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Clinical Nursing: Concepts & Trends Mary Lucita

CHAPTER 1:Concepts in Nursing
- HISTORICAL INTRODUCTION TO NURSING
  - Objectives
- DEFINITIONS
- NURSING EDUCATION
- PROFESSIONAL ORGANIZATIONS
CHAPTER 2:History of Medicine
- INTRODUCTION
- MEDICINE IN ANCIENT TIMES
- MIDDLE AGES (500 AD TO 1500 AD)
  - Europe
  - Arabia
- DAWN OF SCIENTIFIC MEDICINE
  - Modern Medicine
- CURRENT TRENDS IN MEDICINE
  - Computed Tomography (CT Scan)
CHAPTER 3:The Historical Development and Current Trends in Surgery
- IN THE PRIMITIVE AGE
- IN THE ANCIENT AGE
  - Egypt
  - Greece and Rome
- IN THE MIDDLE AGE
- INFLUENCE OF ANATOMY
- PATHOLOGY AND EXPERIMENTAL SURGERY
- ANESTHESIA AND ANTISEPSIS
- TRAINING OF THE SURGEON
- OTHER FACTORS THAT INFLUENCED
- CURRENT TRENDS IN SURGERY
CHAPTER 4:History of Nursing
- INTRODUCTION
- NURSING HAS BEEN ESSENTIAL TO THE PRESERVATION OF LIFE FROM THE DAWN OF CIVILIZATION
- PREHISTORIC AGE
- MILITARY NURSING ORDERS
- MENDICANT AND SECULAR NURSING ORDERS
- SECULAR NURSING ORDERS
- INDIVIDUAL NURSING LEADERS
- ORGANIZATION OF HOSPITAL
  - Renaissance
  - Humanitarians Came Up
- MODERN NURSING
- SOME OF THE OTHER DEVELOPMENTS
- CURRENT TRENDS IN MEDICAL SURGICAL NURSING
CHAPTER 5:Trends and Concepts of Community Health Nursing
- OBJECTIVES
  - Central Objectives
  - Specific Objectives
- DEFINITION
- HISTORICAL REVIEW
- HISTORY OF COMMUNITY HEALTH IN INDIA
- HEALTH IN NINTH FIVE-YEAR PLAN
- TENTH FIVE-YEAR PLAN (2002–2007)
- ELEVENTH FIVE-YEAR PLAN (2007–2012)
- TWELFTH FIVE-YEAR PLAN (2012–2017)
- FIRST REFERRAL UNIT (FRU)
- ROLE OF COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSES
- DEVELOPMENT OF COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING IN INDIA
- ISSUES IN COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING
- LATEST DEVELOPMENT IN COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING
- FUTURE OF COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING IN INDIA
- HISTORY OF COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING IN KERALA
- CURRENT SITUATION IN KERALA
- CONClUSION
CHAPTER 6:Historical Development and Current Trends in Pediatric Nursing
- HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF THE CARE OF CHILDREN
- PRE-HISTORIC ERA (BEFORE 300 BC)
- ANCIENT CIVILIZATION (3000 BC TO 450 AD)
  - Egypt
  - Greece and Rome
  - Israel
  - China
- IMPACT OF CHRISTIANITY ON CHILD CARE
  - Medieval World (450 AD to 1350 AD)
  - Renaissance and Early Modern World (1350 AD to 1800 AD)
  - Modern World (1800 AD to the Present)
  - In Child Welfare
- MANKIND OVER THE CHILD, BEST IT HAS TO GIVE
- HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF CHILD CARE IN INDIA
- TRENDS IN CHILD CARE
- CLINICAL ADVANCES
- DIAGNOSTIC ADVANCES
- ADVANCES IN THERAPEUTIC MODALITIES
- ADVANCES IN GENETICS
- ADVANCES IN SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
- BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES
- PROGRAMS FOR CHILD WELFARE
- NATIONAL LEVEL
- NUTRITIONAL PROGRAMS
  - Special Nutritional Programs
  - Midday Meal Program
  - Applied Nutrition Program (ANP)
  - Vitamin A Prophylaxis Program for Preschoolers
- PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF ANEMIA AMONG PREGNANT AND LACTATING WOMEN
  - Goiter Control Program
- FIVE-POINT UNICEF FORMULA FOR INFANT CARE
- STATE LEVEL
- NURSING OF CHILDREN
- FAMILY CENTERED CARE
- STANDARDS OF CHILD NURSING
- PEDIATRIC NURSING—ROLE OF PEDIATRIC NURSE
  - Family Advocacy
  - Illness Prevention and Health Promotion
  - Health Teaching
  - Support and Counseling
  - Therapeutic Role
  - Coordination and Collaboration
  - Research
  - Health Care Planning
  - Future Trends
- SUMMARY
CHAPTER 7:Historical Development and Current Trends in Obstetric and Gynecologic Nursing
- INTRODUTION
- AIMS OF OBSTETRICS
- OBSTETRICS OVER THE CENTURIES
- CURRENT TRENDS IN OBSTETRICAL AND GYNECOLOGICAL NURSING
- CURRENT TRENDS IN ANTENATAL PERIOD
- CONTRACTION STRESS TEST (OXYTOCIN CHALLENGE TEST)
- AIDS IN OBSTETRICS
  - Current Trends in Gynecologic Fields
- RECENT ADVANCEMENT IN CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS
- POMEROY METHOD
  - Occlusive Bands or Rings
  - Occlusive Clips
- MALE STERILIZATION METHODS
  - Current Advancement in Assisted Reproduction
- SURROGACY
- ADVANCEMENT IN THIS FIELD
  - Science
  - Midwife
- COUNSELING
