Inderbir Singh’s Textbook of Human Neuroanatomy (Fundamental and Clinical) Pritha S Bhuiyan, Lakshmi Rajgopal, K Shyamkishore
INDEX
Page numbers followed by f refer to figure and t refer to table
A
Acetylcholine 29, 31
Adenohypophysis 172
Adrenaline 29
Agnosia
tactile 195, 196t
verbal 195, 196t
visual 196t
Alexia 195, 196t
Alveus 226
Amnesia 221
Amygdala 207, 209, 214f, 215, 215f
Anencephaly 50, 59
Anaesthesia
caudal 68
dissociated 88
epidural 68
spinal 70
Aneurysm 24
berry 42
Charcot-Bouchard 43, 44f
Angiography 263
MR angiography 265
CT angiography 265
Angle, cerebellopontine 93, 159
Anosmia 125
Aphasia 44, 195, 195f, 196
Broca's (motor) 195f, 196t
classification 196t
Global 196t
Transcortical 195, 196t
Wernicke's (sensory) 195f, 196t
Apraxia 195, 196t
Aprosodia 195, 196t, 197
Arc, reflex 16, 67
Archicerebellum 149f, 150, 150t
Archipallium 189
Archistriatum 207
Arcus
parieto-occipitalis 183
temporo-occipitalis 183
Area
auditory 44, 193
Broca's motor speech 44, 191
Brodmann's 142
cortical vestibular 192
entorhinal 139, 140, 216, 219, 220
motor, primary 189
motor, supplementary 190
parastriate 192
periamygdaloid 139
peristriate 192
postrema 47, 230, 231, 232
precuneus 185
premotor 190
psychovisual 192
sensory 191
septal 14, 172, 217, 220
subcallosal 217
vestibular 91f
Wernicke's sensory speech 192, 195
visual 192
Arteria radicularis magna 71
Artery / Arteries
basilar 3942, 44, 93, 159
Charcot’s, of cerebral haemorrhage 43
central 143
cerebellar, anterior inferior 41, 93, 159
cerebellar, posterior inferior 39, 41, 92, 100, 159, 231
cerebellar, superior 41, 159
cerebral anterior 40, 4245, 178, 194
cerebral, middle 4345, 194, 195, 204, 273
cerebral, posterior 40, 4345, 142, 167, 178, 194, 195, 205
choroidal, anterior 40, 200, 204, 205, 250, 253
communicating, anterior 4143, 178
communicating, posterior 40, 4245, 205
internal carotid 3844, 211, 263
labyrinthine 41
lateral striate 43
lenticulostriate 43
medial striate 43
of Adamkiewicz 71
ophthalmic 38, 40
radicular 71
recurrent, of Heubner 43,205
spinal, anterior 41,62, 6972, 92, 99, 100
spinal, posterior 41, 71, 92
subclavian 40
thalamogeniculate 43
thalamoperforator 43
vertebral 40, 71, 159, 263
vertebrobasilar 39, 40
Aspartate 29
Astereognosis 195, 196t
Asthenia 159
Astigmatism 125
Astrocytes 20, 20f, 21f, 54
Asynergia 159
Ataxia 86, 100, 159
Athetosis 212
Axon 3, 4f, 5
Axolemma 7
Axon hillock 3, 4f
Axoplasmic flow 5
Aqueduct, cerebral 89, 90f, 93, 106, 183, 223
B
Ballismus 212
Band
external, of Baillarger 188
internal, of Baillarger 188
Bag, synaptic 26
Barrier
blood-brain 47, 47f
blood-CSF 232
blood- nerve 7
Bladder
automatic 258
autonomous 258
uninhibited 258
Blindness, colour
blue-yellow 125
red-green 125,88
Block
mandibular nerve 130
neuromuscular 36
Blood supply of
basal nuclei 211
brain 3948
cerebellum 159
cerebral cortex 194, 194f
corpus callosum 200
dura mater 38
hypothalamus 178
internal capsule 204
medulla oblongata 92
midbrain 94
pons 93
spinal cord 7072
thalamus 178
Body
juxtarestiform 155
lateral geniculate 168
mammillary 185
medial geniculate 168
pineal 174, 174f, 227
pontobulbar 98, 99, 157
restiform 155
trapezoid 101f, 102, 103, 144
Bouton terminaux 5
Brachium
inferior 93, 107, 108, 144
superior 93, 109, 127
C
Calamus scriptorius 230
Calcar avis 225
Canal, central
of medulla oblongata 95, 96, 96f, 97
of spinal cord 74, 75, 77t, 78
Capsule
external 208, 208f, 209
internal 198, 200205, 201f, 202f, 203f, 204t
constituent fibres 202204
parts 202
Cartridge, synaptic 26
Cauda equina 62
Cells
basket 151, 152
ependymal 20f, 21
fusiform 186
Golgi 151
granule 138, 151, 152
horizontal, of Cajal 186t, 187f
microglia 20f, 21, 21f
mitral 138
