Textbook of Dental Anatomy: A Practical Approach Jayalakshmi Kumaraswamy
INDEX
Page numbers followed by f refer to figure and t refer to table.
A
American Dental Association System 10
Anterior
centric contacts 216
open bite 209f
superior alveolar nerves 201
Arch
dimensions 207
traits 188
width 208
B
Baby teeth 158
Bicuspids See Premolar teeth
Bifurcation, remove wax for 141f
Blood supply 196
Buccal 4, 75f
aspect 59, 60, 67f, 69f, 77f, 86, 111f, 114
cusp 177
cusp, ridge of 80, 104
developmental groove 147f, 176
groove, terminus of 106
outline of roots 129f, 141f, 149f
ridge 76f, 83f, 92f
roots 111
surface 97
Buccolingual
and mesiodistal width 73f, 81f, 90f, 125f, 137f, 153f
width 62
Bunodont 94
C
Canine 9, 186, 188
guided occlusion 217
teeth 43
Carborundum stone 184
Carnivores 44
Carve
buccal
and lingual
crown 156f
triangular ridges 75f
aspect 76f, 83f, 92f
central
developmental groove 139f, 147f
fossa 127f, 139f, 147f, 155f
incisor 21f
cusp tips 120f, 128f
distal aspect 76f, 84f, 92f
of crown 148f
grooves 76f, 91f
mesial aspect 76f, 84f, 92f
permanent mandibular
canine 22f
first molar 142f
first premolar 84f
second premolar 92f
permanent maxillary
canine 50f
first molar 111f
first premolar 69f
second molar 122f
second premolar 77f
third molar 131f
technique for 16, 63, 89, 100, 153
principles of 1
the central fossa 119f
to outline 129f, 157f
to root outline 76f, 84f, 92f, 130f, 149f
toward buccal aspect 141f
triangular ridges 127f
two cusps 74f
Cementoenamel junction 170
Central
developmental groove 89, 99
fossa 174, 215
Centric
contacts 216
holding cusps 211
occlusion 214, 216
Cervical third convex 45
Cervico-incisal
dimension 181
length 158, 224
Cervico-occlusal length 63, 143
Charters white method 185
Cingulum 4, 4f, 46, 188
presence of 13
to cusp tip 45
Cornerstone 44
Crown 13
and root 2, 3f, 97
orientation of 214f
tapers lingually 79
Cusp 3, 4f
fossa 205
height 203
mesiobuccal 192
of carabelli 97, 98, 192, 222
pointing 103f
relation 214
tips 127f
type 87, 211, 222
Cuspal inclines 205
Cuspid teeth 44
D
Deciduous
dentition 10
mandibular
canines 168f, 226
central incisor 162, 163f, 225
first molar 174, 177f, 227
lateral incisor 164, 165f, 168f, 225
right central incisor
distal aspect 163f
incisal aspect 163f
labial aspect 162f
lingual aspect 162f
mesial aspect 163f
right first molar
buccal aspect 175f
distal aspect 176f
lingual aspect 175f
mesial aspect 176f
occlusal aspect 176f
right lateral incisor 164f
right second molar
buccal aspect 178f
distal aspect 179f
lingual aspect 178f
mesial aspect 178f
occlusal aspect 179f
second molar 177, 180f, 227
maxillary
canines 164, 167f, 225
central incisors 159f, 160, 224
first molar 167, 171f, 226
lateral incisor 160, 161f, 225
left canine
distal aspect 166f
incisal aspect 166f
left first molar
buccal aspect 169f
distal aspect 170f
incisal aspect 170f
lingual aspect 169f
mesial aspect 169f
right canine
labial aspect 165f
lingual aspect 165f
mesial aspect 166f
right central incisor 160f
incisal aspect 160f
labial aspect 159f
lingual aspect 159f
right lateral incisors 161f
right second molar
buccal aspect 172f
distal aspect 173f
lingual aspect 172f
mesial aspect 172f
occlusal aspect 173f
second molars 171, 173f, 226
molars, narrow and flaring roots of 182f
teeth 158, 224
teeth See Primary teeth
development of 158
Dental
anatomy practical, spotters in 219
arch form 211
formula and tooth numbering systems 9
plexus, associated 201f
Dentition
casts 229
identification of 229
development of 204
Descending palatine 197
Dilambdodont 94
Distal
and distolingual 62
cusp
part of 133
ridge 215
mesiolingual 4
developmental groove 81
fossa 119f
lingual fossae 47
root 132
