Textbook of Immunology K Sai Leela, Sunil Kumar Mohanty
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1Textbook of Immunology2
3Textbook of Immunology
Second Edition
Sunil Kumar Mohanty MD Professor and Head Department of Microbiology Kalinga Institute of Medical Sciences Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India K Sai Leela MD Professor Department of Microbiology Kamineni Institute of Medical Sciences Narketpally Nalgonda, Andhra Pradesh, India Foreword KC Nathsarma
4
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This book has been published in good faith that the contents provided by the authors contained herein are original and is intended for educational purposes only. While every effort is made to ensure a accuracy of information, the publisher and the authors specifically disclaim any damage, liability or loss incurred, directly or indirectly, from the use or application of any of the contents of this work. If not specifically stated, all figures and tables are courtesy of the authors. Where appropriate, the readers should consult with a specialist or contact the manufacturer of the drug or device.
Textbook of Immunology
First Edition: 2007
Second Edition: 2014
9789350904749
Printed at
5Dedicated to
The loving memory of my colleague
Late Dr Subrat Mishra
whose inspiration and encouragement
prompted me to write a book on immunology
—Sunil Kumar Mohanty
The teachers and the taught
—K Sai Leela
6
7Foreword
It is my immense pleasure to write the foreword to the Textbook of Immunology authored by Dr Sunil Kumar Mohanty and Dr K Sai Leela.
The immunology as a subject has grown immensely in the last 50 years. The amount of detail knowledge that has been accumulated has already reached paroxysmal proportion. If there has been a remarkable progress, then it is in the domain vaccinology, which led to the control of a number of infectious diseases. But, there remains a crying need for vaccine against others. It is hoped that the immunologists of today, using the tools of molecular and cellular biology, genomics, and proteonomics will make inroads in preventing these diseases. Presently, the immunodiagnostic measures are of great utility in diagnosis and monitoring the treatment of various diseases. The Textbook of Immunology serves a great purpose not only in understanding the fundamentals of immunology but also to delve into the depth to explore the fascinating aspects of the immune system, that will make them doctors, researchers and teachers. Very few books are complete in all aspects.
The authors have made every effort to present the text in a lucid and readable style with illustrative graphics and colored diagrams without sacrificing the important details.
I congratulate the authors for the compendium, which is bound to be of great interest and utility for students, researchers, teachers and doctors of medical and other allied sciences.
KC Nathsarma md (new zealand)
Ex-Professor and Head
Department of Microbiology
MKCG Medical College
Cuttack, Odisha, India
8
9Preface to the Second Edition
The goals for the second edition of Textbook of Immunology have remained the same as those of the first edition published in 2007 to provide a brief, accurate and updated presentation of those aspects of immunology that are of particular significance in the fields of clinical infections, diagnostic immunology, vaccinology, transplantation immunology and in other allied fields of biological sciences.
In the last few years, we have received certain comments from our readers, expressing satisfaction on some parameters and also pointing out certain inadequacies. We acknowledge their inputs with humility and utmost respect and have acted on the shortcomings meticulously in the second edition of Textbook of Immunology.
Initially, the book was designed, mainly, for the use of undergraduate students. Therefore, we stressed more on basics than going deeply into the intricacy.
In honoring the recommendation of a number of learned teachers, in the fields of immunology, we have not only included certain topics such as HIV infection (AIDS), immunology of fungal infections, etc. but also updated the knowledge on various subjects such as antigen receptors, cytokines, their receptors and future prospects, ‘B’ cell and ‘T’ cell repertoires, autoimmune disease, etc. Almost in every chapter, there has been addition, deletion and correction of inadvertent errors without compromising the lucidity, clarity and consistency. We have also included some more figures and tables wherever required.
Perfection is too vast for comprehension. But striving for perfection is the triumph of human intelligence. We have worked hard to minimize the shortcomings. However, we fervently desire to get the regular inputs from our readers to smoothen the angularities.
We have consulted friends, especially, Dr SS Mishra, Professor of Pharmacology; Dr Shruti Mohanty, Professor of Biochemistry, and colleagues with relevant expertise to advise us and to those we owe our sincere gratitude.
