
Clinical Features
A-Pattern Exotropia
Clinical Features
V-Pattern Exotropia
Clinical Features
X-Phenomenon
Clinical Features
Y-Phenomenon
Clinical Features
Inverted Y-Phenomenon
Clinical Features
Incomitant (Paralytic) Squint
Investigations
True Extrinsic Ocular Muscle Palsy
Causes
‘Relative’ Ocular Palsy
Causes
Ophthalmoplegia
Types
External Ophthalmoplegia
Clinical Features
Internal Ophthalmoplegia
Clinical Features
Total Ophthalmoplegia
Clinical Features
Painful Ophthalmoplegia
Causes
Acute Ophthalmoplegia
Causes
Nuclear Ophthalmoplegia
Causes
Internuclear Ophthalmoplegia
Causes
Clinical Features
Chronic Progressive External Ophthalmoplegia (CPEO)
Causes
Clinical Features
Cranial Nerve Palsies
Causes
Oculomotor (3rd Cranial) Nerve Palsy
Clinical Features (Figs 16.18 to 16.21)
Trochlear (4th Cranial) Nerve Palsy
Clinical Features (Fig. 16.22)
Abducent (6th Cranial) Nerve Palsy
Clinical Features (Fig. 16.23)
Acquired Paralytic Squint
Clinical Features
Congenital Paralytic Squint
Clinical Features
Heterophoria
Clinical Features
Investigations
Over-elevation in Adduction
Differential Diagnosis
Amblyopia
Causes
Classification
Eccentric Fixation
Investigations
Classification
Diplopia
Causes
Nystagmus
Classification
CHAPTER 17:
Manifestations in Systemic Diseases
Metabolic Disorders
Diabetes Mellitus
Galactosemia
Mucopolysaccharidoses (mps)
Sphingolipidoses
Alkaptonuria (Ochronosis)
Cystinosis
Homocystinuria
Vascular Disorders
Cerebral Atheroma
Cerebral Thrombosis
Cerebral Embolism
Cerebral Hemorrhage
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
Cavernous Sinus Thrombosis
Aneurysm of Internal Carotid Artery
Internal Carotid Artery Occlusion
Ocular Features of Carotid Artery Disease
Investigations
Carotidocavernous Fistula
Blood and Reticuloendothelial System Diseases
Anemias
Leukemia
Sickle-cell Disease
Investigations
Differential Diagnosis
Endocrine Diseases
Diabetes Mellitus
Hyperthyroidism
Myxedema
Hypoparathyroidism
Hyperparathyroidism
Sympatheticoblastoma (Neuroblastoma)
Pheochromocytoma
Infective Diseases
Tuberculosis
Leprosy
Syphilis
Toxoplasmosis
Sexually-Transmitted Diseases
Congenital Syphilis
Acquired Syphilis
Connective Tissue Diseases
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) (Fig. 17.2)
Polyarteritis Nodosa
Scleroderma
Dermatomyositis-Polymyositis
Rheumatological Diseases
Rheumatoid Arthritis
Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis (JRA)
Ankylosing Spondylitis
Psoriatic Arthritis
Neurological Disorders
Pituitary Tumors
Chromophobe Adenoma
Special Investigations
Craniopharyngioma
Frontal Lobe Tumors
Temporal Lobe Tumors
Parietal Lobe Tumors
Occipital Lobe Tumors
Olfactory Groove Meningioma
Pineal Body Tumors
Cerebellar Tumors
Tumors of Pons-Medulla
Cerebellopontine Angle Tumor
Tumors of Brainstem
Multiple Sclerosis
Devic's Disease (Neuromyelitis Optica)
Myasthenia Gravis
Myopathy
Classification
Ocular Myopathy (Progressive External Ophthalmoplegia)
Myotonic Dystrophy
Skin and Mucous Membrane Disorders
Cicatricial Pemphigoid (Benign Mucosal Pemphigoid)