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 8:Mental Health Nursing
- INTRODUCTION
- MEANING OF MENTAL HEALTH NURSING PRACTICE
  - Definition
    - American Nurses' Association (ANA)—1994
  - Principles of Psychiatric Nursing
  - Concepts
- HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES
  - Genesis of Psychiatry
  - The Period of Renaissance
  - Contributions of Christianity
  - Global Outlook
  - Period of Persecution (1552 BC to 1400 AD)
  - Period of Segregation (1545 AD to 1800 AD)
  - Humanitarian Period (1745 AD to 1826 AD)
  - Beginning of Scientific Attitudes (1796 AD to 1878 AD)
  - Period of Prevention (1885 AD to 1960 AD)
  - Trends of the 20th Century in Psychiatry
- DEVELOPMENT OF PSYCHIARTY IN INDIA
  - Indian Systems of Medicine
  - History from Epics
    - Bhagavad Gita and Psychotherapy
- MENTAL HEALTH SERVICES IN INDIA
  - Yesterday
  - Today
  - Organizations
  - Community Mental Health Programs
  - Tomorrow
- ATTITUDES TO MENTAL HEALTH AND ILLNESS
  - Misconceptions
  - Recent Attitudes
- MENTAL ILLNESSES
  - Classification of Mental Illnesses
  - International Classification of Diseases (WHO)
  - Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM)
  - Indian Classification
  - Extent of the Mental Health Problem in India
- HEALTH MANPOWER AND FACILITIES FOR MENTAL HEALTH
  - Mental Health Manpower and Training Facilities
  - Resources Available for Mental Health Service
- HISTORY OF PSYCHIATRIC SERVICES IN KERALA
- EVOLUTION OF PSYCHIATRIC NURSING
  - Global Review
  - ANA Standards of Psychiatric Mental Health Clinical Nursing Practice, 1994
    - Standard of care
    - Standards of professional performance
  - Peplau's Classification
  - Developments in the 20th Century
- DEVELOPMENT IN CLINICAL PRACTICE
  - Development in Theory
  - Psychiatric Nursing in India
  - Psychiatric Nursing in Kerala
- NURSING PROCESS OF PSYCHIATRIC NURSING PRACTICE
- PSYCHIATRIC HISTORY TAKING
  - Different Aspects of Nursing Care
    - Sociocultural Aspects
    - Spiritual Aspects of Care
- PATIENT CARE APPROACHES IN PSYCHIATRIC NURSING
  - Progressive Patient Care
  - Team Nursing
  - Another Concept of Team Approach in Mental Health Care is the Primary and Secondary Health Care Teams; Which Work in Unison for the Betterment of Patients
    - Primary Health Care Team
    - Secondary Health Care Team
  - Primary Nursing Care
  - Adaptation Theory
  - Goal Attainment Theory
  - Others
- EXPANDED ROLE/SETTINGS IN PSYCHIATRIC NURSING
  - The Changing Roles of Nurse Manifested in Psychiatric Nursing
- THEORY BASE FOR PSYCHIATRIC NURSING
  - Medico-Biological Model
  - Psychoanalytical Model
  - Behavioral Systems Theory
  - Social Interpersonal Theory
  - General Systems Theory
  - Nurse Psychotherapist
  - Alternate Settings
  - Geriatric Nursing
  - Dedication Units
  - Community Facilities
    - Old Age Homes
    - Gynopsychiatry
  - Legal Aspects of Psychiatric Nursing Practice
- TRENDS/CHALLENGES
  - Demographic Changes
  - Social Changes
  - Economic Changes
  - Technological Changes
  - Gap Between Mental and Physical Health Care
- ISSUES IN MENTAL HEALTH NURSING
  - Ethical Issues
- PREDICTIONS FOR THE FUTURE
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 9:Therapeutic Environment
- INTRODUCTION
- DEFINITIONS
  - Environment
  - Safe Environment
  - Therapeutic Environment
- BASIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE THERAPEUTIC ENVIRONMENT
- INDICATORS OF THERAPEUTIC ENVIRONMENT
  - Construction of the Building
- SAFETY AND SECURITY
- SAFETY FACTORS IN THE HOSPITAL ENVIRONMENT
  - Environmental Safety Factors
  - Physical Safety Factors
  - Psychological Safety Factors
  - Bacteriological Safety Factors
- SPREAD OF INFECTION IN HOSPITAL
  - Hospital-acquired Infection
  - Handwashing
  - Hands should be Washed
    - Gloves
  - Other Measures
- SAFETY FACTORS RELATED TO DIFFERENT AGE GROUPS DEVELOPMENT CONSIDERATION
  - Infants, Toddlers and Preschoolers
  - School Age Child
  - Adolescent
  - Adults
  - Older Adults
- FACTORS INFlUENCING A HEALTHY COMMUNITY ENVIRONMENT
  - The Contribution of Local Authority Environmental Health Service to Heath Promotion
- IMPACT OF SAFETY DYSFUNCTIONS ON ACTIVITIES OF DAILY LIVING
  - Fear
  - Isolation
  - Loss of Sleep and Rest
  - Poor Self-concept
- MILIEU THERAPY (THERAPEUTIC MILIEU)
  - Functions
- CHARACTERISTICS
  - Individualized Treatment Programs
