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Clinical Ophthalmology
Anina Abraham, Sirisha Senthil
CHAPTER 1:
Patient Evaluation
EVALUATION OF GLAUCOMA
History
Family History
Past History
Treatment History
Ocular Examination
Cornea
Anterior Chamber
Iris
Pupil
Lens
Fundus Examination
Investigations
EVALUATION OF SQUINT
History
Past History
General Examination
Ocular Examination
Cover Test
Cover-uncover Test
Alternate Cover Test
Krimsky Test
Prism Bar Cover Test
Hirschberg's Test
Worth Four Dot Test
Bagolini Striated Glasses
Maddox Rod (When Placed in Front of Right Eye)
Evaluation of Paralytic Squint
Diplopia Charting
Park 3 Step Test
Bielschowsky Head Tilt Test
EVALUATION OF UVEITIS
History
Treatment History
Past History
Ocular Examination
EVALUATION OF PROPTOSIS
History
Systemic History
History Specific to Thyroid Orbitopathy
Past History
Personal History
Family History
Treatment History
General Examination
Systemic Examination
Ocular Examination
Proptosis Evaluation
Inspection
Palpation
Auscultation
Exophthalmometry
EVALUATION OF PTOSIS
History
Past History
Family History
Ocular Examination
EVALUATION OF CORNEAL ULCER
History
Past History
Ocular Examination
CHAPTER 2:
Glaucoma
VISUAL FIELD
Field Charting
Kinetic
Static
Blind Spot
Field Defects
Binasal Hemianopia
Bitemporal Hemianopia
Junctional Scotoma
Right Homonymous Hemianopia
Right Homonymous Upper Quadrantanopia
Right Homonymous Lower Quadrantanopia
Homonymous Hemianopia with Macular Sparing
Macular Involvement
Centrocecal Scotoma
Central Scotoma
Tubular Vision
Ring Scotoma
Enlargement of Blind Spot
Altitudinal Defect
SCOTOMA
Types
TONOMETRY
Digital Tonometry
Indentation Tonometry (Schiotz)
Applanation Tonometry
CALIBRATION OF A GOLDMANN TONOMETER
Checking the Calibration at ‘0’
Checking the Calibration at ‘2’
Checking the Calibration at ‘6’
GONIOSCOPY
Types
Grading of the Angle
Van Herrick's Grading
Contraindications
PRIMARY OPEN ANGLE GLAUCOMA
Pathogenesis
Mechanical Changes
Vascular Perfusion
Disc Changes
Lenses Used for Disc Evaluation
Field Defects in Glaucoma
Points to Note in Glaucoma Evaluation
Anderson's Criteria
Provocative Tests
NORMOTENSIVE GLAUCOMA
Low Pressure Glaucoma
Possible Causes
Treatment
OCULAR HYPERTENSION
Ocular Hypertension Treatment Study
Treatment is Considered for
Central Corneal Thickness
PRIMARY ANGLE CLOSURE GLAUCOMA
Mechanism
Primary Angle Closure Suspect (PACS)
Primary Angle Closure (PAC)
Primary Angle Closure Glaucoma (PACG)
Anatomically Predisposing Factors
Anatomical Abnormalities Causing Secondary Angle Closure
Management
Acute Congestive Glaucoma (Acg)
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment of ACG
Post Congestive Glaucoma
Absolute Glaucoma
SECONDARY GLAUCOMA
INFLAMMATORY GLAUCOMA
Treatment
GLAUCOMATOCYCLITIC CRISIS
Clinical Features
Treatment
NEOVASCULAR GLAUCOMA
Pathogenesis
Causes
Clinical Features
Differential Diagnosis
PHACOLYTIC GLAUCOMA
Differential Diagnosis
Clinical Features
Treatment
PHACOMORPHIC GLAUCOMA
MALIGNANT GLAUCOMA
Important Signs