neurogliaform 186
of Martinotti 186
periglomerular 138
Purkinje 151
pyramidal 186
Renshaw 78
satellite 20f
Schwann 11, 20f
stellate 151, 186, 187
stem, neural 23
tufted 138
Cerebellum 56, 147160
connections of 159
cortex of 150
development of 56
external features of 147
functions of 157
grey matter of 151
internal structure of 151
nuclei, functions 157t
nuclei, intracerebellar 153
peduncles of 155, 155f
subdivisions of 150
white matter of 153
Chiasma, optic 140,142
Chorea
Huntington's 23, 211
Sydenham's 211
Chromatolysis 18f
Cingulum 198, 220, 221
Circle of Willis 41, 42f
Circuit, Papez 219f, 220
Circulus arteriosus 41, 42f
Cistern / s
cerebellomedullary 39f, 39t
interpeduncular 39f, 39t
lumbar 70
subarachnoid 39, 39f, 39t, 41
Claustrum 179, 207, 209
Cleft
Schmidt-Lanterman 10, 11f
synaptic 26
Colliculi
facial 95, 102f, 229f, 230
inferior 104
superior 104
Column
Clarke's 75, 77
grey 74, 74f
anterior (or ventral) 74
lateral 74
posterior (or dorsal) 74
Commissure
anterior 199, 220
dorsal white 75
grey 75
habenular 174
hippocampal 199, 219, 221f
posterior 174, 199
ventral white 75
Conduction, saltatory 9
Connexins 28
Connexus, interthalamic 183, 233f, 226
Conus medullaris 61
Cord, spinal 6173
development 54, 55f
enlargements of 62, 62f
external features 61
grey matter 7578
internal structure of 7487
meninges of 6870
white matter 79
Cordotomy 238
Corona radiata 199, 200, 201f, 238, 239, 242
Corpus
callosum 179, 199
cerebelli 148
striatum 207,207f, 208f
Corpuscles
bulbous, of Krause 33, 33f
lamellated, of Pacini 33, 33f
tactile, of Meissner 33, 33f
Cortex, cerebral 179, 196
functional areas 189194
laminae of 187, 187f
lesions of 196t
neurons in 186
structure of 186
types of 188, 189
variation in structure of 188
Cortex, primary olfactory 139
Cranium bifidum 50, 59
Crest, neural 50, 50f
Crus cerebri 57, 89, 104
Curse, Ondine's 245
D
Deafness, sensori-neural 133
Decussation
of pyramids 91, 95, 96f
sensory 96, 97, 236
tegmental, dorsal 108
tegmental, ventral 108
Deformity, Arnold- Chiari 59, 231
Degeneration
neuoronal
anterograde 18, 18f
retrograde 18, 18f
transneuronal 19
subacute combined 86
Dendrite 3, 4, 4f, 5t
Dermatomes 65, 65f, 66, 66f
Diaphragma sellae 37
Diencephalon 2, 57, 51, 52, 114, 161178
Dilator pupillae 254
Diplegia 242
Diplopia 128
Disc, prolapsed intervertebral 86
Disease
Alzheimer's 221
Buerger's 259
Hirschsprung's 50
lower motor neuron 87f, 88
motor neuron 86
Raynaud's 259
Parkinson's 211
sensory neuron 87f, 88
upper motor neuron 85, 87f, 88
Wilson's 213
Dopamine 29
Dysarthria 100, 101, 151, 159
Dysdiadochokinesia 159
E
Electroencephalography (EEG) 262
Electromyography (EMG) 262
Eminence
collateral 226
median 172
medial 229, 230
Encephalitis 24, 47
Encephalocele 59
Endings
annulospiral 35
flower-spray 35
Ruffini 33f, 34
Endoneurium 7
Enophthalmos 100
Ependyma 223
Epiphysis cerebri 174, 174f, 227
Epithalamus 174
Exophthalmos, pulsating 43
Exteroception 235
F
Falx
cerebelli 37
cerebri 37
Fasciculus
arcuate 198
cuneatus 82, 95
fronto-occipital 199
gracilis 82, 95
lenticularis 177, 209
longitudinal
dorsal 110, 171, 172t, 260t
inferior 199
medial 110, 124, 244
superior 198, 199
perpendicular 199
subthalamic 177, 209
thalamic 177
uncinate 198
Fibres
afferent
somatic 13, 13f , 107
visceral 13, 15, 22
arcuate
anterior external 91
internal 97
posterior external 97
association 198
climbing 154
commissural 198,199
corticohypothalamic 171
corticonuclear 102, 104, 105f
corticopontine 102, 104, 105f
corticoreticular 204,204t
corticospinal 101, 104, 105f
corticothalamic 204
efferent 13, 107
somatic 13,15
visceral 13, 15, 22
extrinsic 154
intrinsic 154
mossy 154
myelinated 9,12
nonmyelinated 11