slope of mesiolingual cusp 96
triangular fossa 105, 119f, 127f, 136, 139f, 147f, 155f, 215
aspect 15, 46, 88, 98, 144, 159, 160f
Distobuccal 6, 62, 95, 98, 192, 222, 223, 227
and lingual root longest 192
cusp 136, 144, 176, 193
ridge 215
ridge of 144
tips 102, 108
developmental grooves 135, 137, 139f, 215
occlusal 6
root 96
Distolabial 6
Distolabio incisal 6
Distolingual 6, 95, 98, 136, 192, 222
cusp 80, 87, 123, 144, 177, 226
ridge 133, 215
tip 102
incisal 6
occlusal 6
E
Eccentric occlusion 216
Enamel
dip 106
formation of 3
Eruption
chronology of primary teeth 204
of primary teeth, chronology of 205t
F
Fall teeth 158
Favorable eruption sequence of permanent teeth 210f
Federation Dentaire Internationale System 11
Fifth cranial 201
Fifth cusp 222
Flush terminal plane 206
Fossa 4f, 5, 89, 100f
relation 214
Four cusps based on size of cusps 117f
Functional occlusion 202, 216
G
Groove 5
and dotted lines represents direction of wax reduced 105f
developmental 123, 193
drawn to carve fifth cusp 105f
mesially for mesial marginal 66
pits (dots) 100f
H
Human dentition, chronologies of 7, 7t
Hypsodont 94
I
Ideal occlusion 202
Incisal 4
aspect 163
guidance 203
ridge 12
Incisors 9, 12, 186
Inclination and angulation of roots of teeth 212
Inferior alveolar nerve 198
through mandible, course of 199f
Infraorbital
artery 196
groove 200
nerve 201
Infratemporal fossa 197
Interdental spacing 206
Internal lingular vein 197
International Association for Dental Research 11
J
Joins alveolar plexus 200
Jugulodigastric nodes 198f
L
Labial aspect 13
Labio occlusal 6
Labioincisal 6
Lateral
functional occlusion 216
pterygoid 198
Leeway space 210f
Lingual
aspect 13, 45, 71, 114, 123, 175
crest 62
cusp 193
cusp tip placed inside 65f
from mesial aspect 75f
developmental groove 139f, 147f, 215
fossa 46
lobes 78, 133
occlusal 6
root 223
Linguoincisal 6
ridge 18
Lophodont 94
Lower jaw 9
Lower molars 94
Loxodont 94
Lympatic drainage of
oral structures 198f
orodental tissues 198
M
Mammal's mouth 43
Mammalian teeth 9
Mandibular
division of trigeminal nerve 200f
first premolar 58
incisors 187, 188
mixed dentition cast 230, 232, 234, 235
molars 195
molars See Lower molars
arch traits and other characteristics 193, 194
dimensions 195
height of contour 195
permanent dentition cast 229
premolars 192
type traits and other characteristics 190
right first
molar 215
premolar
buccal aspect 78f
distal aspect 80f
lingual aspect 79f
mesial aspect 79f
right second premolar
buccal aspect 86f
lingual aspect 87f
mesial aspect 87f
second premolar 58, 86
teeth 211, 215f
arterial supply to 197
innervation of 198
Marginal
and cusp ridges of both cusps 75f, 83f
ridge relation 214
Maxillary
and mandibular incisors arch traits and other characteristics 188
deciduous dentition cast 231
first premolar 59
incisors 188
type traits and other characteristics 186
intermolar width 208
left first molar 215
mixed dentition cast 230, 231, 232, 233, 234, 235, 236
molar primary cusp triangle 99
molars 194
dimensions 194
height of contour 195
type traits and other characteristics 192
nerve 199
permanent dentition cast 229
premolars 191
type traits and other characteristics 189
second premolars 58, 59, 71
teeth 211
arterial supply to 196
innervation of 199
molars See Upper molars
central incisor 12, 44, 158
Maxillomandibular complex 207
Medial pterygoid muscle 198
Mesial 62
and distal development grooves 139f
and lingual cusp ridge 104
aspect 14, 87, 97, 114, 144, 159, 160f, 175
turn toward 120f, 141f
cusp ridge 104
of mesiobuccal and mesiolingual cusps 134
developmental groove 81
distal root 132
fossa 81
lingual fossae 47
marginal ridge 66, 215
root 134
triangular fossa 119f, 127f, 139f, 147f, 155f, 215
