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Paniker’s Textbook of Medical Parasitology
CK Jayaram Paniker, Sougata Ghosh
1:
General Introduction: Parasitology
Introduction
Parasites
Host
Zoonosis
Host-parasite Relationships
Life Cycle of Parasites
Sources of Infection
Modes of Infection
Pathogenesis
Immunity in Parasitic Infection
Immune Evasion
Vaccination
Laboratory Diagnosis
Microscopy
Stool Examination
Blood Examination
Urine Examination
Sputum Examination
Cerebrospinal Fluid Examination
Tissue and Aspirates Examination
Genital Specimen Examination
Culture
Serological Tests
Antigen Detection
Antibody Detection
Skin Test
Molecular Diagnosis
Animal Inoculation
Xenodiagnosis
Imaging
Hematology
2:
Protozoa
General Features
Structure
Cytoplasm
Nucleus
Reproduction
Asexual Reproduction
Sexual Reproduction
Life Cycle
Classification of Protozoa
Phylum Sarcomastigophora
Amoebae
Flagellates
Phylum Apicomplexa
Phylum Ciliophora
Phylum Microspora
3:
Amoebae
Entamoeba Histolytica
History and Distribution
Morphology
Trophozoite
Precystic Stage
Cystic Stage
Life Cycle
Pathogenesis and Clinical Features
Intestinal Amoebiasis
Clinical Features of Intestinal Amoebiasis
Extraintestinal Amoebiasis
Hepatic Amoebiasis
Pulmonary Amoebiasis
Metastatic Amoebiasis
Cutaneous Amoebiasis
Genitourinary Amoebiasis
Laboratory Diagnosis
Diagnosis of Intestinal Amoebiasis
Mucosal Scrapings
Stool Culture
Serodiagnosis
Molecular Diagnosis
Diagnosis of Extraintestinal Amoebiasis
Immunity
Treatment
Prophylaxis
Entamoeba Coli
Entamoeba Hartmanni
Entamoeba Gingivalis
Endolimax Nana
Iodamoeba Buetschlii
Naegleria Fowleri
History and Distribution
Morphology
Trophozoite Stage
Cyst Stage
Life Cycle
Pathogenecity and Clinical Features
Laboratory Diagnosis
Cerebrospinal Fluid Examination
Culture
Molecular Diagnosis
Treatment
Acanthamoeba Species
Distribution
Morphology
Life Cycle
Pathogenesis and Clinical Features
Clinical Disease
Laboratory Diagnosis
Treatment
Balamuthia Mandrillaris
Morphology
Clinical Disease
Laboratory Diagnosis
4:
Intestinal, Oral, and Genital Flagellates
Giardia Lamblia
History and Distribution
Habitat
Morphology
Trophozoite
Cyst
Life Cycle
Pathogenicity and Clinical Features
Laboratory Diagnosis
Stool Examination
Serodiagnosis
Molecular Method
Treatment
Prophylaxis
Trichomonas
Trichomonas Vaginalis
History and Distribution
Morphology
Habitat
Life Cycle
Pathogenesis
Clinical Features
Laboratory Diagnosis
Treatment
Prophylaxis
Trichomonas Tenax
Trichomonas Hominis
Chilomastix Mesnili
Enteromonas Hominis
Retortamonas Intestinalis
Dientamoeba Fragilis
5:
Hemoflagellates
General Characteristics
Trypanosomes
General Characters
Trypanosoma Brucei Gambiense (West African Trypanosomiasis)
History and Distribution
Habitat
Morphology
Vertebrate Forms
Insect Forms
Antigenic Variation
Life Cycle
Development in Man and Other Vertebrate Hosts
Development in Tsetse Fly
Pathogenecity and Clinical Features
Trypanosoma Brucei Rhodesiense (East African Trypanosomiasis)
Pathogenesis and Clinical Feature
Laboratory Diagnosis
Non-specific Findings
Specific Findings
Microscopy
Culture
Animal Inoculation
Serodiagnosis
Molecular Diagnosis
Imaging
Treatment
Dose
Prophylaxis
Trypanosoma Cruzi
History and Distribution
Habitat
Morphology
Amastigote
Trypomastigote
Epimastigote Form
Life Cycle
Development in Man
Development in Reduviid Bugs
Pathogenecity and Clinical Features
Acute Chagas’ Disease