Etiology
Theories
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment
Surgery
APHAKIC GLAUCOMA
Mechanism of Glaucoma in Aphakic Eyes
Treatment
PSEUDOEXFOLIATION SYNDROME
Pathogenesis
Clinical Features
Pseudoexfoliation Glaucoma
IRIDOCORNEAL ENDOTHELIAL SYNDROME
Pathogenesis
Progressive Iris Atrophy
Iris Nevus (Cogan-Reese) Syndrome
Chandler Syndrome
Treatment
UVEITIS-GLAUCOMA-HYPHEMA SYNDROME
Causes
Differential Diagnosis
Clinical Features
Treatment
BUPHTHALMOS
Classification
Pathogenesis
Clinical Features
Differential Diagnosis
Evaluation
Surgical Treatment
Follow-up
ND: YAG LASER IRIDOTOMY
Indications
Procedure
Following the Procedure
Complications
ARGON LASER TRABECULOPLASTY
Indications
Contraindications
Complications
Selective Laser Trabeculoplasty
TRABECULECTOMY
Postoperative Complications
Shallow Anterior Chamber
Grading of Severity
Causes
Management of Bleb Leak
Management of Over-filtering Bleb
Filtration Failure - Due to
Management
Blebitis
Bleb-associated Endophthalmitis
Late Bleb Leak
Complications
Treatment
NON-PENETRATING FILTRATION SURGERY
Indications
Deep Sclerectomy
Visco Canalostomy
Canaloplasty
ARTIFICIAL DRAINAGE SHUNTS
Indications
Implant Types
Mechanism
Complications
IN THE CLINIC
CHAPTER 3:
Retina
LAYERS OF THE RETINA
RETINAL COLOR CODING
FUNDUS FLUORESCEIN ANGIOGRAPHY
Technique
Side Effects
Phases
Choroidal/Prearterial Phase
Arterial Phase
Arteriovenous/Capillary Phase
Venous Phase
Late/Elimination Phase
Dark Fovea Due to
Hyperfluorescence Seen in
Hypofluorescence
Blockage of Retinal Fluorescence
Blockage of Background Choroidal Fluorescence
Filling Defects
INDOCYANINE GREEN ANGIOGRAPHY
Phases
Early (2–60 sec)
Early Mid-Phase (1–3 min)
Late Mid-Phase (3–15 min)
Late Phase (15–30 min)
OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAM
Normal Retina
Interpretation
Reflectivity
Distinction Between
Uses in Retinal Disease
Uses in Glaucoma
CLINICAL ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY
Components and Origin
Basic ISCEV Flash ERG Response
Scotopic
Photopic
Negative ERG
ERG Findings in
EVALUATION OF MACULAR FUNCTION
CYSTOID MACULAR EDEMA
Pathophysiology
Clinical Features
FFA
Causes and Management
Inflammatory
Metabolic
Ischemic
Hereditary
Mechanical
Hydrostatic
Toxic
CENTRAL SEROUS CHORIORETINOPATHY
Types
Typical/Classic/Acute
Chronic
Bullous Retinal Detachment
Pathogenesis
Clinical Features (Acute CSCR)
FFA
Treatment
Differential Diagnosis
PIGMENT EPITHELIAL DETACHMENT
FFA
ICG
Course
Types of PED
RETINAL PIGMENT EPITHELIUM TEAR
FFA
MACULAR HOLE
Classification
Causes
Clinical Features
Hole Formation
OCT Staging of Macular Hole
Biomicroscopic Staging of Macular Hole (Gass)
Surgery
Epiretinal Membrane
Classification
Pathogenesis
Causes
Symptoms and Signs
Investigations
Management
AGE-RELATED MACULAR DEGENERATION
Early AMD
Intermediate AMD
Advanced AMD
Drusen
FFA
Differential Diagnosis
Atrophic amd
Exudative AMD
Signs
FFA
Treatment
ANTI-VEGF THERAPY
Anti-vegf Drugs
Other Indications of Anti-VEGF Therapy
IDIOPATHIC MACULAR TELANGIECTASIA