We hope that the second (revised) edition of Textbook of Immunology will invite today's students not only to acquire familiarity but also to delve into the depth to explore the fascinating aspects of the immune system, that will make them doctors, researchers and teachers.
Sunil Kumar Mohanty
K Sai Leela
10
11Preface to the First Edition
Basically, we reside in a hostile world amidst bewildering array of infectious agents of diverse size, shape and subversive character. If we had not developed an immune system against these, they would have made us a sanctuary for propagation of their selfish genes. But the provision of providence is such that though these tiny organisms live in, on and around us, under normal circumstances, they cannot establish infection. They are being eliminated by the components of immune system.
The immunology as a subject gained its importance in the last one or two decades. Virtually, there has been an explosion of knowledge in the field of immunology. The explosion not only provides a greater understanding in the mechanism of elimination of infectious and noninfectious foreign invaders but also imparts enough knowledge about various immunopathological disorders. Presently, the immunodiagnostic measures serve a great purpose in diagnosis and monitoring the treatment of various diseases. The vaccines play important roles in preventing communicable diseases and reducing the morbidity and mortality.
As a teacher of immunology, I had the privilege to delve into the minds of the undergraduate students as regard to their understanding of the subject of immunology and their application in various fields such as research, diagnosis and therapy. At undergraduate level, students learn immunology as a part of microbiology. The various textbooks which are in use, spare a section for immunology. The chapter on immunology in textbooks of microbiology lacks in certain essential aspects. In some books, though the information is sufficient and the language is lucid, the diagrammatic representations are not sufficient or poor or not up-to-date. On the other hand, in some books, though the diagrams are better, the contents are so precise that they do not convey proper meaning. Very few books are complete in all aspects. We have made every effort to write in a lucid readable style with illustrative graphics and colored diagrams, without sacrificing the important details.
This book contains chapters on the History of Immunology, Basic Immunology, Diagnostic Immunology, Immunopathological Disorders, Immunohematology, Transplantation Immunity Against Bacteria, Parasites, Viruses and Fungi. We felt the need of inclusion of host-parasite relationship in our books as the students should have a basic knowledge about the determinants of pathogenicity before they study the immune response produced against them. This book would, thus, naturally span the curricula of medical, dental and other allied courses both basic and applied.
It would have been impossible to be authoritative about every aspects of immunology. For this reason, we have consulted friends and colleagues with the relevant expertise to advise us 12and to those we owe our gratitude. Despite all our efforts, some omissions, and inadvertent errors might exist. In that case, those may kindly be brought to our notice for supplementation or correction in subsequent edition.
We hope that the first edition of Textbook of Immunology will invite today's students to acquire a familiarity with immune system that will make them doctors, researchers and teachers.
Sunil Kumar Mohanty
K Sai Leela
P Veerendra Kumar Reddy
13Acknowledgments
The authors are deeply indebted to many dedicated and talented professionals who generously spared their time and expertise to make the publication of second edition of the book possible. Of them, Dr SS Mishra, Professor of Pharmacology, Institute of Medical Studies (IMS), Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India, and Dr Shruti Mohanty, Professor of Biochemistry, Kamineni Institute of Medical Sciences (KIMS), Narketpally, Nalgonda, Andhra Pradesh, India, deserve special mention for their expertise and invaluable artistic talents. Dr Dipti Pattnaik, Professor of Microbiology, Dr Bandana Mallick, Professor of Microbiology and Mr Priyaranjan Lenka, Tutor of Microbiology of Kalinga Institute of Medical Sciences (KIMS), Bhubaneswar, have rendered their keen outlook and expertise in making of this book, but without their contribution, it would not have been possible. We gratefully acknowledge all colleagues and postgraduate students of KIMS, Bhubaneswar, and KIMS, Narketpally, for their valuable suggestions and assistance in preparation of the manuscript. We thank our computer assistants, Mrs Bhagyalaxmi and Mr Arun, for their sincere efforts in typing the text matter.
We also take the opportunity to thank Shri Jitendar P Vij (Group Chairman), Mr Ankit Vij (Managing Director) and Mr Tarun Duneja (Director-Publishing) of M/s Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd, New Delhi, India, for their relentless, unstinted and unwavering support.
Finally, we appreciate our families and friends for their whole-hearted cooperation.