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Practical Physiology Book M Chandrasekar, Nitesh Mishra

SECTION 1: HEMATOLOGY EXPERIMENTS
1:Compound Microscope
- AIM
- APPARATUS REQUIRED
- PARTS OF THE COMPOUND MICROSCOPE
- TOTAL MAGNIFICATION OF THE COMPOUND MICROSCOPE
- PRECAUTIONS WHILE USING THE COMPOUND MICROSCOPE
- OTHER TYPES OF MICROSCOPE
2:Blood Sample Collection
- AIM
- APPARATUS REQUIRED
- PROCEDURE
  - Collection of Capillary Blood by Finger Prick Method
  - Collection of Venous Blood
3:Hemocytometer
- AIM
- PRINCIPLE
- APPARATUS REQUIRED
- DESCRIPTION
- FOCUSING THE COUNTING GRID
- CHARGING THE HEMOCYTOMETER
- DILUTING PIPETTES
- PRECAUTIONS
4:Enumeration of RBC
- AIM
- APPARATUS REQUIRED
  - Composition of Hayem's Fluid
- PRINCIPLE
- PROCEDURE
  - Microscopic Adjustments
  - Counting the Cells
- CALCULATION
- PRECAUTIONS
- DISCUSSION
- RESULT
5:Estimation of Hemolglobin
- AIM
- PRINCIPLE
- APPARATUS REQUIRED
- PROCEDURE
- PRECAUTIONS
  - Disadvantages of Sahli's Method
  - Advantages of Sahli's Method
- RESULT
6:Packed Cell Volume and Calculation of Blood Indices
- AIM
- APPARATUS REQUIRED
- PRINCIPLE
- PROCEDURE
- RESULT
- CALCULATION OF BLOOD INDICES
7:Determination of Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate
- AIM
- PRINCIPLE
- METHODS
- WESTERGREN'S METHOD
  - Apparatus Required
  - Procedure
    - Normal Values
- WINTROBE'S METHOD
- DISCUSSION
  - Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate
- FACTORS WHICH INFLUENCE ERYTHROCYTE SEDIMENTATION RATE
- SIGNIFICANCE OF ERYTHROCYTE SEDIMENTATION RATE IN DISEASE
- PHYSIOLOGICAL VARIATIONS
- PATHOLOGICAL VARIATIONS
- FACTORS AFFECTING ERYTHROCYTE SEDIMENTATION RATE
- RESULT
8:Total Leukocyte Count
- AIM
- PRINCIPLE
- APPARATUS REQUIRED
  - Composition of Turk's Fluid
- PROCEDURE
- PRECAUTIONS
- CALCULATION
- DISCUSSION
  - Leukocytosis (Increase in WBC Count)
    - Physiological Conditions
    - Pathological Conditions
  - Leukopenia (Decrease in WBC Count)
    - Physiological Condition
    - Pathological Condition
- RESULT
9:Differential Count of White Blood Cells
- AIM
- APPARATUS REQUIRED
  - Composition of Leishman's Stain
- PROCEDURE FOR THE PREPARATION OF BLOOD FILM
- STAINING THE BLOOD FILM
- MICROSCOPIC EXAMINATION
- IDENTIFICATION OF THE CELLS
- RESULTS
- DISCUSSION
- NORMAL COUNT
- VARIATIONS
10:Absolute Eosinophil Count
- AIM
- APPARATUS REQUIRED
- PILOT'S FLUID
- DUNGER'S FLUID
- PROCEDURE
- CALCULATION
- PRECAUTIONS
- NORMAL VALUE
- VARIATIONS
  - Eosinophilia: Increase in eosinophil count
  - Eosinopenia: Decrease in eosinophil count
- RESULT
11:Determination of Bleeding Time and Clotting Time
- AIM
- APPARATUS REQUIRED
- PROCEDURE
- DISCUSSION
- OTHER METHODS
- RESULT
- AIM
- APPARATUS REQUIRED
- PROCEDURE
- DISCUSSION
  - Conditions where clotting time is prolonged
- OTHER METHODS
- RESULT
- TESTS OF HEMOSTASIS
  - In this course, you will learn to perform the following tests of hemostasis
12:Blood Grouping
- SYNONYM
- INTRODUCTION
- PRINCIPLE
- APPARATUS AND REAGENTS REQUIRED
- PROCEDURE
- OBSERVATION AND RESULTS
- AGGLUTINATION OF SUBJECT'S BLOOD GROUP
- CONCLUSION
- RESULT
13:Osmotic Fragility of Red Blood Cells
- AIM
- APPARATUS REQUIRED
  - Preparation of Sodium Chloride Solution
- PROCEDURE
- DISCUSSION
  - Osmotic Fragility is Increased in the Following Conditions
  - Osmotic Resistance (Decreased Fragility) is Seen in the Following Conditions
- PRINCIPLE OF THIS EXPERIMENT
- DISCUSSION
- SIGNIFICANCE
- RESULT
14:Specific Gravity of Blood
- AIM
- PRINCIPLE