  - Self-governance
  - Progressive Level of Responsibility
  - A Variety of Meaningful Activities
  - Links with the Client's Family and Significant Others
  - Links with the Community
  - Effective Interaction Among Mental Health Team Members
  - Mental Health Team Members
  - Nursing Management
    - Assessment
    - Subjective Data
  - Functional Pattern Identification
  - Risk Identification
  - Dysfunction Identification
    - Objective Data
- NURSING DIAGNOSIS
- NURSING DIAGNOSIS FOR SAFETY RISKS
- PLANNING
- IMPLEMENTATION
- DEVELOPMENTAL CONSIDERATION
- ENVIRONMENTAL INTERACTIONS
- GENERAL PREVENTIVE MEASURES
- SPECIFIC SAFETY CONCERN
- POSIONING
  - Correct Body Mechanics
  - Preventing Hazards due to Immobility
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 10:Progressive Patient Care
- INTRODUCTION
- DEFINITIONS
- HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
- OBJECTIVES
- FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF PPC
- OUT-PATIENT CARE
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 11:Sensory or Perception Needs
- INTRODUCTION
  - Nature of Normal Sensation
- SENSORY APPARATUS AND MODALITIES
  - Internal
- TYPES OF STIMULATION
  - Sensory Stimulation
  - Cognitive Stimulation
  - Social Stimulation
  - Physical Stimulation
  - General Principles of Stimulations
- FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE SENSORY FUNCTIONS
- MEDICATIONS
- ENVIRONMENT
- COMFORT LEVEL
- PRE-EXISTING ILLNESS
- ENDOTRACHEAL INTUBATIONS
- THEORIES RELATED TO SENSORY PERCEPTION ALTERATION
  - Types of Sensory Alterations
  - Effects of Sensory Deprivations
  - Role of a Nurse
  - Infant
  - Nursing Interventions
  - Preschooler
  - The School Ages and Adolescent
  - People on Bed Rest
  - Nurses’ Role
- COMMUNICATION GUIDELINES
  - Hearing-impaired Client
  - Aphasic Client (Client Unable to Speak)
- PATIENT WITH REDUCED OLFACTORY RESPONSE
  - Patient with Reduced Tactile Sensation
  - Reduced Taste and Smell
  - Patient with Speech Alteration
    - Older Adult
    - Nurses’ Role
- SENSORY OVERLOAD
- EFFECT OF SENSORY OVERLOAD
- METHODS TO REDUCE STIMULI
  - Nanada-Approved Nursing Diagnosis
- SENSORY—PERCEPTUAL ALTERATION
  - Assessment
  - Objective Data
- PRINCIPLES AND RATIONALE FOR NURSING CARE
  - Generic Consideration
- PEDIATRIC CONSIDERATIONS
- NURSING INTERVENTIONS
- PROMOTE REORIENTATION
- PROMOTE MOVEMENT
- USE MEASURES TO PREVENT INJURY
- ASSISTANCE
- GERONTOLOGIC CONSIDERATIONS
- OUTCOME CRITERIA
- CARE OF PATIENT POST-CARDIAC SURGERY
- NURSING INTERVENTIONS
- EXPECTED OUTCOME
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 12:Conceptual Models and Theories in Nursing
- INTRODUCTION
- MEANING
- VIRGINIA HENDERSON—DEFINITION OF NURSING
- USE OF EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE
- FAYE GLENN ABDELLAH – 21 NURSING PROBLEMS
  - Major Concepts and Definitions
    - Nursing
- NURSING PROBLEM
- LYDIA E HALL – CORE CARE AND MODERN CREDENTIALS AND BACKGROUND
- DOROTHEA E OREM SELF-CARE DEFICIT THEORY AND BACKGROUND
- EVELYN ADAM CONCEPTUAL MODEL FOR NURSING CREDENTIALS AND BACKGROUND
CHAPTER 13:Humanistic Nursing
- WHOLLY COMPENSATORY SYSTEM
  - Nurse Actions
- MASTER PLAN
  - Theories on Interpersonal Relationships
  - System Theories
  - Nursing Theories
- THEORY OF HILDEGARD PEPLAU
  - Interpersonal Theory
- MAJOR CONCEPTS
  - Psyhodynamic Nursing
  - Nurse-Patient Relationship
  - Majors Assumptions
  - Acceptance by the Nursing Community
  - Further Development
  - Critique
- NURSING THEORY BY JOYCE-TRAVELBEE
  - Major Concepts and Definitions
  - Major Assumptions
  - Acceptance by the Nursing Community
- NURSING THEORY BY IDA-JEAN ORLANDO (1961)
  - Major Concepts and Definitions
  - Major Assumptions
  - Critique
- NURSING THEORY BY IMOGENE KING (GOAL ATTAINMENT THEORY-1971)
  - Major Concepts and Definitions
- NURSING THEORY BY DOROTHY JOHNSON (1968)
  - Major Concepts and Definitons
    - Behavior
    - System
  - Assumptions
  - Acceptance by the Nursing Community
  - Critique
- BETTY NEUMAN's THEORY (1970)
  - Major Concepts and Definitions
  - Input and Output
  - Major Assumptions
  - Acceptance by the Nursing Community
  - Critique
- MATURATION PROCESS FROM CONCEPTION
  - Definitons
  - Factors Affecting Growth and Development
    - Socioeconomic Factors
- CHARACTERISTICS OF GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT
- LAWS OF GROWTH