pontocerebellar 102
pyramidal 204
decussating 95
sensory 12, 202
motor
somatic 8
visceral 8
sensory
somatic 8
visceral 8
transverse pontine 102
Field
eye, frontal 190, 191, 196t
eye, occipital 193
visual 141, 141f, 143
Filum terminale 61f, 69
Fimbria 219, 220, 221, 221f
Fissure
anterior median 91
choroid 224
hippocampal 217
horizontal 148,148f, 149f, 155
longitudinal, median 37, 179, 179f, 180
posterolateral 148, 148f, 149f
primary 148, 148f, 149f
transverse 37, 227
Fistula, arteriovenous 43
Flexure
cervical 51
mesencephalic 51
pontine 52
telencephalic 52
Fluid, cerebrospinal 231, 231f
circulation of 231
features of 232
functions of 232
Foramen / foramina
caecum 89
interventricular, of Monro 161, 223
Luschka 229
Magendie 229
Forceps
major 199f, 200
minor 199f, 200
Formation, reticular 111115
of medulla 244
of pons 244
Fornix
commissure of 199, 219, 221f
crus /crura of 220, 221f
dorsal 221
postcommissural 221
precommissural 221
Fossa
interpeduncular 93, 185
rhomboid 229
Fovea
centralis 140
inferior 229f, 230
superior 229f, 230
Fracture, vertebral 86
Functional MRI (fMRI) 266
Funiculus
anterior, of spinal cord 75, 79t
lateral, of spinal cord 75, 79t
posterior, of spinal cord 74, 79t
separans 232
G
Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) 29
Ganglion / ganglia 12
autonomic 6, 15, 50
basal 41, 115, 158, 178, 179, 207213
cervical sympathetic 175, 254, 256
ciliary 125, 127
conarii 174
dorsal nerve root 63, 54, 63f
geniculate 130, 131, 144
glossopharyngeal 133
inferior cervical 133
lumbosacral 259
otic 145, 255
pterygopalatine 122, 130, 255
sacral sympathetic 60
sensory 6, 7, 15
spinal 15, 16, 54, 63, 132
spiral 143
stellate 259
submandibular 130
sympathetic 15
thoracic sympathetic 247
trigeminal 123, 128, 129, 132
vagal, superior 134, 134f
vagal, inferior 134, 134f
vestibular 123, 132
Geniculum of facial nerve 103
Glioblasts 53
Gliosomes 20
Globus pallidus 179, 179f
Glomeruli, synaptic 26
Glutamate 29
Glycine 29
Granulation, arachnoidal 38
Granules, Nissl's 53
Gyrus
ambiens 139
angular 183
cingulate 267
cuneate 185
cuneolingual, anterior 185
dentate 217
fasciolaris 214, 215f, 217, 219
frontal, inferior 182
frontal, medial 185
frontal, middle 182
frontal, superior 182
hippocampal 23
lingual 186, 192
occipitotemporal, medial 186
occipitotemporal, lateral 186
olfactory, lateral 139
orbital 185, 190, 220
parahippocampal 186
paraterminal 184, 217
parolfactory 184
postcentral 183
precentral 173, 182
rectus 185
semilunaris 139
splenial 217
supramarginal 183
temporal, anterior 144
temporal, inferior 183
temporal, middle 183, 192
temporal, posterior 144
temporal, superior 183, 192
temporal, transverse 183, 192f, 193
H
Haematoma
extradural 39
subdural 39
Hemiplegia 44, 85, 191, 195, 196 205
alternating 103f, 104
spastic 43
Haemorrhage
cerebral 43
pontine 104
subarachnoid 42
Hemianopia
heteronymous 143
homonymous 44, 45, 143
Hemiballismus 213
Hemisphere(s), cerebral 179
borders of 180, 180f
gross anatomy 180
lobes of 181
poles of 180
sulci and gyri 180
surfaces of 180
white matter of 198205
Herpes zoster 64
Hindbrain 54
development of 54
Hippocampus 215f, 219f
formation 217
connections 219
Histamine 29
Horn
ammon's 217
anterior, of lateral ventricle 224
inferior, of lateral ventricle 225, 225f
posterior, of lateral ventricle 225, 225f
Hydrocephalus 59, 233
congenital 60
Hypermetropia 125
Hypertonia 31
Hypoalgesia 85
Hypoesthesia 85
Hypophysis cerebri 172
Hypothalamus 169174, 179
connections of 171
fibre bundles, associated 172
functions of 173
mammillary region of 169
nuclei of 169, 170f
preoptic region of 169
subdivisions of 169
supraoptic region of 169
tuberal region of 169
Hypotonia 31
