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Textbook of General Anatomy
Shobha Rawlani, Shivlal Rawlani
1:
Introduction
GROSS ANATOMY
INTRODUCTION
HISTORY OF ANATOMY
ANATOMICAL LANGUAGE
ANATOMY AND ITS SUBDIVISIONS
ANATOMICAL POSITION AND BODY PLANES
Anatomical Position (Fig. 1.1)
Terms of Relation Commonly Used in Gross Anatomy (Fig. 1.2)
Anatomical Planes (Fig. 1.3)
SPECIAL TERMS FOR LIMBS (FIG. 1.4)
Certain Other Terms (Terms Used for Hollow Organs) (Fig. 1.5)
TERMS USED FOR DESCRIBING MOVEMENTS (FIGS 1.6 AND 1.7)
REVIEW QUESTIONS
INTRODUCTION TO HISTOLOGY
INTRODUCTION
PRIMARY TISSUES OF THE BODY
TISSUE PROCESSING
Fixation
Dehydration
Clearing
Paraffin Embedding
STAINING
Chemical Basis of Staining with Hematoxylin and Eosin
APPLIED ANATOMY
Artifacts
REVIEW QUESTIONS
2:
Connective Tissue
CONNECTIVE TISSUE–I
INTRODUCTION
GENERAL FEATURES OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE
Connective Tissue Cells (Fig. 2.1)
Function
CONNECTIVE TISSUE–II
CONNECTIVE TISSUE MATRIX
Collagen Fibers (Fig. 2.10)
Elastic Fibers (Fig. 2.11)
Reticular Fibers (Fig. 2.12)
GROUND SUBSTANCE
Functions of the Ground Substance
TYPES OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE
Ordinary Connective Tissue
Special Connective Tissue
Special Connective Tissue
APPLIED ANATOMY OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE
REVIEW QUESTIONS
3:
Cartilage
4:
Sclerous Tissue
Bone–I
DEFINITION
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
FUNCTIONS OF THE BONE
STRUCTURE OF BONE
Compact Bone (Fig. 4.2)
Spongy or Cancellous Bone (Fig. 4.3)
CLASSIFICATION OF BONES
Developmentally or According to Ossification
Regionally or According to Position
According to Shape
Microscopically
BONE MARKINGS AND FORMATIONS
BONE AS A TISSUE–II
PARTS OF LONG BONE (Figs 4.12A TO C)
Diaphysis
Metaphysis
Epiphysis
Epiphyseal Plate of Cartilage (Fig. 4.15)
GROWTH OF A LONG BONE
FACTORS AFFECTING GROWTH OF A BONE
Nutritional
Hormonal
Genetic Factors
Mechanical Factors
LAWS OF OSSIFICATION
LAWS OF UNION OF EPIPHYSIS
BLOOD SUPPLY OF BONE
Blood Supply of Long Bone (Fig. 4.16)
Blood Supply of the Short Long Bones (Fig. 4.17)
Blood Supply of Flat Bones (Fig. 4.18)
Blood Supply of Irregular Bones (Fig. 4.19)
NERVE SUPPLY OF BONE
LYMPHATICS OF BONE
FRACTURE OF THE BONE AND ITS REPAIR
REVIEW QUESTIONS
5:
Joints
Joints–I
DEFINITION
CLASSIFICATION OF JOINTS
Structural Classification
Functional Classification (Figs 5.1A to C)
Regional Classification
STRUCTURAL CLASSIFICATION IS MOST COMMONLY FOLLOWED
Fibrous Joints
Cartilaginous Joints
JOINTS–II
SYNOVIAL JOINTS
Definition of Synovial Joints
Characteristics of Synovial Joints (Figs 5.10A and B)
DESCRIPTION OF THE COMPONENT PARTS OF SYNOVIAL JOINTS
Articular Cartilage
Synovial Fluid
Articular Capsule
Synovial Membrane
Articular Disc or Meniscus
CLASSIFICATION OF SYNOVIAL JOINTS
According to the Number of Articulating Bones
According to Axis of Movements and Shape of Articular Surfaces
ROTATION
Blood Supply of Joints
Lymphatic Drainage of Synovial Joints
Nerve Supply of Synovial Joints
Applied Anatomy
REVIEW QUESTIONS
6:
Muscular Tissue
MUSCLE–I
INTRODUCTION
TYPES OF MUSCLE
Skeletal Muscle (Fig. 6.1)
Cardiac Muscle (Fig. 6.2)
Smooth Muscle (Fig. 6.3)
SKELETAL MUSCLE (GROSS ORGANIZATION) (FIG. 6.5)
Organization of Skeletal Muscle Fiber (Fig. 6.6)
Single Muscle Fiber (Figs 6.7 and 6.8)
Structure of Myofibril (Fig. 6.9)