Mesiobuccal 6, 62, 95, 98, 222, 223, 227
and distobuccal
cusp 80, 151, 171
root 96
and lingual
outline of root 130f
roots 170
and mesiolingual cusps 106
cusp 95, 132, 134, 135, 136, 144, 172, 175, 177, 193
ridge 215
developmental groove 133, 139f, 193
groove 193
occlusal 6
root 96, 97
Mesiodistal
dimension 181
width 46, 143
Mesiolabial 6
Mesiolabio incisal 6
Mesiolingual 6, 62, 95, 98, 136, 192, 222, 223, 227
crown length 175
cusp 80, 87, 104, 115, 134, 135, 144, 169, 171, 177, 205, 222
ridge 133, 215
tip of 97, 134
developmental groove 88
incisal 6
occlusal 6
tip 102
Middle superior alveolar nerves 201
Milk teeth 158
Mixed dentition 207
Modified pen grasp 2f
Molars 186
Monsoon, curve of 212
Mounting methods, different 184
Moyer's described 206
Mylohyoid branch 197
N
Natural teeth, features of 219
Nerve supply 201
Neurobehavioral aspects of occlusion 218
Neurocentric concept of occlusion 203
Neuromuscular
influences 205
system 205
Non-supporting cusps 211
Normal intercuspation of maxillary teeth 215f
Noyes's method 184
Numerous supplemental grooves 147f
O
Oblique ridge 4, 118f
center of 118f
Occlusal
aspect 62, 73, 103, 144, 170, 179, 215
of mandibular first molar 136
six sides on 62f
landmarks 215
outline 64f
planes, curvatures of 211
stability 217
Occlusion 202
balanced 202
commonly used in dentistry, terminologies of 202
concepts of 203
grouped lateral 217
in primary dentition 207
of dentition 202
physiologic 202
spherical concept of 203
Oral motor behavior 218
Organic concept of occlusion 203
Orodental tissues, venous drainage of 197
Orofacial complex, development of 204
Overbite 208, 208f, 209
Overjet 208, 209f
P
Palmer system 10
Permanent
canines 43
dentition 186, 210
dentition See Secondary dentition
first molar, importance of 95
incisors 12
mandibular
canine 189, 220
central incisor 187, 220
first molar 132, 193, 223
first premolar 78, 85f, 190, 221
lateral incisor 188, 220
left first molar
buccal aspect 132f
distal aspect 135g
lingual aspect 134f
mesial aspect 134f
left third molar
buccal aspect 151f
distal aspect 152f
lingual aspect 151f
mesial aspect 152f
right second molar
buccal aspect 143f
distal aspect 144f
lingual aspect 143f
mesial aspect 144f
occlusal aspect 144f
second
molar 143, 194, 224
premolar 86, 93f, 191, 222
teeth 2f
third molar 151, 194, 224
maxillary
canine 44, 188, 220
central incisor 13, 186, 219
first molar 112f, 192, 222
first molar 95
first premolar 59, 70f, 90, 189, 221
lateral incisor 187, 219
left second molar
buccal aspect 114f
distal aspect 115f
lingual aspect 114f
mesial aspect 115f
occlusal aspect 115f
left third molar
buccal aspect 123f
distal aspect 124f
lingual aspect 123f
mesial aspect 124f
occlusal aspect 124f
right canine
distal aspect 46f
incisal aspect 46f
labial aspect 44f
lingual aspect 45f
mesial aspect 45f
right central incisor 14f
distal aspect 15f
incisal aspect 16f
mesial aspect 15f
right first molar
buccal aspect 95f
distal aspect 98f
lingual aspect 96f
mesial aspect 97f
occlusal aspect 98f
right first premolar
buccal aspect 59f
distal aspect 61f
lingual aspect 60f
mesial aspect 60f
occlusal aspect 62f
right second premolar
buccal aspect 71f
distal aspect 72f
lingual aspect 72f
mesial aspect 72f
occlusal aspect 73f
second
molar 114, 192, 223
premolar 71, 77f, 190, 221
third molar 123, 193, 223
molars 94, 181, 182
premolars 58
teeth 219
chronology of 211t
Pits 89
Posterior
centric contacts 216
superior alveolar nerves 201
teeth 204
Premolar 9, 186, 191
teeth 58
Primary
and permanent teeth, differences between 181
arch form 205
dentition 204
stage 209
terminal plane relationship in 206f
molar relationships 206
occlusion 204