I
Imaging, magnetic resonance (MRI) 265
Indusium griseum 200, 217
Infarcts, transcortical 195
Innervation, autonomic
of bronchi 257
of eyeball 254
of GIT 257
of heart 256
of lacrimal gland 255
of salivary glands 255
of urinary bladder 258
Innervation, segmental 65
Insula 183
Internode 7, 9
Interoception 235
Island of Reil 181
Isthmus 214, 215f
J
Jaundice 47
Junction, neuromuscular 29, 30f, 31f
K
Kernicterus 47
L
Lamina
external medullary, of lentiform nucleus 208
external medullary, of thalamus 163
internal medullary, of lentiform nucleus 208
internal medullary, of thalamus 163, 163f, 164
Law, Semon's 134
Lemniscus
medial 236
lateral 144,144f
trigeminal 122, 236, 240
spinal 239
Ligamenta denticulata 69, 69f
Linea splendens 69f
Lissencephaly 60
Lobe/s
frontal 181, 182
insular 181
limbic 181
occipital 181, 183
of cerebral hemisphere 181
parietal 181, 183
piriform 139
temporal 181, 183
Lobule
inferior parietal 182f, 183, 195, 196t
paracentral 181, 184f
superior parietal 182f, 183, 192, 195
Loop
cerebellar 242
Meyer's 142
M
Macrocephaly 50, 60
Macula lutea 140
Mater
arachnoid
cranial 37, 38,
spinal 69
dura
cranial 37
spinal 68
pia
cranial 37, 38,
spinal 69
Medulla oblongata 9092, 95100
clinical syndromes associated 100
external features 90
internal features 95100
mid-olivary level 98
pyramidal decussation level 95
sensory decussation level 96
Medulloblastoma 231
Medulloblasts 54
Megacolon, aganglionic 50
Melatonin 174
Meningioma 86
Meningocele 59, 59f
Meningoencephalocele 59
Meningomyelocele 59
Tactile menisci 33, 33f
Mesaxon 9, 10f
Mesencephalon 51
Metathalamus 168, 168f
Metencephalon 2
Microcephaly 50, 60
Microtubule 3
Midbrain 57, 93, 104116
development of 57
external features 93
internal features
at inferior colliculi level 106, 107, 107f
at superior colliculi level 108, 109f
Monoplegia 191
faciobrachial 43
Muscles
segmental innervation of 67
Myasthenia gravis 29, 36
Myelinogenesis 11
Myelitis 24
viral transverse 86
Myelocele 59
Myelography 263
Myopia 125
N
Neocerebellum 149f, 150, 150t
Neopallium 189
Neostriatum 207
Nerve/s
abducent 89, 93, 117, 121, 125, 127,135
accessory 89, 121, 135
attachment of cranial 90
cranial 1f, 2,2t, 6t
craniospinal 2
facial 89, 93, 117, 121, 130, 135
glossopharyngeal 8, 117, 133, 135
hypoglossal 89, 117, 121, 135
oculomotor 89, 117, 121, 125, 127, 135
olfactory 117, 121, 124, 135
optic 117,121, 125, 141, 135
pelvic splanchnic 77, 78, 251, 253, 253f
peripheral 2t, 7, 8t, 12
spinal accessory 117,121, 135
spinal 1f, 2, 2t, 6t, 63, 63f
trigeminal 89, 93, 117, 121, 128, 135
trochlear 89, 117, 121, 125, 127, 135
vagus 2, 39,117, 120,121, 130, 133, 135
vestibulocochlear 89, 93, 117, 121, 132, 133, 135, 145
Nervus conarii 174
Neuralgia, trigeminal 130
Neurilemma 9
Neurites 3
axon 3
dendrites 3
Neuritis, ischaemic 20
Neurobiotaxis 22
Neuroblast 52, 53, 53f
apolar 52
Neurofibromatosis 50
Neuroglia 2, 12, 20
Neurohormones 29
Neurohypophysis 172
Neuroma 19
Neuromediators 29
Neuromodulators 29
Neurons
afferent 15, 15f
alpha (a) motor 78
bipolar 5, 6f, 6t, 53
efferent 13, 14, 16
internuncial 16
gamma (g) motor 78
Golgi type I 6, 6t, 16
Golgi type II 6, 6t, 16
interneurons 78
motor, lower 80, 80f, 85t
motor, upper 80
multipolar 5, 6f, 6t, 53
postganglionic 14, 248
preganglionic 14, 248
pseudounipolar 6
unipolar 6, 6f, 6t, 53
Neuropil 5, 188
Neurotransmitters 29
Neurulation 49
Nodes of Ranvier 7
Noradrenaline 29, 30, 31
Notch, tentorial 38
Nucleus/Nuclei
abducent 103, 118f, 119, 119f, 120f
accessory 76f
ambiguus 12, 92, 118, 119, 120, 120f
arcuate 97, 99
basal 207213
basolateral 216
caudate 43, 46, 58, 179, 207
centromedian 164
cochlear 56, 123
dorsal 144
ventral 144