Type 1
Type 2
Subgroup 2A
Subgroup 2B
Yannuzzi's Classification
OCT Findings
Type 3
POLYPOIDAL CHOROIDAL VASCULOPATHY
Pathology
Clinical Features
ICG
OCT
Management
CENTRAL RETINAL VEIN OCCLUSION
Pathogenesis
Clinical Features
Associated Systemic Disease
Management
Investigations
Treatment
BRANCH RETINAL VEIN OCCLUSION
Clinical Features
50% Rule
Treatment
CENTRAL RETINAL ARTERY OCCLUSION
Pathophysiology
Clinical Features
Underlying Causes
Investigations
FFA
ERG
Visual Field
Treatment
COTTON WOOL SPOTS
Seen in
OCULAR ISCHEMIC SYNDROME
Causes
Symptoms
Signs
FFA
ERG
Management
DIABETIC RETINOPATHY
Kanski's Classification
Modern ETDRS Classification
Clinically Significant Macular Edema (CSME)
Treatment of Diabetic Retinopathy
Medical
Laser
Intravitreal Injections
Surgical Treatment
ETDRS Protocol for Full Scatter Laser Treatment
HYPERTENSIVE RETINOPATHY
Keith-Wagener-Barker Classification
Wagener-Clay-Gibner Classification
Based on
Scheie Classification
Hypertension
Arteriolar Sclerosis
HYPERTENSIVE CHOROIDOPATHY
Clinical Features
Pathogenesis
In the Acute Phase
In the Chronic Phase
EALES DISEASE
Characterized by
Causes
Stages
Inflammatory
Ischemic
Proliferative
Symptoms
FFA
Lab Investigations
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment
VITREOUS HEMORRHAGE
Classification
Pathogenesis
Causes
Clinical Features
Treatment
Recent Hemorrhage
Non-Resolving Vitreous Hemorrhage
Complications of Vitreous Hemorrhage
RETINOPATHY OF PREMATURITY
Clinical Features
Classification
Location
Severity
Differential Diagnosis
LASERS
Types
Absorption by
Complications
Laser Effects
Anterior Segment Uses
Posterior Segment Uses
Indications for Prophylactic Barrage Laser
Barrage Laser Not Indicated for
HEREDITARY FUNDUS DYSTROPHIES
Rod Cone Dystrophies
Congenital Stationary Night Blindness
Macular Dystrophies
Choroidal Dystrophies
Vitreotapeto Retinal Dystrophies
PERIPHERAL RETINAL DEGENERATION
Lattice Degeneration
Types
Complications
Snail Track Degeneration
Degenerative Retinoschisis
PATHOLOGICAL MYOPIA
Pathogenesis
Fundus
Can be Associated with
RETINAL DETACHMENT
Rhegmatogenous Rd
Symptoms
Signs
Fresh RD
Old RD
Lincoff's Rule
Retinal Detachment Surgery
Scleral Buckling and SRF Drainage
Pneumatic Retinopexy
Pars Plana Vitrectomy
Tamponading Agents
TRACTIONAL RETINAL DETACHMENT
Causes
Surgery
Surgical Complications
EXUDATIVE RETINAL DETACHMENT
Causes
Idiopathic
Congenital
Post-surgical
Inflammatory
Neoplastic
Secondary to Uveitis
Vascular (hemodynamic)
Hematologic
PROLIFERATIVE VITREORETINOPATHY (PVR)
Classification of Retinal Detachment with pvr
Risk Factors
Classification of PVR
Pathogenesis
Medical Treatment
In Active Stage of Inflammation
Surgery
LEUKOCORIA
Differential Diagnosis
Retinoblastoma
PHPV (Persistent Hyperplastic Primary Vitreous)
Coat's Disease
Toxocariasis
Retinal Astrocytoma
Intermediate Uveitis
Retinal Dysplasia
Incontinentia Pigmenti
Retinocytoma
ENDOPHTHALMITIS
Causes
Acute Postoperative Endophthalmitis
Delayed Onset Pseudophakic Endophthalmitis