Chronic Chagas’ Disease
Congenital Infection
Laboratory Diagnosis
Microscopy
Culture
Animal Inoculation
Xenodiagnosis
Histopathology
Serology
Intradermal Test
Molecular Diagnosis
Other Tests
Treatment
Prophylaxis
Trypanosoma Rangeli
Leishmania
General Characteristics
Classification
Old World Leishmaniasis
Leishmania Donovani
History and Distribution
Habitat
Morphology
Amastigote
Promastigote
Life Cycle
Pathogenicity
Clinical Features of Kala-Azar
Post Kala-azar Dermal Leishmaniasis
Immunity
Laboratory Diagnosis
Direct Evidence
Indirect Evidences
Diagnosis of PKDL
Treatment
Pentavalent Antimonial Compound
Amphotericin B
Paromomycin
Miltefosine
Prophylaxis
Leishmania Tropica Complex
History and Distribution
Habitat
Morphology
Life Cycle
Pathology
Clinical Features
Laboratory Diagnosis
Microscopy
Culture
Skin Test
Serology
Treatment
Prophylaxis
New World Leishmaniasis
L. braziliensis complex and L. mexicana complex
History and Distribution
Habitat
Morphology
Life Cycle
Clinical Features
Pian Bois
Laboratory Diagnosis
Microscopy
Biopsy
Culture
Serology
Skin Test
Treatment
Prophylaxis
6:
Malaria and Babesia
Classification
Malaria Parasite
History and Distribution
Vectors
Life Cycle
Human Cycle (Schizogony)
Pre-erythrocytic (Tissue) Stage or Exoerythrocytic Stage
Erythrocytic Stage
Gametogony
The Mosquito Cycle (Sporogony)
Types of Malarial Parasites
Plasmodium Vivax
Plasmodium Falciparum
Plasmodium Malariae
Plasmodium Ovale
Mixed Infections
Pathogenesis
Clinical Features
Benign Malaria
Malignant Tertian Malaria
Merozoite-induced Malaria
Tropical Splenomegaly Syndrome
Immunity
Innate Immunity
Acquired Immunity
Recrudescence and Relapse
Recrudescence
Relapse
Laboratory Diagnosis
Demonstration of Parasite by Microscopy
Quantitative Buffy Coat, Smear
Microconcentration Technique
Culture of Malaria Parasites
Serodiagnosis
Newer Methods of Diagnosis
Fluoroscence Microscopy
Rapid Antigen Detection Tests
Parasite-F Test
Dual Antigen Test
Molecular Diagnosis
DNA Probe
Polymerase Chain Reaction
Other Tests
Treatment
Treatment of Uncomplicated Malaria
Treatment of Complicated (Falciparum) Malaria
Drug Resistance of Malarial Parasite
Prophylaxis
Malaria Vaccine
Vector Control Strategies
Anti-larval Measures
Integrated Control
Malaria Control Programmes
Babesia Species
Classification
History and Distribution
Habitat
Morphology
Life Cycle
Pathogenecity and Clinical Features
Laboratory Diagnosis
Microscopy
Polymerase Chain Reaction
Serology
Blood Picture
Other Tests
Treatment
Prophylaxis
7:
Coccidia
Toxoplasma Gondii
History and Distribution
Morphology
Trophozoites (Tachyzoites)
Tissue Cyst
Oocyst
Life Cycle
Enteric Cycle
Exoenteric Cycle
Pathogenicity and Clinical Features
Congenital Toxoplasmosis
Acquired Toxoplasmosis
Ocular Toxoplasmosis
Toxoplamosis in Immunocompromised Patients
Host Immunity
Laboratory Diagnosis
Microscopy
Animal Inoculation
Serodiagnosis
Molecular Methods
Imaging
Treatment
Congenital Toxoplasmosis
Immunocompetent Patients
Immunocompromised Patients
Prophylaxis
Control
ISOSPORA BELLI
History and Distribution
Morphology
Life Cycle
Clinical Features
Laboratory Diagnosis
Stool Examination
Duodenal Aspirates
Intestinal Biopsy
Others
Treatment
Cryptosporidium Parvum
History and Distribution
Habitat
Morphology
Life Cycle
Pathogenicity and Clinical Features
Laboratory Diagnosis
Stool Examination
Histopathological Examination
Serodiagnosis
Molecular Diagnosis