cuneate, accessory 97
cuneatus 97
dentate 57, 153
Deiters’ 123
dorsalis (Clarke's column) 7577
Edinger-Westphal 108, 120, 254
emboliform 57
facial 103, 120
fastigial 57, 153
globose 57, 153
gracilis 97
gustatory 145
habenular 174, 175
hypoglossal 92, 97, 98, 119
hypothalamic 169
intermediolateral 77, 77f
intermediomedial 76f, 77
intracerebellar 150, 153
intralaminar 164
lateral dorsal 164
lateral reticular 97, 164
lentiform 43, 58, 179, 207, 208
lumbosacral 75, 76f
main sensory, of trigeminal 103, 104f, 122
marginal 75
medial dorsal 163
mesencephalic of trigeminal 106, 122
midline 167
motor, of trigeminal nerve 118f, 119t, 120, 120f
of spinal tract of trigeminal nerve 118f, 119f, 120f, 122
of solitary tract 122
oculomotor 12, 108, 118f, 119, 119f, 120f
accessory 118, 118f, 119f, 120f
olfactory, anterior 138
olivary 55, 81, 95
accessory, dorsal 98
accessory, medial 97
inferior 91
superior 103, 144f
superior, medial 144
parabrachial 171, 216
phrenic 75, 76f
pontine 22, 56, 101
posteromarginal 76f
pretectal 108, 127
proprius 75, 76, 77, 83
pulvinar 164
red 12, 22, 57, 80, 106, 108, 109, 109f
reticular 176
retrodorsolateral 76
salivary (salivatory) 121
sensory 122
septal 217
spinal, of accessory nerve 75
spinal, of the trigeminal nerve 92, 95, 103
substantia gelatinosa 76
subthalamic 177, 207
trapezoid 144
trigeminal 103, 120
trochlear 106, 107, 118f, 119, 119t, 120f
vagal, dorsal 118f, 119f, 120f, 122
ventral anterior 164
ventral intermediate 164
ventral lateral 76
ventral posterior 164
ventral posterolateral 164
ventral posteromedial 164
ventromedial 76
vestibular 103, 123,181, 244
O
Obex 230
Oligodendroblasts 54
Oligodendrocytes 20f, 21, 21f, 54
Olive 89f, 91, 92f
Operculum
frontal 183
frontoparietal 183
temporal 183
Ophthalmoplegia
infranuclear 128
internuclear 128
supranuclear 128
Organ
Golgi tendon 34, 34f
subcommissural 232
subfornical 232
Organum vasculosum 47, 232
Oxytocin 172
Outflow
craniosacral 248f
sacral 77, 258
thoracolumbar 77, 248, 248f
P
Pain, referred 85, 253
Paleocerebellum 149f, 150, 150t
Paleopallium 189
Paleostriatum 207
Pallidum, ventral 207, 210
Palsy
bulbar 99, 100
pseudobulbar 100
Saturday night 20
shaking 211
Papilloedema 232
Paralysis 7,44, 85, 128, 131, 132
agitans 106, 211
flaccid 85
infranuclear 132
of abducent nerve 128
of facial nerve 131, 131f
of oculomotor nerve 128
of trochlear nerve 128
spastic 85
supranuclear 132
Paraplegia 85
Paresthesias 85
Parkinsonism 106, 211
Pars
compacta 209
opercularis 182, 182f
orbitalis 182, 182f
reticularis 210
triangularis 182, 182f
Pathways
spinothalamic, anterolateral 238
auditory 143
cortico-reticulo-spinal 112
auditory, descending 168
efferent, autonomic 247
common, final 245
for voluntary motor activity 245
gustatory 144
olfactory 137, 138f, 171, 220
spinocerebellar 8384, 241
visual 140143
lesions of 143
Peduncles 57
cerebral 93
inferior cerebellar 57, 91, 155, 155f, 156t
mammillary 171, 172t
middle cerebellar 155, 155f, 156t
superior cerebellar 57, 102, 155, 155f, 156t
thalamic 165, 202, 202f
Perineurium 7
Pinealocytes 174
Plate
motor end 30
neural 49,49f
Plexus
Batson's 68
choroid 227231
of fourth ventricle 227, 231
of lateral ventricle 227
of third ventricle 227
ganglionated 12
myenteric 254
submucosal 254
venous, internal vertebral 68, 70, 72
Poliomyelitis 5, 86
Pons 56, 90, 101
development of 56
external features 90
internal features 101104
Presbyopia 125
Proprioception 235
Prosencephalon 51
Protein, microtubule associated (MAP-2) 3
Ptosis 100t, 255
Puberty, precocious 175
Puncture
cisternal 232
lumbar 70,70f, 232
Pulvinar 164
Pupil, Argyll-Robertson 127
Putamen 179
Pyramid 91, 99
Q
Quadriplegia 85
R
Rabies 5