Bleb-associated Endophthalmitis
Post-Traumatic Endophthalmitis
Complications
Precautionary Measures
Management
Fungal Endophthalmitis
Treatment
PREPARATION OF INTRAVITREAL DRUGS
IN THE CLINIC
CHAPTER 4:
Uvea
UVEITIS
Etiological Classification
Inflammatory
Neoplastic
Traumatic
Aqueous Flare
Aqueous Cells
Vitreous Cells
Vitreous Haze
Keratic Precipitates
INVESTIGATIONS FOR UVEITIS
Laboratory Tests
Skin Tests
Serological Tests
Histopathology
Non-laboratory Tests
IRIS NODULES
INTERMEDIATE UVEITIS
Causes
Etiopathogenesis
Symptoms
Signs
Management
OCULAR TOXOPLASMOSIS
Symptoms
Signs
Atypical Presentations
Complications
Laboratory Tests
FFA
ICG
Management
Combination Regimens
Oral Corticosteroids
Immunocompromised Patients
During Pregnancy
FUCH'S HETEROCHROMIC UVEITIS
Clinical Features
Treatment
VOGT-KOYANAGI-HARADA DISEASE
Diagnostic Criteria
Complete VKH Disease
Incomplete VKH Disease
Probable VKH Disease
Clinical Features
Prodromal Phase
Acute Uveitic Phase
Convalescent Phase
Chronic Recurrent Phase
Management
Differential Diagnosis of Bilateral Panuveitis
History of Ocular Trauma
No History of Trauma
WHITE DOT SYNDROMES
ACUTE POSTERIOR MULTIFOCAL PLACOID
Pathogenesis
Signs
FFA
ICG
Differential Diagnosis
Management
BIRDSHOT RETINOCHOROIDOPATHY
Features
FFA
ICG
ERG
Systemic Associations
Complications
Management
Course
MULTIFOCAL CHOROIDITIS AND PANUVEITIS
Features
FFA
ICG
Fields
MULTIPLE EVANESCENT WHITE DOT SYNDROME
Features
FFA
ICG
Fields
Electrophysiology
Management
PUNCTATE INNER CHOROIDOPATHY
Features
FFA
ICG
Fields
Management
SERPIGINOUS CHOROIDITIS
Features
FFA
ICG
Management
IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE DRUGS
Guidelines for the Use of Prednisolone in Uveitis
Immunosuppressive Drugs for Ocular Inflammation
Side Effects
CHAPTER 5:
Cornea
CORNEAL COLOR CODING
BACTERIAL KERATITIS
Predisposing Factors
Clinical Features
The Pneumonic PEDAL is Used for Infectious Keratitis
Treatment
Antibiotics Used in Bacterial Keratitis
Preparation of Fortified Topical Medication
KERATOMYCOSIS
Caused by
Pathogenicity
Epidemiology
Clinical Features
Investigations
Treatment
Candida Keratitis
Treatment
Filamentous Keratitis
Treatment
ACANTHAMOEBA KERATITIS
Clinical Features
Investigations
Treatment
INTERSTITIAL KERATITIS
Causes
Clinical Features
Complications
Treatment
HERPES SIMPLEX KERATITIS
Epithelial Keratitis
Treatment
Disciform Keratitis
Possible Etiologies
Clinical Features
Treatment
Stromal Necrotic Keratitis
Treatment
KERATOCONUS
Theories
Symptoms
Signs
Investigations
Ocular Associations
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment
Posterior Keratoconus
CORNEAL DYSTROPHIES
Classification
Fuch's Endothelial Dystrophy
Treatment
Posterior Polymorphous Dystrophy
Congenital Hereditary Endothelial Dystrophy
THERAPEUTIC CONTACT LENS
Uses
Complications of Contact Lens Use
CORNEAL DEGENERATIONS
Age Related
Arcus Senilis
Vogt White Limbal Girdle
Cornea Farinata
Crocodile Shagreen
Corneal Guttata
Lipid Keratopathy
Treatment
Band Keratopathy
Causes