Pemphigus
Dermatitis Herpetiformis
Behçet's Syndrome
Reiter's Syndrome
Erythema Multiforme
Erythema Multiforme Minor
Stevens-Johnson Syndrome (Erythema Multiforme Major)
Albinism
Atopic Eczema
Acne Rosacea
Epidermolysis Bullosa
Pseudoxanthoma Elasticum
Gronblad-Strandberg Syndrome
Xerderma Pigmentosum
Phakomatoses
Tuberous Sclerosis (Bourneville Disease)
Sturge-Weber Syndrome
von Hippel-Lindau Syndrome
Neurofibromatosis (von Recklinghausen's Syndrome)
Investigations in Phakomatoses
Examination
Pulmonary Disorders
Tuberculosis
Sarcoidosis
Investigations
Wegener's Granulomatosis
Gastrointestinal Disorders
Ulcerative Colitis
Crohn's Disease
CHAPTER 18:
Pediatric Ophthalmology
Pediatric Inflammations
Pediatric Infections
Congenital
Neonatal
Inherited Metabolic Disorders
Inherited Connective Tissue Disorders
Defects of Whole Eyeball
Anophthalmos
Clinical Features
Microphthalmos
Coloboma
Clinical Features
Developmental Defects in the Skull and Face
Oxycephaly (Tower Skull)
Clinical Features
Investigation
Crouzon's Disease
Apert's Syndrome
Other Skull Dysostoses
Mandibulo-Facial Dysostosis
Clinical Features
Meningo Encephalocele
Clinical Features
Developmental Defects in Orbit
Anterior Orbital Encephalocele
Clinical Features
Developmental Abnormalities of Lids and Palpebral Fissure
Epicanthus
Clinical Features
Epiblepharon
Clinical Features
Blepharophimosis
Clinical Features
Euryblepharon
Clinical Feature
Ptosis
Other Abnormalities
Distichiasis
Clinical Features
Developmental Anomalies of the Conjunctiva
Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia (Rendu-Osler-Weber Syndrome)
Clinical Feature
Developmental Abnormalities of Anterior Ocular Segment
Axenfeld's Syndrome of Posterior Embryotoxon
Rieger's Syndrome of Mesodermal Dysgenesis
Peter's Anomaly (Mesodermal-Ectodermal Dysgenesis of Cornea)
Developmental Abnormalities of the Cornea
Congenital Hereditary Endothelial Dystrophy (CHED)
Clinical Features
Keratoglobus
Clinical Features
Congenital Anomalies of the Uvea
Coloboma of the Iris
Clinical Features (Fig. 18.3)
Heterochromia
Clinical Features
Aniridia (irideremia)
Clinical Features
Albinism
Clinical Features
Persistent Pupillary Membrane
Clinical Feature (Fig. 18.4)
Developmental Anomalies of the Pupil
White Pupil in Childhood
Differential Diagnosis
Investigations in White Reflex at the Pupil
History
Clinical Examination
Developmental Abnormalities of the Lens
Developmental Cataract (Fig. 18.6)
Anterior Polar Cataract
Clinical Features
Sutural (Stellate) Cataract
Clinical Features
Lamellar (Zonular) Cataract
Clinical Features (Fg. 18.7)
Coronary Cataract
Clinical Features
Coralliform Cataract
Clinical Feature
Punctate (Blue-dot) Cataract
Clinical Features
Embryonal Nuclear (Central Pulverulent or Coppock) Cataract
Clinical Features
Anterior Axial Embryonic Cataract
Clinical Features
Posterior Polar Cataract
Clinical Features
Systemic Associations of Developmental Cataract
Coloboma of the Lens
Clinical Features
Lenticonus
Clinical Features
Lentiglobus
Clinical Features
Microphakia