Rachischisis, posterior 50, 59, 59f
Radiography, plain 263
Receptors
baroreceptors 32
chemoreceptors 32
cutaneous 32
epithelial 32
exteroceptors 32
interoceptors32
mechanoreceptors 32
Merkel cell 33, 33f
neuroepithelial 32
neuronal 32
nociceptors 32
osmoreceptors 32
photoreceptors 32
proprioceptors 32, 34
sensory 26, 32
special sense 32
thermoreceptors 32
Recess/es
infundibular 227, 233f
lateral 228, 229f
lateral dorsal 228f, 229, 229f
median dorsal 228, 229f
pineal 227
optic 227, 233f
suprapineal227, 233f
Reflex
accommodation 127
carotid sinus 133
consensual light 127
cremasteric 68t
extensor 16
flexor 16
gag 133
masseteric 68
monosynaptic 16, 16f
myotatic or stretch 67
plantar 68
polysynaptic 16, 17f
pupillary light 127
tendon
Achilles 68t
biceps 68t
patellar 68t
triceps 68t
wrist 68t
Ribbon, synaptic 28
Rigidity
decerebrate 244
decorticate 244
Rhombencephalon 51
Rudiment, prehippocampal 217
S
Scan
computerised tomographic (CT scan) 263
positron emission tomographic (PET scan) 266
single photon emission computerized tomographic (SPECTscan) 266
Sclerosis, multiple 10, 20, 24, 86
Segments, spinal 64, 64t
Seizures, epileptic 196
Sheath
myelin 9, 9f
neurilemmal 9
Schwann cell 9
Sign
Babinski 68
Queckenstedt's 233
Romberg's 86, 159
Sinus
cavernous 43, 45
confluence of venous sinuses 37, 38
intercavernous
anterior 38
posterior 38
occipital 38, 45
petrosal 38, 45
sigmoid 45
sphenoparietal 45
straight 37, 38, 45
sagittal
inferior 37, 45
superior 37, 45
transverse 38, 45
venous, dural 37
Skiagraphy, plain 263
Sonography, transcranial Doppler 265
Space
epidural /extradural 37, 68
subarachnoid 39
subdural 39
subpial 37, 39
Virchow-Robin 40f
Spectroscopy, proton magnetic resonance 266
Sphincter pupillae 254
Spina bifida 50, 59, 86
Spongioblasts 52, 54
Spot, blind 140
Squint/strabismus 128
Stria
medullaris 91, 99
olfactory 138139
intermediate 139
lateral 138,139
medial 139
medullaris thalami / habenularis 162, 175
terminalis 220
Striatum, ventral 207, 210
Subiculum 218, 219f
Substance, Nissl 3, 4f
Substantia gelatinosa of Rolando 77, 83
Substantia nigra 57, 89, 104, 105, 209
Sulcus/Sulci
anterolateral 91
calcarine 185, 192
callosal 185
central 81
cingulate 185
collateral 186
frontal
inferior 182f
superior 182f
hypothalamic 161
intraparietal 183
lateral 181
anterior ramus 182f
ascending ramus 182f
posterior ramus 182f
limitans 54, 55f
occipitotemporal 186
olfactory 185
orbital 185
parieto-occipital 181, 185
parolfactory 217
precentral 182f
postcentral 182f
posterior median 91
posterolateral 63, 91
rhinal 186
suprasplenial 185
temporal 183
inferior 183
superior 183
Synapse 26, 26f
asymmetric 27
axoaxonal 27
axodendritic 27
axosomatic 27
chemical 28
electrical 28
somatodendritic 27
somatosomatic 27
symmetric 27
Syndrome
acute amnestic 221
anterior spinal artery 72, 86, 87f
Babinski-Nageotte 100t
balaclava helmet 238
Benedikt 110t, 111f
Brown-Sequard 86, 87f
cauda equina 86, 86t
cerebellar 159
conus medullaris 86, 86t
conus-cauda 258
Dandy-Walker 60
Dejerine's anterior bulbar 99, 100t, 100f
flocconodular 159
Frey's 19
Horner's 100t, 255, 259
Kluver-Bucy 217, 221
lateral medullary 99, 100t, 101f
locked-in 104
medial medullary 99, 100t, 100f
Millard-Gubler 103t, 105f
Parinaud 110t
Raymond-Foville 103t, 105f
tethered cord 86
thalamic 167
Wallenberg /PICA 99, 100t, 101f
Weber 110t, 111f
Syringomyelia 86, 87f, 88f
System
ascending reticular activating (ARAS) 112
autonomic nervous 247
enteric nervous 247
limbic 214222
components of 215
functions of 215
noradrenergic 114
serotoninergic raphe 112
T
Tabes dorsalis 86
Taenia
of fourth ventricle 230
thalami 162
Tanycytes 232
Tapetum 200
Techniques, imaging 262
Tectum 104, 244