Clinical Features
Treatment
Spheroidal Degeneration
Treatment
Salzmann Nodular Degeneration
Treatment
CORNEAL VASCULARIZATION
Etiopathogenesis
Classification
Treatment
PANNUS
Stages
Types
Differential Diagnosis
MOOREN'S ULCER
Possible Etiology
Clinical Features
Investigations
Treatment
BULLOUS KERATOPATHY
Symptoms
Causes
Prevention of Corneal Edema Following Cataract Surgery
Treatment
CORNEAL TRANSPLANT
Types
Indications
Contraindications (Donor Cornea)
Absolute
Relative
Donor Tissue Evaluation
Donor Cornea Preservation
Complications (Early)
Primary Graft Failure
Glaucoma
Epithelial Defects
Intermediate Complications
Graft Rejection
Graft Infection
Wound Dehiscence
Late Complications
LAMELLAR KERATOPLASTY
Indications
Deep Lamellar Keratoplasty
Indications
Advantages
Complications
Refractive Surgery
CHAPTER 6:
Conjunctiva
PSEUDOMEMBRANOUS AND MEMBRANOUS CONJUNCTIVITIS
Caused by
Clinical Features
Mild
Severe
Treatment
Preventive
Curative
PTERYGIUM
Treatment
TRACHOMA
Clinical Features
Who Classification (Fisto)
Prevention and Treatment
FOLLICULAR CONJUNCTIVITIS
Acute Forms
Chlamydial Inclusion Conjunctivitis – Swimming Pool Conjunctivitis
Epidemic Keratoconjunctivitis
Pharyngoconjunctival Fever
New Castle Conjunctivitis
Hemorrhagic Conjunctivitis
Acute Herpetic Conjunctivitis
Herpes Simplex Conjunctivitis
Chronic Forms
Caused by
ALLERGIC TYPES OF CONJUNCTIVITIS
Acute/Subacute Allergic Catarrhal Conjunctivitis
Treatment
Vernal Keratoconjunctivitis (Spring Catarrh)
Palpebral Form
Limbal Form
Cornea
Treatment
Giant Papillary Conjunctivitis
Causes
Treatment
Phlyctenular Conjunctivitis
Treatment
SUPERIOR LIMBIC KERATOCONJUNCTIVITIS
Clinical Features
Treatment
AMNIOTIC MEMBRANE GRAFT
Indications
LIMBAL STEM CELL TRANSPLANT
Indications
Method
In Partial Stem Cell Deficiency
In Total Stem Cell Deficiency
OPHTHALMIA NEONATORUM
Neisseria Gonorrheae Infection
Treatment
Chemical Induced
Chlamydia trachomatis Inclusion Conjunctivitis
Herpes Simplex Virus Conjunctivitis
DRY EYE
Causes of Dry Eye
Aqueous Tear Deficiency
Mucin Deficiency
Lipid Abnormalities
Lid Abnormalities
Epitheliopathies
TESTS FOR DRY EYE
Rose Bengal Test
Tear Film Break-up Time (TFBUT)
Schirmer's Test (Done for Aqueous Deficiency)
Treatment
KERATOCONJUNCTIVITIS SICCA
Clinical Features
XEROPHTHALMIA
Causes
Treatment
TEARING
Causes
Jones’ Test: In Suspected Partial Obstruction
Primary Test
Secondary Test
Diagnosis
CHAPTER 7:
Sclera
SCLERITIS
Classification
Pathogenesis
Clinical Features
Associated Systemic Disease
Necrotizing Scleritis with Inflammation
Scleromalacia Perforans
POSTERIOR SCLERITIS
Symptoms
Signs
Investigations
Complications
Treatment
STAPHYLOMA
Types
Anterior
Intercalary
Ciliary
Equatorial
Posterior
Complications
Treatment
CHAPTER 8:
Pediatrics and Squint
AMBLYOPIA
Classification
Stimulus Deprivation Amblyopia
Strabismic Amblyopia
Ametropic Amblyopia
Anisometropic Amblyopia
Neutral Density Filter
Assessment
Management
Methods
Occlusion/Patching
Penalization
Cam Visual Stimulator
Pleoptics
Methods
