Biomechanics of Joints Shyam D Ganvir, Suvarna Ganvir, Amit V Nagarale
INDEX
A
Abdominal muscles 169
Abduction of tibia 113
Abductors 107
Acceleration 19
Acromioclavicular joint 36
Active insufficiency 59
Acts
clavicular portion 187
gravity 188
Adduction of tibia 113
Adductors 107
Alta patella 212
Anconeus 233
Anconeus working 234
Angle lumborsacral 214, 215
Angle
Q 211
sacrum 175
Ankle 237
Anterior muscles 166, 168
Anterolateral stability 113
Anteromedial stability 113
Anterposterior stabilizers 112
Arthrokinematics 36, 52, 57, 67, 86, 87, 104, 115
Arthrokinetic movements 117
Articulating surfaces of elbow joint 44
Average velocity 18, 19
Axial compression 161, 163
Axis of motion 35, 47, 48, 54, 66, 86, 99, 115
B
Balance and force 4, 6
Balance and scale 7
Balance of stacked weights 8
Bases of support 199
Bending 163
Biomechanical example of stacked weights 8
Biomechanics of
ankle 135
elbow joint 43
foot complex 135
hand complex 61
hip joint 94
knee joint 112
shoulder joint 28
spinal column 148
thoracic spine 181
wrist complex 61
Bone hyoid 194
Bones sesamoid 207
Brachioradialis 53
Brunnstrom 114
C
Cage effects of scoliosis on rib 184
Callus plantar 205
Capacity
functional residual 184
inspiratory 184
measures of lung volume 184
total lung 184
vital 184
Capitulum of the humerus articulates 44
Capsule of the joint 115
Capsuloligamentous structures 97, 193
Carpometacarpal joints 71
Caudally costocartilage 187
Center of gravity of the human body 9
Central nervous system 200
Cephalad lower ribs 189
Cervical dysfunction 172
Cervical region 170
Cervical vertbral column 173
Chain
motion 104
movements 103
Changes
respiratory 188
ribcage volume 184
skeletal and tissue 190
Climbing up the steps 231
Cocontraction of flexor 51
Column vertebral 215
Composition of typical vertebra 152
Conditions
degenerative 197
osseous mobility 196
Conyle disk 192
Coracobrachialis 233, 234
Costocartilage 181
Coupled motions 120
Craniocervical 164
Curves of
cervical and lumbar lordotic 220
spine 149
Cylindrical grip 89
D
Degree of
freedom 35, 47, 66, 74, 87, 99, 115
motion 73, 85, 87
Deltoid muscle 32
Demands ventilatory 187
Depression mandibular elevation and 192
Deviation mandibular lateral 194
Digastric muscles 195
Diseased
anklosing spondylosis 218
disk 162, 163, 171
joint 108
rheumatic inflammatory 208
states 2
tuberculosis 218
Displacement articular disk 197
Distraction injuries 60
Distribution of vertebrae across the spine 149
Dorsal wrist
ligaments 65
muscles 69
Dorsally subluxate 202
Dorsiflexion of the ankle 227
Dynamic stability 32, 33
E
Effect of
weight bearing 139
age and injury 60
Elbow 236
Elements biomechanical 200
Erect bidpedal stance 199
Etiology multifactorial 196
Eversion calcaneal 204
Exchange of nutrients 98
Extension 160
Extensor mechanism 79, 81, 83
Extensor muscles of elbow wrist 51
Extrinsic
finger
extensors 78
flexors 76
thumb muscles 87
F
Factors affecting ROM 50
Femoral condyles 116
Fibrosis capsular 196
Flatfoot 203
Flexion 160
Flexion and rotation of head and trunk 224
Flexion counterbalancing internal 208
Flexors 105
Foramen, narrowed intervertebral 221
Foramina intervertebral 221
Forces
ground reaction 201
inertial and gravitational 201
Formation callus 204
Formation osteophyte 197
Friction
arches 145
laws of 20
types of 20
Functional
range of motion 45
ROM 29, 45, 65, 94
G
Galileo's study on the motion of objects 2
Gastrocnemius 209
Genu valgum 211
Glenohumeral Joint 37
Glutei 229
Gracilis 123
H
Hamstrings 227
Hand