Treatment
Cyclospora Cayetanensis
Morphology
Life Cycle
Pathogenecity and Clinical features
Diagnosis
Stool Examination
Histopathology
Treatment
Blastocystis Hominis
Habitat
Morphology
Pathogenicity and Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Treatment
Sarcocystis
Clinical Features
Laboratory Diagnosis
Stool Examination
Muscular Sarcocystosis
Treatment
Prophylaxis
8:
Microspora
History and Distribution
Morphology
Life Cycle
Clinical Features
Laboratory Diagnosis
Microscopy
Cell Culture
Molecular Diagnosis
Treatment
Prophylaxis
9:
Pneumocystis Jirovecii
History and Distribution
Habitat
Morphology
Trophozoite
Cyst
Life cycle
Pathogenesis
Clinical Features
Laboratory Diagnosis
Microscopy
Biopsy
Serodiagnosis
Antibody Detection
Antigen Detection
Molecular Diagnosis
Radiology
Treatment
Prophylaxis
10:
Balantidium Coli
History and Distribution
Habitat
Morphology
Trophozoite
Cyst
Life Cycle
Pathogenesis
Clinical Features
Laboratory Diagnosis
Stool Examination
Biopsy
Culture
Treatment
Prophylaxis
11:
Helminths: General Features 11
Introduction
Phylum Platyhelminthes
Class Cestoda
Class Trematoda
Phylum Nemathelminthes (Nematoda)
Important Features of Helminths
Adult Worms
Eggs
Larval Forms
Multiplication
Zoological Classification of Helminths
Phylum Platyhelminthes
Class Trematoda
Class Cestoda
Phylum Nemathelminthes
12:
Cestodes: Tapeworms
Classification of Cestodes
Systemic Classification
Classification of Cestodes Based on the Form of Parasite Important to Man
Tapeworms: General Characteristics
Adult Worms
Head (Scolex)
Neck
Trunk (strobila)
Eggs
Life Cycle
Diphyllobothrium Latum
History and Distribution
Habitat
Morphology
Adult worm
Egg
Larval Stages
Life Cycle
Pathogenicity and Clinical Features
Laboratory Diagnosis
Stool Microscopy
Serodiagnosis
Treatment
Prophylaxis
Spirometra
Distribution
Habitat
Life Cycle
Sparganosis
Laboratory Diagnosis
Treatment
Prophylaxis
Taenia Saginata and Taenia Solium
History and Distribution
Habitat
Morphology
Adult Worm of T. saginata
Adult Worm of T. solium
Eggs
Larva
Life Cycle of Taenia Saginata
Development in Cattle
Development in Man
Life Cycle of Taenia Solium
Pathogenicity and Clinical Features
Intestinal Taeniasis
Cysticercosis
Laboratory Diagnosis
Stool Examination
Serodiagnosis
Molecular Diagnosis
Laboratory Diagnosis of Cysticercosis
Biopsy
Imaging Methods
Serology
Others
Treatment
Intestinal Taeniasis
Cysticercosis
Prophylaxis
Taenia Saginata Asiatica
Multiceps Multiceps (Taenia Multiceps)
Echinococcus Granulosus
History and Distribution
Habitat
Morphology
Adult Worm
Egg
Larval Form
Life Cycle
Pathogenesis
Evolution of Hydatid Cyst
Clinical Features
Laboratory Diagnosis
Imaging
Examination of Cyst Fluid
Casoni's Intradermal Test
Serology
Blood Examination
Excretion of the Scolices
Specific Molecular Diagnostic
Treatment
Puncture, Aspiration, Injection, and Reaspiration (PAIR)
Surgery
Chemotherapy
Prophylaxis
Echinococcus Multilocularis
Hymenolepis Nana
History and Distribution
Habitat
Morphology
Adult Worm
Egg
Life Cycle
Clinical Features
Laboratory Diagnosis
Treatment
Prophylaxis
Hymenolepis Diminuta
Dipylidium Caninum
Morphology
Life Cycle
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Treatment
13:
Trematodes: Flukes
Classification of Trematodes
Systemic Classification
Classification Based on Habitat
Flukes: General Characteristics
Life Cycle
Schistosomes
Schistosoma Haematobium
History and Distribution