Importance of the Connective Tissue Investments
TYPES OF SKELETAL MUSCLE FIBERS
Slow or Red Fibers or Type I Fibers
Fast or White Fibers or Type II Fibers
PARTS OF A SKELETAL MUSCLE (FIG. 6.10)
FASCICULAR ARCHITECTURE OF MUSCLE
Parallel Muscles (Fig. 6.11)
Pennate Muscles (Fig. 6.12)
Spiral Muscle (Fig. 6.13)
MUSCLE–II
MECHANISM OF LUBRICATION
Bursa
Tendon Synovial Sheath (Fig. 6.14)
NOMENCLATURE OF THE MUSCLES
According to the Shape
Size
Number of Heads or Bellies
Position
Depth
Attachments
Action
BLOOD SUPPLY OF THE SKELETAL MUSCLE
LYMPHATIC DRAINAGE
DEVELOPMENT OF SKELETAL MUSCLE (FIG. 6.15)
NERVE SUPPLY OF THE SKELETAL MUSCLE (FIG. 6.16)
Motor Supply or Efferent Supply
Sensory or Afferent Nerve Supply
Neuromuscular Junction (Fig. 6.17)
Neuromuscular Spindle (Fig. 6.18)
Sensory and Motor Nerves Innervate Intrafusal Fibers
MUSCLE TONE
Regulation of Muscle Tone
ACTIONS OF MUSCLE
Prime Movers
Antagonists
Fixation Muscle
Synergists Muscle
APPLIED ANATOMY
Paralysis
Muscular Spasm
Disuse Atrophy and Hypertrophy
Myasthenia Gravis
In Organophosphorus Poisoning
REVIEW QUESTIONS
7:
Nervous Tissue
NERVOUS TISSUE–I
INTRODUCTION
PARTS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
Neurons: Peculiarities of Neurons
Supporting Tissue
NEURON (FIG. 7.1)
Structure of the Neuron (Fig. 7.2)
CLASSIFICATION OF NEURONS
SYNAPSE (FIG. 7.5)
Mechanism of Synaptic Transmission
Classification of Synapses (Figs 7.6A to C)
NEUROGLIA
Classification of Neuroglia (Figs 7.7A to D)
NERVOUS TISSUE–II
REFLEX ARC (FIG. 7.8)
Nerve Fibers and Formation of Myelin Sheath
PERIPHERAL NERVES (FIG. 7.11)
INJURIES TO NEURONS AND PERIPHERAL NERVES AND THEIR DEGENERATION AND REGENERATION
Injury to Neuron
Injury to Peripheral Nerves
Effect of Nerve Injuries
AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
Autonomic Nervous System
Subdivisions of Autonomic Nervous System
REVIEW QUESTIONS
8:
Blood Vascular System
9:
The Lymphatic System
The Lymphatic System–I
INTRODUCTION
DEFINITION
FUNCTIONS OF THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
DEVELOPMENT OF LYMPHATIC TISSUES (FIG. 9.2)
COMPONENTS OF THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
Lymph
Lymphatic Vessels and Lymph Circulation (Fig. 9.3)
Lymphatic Capillaries (Fig. 9.4)
Lymph Trunks and Ducts (Figs 9.5A and B)
The Lymphatic System–II
COMPONENTS OF THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
Central Lymphoid Tissues
Thymus (Figs 9.6 to 9.8)
Structure of the Thymus
Peripheral Lymphoid Organs
CIRCULATING LYMPHOCYTES
APPLIED ANATOMY OF LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
Lymphangitis and Lymphadenitis
Lymphedema
Elephantiasis
REVIEW QUESTIONS
10:
Skin and its Appendages
Skin and its Appendages–I
INTRODUCTION
DEFINITION
FUNCTIONS OF THE SKIN
SURFACE AREA OF THE SKIN
PIGMENTATION OF SKIN (FIG. 10.1)
Applied Importance
Skin Color Clues
TYPES OF SKIN
Thin Hairy Skin (Hirsute) (Fig. 10.2)
Thick Hairless Skin (Glabrous) (Figs 10.3 and 10.4)
Surface Irregularities of the Skin
SKIN AND ITS APPENDAGES–II
STRUCTURE OF SKIN
Epidermis
Layers of Epidermis (Figs 10.9 and 10.10)
Dermis of Skin
BLOOD SUPPLY OF SKIN (FIG. 10.11)
Nerve Supply of Skin
APPENDAGES OF SKIN
Hair (Fig. 10.12)
Sebaceous Glands (Fig. 10.13)
Arrector Pilorum Muscle (Fig. 10.10)
Sweat Glands (Fig. 10.14)
Nails (Fig. 10.15)
APPLIED ANATOMY OF SKIN
Skin Grafting
REVIEW QUESTIONS
INDEX
TOC
Index
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