teeth 158, 186
Prominent cervical ridge 224
Protrusive functional occlusion 217
Proximal contacts 195
Pterygoid plexus 197
of veins 197
Pterygopalatine fossa 196, 199, 201
Pterygopalatine ganglion 199
Pulp chambers and pulp canals 182
Q
Quadrate 94
R
Reborner teeth 158
Retromandibular vein 197
Ridge 4, 4f, 89, 99
of distolingual 104
of lingual cusp 80
of mesiobuccal 104
of mesiolingual 99
cusp 104
on occlusal surface 66f
Right mandibular lateral incisor 10
Root
bifurcation of 69f
lingually 47
outline on mesial aspect 68f, 76f, 92f
surface 45
taper lingually 79
S
Secondary dentition 186
Selenodont 94
Spee, curve of 212
Sphenopalatine arteries 197
Submandibular nodes 198f
Submental nodes 198f
Succedaneous teeth 209
Sulcus 5, 5f
Superior alveolar nerves 201f
T
Teeth 197
in dentition cast 236
innervation of 196
temporary 158
vasculature of 196
Temporomandibular joint 205, 218
Therapeutic occlusion 203
Three cusps on occlusal surface 90f
Tooth
anatomical landmarks of 3
biscuspid teeth 59
development, cases of 12
ground section of 183
numbering systems 9
size 207
traits 186
Transitional dentition 207
Trauma from occlusion 203
Traumatic occlusion 203
Tribosphenic 94
Trigeminal nerve See Fifth cranial
Trunk of maxillary division of trigeminal nerve 201
Tubercle 3
of carabelli 171
U
Unerupted canine and premolars, size of 209
Upper
jaw 9
molars 94
W
Wilson, curve of 212
X
Xylol balsam, drop of 184
Z
Zalambdodont 94
Zsigmondy system 10
×
Chapter Notes

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IntroductionCHAPTER 1

Dental Anatomy is a subject in which, through the knowledge of basic sciences, a practical skill may be obtained for a dental practitioner. Morphology of teeth helps and guides us to identify developmental anomalies, which may be one of the features of clinical condition and also helps to provide skills for restoring a tooth or replacing a tooth.
An attempt is made to simplify the morphology of teeth and carving technique. A simpler carving technique is provided in this textbook for dental students.
 
PRINCIPLES OF CARVING TECHNIQUE
  1. A modified pen grasp should be used to hold a lecron carver (Fig. 1.1)
  2. Wax block should be smoothened before carving is proceeded.
  3. Direction of carving should be in one direction only.
  4. Uniform pressure should be applied during carving.
  5. Finishing is done by removing the excess wax and also by carving the surface uniform.
  6. After finishing, polishing should be done by using a pellet of cotton or a piece of soft cloth. A pellet of cotton is preferable to polish the minor details of teeth. Polishing should also follow the carving, otherwise the carved features will be lost.
Modified pen grasp used in carving: the right thumb and index finger will hold the carver, the middle finger placed near the carving edge which will control the carving. The ring finger and little finger will support the wax block (Fig. 1.1).
 
NOMENCLATURE
Certain terms should be known to understand dental anatomy. The term maxillary means upper jaw, mandibular means lower jaw. Primary means belonging to the first stage of any process. The term deciduous means not permanent, transitory.2
zoom view
Fig. 1.1: Modified pen grasp
zoom view
Fig. 1.2: Photograph showing crown and root of various permanent mandibular teeth(Courtesy: Department of Oral Pathology, Vydehi Institute of Dental Sciences, Bangalore)
Deciduous teeth commonly called as milk tooth is defined as “One of the temporary teeth of a mammal that are replaced by permanent teeth.”
The term succedaneous can be used to describe a successor dentition. The term permanent dentition suggests it is permanent (Fig. 1.2).