Bangerster's Method
Cupper's Method
VISUAL ACUITY TESTING IN PREVERBAL AND VERBAL CHILDREN
Preverbal Children
Verbal Children
NEONATAL CLOUDY CORNEA
Causes
CONGENITAL CATARACT
Causes
Types
Investigations
Surgery
Indications
Technique
IOL Power Calculation
Postoperative Complications
Visual Rehabilitation
CLASSIFICATION OF EXOTROPIA
Primary
Intermittent
Constant
Secondary
Consecutive
CLASSIFICATION OF ESOTROPIA
Primary
Concomitant
Non-concomitant
Secondary
Consecutive
INFANTILE ESOTROPIA
Associated Findings
Dissociated Vertical Deviation: in 40–50%
Inferior Oblique Over-action
Latent Nystagmus
Abnormal OKN
Treatment
Differential Diagnosis
ACCOMMODATIVE ESOTROPIA
Causes
Types
Refractive
Non-refractive
Accommodative Convergence/Accommodation
Measuring AC/A Ratio
Heterophoria Method
Gradient Method
MICROTROPIA
Causes
Signs
Tests
Treatment
HETEROPHORIA
Symptoms
Treatment
DUANE SYNDROME
Huber Classification
Surgical Indications
BROWN SYNDROME
Causes
Congenital
Acquired
Clinical Features (In Right-Sided Brown Syndrome)
Differential Diagnosis
MOEBIUS SYNDROME
Clinical Features
Eye
Systemic
NONSURGICAL MANAGEMENT OF SQUINT
SUDDEN ONSET DIPLOPIA
Causes
Investigations
BOTULINUM TOXIN
Indications
Therapeutic
Cosmetic
Other Uses
Action
Contraindications
Complications
CHAPTER 9:
Neuro-ophthalmology
THE PUPIL
Toxic Pupil
Adie's Tonic Pupil
Adie's Syndrome
Causes
Mechanism
Argyll Robertson Pupil
Causes
Paralytic Pupil
Causes
Hippus
Marcus Gunn Pupil
Mechanism
Grading of RAPD
FIELD DEFECTS
In Optic Nerve Lesions
Congenital/Hereditary
Pressure on the Optic Nerve
Inflammatory
Vascular
Traumatic
Toxic
In Chiasmal Lesions
Infrachiasmal
Suprachiasmal
Perichiasmal
Intrachiasmal
In Meningiomas
In Post Chiasmal Lesions
Optic Tract
Lateral Geniculate Body
Optic Radiation
Visual Cortex
OPTIC ATROPHY
Pathological Classification
Ophthalmoscopic Classification
Primary
Secondary
Consecutive
Glaucomatous
Segmental or Partial
Etiological Classification
Consecutive
Circulatory
Pressure and Traction
Inflammation
Toxic
Metabolic
Traumatic Optic Neuropathy Hereditary
Differential Diagnosis
ANTERIOR ISCHEMIC OPTIC NEUROPATHY
Clinical Features
Differential Diagnosis
Arteritic AION
Associated Features
Treatment
PAPILLEDEMA
Pathogenesis
Pathology
Clinical Features
Classification
Early Papilledema
Established Papilledema
Chronic Papilledema
End Stage Papilledema
Etiology
Differential Diagnosis
FFA
Treatment
OPTIC NEURITIS
Pathology
Clinical Features
Investigations
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment
THIRD NERVE PALSY
Causes
Vascular
Inflammatory
Neoplastic
Congenital
Traumatic Unknown (40%)
Differential Diagnosis
Investigations
Localizing the Lesion
Nuclear Complex (in Midbrain @ Superior Colliculus)
Basilar Part (Isolated III n Palsies Common)
Intracavernous Part (Associated with IV n, 1st and 2nd Branches of V n)
Intraorbital Part
Management
FOURTH NERVE PALSY
Clinical Features
Causes (Apart from those Mentioned Above)
Management
Differential Diagnosis
SIXTH NERVE PALSY
Causes
Non-Localizing Causes