- THEORETICAL APPROACHES TO CHILD DEVELOPMENT
  - Piaget's Theory of Intellectual Development
  - Erikson's Psychoanalytical Theory
  - Freud's Psychoanalytical Theory
  - Freud's Stages of Psychosexual Development
- PERIODS OF GROWTH
  - Perinatal Period
  - Postnatal Period
  - Prenatal Period
- STAGES OF FETAL GROWTH
  - 1st Month (4 Weeks)
  - 2nd Month (8 Weeks)
  - 3rd Month (12 Weeks)
  - 4th Month (16 Weeks)
  - 5th Month (20 Weeks)
  - 6th Month (24 Weeks)
  - 7th Month (28 Weeks)
  - 8th Month (32 weeks)
  - 9th Month (36 Weeks)
- PARENTAL INFLUENCES ON CHILD DEVELOPMENT
  - Perinatal Care
  - Importance of Newborn Period to Later Development
  - Sensory Development
  - Nursing Applications
- GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF AN INFANT
  - Physical Growth
    - Changes in Size
    - Neuromuscular Development
  - Stranger Fears
  - Health Promotion of the Infant
  - Health Maintenance
  - Physical Safety
  - Care during Minor Illness
  - Long-term Management of High-risk Infant
  - Preterm Infant
  - Sensory Stimulation and the Neonatal Unit
  - Play and the Infant in the Neonatal Unit
- EXAMPLES OF PLAY PROGRAM
  - Physical
  - Intellectual
  - Emotional
- EVALUATION
- GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF TODDLER
  - I. Physical Growth
  - II. Neuromuscular Growth and Development
  - III. Intellectual Development
- PROMOTION OF DEVELOPMENT OF TODDLER
  - Promoting Neuromuscular Development
  - Promoting Cognitive Development
  - Promotion of Language Development
  - Promoting Psychosocial Development
  - Promotion of Play
- HEALTH PROMOTION OF THE TODDLERS
CHAPTER 14:Maturation Process in Toddler and Preschooler
- INTRODUCTION
- DEFINITION OF GROWTH
- DEFINITION OF DEVELOPMENT
- DEFINITION OF MATURATION
- STAGES OF GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT
- MATURATION PROCESS IN TODDLER
- OVERVIEW OF PHYSICAL GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT
  - Biologic Growth
  - Motor Development
    - Significance of Delayed Motor Development
  - Sensory Development
  - Psychosocial or Emotional Development
- BEHAVIORAL CHARACTERISTICS
- SUPPORT OF THE TODDLER DURING TEMPER TANTRUM
- RITUALISTIC BEHAVIOR
- AMBIVALENCE
  - The Anal Stage
- SEXUALITY DURING THE TODDLER PERIOD
- THE EFFECT OF BIRTH OF A SIBLING
- SPIRITUAL DEVELOPMENT
- PREOPERATIONAL STAGE
- SUPPORT AND LOUD NOISE
- STAGE OF BIRTH TO 2 YEARS
- LANGUAGE AND SPEECH DEVELOPMENT
- NEEDS OF TODDLER
  - Love and Security
- SEPARATION ANXIETY
  - Regression
- DISCIPLINE LEADING TO SELF-CONTROL
- SETTING OF LIMITS
- CONSTRUCTIVE DISCIPLINE
- PROGRESSION TO INDEPENDENCE
- INDICATION OF THE TODDLER'S READINESS FOR TRAINING
  - Psychological Readiness
  - Intellectual Readiness
  - Fecal Smearing
  - Play Needs
- NURSE'S ROLE IN HEALTH PROMOTION (GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT)
  - Motor Development
- MATURATION PROCESS—SCHOOL AGE
- GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT
  - Biologic Growth
  - Weight and Height
  - Body Proportion
  - Dentition
  - Physiolgic Development
  - Cardiovascular System
  - Immune System
  - Neuronal System
  - Motor Developement
  - Sensory Development
  - Psychosocial or Emotional Development
- INDUSTRY VS INFERIORITY
- PSYCHOSEXUAL DEVELOPMENT
  - Moral Development
  - Language and Speech Development
  - Play and Work
  - Spiritual Development
  - Intellectual or Cognitive Development
  - Health Promotion and Anticipatory Guidance
  - School Health Program
  - Areas of Health Education
- MATURATION PROCESS – ADOLESCENCE
  - Introduction
  - Piaget Theory
  - Physical Growth and Development
    - Physical Growth
    - Dentition
  - Physiological Development of Adolescent
  - Pubic Hair
  - Emotional Development or Psychosocial Development
  - Intellectual Development
  - Psychosexual Development
  - Spiritual Development
  - Moral Development
  - Idealism
  - Language and Speech Development
  - Play and Recreation
  - Health Promotion and Anticipatory Guidance
  - Medical Problems
  - Mental Health Problems include—
  - Nursing Management – Interventions to Prevent Maturational Problems
  - Prevention of Accidents
  - Family Life Education
- MATURATION GROWTH OF PRE-SCHOOL CHILDREN
- PHYSICAL GROWTH
  - Weight
  - Height
  - Body Proportions
  - Dentition
  - Cardiovascular System
  - Blood Values
  - Respiratory System
  - Gastrointestinal System
