Second Edition
M Chandrasekar MBBS MD PhD
Professor and Head Department of Physiology Dean Meenakshi Medical College and Research Institute
Enathur, Kancheepuram, Tamil Nadu, India
Nitesh Mishra MBBS MD
Assistant Professor Department of Physiology Meenakshi Medical College and Research Institute
Enathur, Kancheepuram, Tamil Nadu, India
Headquarters
Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd
4838/24, Ansari Road, Daryaganj
New Delhi 110 002, India
Phone: +91-11-43574357
Fax: +91-11-43574314
Email: jaypee@jaypeebrothers.com
Overseas Offices
J.P. Medical Ltd
83 Victoria Street, London
SW1H 0HW (UK)
Phone: +44-2031708910
Fax: +02-03-0086180
Email: info@jpmedpub.com
Jaypee-Highlights Medical Publishers Inc.
City of Knowledge, Bld. 237, Clayton
Panama City, Panama
Phone: + 507-301-0496
Fax: +507-301-0499
Email: cservice@jphmedical.com
Jaypee Medical Inc.
The Bourse
111 South Independence Mall East
Suite 835, Philadelphia, PA 19106, USA
Phone: +267-519-9789
Email: joe.rusko@jaypeebrothers.com
Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd
17/1-B Babar Road, Block-B, Shaymali
Mohammadpur, Dhaka-1207
Bangladesh
Mobile: +08801912003485
Email: jaypeedhaka@gmail.com
Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd
Shorakhute, Kathmandu
Nepal
Phone: +00977-9841528578
Email: jaypee.nepal@gmail.com
Website: www.jaypeebrothers.com
Website: www.jaypeedigital.com
© 2014, Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any means without the prior permission of the publisher.
Inquiries for bulk sales may be solicited at: jaypee@jaypeebrothers.com
This book has been published in good faith that the contents provided by the authors contained herein are original, and is intended for educational purposes only. While every effort is made to ensure accuracy of information, the publisher and the authors specifically disclaim any damage, liability, or loss incurred, directly or indirectly, from the use or application of any of the contents of this work. If not specifically stated, all figures and tables are courtesy of the authors. Where appropriate, the readers should consult with a specialist or contact the manufacturer of the drug or device.
Practical Physiology Book
First Edition: 2012
Second Edition: 2014
9789350907412
Printed at
5Preface to the Second Edition
Understanding physiology has been the crux of learning medicine. The basic of medicine has greatly depended on physiology. No wonder learning of physiology has been strengthened and reinforced by the clinical and experimental methods. The leaps and bounds research, in medical physiology, has been made enormously due to the experimental physiology. It is mandatory for every medical student to understand physiology and all its branches in terms of practical. This currently updated edition will certainly satiate the academic needs of students as well as the teachers in physiology. The upcoming concepts in medical education, such as OSCE and OSPE, have been inducted to set the learning minds into further reading. These make physiology a much more interesting subject to read and comprehend.
The immense response that we received for the first edition has encouraged and inspired us to go ahead with the second improvised edition. The printed matter has undergone repeated scrutiny and perusal in order to present the best. Any suggestions and improvisation towards the betterment of this edition is solicited. It is a pleasure to realize that ultimately all the benefit goes to the learning community.
M Chandrasekar
Nitesh Mishra
7Preface to the First Edition
I have learnt from my own experience in teaching over the years as well as gathered from mutual discussion with colleagues that there is quite a lack of uniformity in teaching of practical physiology to undergraduates in different institutions within the country as well as amongst different staff members within the same department in an institution, some teachers teaching ‘too much’ in the limited time meant for learning skills while others ‘too little.’
It was realized that in order to learn practical physiology, students had to bank upon the main textbook of physiology which is in no way complete for requirements of physiology practicals for undergraduates.
There has been a re-thinking during the past decade that the syllabus and the method of teaching of physiology are at variance with bedside medical practice. It is therefore not surprising that teachers in this discipline are blamed of bothering little to identify the needs of the undergraduate medical student or of not making any serious attempt to revitalize the concept of relevant teaching/training. Such re-thinking has prompted the author to reframe the list of practicals/demonstrations with the concurrence of teachers from several medical colleges in the country.
The purpose of laboratory techniques in hematology and clinical physiology is to develop a scientific foundation for the laboratory diagnosis and clinical diagnosis. In these manuals, an attempt has been made to acquaint the undergraduate medical student with the experimental and clinical approach to the science of physiology. On the basis of recommendation of MCI committee for revision of undergraduate curriculum in physiology, some conventional practical which had lost relevance have been deleted and new ones like ECG recording, PFT, RET and perimetry have been added.
An attempt is made to give the student an insight into the examination of the more important cardiovascular system, respiratory system and neurophysiology and to enable him, from the practicals outlined, to grasp the clinical applications of physiology.
The author gratefully acknowledges the help, cooperation and constructive criticism of all the teachers, colleagues and friends in physiology departments from many medical colleges. Special thanks are due to Dr Anandarajan, Dr Vijayalakshmi and my PGs for their useful suggestions and timely help.
We sincerely hope that this book will be of immense help to students in their practicals and viva voce in physiology.
Any suggestions for improvement would be greatly welcomed by us.
M Chandrasekar
13I-MBBS
PRACTICAL PHYSIOLOGY BOOK
NAME :……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
SESSION :……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
University Register number :…………………………………………………………………………………………….
This is to certify that this is a bonafide record of work done by
…………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………….
During the year 20……………………20…………….
His/Her work is complete/incomplete/satisfactory/fair/good.
Signature of Staff incharge ……………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………….
Submitted for University Examination in Practical Physiology 20……………….
Examiners:………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………….
LABORATORY DISCIPLINE
Planning, experimentation, and observation are central concepts to all scientific advancement. Students are therefore required to:
- Read up relevant material on the practical for proper conduct of the experiment
- Collect the equipment needed for the experiment from the laboratory staff, which should be returned in good condition at the end of the practical
- Wear a clean white laboratory coat and have the following instruments: knee hammer, pen torch and measuring tape, stethoscope, etc.
- Keep the work area neat and clean during practical
- If in doubt, consult the instructor, without disturbing other students in the laboratory.
REPORT OF DATA AND PRACTICAL EVALUATION
Results or data collected by practical work should be neatly entered in observation notebook. The data should be presented to the concerned instructor, and their signature taken before leaving the laboratory.
Answer the questions given at the end of each experiment in the record. These are intended to stimulate further study, thereby, assisting the learning process.
Evaluation of the practical work for internal assessment will be based on periodic practical evaluation (20 marks) and the laboratory record (5 marks).
During the session, 4–6 practical examinations will be conducted for the purpose of evaluation. Practical examinations for internal assessment will be in the form of major experiment, minor experiment, comments, and calculations.
The marks for the practical record will be awarded on the basis of neatness, accuracy of work, conduct in the laboratory, the promptness in answering the questions, and weekly submission of the record, which will be assessed by the instructor.
OUR GOALS
- To provide the student with proper guidance to acquire a hands on knowledge of various laws and physiological principles—through the performance of experiments in physiology
- To acquire clinical, technical, and communication skills and to develop the art of careful observation and precise measurement
- To acquire training in scientific methods of thought and analysis of data
- To perform the various experiments, with a high degree of proficiency, in accordance with guidelines laid out by the Medical Council of India for the training of medical professionals.