 
THE CROWN AND ROOT (FIGS 1.2 AND 1.3)
Each tooth has a crown and root portion. The crown is covered with enamel and the root portion is covered with cementum. The junction of crown and root is cervical line. The hard tissues of a tooth are enamel, dentin and cementum. The soft tissue of a tooth is pulp.3
zoom view
Fig. 1.3: Crown and root(Courtesy: Department of Oral Pathology, Vydehi Institute of Dental Sciences, Bangalore)
 
SURFACE
Anterior teeth are incisors and canines. Posterior teeth are premolars and molars. Surfaces of anterior teeth are:
  1. Labial surface: Surface toward the lips
  2. Mesial surface: Surface toward the midline
  3. Distal surface: Surface away from the midline
  4. Lingual surface: Surface toward the tongue
  5. Palatal surface: Surface toward the palate
Surfaces of posterior teeth are:
  1. Buccal/facial surface: Surface toward the cheek
  2. Mesial surface: Surface toward the midline
  3. Distal surface: Surface away from the midline
  4. Lingual surface: Surface toward the tongue
  5. Palatal surface: Surface toward the palate
 
ANATOMICAL LANDMARKS OF TOOTH1,2
Cusp: A cusp is an elevation or mound on the crown portion of a tooth making up a divisional part of the occlusal surface (Fig. 1.5).
Tubercle: A tubercle is a smaller elevation on some portion of the crown produced by an extra formation of enamel.4
zoom view
Fig. 1.4: Cingulum, ridge and fossa(Courtesy: Department of Oral Pathology, Vydehi Institute of Dental Sciences, Bangalore)
zoom view
Fig. 1.5: Ridges and cusp(Courtesy: Department of Oral Pathology, Vydehi Institute of Dental Sciences, Bangalore)
Cingulum: A cingulum or girdle, is the lingual lobe of an anterior tooth and makes up the bulk of the cervical third of the lingual surface (Fig. 1.4).
Ridge: A ridge is any linear elevation on the surface of a tooth and is named according to its location (e.g. buccal, incisal, marginal, etc.) (Figs 1.4 and 1.5).
Marginal ridges are those rounded borders of the enamel that form the mesial and distal margins of the occlusal surfaces of premolars and molars and mesial and distal margins of the lingual surfaces of the incisors and canine.
Triangular ridges descend from tips of the cusps of molars and premolars toward the central part of the occlusal surface. They are named after the cusps to which they belong. When a buccal and lingual triangular ridge join, they form a transverse ridge. A transverse ridge is the union of two triangular ridges transversely crossing the surface of a posterior tooth.
Oblique ridge: The oblique ridge is a ridge obliquely crossing the occlusal surfaces of maxillary molars and formed by the union of triangular ridge of distobuccal cusp and distal cusp ridge of mesiolingual cusp.5
zoom view
Fig. 1.6: Sulcus(Courtesy: Department of Oral Pathology, Vydehi Institute of Dental Sciences, Bangalore)
zoom view
Fig. 1.7: Photograph showing grooves and pits(Courtesy: Department of Oral Pathology, Vydehi Institute of Dental Sciences, Bangalore)
Fossa (Fig. 1.4): A fossa is an irregular depression or concavity; they are named according to the location. Lingual fossae are seen on lingual surface of incisors and central fossae on occlusal surface of molars. Triangular fossae are found on premolars and molars on the occlusal surface, mesial or distal to marginal ridges.
Sulcus: A sulcus is a long depression or valley on the surface of a tooth between ridges and cusps, the inclines of which meet at an angle. Sulcus has a developmental groove at the junction of its inclines (Fig. 1.6).
Groove (Fig. 1.7): A developmental groove is a shallow groove or line between the primary parts of the crown or root. A supplementary groove is also a shallow linear depression on surface of a tooth, radiating from the developmental groove, but does not mark the junction of primary parts.
Different types of developmental grooves are seen such as: central develop-mental groove, mesial developmental groove, distal developmental groove, buccal developmental groove, lingual developmental groove, etc.
Pits (Fig. 1.7): Pit is a small pinpoint depression located at the junction of develop-mental grooves or at terminals of these grooves. Types are—central pit, distal pit and mesial pit.6
Lobe: A lobe is one of the primary sections of formation in the development of crown. Cusps and mamelons are representative of lobes. A mamelon is any one of the three rounded protuberances found on the incisal ridges of newly erupted incisor teeth.