  - Sensory Development
- MOTOR DEVELOPMENT: AT THREE YEARS
  - Gross Motor
  - Fine Motor
  - Self-care
- 4 YEARS
  - Gross Motor
  - Fine Motor
  - Self-care
  - Spilling
- 5 YEARS
  - Gross Motor
  - Fine Motor
  - Self-care
- DEVELOPMENT
  - Emotional Development
    - The Child Learns to Master Eligibility
  - Psychosexual Development
    - Oedipus Electra Complex
  - Cognitive Development
  - Moral Development
  - Spiritual Development
  - Language and Speech Development
  - Television and Children
  - Pre-school/day Care Experience
  - Gifted Children
  - Speech Problem
  - Aggression
  - Fears
  - Enuresis
    - Causes
    - Treatment
  - Encopresis
  - Masturbation
  - Handicapped Child
- SLEEP AND ACTIVITY
  - Nurse's Role in Growth and Development of Pre-school Children
    - Nutrition
  - Immunization
  - Sex Education
  - Dental Health
  - The Preschooler's Response to Hospitalization
  - Parental Guidance during Preschool Years
    - Projection
    - Intervention
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 15:Maturation Process: Adolescence and Adulthood
- INTRODUCTION
- DEFINITION
  - Physical Growth
- BODY PROPORTION AND CONFIGURATION
  - Dentition
- PHYSIOLOGY OF ADOLESCENCE
- MATURATIONAL CHANGES IN BODY SYSTEMS
- REPRODUCTIVE DEVELOPMENT
- SEX HORMONES
- DEVELOPMENT IN THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
- MENARCHE
- DEVELOPMENT IN THE MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
- CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
- RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
- INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
- SENSORY ORGANS
- OTHER ORGANS
- PSYCHOSOCIAL OR EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT
- ACHIEVEMENTS OF INDEPENDENCE FORM
- EMOTIONAL AND SOCIAL NEEDS
- LANGUAGE AND SPEECH DEVELOPMENT
- PLAY AND RECREATION
- NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENT
- RECOMMENDED DIETARY ALLOWANCES OF NUTRIENTS FOR ADOLESCENCE
- CHARACTERISTICS OF ADOLESCENCE
- INTELLECTUAL OR COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT
- PSYCHOSEXUAL DEVELOPMENT
- MASTURBATION
- SPIRITUAL DEVELOPMENT
- MORAL DEVELOPMENT
- IDEALISM
- DEVELOPMENTAL TASK
- DEVELOPMENTAL TASKS IN ADOLESCENCE
- HEALTH PROMOTION AND ANTICIPATORY GUIDANCE
- PHYSICAL EXAMINATION
- MEDICAL PROBLEMS
- SELF-CARE
- NUTRITION
- DENTAL HEALTH
- POSTURE
- DISCIPLINE AND LIMIT SETTING
- PREVENTION OF ACCIDENTS
- PREVENTION OF ADDICTIVE BEHAVIORS
- SEX EDUCATION
- BREAST SELF EXAMINATION (BSE)
- TESTICULAR EXAMINATION
- ADULTHOOD
- COGNITIVE AND PERCEPTUAL PATTERNS
- PSYCHOSOCIAL
- DEVELOPMENTAL TASKS DURING ADULTHOOD
  - Early Adulthood
  - Characteristics of Early Adulthood
- HEALTH PROMOTION AND ANTICIPATORY GUIDANCE
- NUTRITION
- ACTIVITY AND EXERCISE
- SLEEP AND REST
- VOCATIONAL AND FAMILY ADJUSTMENT
  - Vocational Adjustment
  - Selection of a Vocation
- MARITAL ADJUSTMENTS
- ADJUSTMENT OF PARENTHOOD
- SUCCESS OF ADJUSTMENT TO ADULTHOOD
  - Achievements
  - Satisfaction
- MIDDLE ADULT
- AGE AND PHYSICAL CHANGES
- CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
- CHARACTERISTICS OF MIDDLE AGE
- DEVELOPMENTAL TASKS
- HEALTH PROMOTION AND ANTICIPATORY GUIDANCE
  - Health Assessment
  - Nutrition
  - Rest, Sleep and Activity
- ADJUSTMENT TO PHYSICAL CHANGES
- ADJUSTMENT TO MENTAL CHANGES
- SOCIAL ADJUSTMENTS
- SUMMARY
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 16:Maturation Process: Adulthood
- INTRODUCTION
- DIVISION OF ADULTHOOD
  - Early Adulthood
  - Middle Adulthood (Middle Age)
  - Late Adulthood (Old Age)
- THEORIES OF ADULT PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT
  - Early Formation Theory
  - Stage Theory
  - Dialectical Approach
- DEVELOPMENTAL TASKS
- EARLY ADULTHOOD
  - Intimacy Versus Isolation
- MIDDLE ADULTHOOD
  - Generosity versus Self-absorbation and Stagnation
  - Haighurt's Theory
  - Levinson's Individual Life Structure
  - Sheehy: Phases of Adulthood
- DEVELOPMENT OF YOUNGER AND MIDDLE ADULTHOOD
  - Young Adulthood
  - Middle Adulthood
- RESPONSE TO ILLNESS AND HOSPITALIZATION
  - Early Adulthood
  - Middle Adulthood
- HEALTH CONCERNS AND NURSES ROLE IN CARING FOR ADULT
  - Early Adulthood
  - Middle Adulthood
- LATE ADULTHOOD
  - Introduction
- HISTORY
  - Evolution of the Concept of Old Age
  - Dispelling the Myths of Old Age
- DEFINITIONS
  - Old age
  - Aging
  - Geriatrics