Habitat
Morphology
Adult worm
Egg
Mechanism of Egg Expulsion
Life Cycle
Development in Snail
Development in Man
Pathogenicity and Clinical Features
Laboratory Diagnosis
Urine Microscopy
Histopathology
Detection of Antigen
Detection of Antibody
Intradermal Skin Test (Fairley's test)
Imaging
Treatment
Prophylaxis
Schistosoma Mansoni
History and Distribution
Habitat
Morphology
Life cycle
Pathogenicity and Clinical Features
Laboratory Diagnosis
Stool Microscopy
Rectal Biopsy
Serological Diagnosis
Imaging
Blood Examination
Treatment
Prophylaxis
Schistosoma Japonicum
Distribution
Habitat
Morphology
Life Cycle
Pathogenicity and Clinical Features
Laboratory Diagnosis
Treatment
Prophylaxis
Schistosoma Intercalatum
Schistosoma Mekongi
Clonorchis Sinensis
History and Distribution
Habitat
Morphology
Adult worm
Eggs
Life Cycle
Pathogenicity
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prophylaxis
Opisthorchis Species
Fasciola Hepatica
History and Distribution
Habitat
Morphology
Adult Worm
Egg
Life Cycle
Pathogenicity
Diagnosis
Stool Microscopy
Blood Picture
Serodiagnosis
Imaging
Treatment
Prophylaxis
Dicrocoelium Dendriticum
Fasciolopsis Buski
History and Distribution
Habitat
Morphology
Adult worm
Eggs
Life Cycle
Pathogenesis
Laboratory Diagnosis
Treatment
Prophylaxis
Heterophyes
Metagonimus Yokogawai
Watsonius Watsoni
Echinostoma
Gastrodiscoides Hominis
Paragonimus Westermani
History and Distribution
Morphology
Adult Worm
Egg
Habitat
Life Cycle
Pathogenicity and Clinical Features
Pulmonary Features
Extrapulmonary Features
Laboratory Diagnosis
Microscopy
Serology
Imaging
Treatment
Prophylaxis
14:
Nematodes: General Features
General Characteristics
Life Cycle
Modes of Infection
Classification
Zoological Classification
Larva Migrans
Cutaneous Larva Migrans
Etiology
Pathogenesis
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Treatment
Visceral Larva Migrans
Etiology
Pathogenesis
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prophylaxis
15:
Trichinella Spiralis
History and Distribution
Habitat
Morphology
Adult Worm
Larvae
Life Cycle
Pathogenicity and Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Direct Methods
Indirect Methods
Treatment
Prophylaxis
16:
Trichuris Trichiura
History and Distribution
Habitat
Morphology
Adult Worm
Egg
Life Cycle
Pathogenecity and Clinical Features
Laboratory Diagnosis
Stool Examination
Sigmoidoscopy
Blood Examination
Treatment
Prophylaxis
17:
Strongyloides Stercoralis
History and Distribution
Habitat
Morphology
Adult Worms
Female Worm
Male Worm
Eggs
Larva
Rhabditiform Larva (L1 stage)
Filariform Larva (L3 stage)
Life Cycle
Pathogenicity and Clinical Features
Cutaneous Manifestations
Pulmonary Manifestations
Intestinal Manifestations
Hyperinfection
Laboratory Diagnosis
Microscopy
Stool Culture
Serology
Imaging
Others
Treatment
Prophylaxis
18:
Hookworm
History and Distribution
Ancylostoma Duodenale
Habitat
Morphology
Adult Worm
Male Worm
Female Worm
Egg
Life Cycle
Necator Americanus
Morphology
Pathogenicity and Clinical Features
Laboratory Diagnosis
Direct Methods
Indirect Methods
Treatment
Prophylaxis
Other Hookworms
Trichostrongyllasis
19:
Enterobius Vermicularis
History and Distribution
Habitat
Morphology
Adult Worm
Female Worm
Male Worm
Egg
Life Cycle
Pathogenicity and Clinical Features
Laboratory Diagnosis
Demonstration of Eggs
NIH Swab Method
Scotch Tape Method
Demonstration of Adult Worm
Treatment