Tegmentum 102, 104, 106f
Tela choroidea 161, 224, 227, 231
lateral ventricles 227
third ventricle 227
fourth ventricle 230
Telencephalon 2, 51, 52, 57
development of 57
Telodendria 5
Tentorium cerebelli 37, 147
Test
caloric 133
Rinne's 133
Weber's 133
Tetanus 5
Thalamus
dorsal 161178
connections of 164,165f
nuclei 163,163t, 164f
ventral 176
Thrombosis, cerebral 205
Tract/s
ascending, of spinal cord 78, 79t, 82
corticonuclear 241
corticospinal (pyramidal) 79, 80, 95, 242
anterior 80
lateral 79, 95
ventral 95
descending, of spinal cord 79, 79t
extrapyramidal 241
geniculocalcarine 140
habenulopeduncular 175
habenulopineal 174, 175
intersegmental 78
mammillothalamic 220
olfactory 138
olivocerebellar 99
olivospinal 81, 95
optic 140, 185
paraventriculo-hypophyseal 172
parolivo-cerebellar 99
posterior column 82
reticulospinal 81
lateral 81f
medial 81
rubrospinal 80, 95, 99
solitario-hypothalamic 145
solitario-thalamic 145
solitary 145
spinal tract of the trigeminal nerve 99
spinocerebellar 84, 96, 99, 241
spino-olivary 84, 96, 240
spinoreticular 240
spinotectal 84, 96, 99
spinothalamic 79, 82, 96, 99
spinomesencephalic 84
spinoreticular 84
anterior and lateral 82
supraopticohypophyseal 172
tectospinal 81, 96, 99
tegmental, central 109f
vestibulospinal 81, 95, 99
lateral 81
medial 81
Tractography, MR 267
Triangle 89, 91
hypoglossal 89
vagal 89, 91
Trigone 223
habenular 175
Tube, neural 49, 51
formation 49
subdivisions 51
Tuber cinereum 185
Tubercle
cuneate 90f, 91f, 92
gracile 90f, 91f, 92
olfactory 139
Tuberculum cinereum 92
U
Unit, motor 14, 14f
V
Vasocorona
arterial 70
venous 72
Vasopressin 172
Vein/s
basal 46
cerebral
anterior 46
deep 46
deep middle 46
great 45, 45t, 46
inferior 45
internal 46, 47
superficial middle 45, 45t
superior 45, 45f
jugular, internal 45
striate
inferior 46, 47
superior 47
thalamostriate 45t, 46
Velum, medullary 228
inferior 228
superior 228
Venous drainage of
cerebellum 47
cerebral hemisphere 45, 46t
cerebrum 45t, 45f
corpus striatum 47
internal capsule 47
medulla oblongata 47
midbrain 47
pons 47
spinal cord 73
thalamus 47
Ventricle/s 223233, 223f
fourth 223,227
lateral 223
third 223, 226
Ventriculography 233
Villi, arachnoidal 38
W
Web, synaptic 26
Word deafness 193, 195
Word blindness 195, 196
Z
Zona incerta 161t, 176, 176f
×
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1Inderbir Singh's Textbook of HUMAN NEUROANATOMY2
Late Professor Inderbir Singh (1930–2014)
3Inderbir Singh's Textbook of HUMAN NEUROANATOMY
(Fundamental and Clinical)
Ninth Edition
Revised and Edited by PRITHA S BHUIYAN MBBS MS (Anatomy) PGDME Professor and Head, Department of Anatomy Seth GS Medical College & KEM Hospital Mumbai, Maharashtra, India LAKSHMI RAJGOPAL MBBS MS (General Surgery) DNB (Anatomy) MNAMS (Anatomy) Professor (Additional), Department of Anatomy Seth GS Medical College & KEM Hospital Mumbai, Maharashtra, India K SHYAMKISHORE MBBS MS (Anatomy) Professor (Additional), Department of Anatomy Seth GS Medical College & KEM Hospital Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
4
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© 2014, Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers
The views and opinions expressed in this book are solely those of the original contributor(s)/author(s) and do not necessarily represent those of editor(s) of the book.
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission in writing of the publishers.
All brand names and product names used in this book are trade names, service marks, trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective owners. The publisher is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book.