adducted to opposite shoulder 223
complex 70
Head femoral 213
Hip joint 95
Hook grip 90, 91
Human's center of gravity 199
Humeroradial articulation 43, 46
Hump
dowager's 219
gibbus 218
Hyperinflation biomechanical alterations of 191
I
Importance of curvatures 150
Inclination sacral 214
Injury epiphyseal 211
Inspiration role 188
Integrated kinematics 102
Interossei muscles 83
Interphalangeal joint 74, 87
Interspinous ligament 156
Intertransverse ligaments 157
Intervertebral disk 152, 157, 159
Intra-abdominal pressure 168, 170
Intrinsic and extrinsic stability 15
Intrinsic plus and intrinsic minus position 84
Intrinsic thumb muscles 88
J
Joint
acromioclavicular 236
axis 135
glenohumeral 236
kinetics of TM 194
metatarsophalangeal (MTP) 202
open pack and closed pack position of 236
patellofemoral 209
proximal interphalangeal 193
sternoclavicular 236
structure 112
temporomandibular 192
zygapophyseal 221
K
Kendall 217
Kinematics 34, 47, 66, 71, 73, 74, 87, 99, 135, 174, 176, 178, 181
Kinetics and kinematics 222
Knee extensor group 123
Knee
flexion 227
flexor group 122
joint 114
knock 211
Kyphosis 218
L
Lamina
inferior retrodiskal 193
superior retrodiskal 193
Lateral
flexion 161
forces 132
muscles 167
pelvic 103
pelvic tilt 102
prehension 90, 91
rotation of tibia 113
rotators 107
Latissimus dorsi (LD) 42
Legs
bow 213
genu varum 211
Ligamentous
injury 118
support 46
Ligaments
and joint capsules 155
around wrist joint 64, 65
sacrotuberous 215
Ligamentum flavum 156
Line
gravitational 208
posterior location of the gravity 214
Locking mechanism of the knee 120
Long head of biceps 34
Longitudinal ligaments 155
Longus, extensor hallucis 207
Lordosis 218
Lordosis lumbar 214
Lower
fibers of trapezius 39
limb movement patterns 226
thoracic 166
Lumbar
pelvic rhythm 177
region 175
Lumbopelvic
motion 103
region 166
Lumbrical muscle attachment 82, 83
M
Manubrium 181
MCP joint 73, 74, 75, 76, 78, 79, 81, 82, 83, 84, 86, 88, 90, 92, 93
Mechanism of listhesis 152, 153
Medial and lateral rotation 119
Medial rotators 107
Membrane tectorial 220
Metatarsal break 143
Metatarsophalangeal joint 143
Mobility and stability 59
Moment arm 124
Moment dorsiflexon 208
Moment gravitation 203
Moment of force 4
Motion bucket handle 183
Motion inspiratory 186
Motion of
femur 100
mandible 192
patella 127
pelvis on femur 100
pump handle 183
spine 159
tibia 120
Movement pattern of
axial region 224
lower limbs 225
upper exprements pattern 223
Muscle of
certilages 189
extensor compartment 70
external intercostals 186
intercostals 186
lateral pterygoid 193, 194, 195
masseter 193
parasternal 186, 187
scalene 187
soleus 208
tibialis posterior 205
flexor compartment 69
pelvic floor 168
Muscular forces 68, 75, 121
N
Neurovascular structures 166
Neutral equilibrium 13
Neutral position of elbow joint 44
Neutral spine 198
Newton's law of motion 2
Nonweight bearing 138
Normal disk 163
Nuchae ligamentum 220
O
Osteochondritis 211
Osteokinematics 36, 50, 55, 100, 118
P
Pad-to-pad prehension 92
Palmar arches 72
Palmar group 68
Palmar radiocarpal ligament 63
Parmar arch system 72
Patella grasshopper eyes 212
Patellofemoral
joint
injury 133, 126
stability 130
stress 128
stabilization 131
Pectoralis minor 228, 233, 234
PIP and DIP joint structure 75
Plane frontal 181
Plane normal alignment in the sagittal 216
Plantar aponeurosis 145
Plantar arches 144
Plantarflexion 208
Planus pes 203, 205
Plasticity 148
Popliteus pulling 229
Portion crural 185
Position closed pack 236
Posterior muscles 166