Prophylaxis
20:
Ascaris Lumbricoides
History and Distribution
Habitat
Morphology
Adult Worm
Male Worm
Female Worm
Egg
Life Cycle
Development in Soil
Development in Man
Pathogenicity and Clinical Features
Symptoms due to the Migrating Larvae
Symptoms due to the Adult Worm
Laboratory Diagnosis
Detection of Parasite
Adult Worm
Larvae
Eggs
Serological Tests
Blood Examination
Treatment
Prophylaxis
Other Roundworms
Toxocara
Baylisascaris
21:
Filarial Worms
Wuchereria Bancrofti
History and Distribution
Habitat
Morphology
Adult Worm
Microfilariae
Peridiocity
Life Cycle
Development in Mosquito
Devolopment in Man
Prepatent period
Clinical incubation period
Pathogenesis
Classical Filariasis
Occult Filariasis
Laboratory Diagnosis
Demonstration of Microfilaria
Biopsy
Skin Test
Imaging Techniques
Serodiagnosis
Indirect Evidences
Treatment
Supportive Treatment
Prophylaxis
Eradication of Vector Mosquito
Detection and Treatment of Carriers
Brugia Malayi
History and Distribution
Morphology
Adult Worms
Microfilariae
Life Cycle
Brugia Timori
Loa Loa
History and distribution
Morphology
Adult Worm
Microfilaria
Life cycle
Pathogenicity and Clinical Features
Laboratory Diagnosis
Treatment
Onchocerca Volvulus
History and Distribution
Habitat
Morphology
Adult worm
Microfilaria
Life Cycle
Pathogenicity and Clinical Features
Laboratory Diagnosis
Microscopy
Serology
Molecular Diagnosis
Prophylaxis
Treatment
Mansonella Streptocerca
Mansonella Ozzardi
Mansonella Perstans
Zoonotic Filariasis
Brugia Pahangi
Dirofilaria Immitis
Dirofilaria Repens
22:
Dracunculus Medinensis
History and Distribution
Habitat
Morphology
Adult Worm
Larva
Life Cycle
Development of Adult Worm in Man
Development of Larvae in Cyclops
Pathogenicity and Clinical Features
Laboratory Diagnosis
Treatment
Prophylaxis
23:
Miscellaneous Nematodes
Angiostrongylus Cantonensis
History and Distribution
Habitat
Morphology
Life Cycle
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Treatment
Capillaria Philippinensis
History and Distribution
Habitat
Life Cycle
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Treatment
Gnathostoma Spinigerum
History and Distribution
Morphology
Life Cycle
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Treatment
Anisakiasis
Life Cycle
Clinical Features
Treatment
Prophylaxis
24:
Diagnostic Methods in Parasitology
Introduction
Examination of Stool
Collection of Fresh Stool Specimen
Microscopic Examination
Wet Mounts
Thick Smears
Permanent Stained Smears
Concentration Methods
Floatation Methods
Sedimentation Methods
Egg Counting Methods
Fecal Culture
Harada Mori Filter Paper Strip Culture
Agar Plate Culture for Strongyloides
Charcoal Culture
Examination of Blood
Examination for Malarial Parasites
Collection of Blood
Examination for Microfilaria
Wet Mount
Stained Smears
Concentration Methods
Diethylcarbamazine Provocation Test
Sputum Examination
Urine or Body Fluids Examination
Tissue Biopsy
Muscle Biopsy
Duodenal Capsule Technique (Enterotest)
Sigmoidscopy Material
Urogenital Specimen
Culture Methods
Amoeba
Leishmania and Trypanosomes
Malaria Parasites
Animal Inoculation
Xenodiagnosis
Immunological Diagnosis
Serology
Amoebiasis
Giardiasis
Trypanosomiasis
Leishmaniasis
Malaria
Toxoplasmosis
Cryptosporidiosis
Intestinal Helminths
Trichinosis
Toxocariasis
Filariasis
Echinococcosis
Skin Tests
Molecular Methods
Multiple Choice Questions
INDEX
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