Division into thirds of crown and root for descriptive purpose and easy understanding.1,2 The crown and root are divided into thirds. Cervical third, middle third and incisal/occlusal third of crown. Cervical third, middle third and apical third of root (Fig. 1.8).
zoom view
Fig. 1.8: Division of crown into thirds
 
LINE ANGLES AND POINT ANGLES1,2
A line angle is formed by the junction of two surfaces. The line angles of anterior teeth are (Fig. 1.9):
  • Mesiolabial
  • Distolabial
  • Mesiolingual
  • Distolingual
  • Labioincisal
  • Linguoincisal
The line angles of posterior teeth are (Fig. 1.10):
  • Mesiobuccal
  • Distobuccal
  • Mesiolingual
  • Distolingual
  • Labio occlusal
  • Linguo occlusal
A point angle is formed by the junction of three surfaces. The point angles of anterior teeth are (Fig. 1.11):
  • Mesiolabio incisal
  • Distolabio incisal
  • Mesiolingual incisal
  • Distolingual incisal
The point angles of posterior teeth are (Fig. 1.11):
  • Mesiobucco occlusal
  • Distobucco occlusal
  • Mesiolingual occlusal
  • Distolingual occlusal
zoom view
Fig. 1.9: The ink marking is to represent line angles on the crown as well as on the root of a anterior tooth(Courtesy: Department of Oral Pathology, Vydehi Institute of Dental Sciences, Bangalore)
7
zoom view
Fig. 1.10: Photograph showing mesiolingual and distolingual line angles of posterior tooth (ink markings)(Courtesy: Department of Oral Pathology, Vydehi Institute of Dental Sciences, Bangalore)
zoom view
Fig. 1.11: The ink dot markings in the picture showing point angles described in text(Courtesy: Department of Oral Pathology, Vydehi Institute of Dental Sciences, Bangalore)
 
CHRONOLOGIES OF HUMAN DENTITION2
Many early labels and charts disagreed on timing of chronological events. One of the altered and widely used table by Schour and Massler and presents a long history of subsequent development and compilations (Table 1.1).
Table 1.1   Chronology of human dentition
Dentition
Tooth
First evidence of calcification (Weeks in utero)
Crown completed (Months)
Eruption (Months)
Root completed (Years)
i1
14(13–16)
10(8–12)
i2
16(142/3–16½)b
11(9–13)
2
Primary
C
17(15–18)b
9
19(16–22)
(upper)
M1
15½(14½–17)
6
16(13–19) (14–18)
M2
19(16–23½)
11
29(25–33)
3
i1
14(13–16)
8(6–10)
i2
16(142/2–)
3
13(10–16)
Primary
C
17(16–)
9
20(17–23)
(lower)
M1
15½(14½–17)
16(14–18)
M2
18(17–19½)
10
27(23–31) (24–30)
3
i1
3–4
4–5
7–8
10
i2
10–12
4–5
8–9
11
C
4–5
6–7
11–12
13–15
Permanent
P1
1½–1¾
5–6
10–11
12–13
(upper)
P2
2–2¼
6–7
10–12
12–14
M1
at birth
2½–3
6–7
09–10
M2
2½–3
7–8
12–13
14–16
M3
7–9
12–16
17–21
18–25
Contd…
8
Contd…
Dentition
Tooth
First evidence of calcification (Weeks in utero)
Crown completed (Months)
Eruption completed
Root (Months) (Years)
L1
3–4
4–5
6–7
9
L2
3–4
4–5
7–8
10
C
4–5
6–7
9–10
12–14
Permanent
P1
1¾–2
5–6
10–12
12–13
(lower)
P2
2¼–2½
6–7
11–12
13–14
M1
at birth
2½–3
6–7
9–10
M2
2½–3
7–8
11–13
14–15
M3
8–10
12–16
17–21
18–25
REFERENCES
  1. Woelfel JB, Scheid RC. Dental Anatomy. Williams & Wilkins.  1997.
  1. Ash, Nelson. Wheelers Dental Anatomy, Physiology & Occlusion. 8th edition. Elsevier.  2003.