Localizing Causes
Clinical Features
Differential Diagnosis
Localize the Lesion
Nucleus
Fasciculus—as the Fibers Pass through
Basilar Part
Intracavernous Part
Intraorbital Part—Supplies the Lateral Rectus
Treatment
TOLOSA-HUNT SYNDROME
Investigations
Treatment
OCULAR MYASTHENIA
Pathology
Epidemiology
Differential Diagnosis
Clinical Features
Investigations
Management
Symptomatic Treatment
Immunotherapies
Surgery
HORIZONTAL GAZE PALSIES
Internuclear Ophthalmoplegia (INO)
Causes
In Right INO
Investigations
Differential Diagnosis
One and a Half Syndrome
HORNER'S SYNDROME
Clinical Features
Causes
Tests
Cocaine Test
Hydroxy Amphetamine (1%) Test
PSEUDOTUMOR CEREBRI
Fundus
Visual Fields
Four Criteria
CHAPTER 10:
Oculoplasty
NON-SPECIFIC ORBITAL INFLAMMATORY DISEASE (NSOID)
Pathology
Types
Clinical Features
Course
Investigations
Subtypes
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment
THYROID-RELATED ORBITOPATHY
Pathology
Pathogenesis
Clinical Features
Werner's Classification (No Specs)
Clinical Features
Soft Tissue Involvement
Lid Retraction—Unilateral or Bilateral
Proptosis: Axial, Permanent in 70%
Restrictive Myopathy
Optic Neuropathy Due to
ORBITAL DECOMPRESSION
Indications
Bony Decompression
Rule of Thumb
Complications
BASAL CELL CARCINOMA
Carcinogenesis
Epidemiology
Risk Factors
Clinical Features
Pathology
Differential Diagnosis
Management
XERODERMA PIGMENTOSUM
Stages
Prophylaxis
SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA
Causes
Premalignant Lesions
Spread
Histopathology
Dyskeratosis
Treatment
Differential Diagnosis
Lids
Conjunctiva
BOWEN'S DISEASE
Etiology
Clinical Features
Types
Differential Diagnosis
Related Conditions
Investigations
Treatment
MEIBOMIAN GLAND CARCINOMA
Sites of Origin
Pathology
Types
Strasma's Criteria
Management
Surgery
Radiotherapy
Chemotherapy
Upper Lid Reconstruction
Lower Lid Reconstruction
Differential Diagnosis
Enucleation
Indications
Evisceration
Indications
Advantages
Disadvantage
Exenteration
LATERAL ORBITOTOMY
Indications
Complications
SOCKET RECONSTRUCTION
Procedure
Indications
Congenital
Acquired
Orbital Implants
BLEPHAROPTOSIS
Classification
Evaluation
Pseudoptosis
Simple Congenital Ptosis
Blepharophimosis Syndrome
Aponeurotic Ptosis
ENTROPION
Types
Involutional/Senile Entropion
Cicatricial Entropion
Congenital Entropion
ECTROPION
Involutional Ectropion
Clinical Features
Treatment
Cicatricial Ectropion
Causes
Treatment
Paralytic Ectropion
Causes
Clinical Features
Treatment
Mechanical Ectropion
Causes
Treatment
PHAKOMATOSES
Tuberous Sclerosis (Bourneville Disease)
Clinical Features
In Eye
Von Hippel-Lindau Disease
In Eye
FFA
Systemic Features
Treatment
Investigations
Neurofibromatosis
Clinical Features
Sturge-Weber Syndrome
Clinical Features
In Eye
Treatment
PROPTOSIS
Causes
Congenital
Inflammatory
Infective
Neoplastic
Vascular
ORBITAL CELLULITIS
Causes
Clinical Features
Complications
Treatment
In Children
In Adults
CAROTICO-CAVERNOUS FISTULA (CCF)
High-flow Ccf
Causes
Clinical Features
Hypoxic Eyeball Syndrome