- APPARATUS AND REAGENT REQUIRED
- PREPARATION OF SOLUTION
  - Advantages of Copper Sulfate Solution
  - Other Solutions Used Are
- PROCEDURE
- PRECAUTIONS
- DISCUSSION
- PHYSIOLOGICAL VARIATIONS
- PATHOLOGICAL VARIATIONS
- RESULT
SECTION 2: CLINICAL PHYSIOLOGY
15:General Examination
- GENERAL EXAMINATION (SAMPLE REPORT)
- GENERAL EXAMINATION
16:Examination of the Respiratory System
- AIM
- RESPIRATORY SYSTEM EXAMINATION
- REPORT
17:Recording of Respiratory Movements (Stethography)
- AIM
- PRINCIPLE
- REQUIREMENTS
- PROCEDURE
- STETHOGRAPHY
18:Spirometry
- AIM
- PROCEDURE
- SPIROMETRY
19:Respiratory Efficiency Tests
- AIM
- REQUIREMENTS
- PROCEDURE
- RESULT
- RESPIRATORY EFFICIENCY TESTS
20:Examination of the Cardiovascular System
- AIM
- ANATOMICAL LANDMARKS
- ARTERIAL PULSES
- METHOD OF EXAMINING THE PULSE
- BLOOD PRESSURE
- VENOUS PULSES
  - Causes of Elevation of JVP
- EXAMINATION OF THE PRECORDIUM
- INSPECTION
- PALPATION
- PERCUSSION
- AUSCULTATIONS
- HEART SOUNDS
- CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM EXAMINATION
  - General Examination
  - Systemic Examination
21:Determination of the Blood Pressure
- DEFINITION
- AIM
- APPARATUS
- PRINCIPLE
- METHODS
- PROCEDURE
- NORMAL VALUES
- DISCUSSION
- EFFECT OF MODERATE EXERCISE ON BLOOD PRESSURE
- BLOOD PRESSURE
22:Electrocardiography
- AIM
- REQUIREMENTS
- DESCRIPTION
  - Electrocardiograph
  - Electrocardiogram
- ECG LEADS
- DIRECT LEADS
- INDIRECT LEADS
- BIPOLAR CHEST LEADS
  - Esophageal Leads
- PROCEDURE
- CALCULATION OF VENTRICULAR VECTOR (MEAN ELECTRICAL AXIS)
23:Examination of Sensory System
- AIM
- PROCEDURE
- TACTILE SENSIBILITY
- PAIN
- TEMPERATURE
- VIBRATION
- SENSE OF POSITION AND PASSIVE MOVEMENT
- STEREOGNOSIS
- ABNORMAL SENSATION
- SENSORY SYSTEM EXAMINATION
24:Examination of Motor System
- BULK OF MUSCLES
- TONE OF THE MUSCLES
- STRENGTH OF THE MUSCLES
- TESTING MUSCLES OF THE UPPER LIMB
- REFLEXES
  - Grading of Deep Reflexes
- COORDINATION OF MOVEMENT
  - Tests for Coordination
    - Upper Limbs
  - Lower Limbs
- GAIT
  - Well-recognized Abnormal Types of Gait
- INVOLUNTARY MOVEMENTS
- SPEECH
- MOTOR SYSTEM EXAMINATION
25:Reflexes
- AIM
- REQUISITES
- SUPERFICIAL REFLEXES
- DEEP REFLEXES
  - Grading of Deep Reflexes
- VISCERAL REFLEXES
  - Reinforcement Technique (Jendrassik's Maneuver)
  - Abnormal Tendon Reflex
- EXAMINATION OF REFLEXES
- VISCERAL REFLEXES
26:Examination of Cranial Nerves I to VI
- AIM
- OLFACTORY NERVE
- ABNORMALITIES
- OPTIC NERVE
- TESTS
- OCULOMOTOR, TROCHLEAR, AND ABDUCENT (III, IV AND VI) NERVES
  - Oculomotor Nerve Supplies
- EXAMINATION OF EXTRAOCULAR MOVEMENTS
  - Supranuclear Lesion
- EXAMINATION OF THE PUPIL
  - Reaction to Light
  - Accommodation Reflex
- TRIGEMINAL NERVE
- EXAMINATION OF CRANIAL NERVES I TO VI
- CRANIAL NERVE I
- CRANIAL NERVE II
- CRANIAL NERVES III, IV AND VI
- CRANIAL NERVE V
27:Examination of Cranial Nerves VII to XII
- AIM
- FACIAL NERVE
- VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR NERVE
- GLOSSOPHARYNGEAL NERVE
  - Anatomy
  - Tests
- VAGUS NERVE
  - Anatomy
  - Tests
- ACCESSORY NERVE
  - Anatomy
- HYPOGLOSSAL NERVE
  - Anatomy
  - Test
- EXAMINATION OF CRANIAL NERVES VII TO XII
- CRANIAL NERVE VII
- CRANIAL NERVE VIII
- CRANIAL NERVE IX
- CRANIAL NERVE X
- CRANIAL NERVE XI
- CRANIAL NERVE XII
28:Perimetry
- AIM
  - Definition of Visual Field
  - Perimetry
29:Cerebellar Function Tests
- CEREBELLAR FUNCTION TEST
- UPPER LIMB
- LOWER LIMB
  - Others

INDEX

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Chapter Notes