    - According to Potter and Perry
  - Gerontology
  - Senescence
- POPULATION CHARACTERISTICS
- THEORIES OF AGING
  - Gene Theory
  - Non-genetic Theories
- PSYCHOSOCIAL THEORIES
  - Disengagement Theory
  - Activity Theory
  - Development/Continuity Theory
  - Life-span Theories
  - Others
- MATURATION PROCESS OF OLD AGE
  - Changes in Cognition
- OTHER CHARACTERISTICS OF OLD AGE
  - Nurse's Responsibilities in Physical Changes and Physiological Effects
- CHRONIC ILLNESS IN OLD AGE
- SCREENING/ PHYSICAL EXAMINATION PROTOCOLS
  - Needs for Healthy Aging
- GOOD HEALTH WITHOUT ILLNESS
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 17:Nursing Care Delivery System
- NURSING CARE DELIVERY SYSTEMS
CHAPTER 18:Legal Aspects in Nursing
- INTRODUCTION
- LEGAL RESPONSIBILITY
- REGULATION OF NURSING PRACTICE IN INDIA
- LEGAL LIABILITY IN NURSING
  - Intentional Torts
  - Unintentional Torts
    - Crimes
- FELONY
- LEGAL CONCEPTS AND NURSING PRACTICE
- LEGAL ISSUES
- NURSING ROLES RELATED TO LEGAL PRACTICE
- CONSUMER'S RIGHTS IN HEALTH CARE SYSTEM
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 19:Communication
- INTRODUCTION
- DEFINITION
- IMPORTANCE OF COMMUNICATION
- COMMUNICATION PROCESS
- ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION PROCESS
  - The Message
  - Channels
  - The Receiver
  - The Response to Feedback
- COMMON GOALS OF COMMUNICATION
- KINDS OF COMMUNICATION
  - Verbal Communication
  - Characteristics of Giving Effective Verbal Message
  - Nonverbal Communication
- OBSERVING AND INTERPRETING
  - Nonverbal Behavior
  - Physical Appearance
  - Posture and Gait
  - Facial Expression
  - Hand Movements and Gestures
- ONE-WAY AND TWO-WAY COMMUNICATION
  - One-Way Communication (Didactic Method)
  - Two-Way Communications
  - Comparison Between One-Way and Two-Way Communications
- FORMAL AND INFORMAL COMMUNICATION
  - Vertical or Formal Communication
  - Lateral or Informal Communication
- GRAPEVINE COMMUNICATION
  - Single Straight Chain
  - Gossip
  - Probability Chain
  - Cluster Chain
- PRINCIPLES OF COMMUNICATION
- THEORIES RELATED TO COMMUNICATION
  - The Mathematical Theory of Communicaiton
  - Kinesis Theory
- FACTORS INFLUENCING COMMUNICATION PROCESS
  - Perceptions
  - Values
  - Development
  - Space and Territoriality
  - Gender
  - Emotions
  - Sociocultural Background
  - Knowledge
  - Roles and Relationships
  - Enviornmental Settings
  - Attitude
  - Time
  - Capacity of the Communicator
- LEVELS OF COMMUNICATION
  - Intrapersonal Communication
  - Interpersonal Communication
  - Public Communication
  - Communication Network
- BARRIERS OF COMMUNICATION
  - Criticizing
  - Name Calling
  - Excessive in Appropriate Questioning
  - Advising
  - Diverting
  - Logical Argument
  - Reassuring
  - Others
- METHODS OF EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION
  - Listening Attentively
  - Paraphrasing
  - Clarifying
  - Open Ended Questions and Statement
  - Focusing
  - Being Specific, Tentative and Informative
  - Using Silence
  - Summarizing
- COMMUNICATION IN EFFECTIVE NURSE-PATIENT RELATIONSHIP (THERAPEUTIC COMMUNICATION)
- PHASES OF HELPING RELATIONSHIP
  - The Introductory Phase
  - Working Phase
- TERMINATION PHASE
  - Evaluation of Goal Achievement
- SEPARATION
- PRINCIPLES OF INTERPERSONAL RELATIONSHIP
- FACTORS INHIBITING EFFECTIVE NURSE-PATIENT RELATIONSHIP
- COMMUNICATING AND NURSING PROCESS
  - Assessment
  - Nursing Diagnosis
  - Planning Care
  - Implementing Care
  - Evaluation
- COMMUNICATION AND ADVANCED INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
  - Electronic Mail
  - Video Conferencing
  - Telecommunicating
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 20:Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR)
- INTRODUCTION
- CARDIOPULMONARY ARREST
- CASUSES OF CARDIOPULMONARY ARREST
- DEFINITION OF CARDIOPULMONARY RESUSCITATION (CPR)
- EVOLUTION OF CARDIOPULMONARY RESUSCITATION
- MANAGEMENT OF CARDIOPULMONARY ARREST
  - Precordial Thump
  - Basic Life Support or CPR
- TECHNIQUE OF BASIC LIFE SUPPORT/ABC'S
- BLS ALGORITHM
- CARDIOPULMONARY RESUSCITATION IN INFANTS AND CHILDREN
  - Causes of Cardiopulmonary Arrest in Pediatrics
- MAIN DIFFERENCE IN CPR TECHNIQUES FOR CHILDREN 1–8 YRS
- ADVANCED CARDIAC LIFE SUPPORT (ACLS)
  - Goals of ACLS
- DRUGS USED IN ARREST/ACLS DRUGS
CHAPTER 21:Management of Cardiac Arrest in MCH-CCU
- POST-RESUSCITATION
  - Management
