Chest Radiology Hariqbal Singh
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1Jaypee Gold Standard Mini Atlas Series®: CHEST RADIOLOGY2
3Jaypee Gold Standard Mini Atlas Series®: CHEST RADIOLOGY
Editor Hariqbal Singh MD DMRD Professor and Head Department of Radiology Shrimati Kashibai Navale Medical College Pune, Maharashtra, India
4
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This book has been published in good faith that the contents provided by the contributors contained herein are original, and is intended for educational purposes only. While every effort is made to ensure accuracy of information, the publisher and the editor specifically disclaim any damage, liability, or loss incurred, directly or indirectly, from the use or application of any of the contents of this work. If not specifically stated, all figures and tables are courtesy of the editors. Where appropriate, the readers should consult with a specialist or contact the manufacturer of the drug or device.
Jaypee Gold Standard Mini Atlas Series®: Chest Radiology
First Edition: 2013
9789350904633
Printed at
5Dedicated to
My son Hamitesh Singh on joining Indian Armed Forces
Buoyancy
Low knowledge, bestows high confidence
Less one knows, more sure he is
as
One fails to know what he does not know
—Hariqbal Singh
Contributors 9Preface
Chest X-ray is the most commonly requisitioned film in any medical establishment and continues to be the most informative film due to availability of tissue contrast provided by air in the lungs; consequently, the approach to understanding chest X-ray is important. In routine, reporting practice often the technical quality is below perfect, such films have also been included in this collection to expose the reader to actual life situation. Contrast studies, ultrasound, computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and positron emission tomography in many cases complement the plain film to provide perfect diagnosis.
This book is steal a look into chest imaging in an easy and understandable manner.
This assemblage of images will be useful to all residents entering the domain of any medical specialization and to any general practitioner or specialist in the field of medicine.
Hariqbal Singh10
11Acknowledgments
I express my gratitude to Professor MN Navale, Founder President, Sinhgad Technical Educational Society and Dr Arvind V Bhore, Dean, Shrimati Kashibai Navale Medical College, Pune, Maharashtra, India, for their kind permission in this endeavor.
Thank you to all those who have contributed for this atlas, I am very grateful to them for their help.
Last but not least, I would like to thank M/s Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd, New Delhi, India, who took keen interest in publishing the book.
Introduction
Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen was born on 27 March 1845, at Lennep in the Lower Rhine Province of Germany, to Charlotte Constanze Frowein of Amsterdam, as the only child of a cloth manufacturer. Röntgen married Anna Bertha Ludwig of Zürich, in 1872 in Apeldoorn. They had no children, but in 1887 adopted then 6 years old Josephine Bertha Ludwig, daughter of Mrs. Röntgen's only brother.
Röntgen was not a diligent student in younger days. He obtained a diploma in mechanical engineering in 1868 from Polytechnic in Zurich and doctorate in 1869. In 1895, University of Wurzburg offered him the Directorship of their Physical Institute.
On 8th November 1895, Conrad Röntgen, Rector, University of Wurzburg in Germany, while conducting experiments on a cathode ray tube called as Crookes tube, noticed that the glass plate coated with platinocyanide at a distance started glowing or fluorescing. He was astonished and not knowing what to call the invisible rays that induced the glowing, he named them X-rays. The ‘X’ standing for the “unknown”. Röntgen spent next six weeks in his laboratory, working alone keeping the discovery a secret to learn its properties, and not sharing anything with his colleagues.
On 22 December, just three days before Christmas, he brought Anna Bertha into his laboratory, and a photograph of the hand showing bones and the ring on her finger was produced. The Wurzburg Physico-Medical Society was the first to hear of the new rays that could penetrate the body and photograph its bones on 28th December 1895.
20The New York Times announced the discovery as a new form of photography, which revealed hidden solids and demonstrated the bones of the human body and predicted transformation of modern surgery by enabling the surgeon to detect the presence of foreign bodies. This enthralled the public. Röntgen became famous overnight and many awards were showered on him. On 10th December 1901, for the first time ever Nobel Prize was awarded for Physics to Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen. He died at Munich on 10th February 1923, from carcinoma of the intestine.
A month after the announcement of discovery of X-rays, a German doctor used X-ray to diagnose sarcoma of tibia right leg in a young boy, Antoine Beclere of France set up the first X-ray machine for taking pictures, he introduced safety equipment, lead aprons and lead rubber gloves. He was first to use X-ray to see the stomach in 1906 after a meal of bismuth to the patient.