Medical knowledge and practice change constantly. This book is designed to provide accurate, authoritative information about the subject matter in question. However, readers are advised to check the most current information available on procedures included and check information from the manufacturer of each product to be administered, to verify the recommended dose, formula, method and duration of administration, adverse effects and contraindications. It is the responsibility of the practitioner to take all appropriate safety precautions. Neither the publisher nor the author(s)/editor(s) assume any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property arising from or related to use of material in this book.
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Textbook of Human Neuroanatomy
First Edition
: 1997
Seventh Edition
: 2006
Reprint
: 2008
Eighth Edition
: 2009
Reprint
: 2010
Revised & Updated Eighth Edition
: 2013
Ninth Edition
: 2014
9789350905296
Printed at
5Preface to the Ninth Edition
Professor Inderbir Singh has been a doyen in the field of Anatomy, and he has been looked upon as a guide and mentor by many students and teachers. So, it is indeed a great honour for us to edit the ninth edition of ‘Inderbir Singh's Textbook of Human Neuroanatomy (Fundamental and Clinical). While editing this book has provided us an opportunity to revisit neuroanatomy, we have enjoyed this relook thoroughly.
To highlight what the students should learn from each chapter, ‘Specific Learning Objectives’ have been added. A comprehensive rearrangement of chapters has been done to make it easy for the students to understand the subject. Important clinical conditions are given as ‘Clinical Correlation’ in Boxes. Validated ‘Multiple Choice Questions’ have been added at the end of each chapter for self-assessment. New diagrams and photographs of dissected and plastinated specimens have been incorporated to make it reader friendly. New tables and flow charts have been inserted for making comprehension of neuroanatomy easy. The chapter on ‘Imaging Techniques of the Central Nervous System’ is updated completely keeping in mind the emerging trends in newer imaging techniques.
We are grateful to the Dean, Seth GS Medical College and KEM Hospital, for giving us the permission to edit this book. We are also thankful to Dr HD Deshmukh, Professor and Head, Department of Radiology for providing us CT scans and MRI scans. Our special acknowledgement to Mr. Prashant Jadhav for helping us with the photography. Our special thanks to all our students for making us take up this challenging task despite our academic and administrative responsibilities. We thank our family members for their continued support.
We hope that this edition will be useful to the students and teachers interested in neuroanatomy, and we welcome feedback from the readers to improve future editions.
Pritha S Bhuiyan, Lakshmi Rajgopal, K Shyamkishore
6
7Foreword (to the Eighth Edition)
My tryst with Neuroanatomy began in earnest as a postgraduate. But the seeds were sown as an undergraduate 1st year medical student. Today, as I stand on the verge of superannuation, having taught neuroanatomy for the last 40 years, I have been asked to write a foreword for Prof. Inderbir Singh's revised and updated reprint of 8th edition of the Textbook of Human Neuroanatomy for the undergraduate medical students which brings me to a full circle. I tried to recall, as an undergraduate, what is it that would have enticed me to read a neuroanatomy book. As I began pouring through the pages of Prof. Inderbir Singh's textbook, I found the answers—the easy readable style, the sifting of the essentials for a student to comprehend a majorly complex subject and the simple, easily reproducible illustrations. It is these qualities which form the backbone of this treatise that seem to have attracted the student to this book and made it a popular reading for the 1st year medical student for the last so many years.
Prof. Inderbir Singh's unending zeal and love for the students has made us see eight editions of the book with each one adding a new facet. In this revised and updated reprint of eighth edition too one sees many more illustrations for better understanding of the subject. I am sure the students are going to find as always that the book is updated, explanatory and relevant to meet their requirements.
SHASHI WADHWA ms, phd
Dean, Professor and Head, Department of Anatomy
All India Institute of Medical Sciences
8
9Preface to the Eighth Edition
I have great pleasure in presenting the eighth edition of TEXTBOOK OF HUMAN NEUROANATOMY.
As in previous editions, the main effort has been to present a complicated subject in as simple a manner as possible. The major problem that faces the author of any student textbook is to decide just how much to include out of the limitless volume of information available. Some facts are such that no student can afford to be without them. However, these essentials are often wrapped up in a huge mass of detail which often serves only to obscure the important principles relevant to future clinical studies. It is for this reason that, in this edition, essential matter is clearly demarcated from more advanced detail. Clinical matter is similarly demarcated.
In this edition the book has been given a strong clinical orientation which will appeal specially to advanced students.
I am much obliged to Shri Jitendar P Vij, Group Chairman, M/s Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd, New Delhi, for being always extremely helpful and accommodating. His hard work and pleasant nature make him a delight to work with.
I continue to be obliged to Prof SC Srivastava, and Dr RK Yadav for very kindly providing a number of photographs.
As always, I am deeply indebted to readers who have sent words of encouragement and suggestions for improvement. I am grateful to all students who have read this book, because without them the book would have no reason to exist.
Inderbir Singh