- RESUSCITATION TEAM AND APPROACH
- DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
- COMPLICATIONS OF CPR
- ORGANIZATIONAL ASPECTS OF CPR
- ETHICAL ASPECTS OF CPR
- LEGAL CONSIDERATION IN CPR
- COMMUNITY APPROACH CPR
- RECENT CONCEPT IN CPR
  - Use of NaHCO3
  - Thoracic Pump Theory
- ARTERIAL DIASTOLIC PRESSURE
- FUTURE DEVELOPMENT
- NURSE'S ROLE
  - As an Educator
- CONCLUSION
- CARDIAC MONITERING
- HEMODYNAMIC MONITORING
- CENTRAL VENOUS PRESSURE
- PULMONARY ARTERY PRESSURE MONITORING WITH A SWINGMAN CATHETER
- INTRACRANIAL PRESSURE MONITORING
  - Baseline Assessment
- NURSING DIAGNOSIS IN CRITICAL CARE
- CONTROVERSIES REGARDING NURSING DIAGNOSIS IN CRITICAL CARE INDEPENDENT VERSUS COLLABORATIVE CARE
- OTHER NURSING DIAGNOSIS INTERVENTIONS FOR PATIENTS IN ICU IN GENERAL
  - Ineffective airway clearance related to pathological process in lung, trauma, anesthesia, neuromuscular disorder
  - Fluid electrolyte imbalance related to shock or fluid loss
  - Potential for complication-infection thrombophlebitis most common complications developed in—
  - Anxiety related to continual manipulation and disease control
  - Alteration in bowel and bladder elimination related to immobility
  - Potential for alteration in skin integrity related to immobility
  - Ineffective individual coping related to hospitalization
  - Self-care defecit related to confinement to bed
  - Knowledge deficit related to disease condition and management
  - Ineffective family coping related to severe disability of patient
- CRISIS INTERVENTION IN CRITICAL CARE
- A MODEL OF CRISIS INTERVENTION
- PATIENT TEACHING
CHAPTER 22:Setting Up of Trauma Care Unit
- PHYSICAL DESIGN
  - The Auxiliary Areas Include the Following
- EQUIPMENT COMMONLY AVAILABLE WITHIN OR NEAR THE TRAUMA CARE UNIT
- BEDSIDE EQUIPMENTS
- SUPPORTIVE SERVICES
- STAFFING
- STAFF OF A MAJOR CRITICAL CARE UNIT
  - Medical
  - Nurses
  - Allied Health
- MEDICAL STAFF
- NURSING STAFF
- ALLIED HEALTH
- OTHER STAFF
- ASSESSMENT OF A PATIENT IN TRAUMA CARE UNIT
  - 1. Nursing History
  - 2. Physical Examination
  - 3. Monitored Data
- CARDIAC MONITORING
- HEMODYNAMIC MONITORING
- CENTRAL VENOUS PRESSURE
- INTRACRANIAL PRESSURE MONITORING
- SUMMARY ASSESSMENT
- BASELINE ASSESSMENT
- TRAUMA ASSESSMENT
  - Preliminary Assessment and Resuscitation
  - Secondary Assessment and Interventions
  - Physical Assessment
- PSYCHOSOCIAL INTERVENTIONS IN TRAUMA CARE UNIT
- PREVENTION OF INTENSIVE CARE UNIT PSYCHOSIS
- NURSING DIAGNOSIS AND INTERVENTIONS FOR TRAUMA PATIENT IN GENERAL
- OTHER NURSING INTERVENTIONS
- NURSING MANAGEMENT OF PATIENT WITH TRAUMA
- PRINCIPLES OF ASSESSMENT AND EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT
CHAPTER 23:Intensive Care Nursing
- INTRODUCTION
- WHAT IS SERIOUSLY-ILL PATIENT?
  - Advantages
- DEFINITION
- STAFF IN ICU UNIT
- CHARACTERISTICS OF AN ICU NURSE
- INDIVIDUAL AND FAMILY RESPONSE TO THE CRITICAL CARE UNIT
- STRESSORS ON PATIENTS AND FAMILIES
  - The Patient
  - Anxiety occurs when a person experiences—
  - Family Stressors
- PATTERNS OF ADAPTATION
  - Levels of Physical Wellbeing
  - Nursing Intervention
  - Cognitive Technique
  - Guided Imaginary and Relaxation Technique
  - Music Therapy
    - Humor
- THE NURSE STRESSORS
- STRESS AND COPING
- ALLEVIATION AND PREVENTION OF PSYCHOLOGICAL STRESSORS
- PREVENTION AND ALLEVIATION OF SOCIAL STRESSORS FOR PATIENT AND FAMILY
  - Common Stressors, Responses and Interventions for Families in the ICU
  - Environmental
  - Interventions
- WAYS TO INCREASE STAFF MOTIVATION
- TRANSPORT OF THE CRITICALLY ILL
- STRATEGIES FOR JOB SATISFACTION AND A SUCCESSFUL CAREER
  - Standards for Care in the ICU
  - Achieving Safe Movement
- CRITICAL CARE SCORING
  - Glasgow Coma Scale
  - The Glasgow Coma Scale
  - Trauma Score or Revised Trauma Score
  - Trauma Score
  - Revised Trauma Score
  - CRAMS Scale
  - Injury Severity Score (ISS)
  - Acute Physiology, Age, Chronic Health Evaluation
- APACHE III SCORE
- OTHER SCORING SYSTEMS
  - Simplified Acute Physiology Score (SAPS)
  - Mortality Prediction Models (MPMS)
  - Therapeutic Intervention Scoring Systems (TISS)
- THE NURSING PROCESS IN CRITICAL CARE
  - Assessment of Patient in Critical Care Unit
- VENTILATOR
  - Way to Deliver Oxygen
  - Sharpening Your Ventilator Skills
  - Troubleshooting Ventilator Alarms
  - Why high-pressure alarms go off?
  - Why low-pressure alarms go off?