Clinical Features
Spherophakia
Clinical Features
Ectopia Lentis
Clinical Features
Developmental Abnormalities of the Vitreous
Persistent Hyperplastic Primary Vitreous
Clinical Features
Clinical Features
Developmental Abnormalities of the Choroid and Retina
Cilioretinal Vessels
Clinical Features
Gyrate (Essential) Atrophy of Retina and Choroid
Clinical Features
Choroideremia (Sex-linked Tapetochoroidal Dystrophy)
Clinical Features
Juvenile Retinoschisis
Clinical Features
Congenital Retinal Fold
Clinical Features
Developmental Anomalies of the Optic Disk
Bergmeister's Papillae
Clinical Feature
Crescent
Clinical Features
Coloboma
Clinical Features (Fig. 18.12)
Opaque Nerve Fibers
Clinical Features (Fig. 18.13)
Optic Disk Hypoplasia
Clinical Features
Leber's Hereditary Optic Atrophy
Clinical Features
Morning Glory Syndrome
Clinical Features
Reversed Vascular Pattern in Ocular Fundus (Situs Inversus)
Congenital Optic Disk Pit
Clinical Features (Fig. 18.14)
Glaucoma in Childhood
Classification
Congenital (Infantile) Glaucoma (Buphthalmos)
Clinical Features (Fig. 18.15)
Congenital Glaucoma with other Ocular Anomalies
Congenital Glaucoma with Systemic Anomalies
Tumors in Childhood
CHAPTER 19:
Refractive Errors
Equipments and Instruments in Refraction Work
Hypermetropia (Hyperopia)
Etiology
Types
Clinical Features
Myopia
Etiology
Types
Clinical Features
Astigmatism
Etiology
Types
Clinical Features
Investigations
Presbyopia
Aphakia
Clinical Features in Postoperative Patient
Various Phenomenon Occurring in Aphakic Patient
Anisometropia
Types
Computer Vision Syndrome (CVS)
CHAPTER 20:
Ocular Injuries and Emergencies
Classifications
True Emergency
Very Urgent
Urgent
Investigations
Imaging Studies
Occlusion of Central Retinal Artery
Chemical Burn
Clinical Features
Thermal Burn
Perforation of the Globe
Clinical Features
Acute Glaucoma
Congestive Proptosis
Conjunctival and Corneal Foreign Bodies
Clinical Features
Corneal Abrasions
Clinical Features
Corneal Ulcer
Injuries Affecting Anterior and Posterior Ocular Segments
Contusion Injury
Clinical Features
Iridodialysis
Clinical Features (Fig. 20.5)
Traumatic Hyphema
Clinical Features (Fig. 20.6)
Choroidal Rupture
Clinical Features (Fig. 20.7)
Traumatic Angle Recession
Clinical Features
Concussion Cataract
Clinical Features
Vossius Ring
Clinical Features
Commotio Retinae (Berlin's Edema) (Fig. 20.9)
Clinical Features
Macular Hole
Causes
Clinical Features (See Fig. 14.55)
Macular Scarring (Fig. 20.10)
Intraocular Foreign Body
Sites of Retention
Effects Following Lodgement of Intraocular Foreign Body
Orbital Fractures
Clinical Features
Acute Loss of Vision
CHAPTER 21:
Ocular Syndromes
Ocular Syndromes
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
Adie (Holmes-Adie) Syndrome
Aicardi's Syndrome
Albers-Schonberg Syndrome (Osteopetrosis, Marble Bone Disease)
Alport's Syndrome
Alström's Syndrome
Anterior Chamber Cleavage Syndrome (Iridocorneal Dysgenesis)
Apert's Syndrome (Acrocephalosyndactyly)
Arnold-Chiari Syndrome
Axenfeld's Syndrome of Posterior Embryotoxon