Posterolateral stability 113
Postural control 199
Posture
analysis of standing 202
erect standing 201
flexed knee 209
hyperextended knee 210
kinetics and kinematics of 200
static and dynamic 199
x-ray evaluations of erect 214
Precision grip 92, 93
Prehension 88, 93
Pressure intra-abdominal 184
Process
adontoid 219
standing of 227
Pronation twist 143
Prone lying position 232
Protection of spinal cord 148
Proximal radioulnar joint 43, 57
Pterygoid, superior lateral 193
Pulling movement 233
Pushing and punching 232
Q
Quadriceps
funcion 124
lag 126
Quadripedal stance 199
R
Radiocarpal and midcarpal joints 61
Radiocarpal joint 61
Radioulnar joints 54
Range of motion 50, 66, 86, 87
Range of subtalar motion 140
Recoil elastic 190
Relationship to hand and wrist 59
Resistance lungs and airway 184
Retroversion femoral 212
Retrusion mandibular 192, 194
Rhomboids 232
Ribcage thoracic 184
Rickets renal 211
Rigidity 148
Rising from supine to prone 226
Role of extensor mechanism 81
Role of patella 124
Rolling from supine to prone 226
Rotation of pelvic 102
Rotator cuff muscles 32
S
Sacral region 178
Sartorius 123
Scalene muscles 166
Scalenus anticus syndrome 166
Scapulae 221
Scapulohumeral rhythm 38
Scapulothoracic joint stability 30
Serratus anterior 228, 233
Shaft of femur 99
Shear 164, 178
Shoulder complex movements 38
Slight superior translation 31
Soleus 228
Specifics of kinematics 38
Spherical grip 90, 91
Spinal canal 154
Spine
biomechanics of thoracic 181
relationship with cervical 195
Spondylosis anklosing 218
Squatting 229, 230
Stability of equilibrium 12
Stable equilibrium 12
Standing up from a sitting position 227, 228
Static stability 30, 31
Sterni manubrium 181
Sternoclavicular Joint 36
Structure of
fingers 71
joint 94
Subclavius 187
Subtalar
joint
axis 138
motions 138
neutral 140
Supination twist 143
Supine position with both knee flexion 222, 225
Support human species base 199
Supraspinous ligament 156
Swelling and pain 51
Symphysis pubis 101, 178, 179, 180, 212
Syndromes
patellofemoral pain 131
scalenus anticus 166
Synovial hinge joints 144
T
Temporomandibular 237
Thoracic 237
Thoracolumbar fascia 166
Thorax bucket handle motion 182
Thorax motion 183
Thorax pump handle motion 182
Thorax scoliotic 188
Thumb 72, 85, 92
Tibial translation 125
Tibiofemoral joints 114
Tilt of pelvis 101
Tip-to-tip prehension 92
Tissues
retrodiskal 197
suboccipital 195
Toes
claw toes and hammer 204
hammer 202
hammer 203, 204
Torsion, lateral tibial 212
Trabeculae system 98, 151
Transverse tarsal joint motion 141, 142
Triangular fibrocartilage complex (TFCC) 61, 64
Trochlear
joint articulation 43
notch of the ulna 43, 44
Trunk
location of the LoG in relation 217
midline of 217
U
Unbalanced forces 4
Unstable equilibrium 13
Upper thoracic region 164
Use of
cane 110
kinematics 24
kinetics 25
statics 21
V
Valgums, genu 211
Valgus
development of hallux 206
genu 212
hallux 205, 206
Valmassy 202
Varum, genu 212
Varus and valgus injuries 60
Velocity 17, 18
Ventilation
accessory muscles of 187
minute 186
Vertebral
body movements 159
clolumn 150
Vitamin D deficiency 211
Volume inspiratory reserve 184
Volar ligaments of the wrist complex 64
Volar plate 73
Volume expiratory reserve 184
W
Wall bar 230
Weakening, osteoporotic 219
Weight bearing
function 96
hindfoot pronation 141, 142
Weight distribution 146
Wrist and hand complex 61
Wrist complex 62
Z
Zygoapophyseal joints 150, 158, 200
capsules 157
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