  - Preventing Complications
  - Mechanical Ventilation Related Nursing Care
  - Indications
  - Assessment of Patient on Ventilator
  - Nursing Interventions
  - Psychosocial Problems of Patient on Ventilator
  - Endotracheal Suctioning
  - Reconnect
  - Complications of Suctioning
  - Complications of Mechanical Ventilation
  - Other Complications
  - Troubleshooting the Ventilator Alarm and Cause
CHAPTER 24:Oxygen Insufficiency
- INTRODUCTION
- HYPOXIA
- DEFINITION
- CLASSIFICATION
- CAUSES OF HYPOXIA
- STAGNANT ANOXIA OR HYPOKINETIC
- CAUSES OF STAGNANT HYPOXIA
- HISTOTOXIC ANOXIA
- ALTITUDE ANOXIA
- RESPIRATORY CHANGES IN HYPOXIA
  - Acute and Chronic at High Altitude
- DETERMINING THE PRESENCE OF HYPOXEMIA
- OXYGEN THERAPY IN ANOXIA HYPOXIA
- DANGER OF OXYGEN THERAPY IN ANOXIA OR HYPOXIA
- CONCLUSION
- NURSING CARE PLAN
CHAPTER 25:Shock
- DEFINITION OF SHOCK
- INCIDENCE
- ETIOLOGY
- HYPOVOLEMIC SHOCK
- CARDIOGENIC SHOCK
- DISTRIBUTIVE SHOCK
- RISK FACTORS
- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
- RECOVERY STAGE
- CLINICAL MANIFESTATION
- COMPENSATED STAGE
- DECOMPENSATED STAGE
- MANAGEMENT
- NURSING MANAGEMENT
- SURGICAL MANAGEMENT
- NURSING CARE PLAN ON SHOCK
  - Cardiogenic Shock
CHAPTER 26:Hemorrhage or Bleeding
- HEMORRHAGE
- TYPES OF HEMORRHAGE
- EFFECT OF HEMORRHAGE
- EFFECT OF UNLIMITED HEMORRHAGE
- DIAGNOSIS
CHAPTER 27:Fluid and Electrolyte Imbalances
- INTRODUCTION
- FLUID BALANCE
  - Fluid Compartment
  - Fluid Pressure
- REGULATION OF FLUID BALANCE AND ELECTROLYTE
  - Thirst
  - Hormonal Influence
- ALDOSTERONE
  - Osmosis
  - Water
  - Diffusion
  - Solute
  - Filtration
- FLUID IMBALANCE
  - Water and Sodium Imbalance
  - Fluid Deficit
  - Etiology
    - Fluid Loss
    - Sequestration of Body Fluids
  - Pathophysiology
- SIGNS OF ECF DEPLETION
- SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF WATER DEFICIT
- COLLABORATIVE CARE MANAGEMENT
- FLUID EXCESS
  - Etiology
  - Overhydration
  - Excessive Sodium Intake
  - Failure of Regulating Mechanism
  - Intracellular Edema
  - Extracellular Edema
  - Pathophysiology
  - Causes of Edema According to Underlying Physiologic Mechanism
  - Management
  - Electrolyte Imbalance
  - Sodium
- HYPONATREMIA
  - Causes and Clinical Manifestation
  - Management
- HYPERNATREMIA
  - Etiology
    - Water Loss
    - Sodium Gain
  - Clinical Manifestation
    - Water Loss
    - Sodium Gain
  - Pathophysiology
  - Cardiovascular Damages
- HYPERKALEMIA
  - Causes and Clinical Manifestations
  - Pathophysiology
  - Management
- HYPERCALCEMIA
  - Causes
  - Appearance
  - Management
    - Detritus may be Prescribed
- HYPOCALCEMIA
  - Causes
  - Appearance
  - Behaviors
  - Musculoskeletal
  - Gastrointestinal Changes
  - Neuromuscular
  - Pathophysiology
  - Management
- MAGNESIUM
  - Hypomagnesemia
  - Hypermagnesemia
    - Pathophysiology
  - Management
- PHOSPHATE
  - Hypophosphatemia
    - Causes
- NURSING MANAGEMENT OF PERSONS WITH FLUID AND ELECTROLYTE IMBALANCES
  - Assessment
    - Subjective Data
    - Objective Data
  - Laboratory Values
  - Interventions
    - Evaluation of Degree of Deficit/Excess
    - Replacement of Fluids and Electrolytes General Priciples
  - Promoting Oral Intake
  - Tubefeeding
  - Parenteral Fluids
  - Administration
    - Complications of Intravenous Fluid Therapy
- PROMOTING COMFORT
  - Relieving Thirst
  - Relieving Nausea and Vomiting
- PATIENT/FAMILY EDUCATION
- EVALUATION
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 28:Meeting Nutritional Needs
- INTRODUCTION
- SPECIAL NUTRITIONAL CONSIDERATION DURING THE LIFE CYCLE
- SPECIAL DIETS
  - Basic Principles of Diet Therapy
- DIETARY REGIMENS IN THE HEALTH CARE SETTINGS
- DIET BEFORE AND AFTER SURGERY
- DIET IN MANAGEMENT OF OBESITY
- DIET IN MANAGEMENT OF UNDERWEIGHT INDIVIDUAL
- DIET IN THE MANAGEMENT OF GASTROINTESTINAL DISEASE
- DIET IN MANAGEMENT OF LIVER AND GALLBLADDER DISEASE
- DIET IN THE MANAGEMENT OF KIDNEY DISORDERS
- DIET IN THE MANAGEMENT OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE
- DIET IN THE CAUSATION AND MANAGEMENT OF CANCER
- DIET IN THE MANAGEMENT OF SELECTED METABOLIC AND ENDOCRINE DISORDER
- DIET IN THE MANAGEMENT OF SPECIAL DISEASE OF INFANCY AND CHILDHOOD
  - Phyenylketonuria
- NURSE'S ROLE IN NUTRITIONAL MANAGEMENT
- MANAGEMENT OF PEOPLE WITH SPECIAL PROBLEM
- TIPS ON PLANNING SPECIAL MEALS IN THE HOME SETTING
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 29:Nursing Care Plans
- NURSING CARE PLAN ON PSYCHOSOMATIC ILLNESS
- NURSING Care PLAN ON PSYCHIATRIC NURSING

INDEX

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Index

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Chapter Notes