Clinical Features
Bassen-Kornzweig Syndrome
Batten-Mayou Syndrome (Juvenile Amaurotic Family Idiocy)
Batten-Spielder-Vogt Syndrome
Batten-Vogt Syndrome (Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinosis)
Beals Syndrome
Behçet's Syndrome
Behr's Syndrome
Benedikt's Syndrome
Benson's Disease
Best's Disease (Vitelliform Macular Dystrophy)
Blepharophimosis Syndrome
Bourneville's Disease
Brown's Superior Oblique Sheath Syndrome
Carpenter's Syndrome
Chandler's Syndrome
Charlin's Syndrome
Chédiak-Higashi Syndrome
Claude-Bernard Syndrome
Cockayne's Syndrome
Cogan's I Syndrome
Cogan-Reese Syndrome
Cri-du-chat (Cat-cry) Syndrome
Crocodile Tear Syndrome
Crouzon's Syndrome
Cushing's Syndrome I
Cushing's Syndrome II (Cerebellopontine Angle Tumor)
Devic's Disease (Neuromyelitis Optica)
Down's Syndrome (Mongolism, Trisomy 21)
Duane's Retraction Syndrome
Edward's Syndrome (Trisomy 18)
Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome
Empty Sella Syndrome
Fabry's Disease
Farber's Syndrome
Foster Kennedy Syndrome
Foville's Syndrome
Gaucher's Syndrome
Goldenhar's Syndrome (Oculoauriculovertebral Dysplasia)
Greig's Syndrome
Grönblad-Strandberg Syndrome (Pseudoxanthoma Elasticum)
Hallermann-Streiff Syndrome (Mandibulo-Oculofacial Dysmorphia)
Hand-Schüller-Christian Syndrome
Heerfordt's Syndrome (Uveoparotid Fever)
Horner's Syndrome
Hunter's Syndrome (MPS II)
Hurler's Syndrome (Gargoylism)
Kearns-Sayre Syndrome
Kimmelstiel-Wilson Syndrome
Laurence-Moon-Biedl Syndrome
Lowe's Syndrome (Oculocerebrorenal Syndrome)
Marchesani's (Weill-Marchesani) Syndrome
Marcus-Gunn Syndrome
Marfan's Syndrome
Marie-Strumpell Syndrome
Maroteaux-Lamy Syndrome (MPS VI)
Meyer-Schwickerath Syndrome
Mikulicz Syndrome
Möbius Syndrome
Morquio's Syndrome (MPS IV)
Naffziger's Syndrome (Cervical Rib Syndrome)
Niemann Pick Syndrome (Sphingomyelin Lipidosis)
Paget's Disease
Parinaud's Syndrome
Parinaud's Oculoglandular Syndrome
Parry-Romberg Syndrome (Progressive Hemifacial Atrophy)
Patau Syndrome (Trisomy 13)
Peter's Anomaly
Pierre Robin Syndrome
Refsum's Syndrome
Reiter's Syndrome
Rendu-Osler-Weber Syndrome
Rieger's Syndrome of Mesodermal Dysgenesis
Riley-Day Syndrome (Congenital Familial Dysautonomia)
Romberg's Syndrome
Rothmund's Syndrome
Rubinstein-Taybi Syndrome
Sandhoff's Disease
Sanfilippo's Syndrome
Scheie's Syndrome (MPS I–V)
Schilder's Disease
Sjögren's Syndrome
Sjögren-Larsson Syndrome
Stevens-Johnson Syndrome
Stickler's Syndrome
Sturge-Weber Syndrome (Encephalotrigeminal Angiomatosis)
Takayasu's Syndrome (Pulseless Disease, Aortic Arch Syndrome)
Tay-Sachs Disease
Tolosa-Hunt Syndrome
Treacher Collins (Franceschetti-Klein) Syndrome
Turner's Syndrome (Gonadal Dysgenesis)
Usher's Syndrome
van der Hoeve Syndrome
von Hippel-Lindau Syndrome
von Recklinghausen's Disease (Neurofibroma)
Waardenburg's Syndrome
Weber's Syndrome
Wilson's Disease (Hepatolenticular Degeneration)
Wyburn-Mason Syndrome
Xeroderma Pigmentosum
Zellweger's Syndrome
CHAPTER 22:
Further Reading
INDEX
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