Pathology
Low-flow Ccf (Indirect/Dural Shunt)
Causes
Clinical Features
Treatment
Cavernous Sinus Thrombosis
OPTIC NERVE GLIOMA
Treatment
OPTIC NERVE MENINGIOMA
RETINOBLASTOMA
Types
Clinical Features
Treatment (Depends on Size and Location)
Small Tumors
Medium Tumors
Large Tumors
CHOROIDAL MELANOMA
Pathological Classification
Clinical Features
Differential Diagnosis
B-Scan
FFA
Color-coded Doppler
CT-scan
Treatment
CHAPTER 11:
Lens
SENILE CATARACT
Morphological Classification
Subcapsular Cataract
Nuclear Cataract Grading
Christmas Tree Cataract
Cortical Cataract Grading
Classification According to Maturity
SECONDARY/COMPLICATED CATARACT
Causes
AFTER CATARACT
Clinical Features
Treatment
Complications
Anterior Capsular Phimosis
ZONULAR CATARACT
Types
ECTOPIA LENTIS
Causes
Hereditary
Acquired
Clinical Features
Treatment
Weil-Marchesani Syndrome
Marfan Syndrome
Ophthalmic Features
Systemic Features
CATARACT SURGERY
Indications
Preoperative Evaluation
INTRAOCULAR LENSES
Designs
Types of Iols
INTRAOCULAR LENS POWER CALCULATION
Based on Measurements
Theoretical Formula
Regression Formula
INTRAOCULAR LENS MALPOSITION
Sunrise Syndrome (IOL Subluxates Superiorly)
Due to
Sunset Syndrome (IOL Subluxates Inferiorly)
Due to
East-West Syndrome (Horizontal Decentration)
Causes of IOL Malposition
Management
AC IOL Decentration can Lead to
Capsular Contraction Syndrome May be Due to
POSTOPERATIVE DECREASE IN VISION
Causes
CHAPTER 12:
Trauma
CHEMICAL INJURIES
Acid Burns
Alkali Burns
Clinical Features
Treatment
Surgery
Classification of Globe Injuries
Blunt Trauma
TRAUMATIC HYPHEMA
Blunt Trauma Causes
Bleeding Occurs from
Fate of the Blood
Grading of Hyphema
Rule Out
Investigations
Treatment
Supportive
Medical
Surgical
Indications for Surgical Removal of Hyphema
Complications of Hyphema
BLOWOUT FRACTURE OF ORBIT
Types
Theories
Clinical Features
Investigations
Management
Medial Wall Fracture
Roof Fracture
Lateral Wall Fracture
INTRAOCULAR FOREIGN BODY
Classification
Metallic
Non-metallic
LOCALIZATION OF INTRAOCULAR FOREIGN BODY
Management
Complications
SIDEROSIS BULBI
Types
Clinical Features
Treatment
CHALCOSIS
Pathology
Clinical Features
Treatment
CHAPTER 13:
Systemic Diseases
EYE IN AIDS
Anterior Segment Manifestations
Posterior Segment Manifestations
Microvasculopathy
Large Vessel Disease
Malignancies
Optic Neuropathies
Opportunistic Infections
CYTOMEGALOVIRUS RETINITIS
Clinical Findings
Management
Treatment of PORN
ACUTE RETINAL NECROSIS
Clinical Features
Diagnostic Criteria (American Uveitis Society)
Treatment
EYE IN TUBERCULOSIS
Clinical Features
Investigations
Treatment
EYE IN SARCOIDOSIS
Clinical Features
Investigations
Treatment
EYE IN SYPHILIS
Acute Plastic Iritis
Gummatous Iritis
Management
BEHÇET'S DISEASE
Clinical Features
Systemic Features
Treatment
Diagnostic Criteria
Differential Diagnosis
EYE IN LEPROSY
Investigations
Decreased Vision Due to
Treatment
Paucibacillary Therapy
Multibacillary Therapy
INDEX
TOC
Index
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