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Manual of Medical Treatment in Urology
Ismaila A Mungadi, Hyacinth N Mbibu, Ehab Eltahawy, Abdullahi Abdulwahab-Ahmed
SECTION 1: BENIGN UROLOGICAL DISEASES
CHAPTER 1:
Medical Treatment of Pain
INTRODUCTION
PAIN ASSESSMENT
Visual Analogue Scale
RENAL AND URETERIC COLIC
CHRONIC PELVIC PAIN SYNDROME (CPPS)
INTERSTITIAL CYSTITIS
UROLOGICAL CANCER PAIN
POSTOPERATIVE ANALGESIA
OUTLINE OF PHARMACOTHERAPY6,7
Nonopioids
Paracetamol (Acetaminophen)
Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs
Ibuprofen
Diclofenac
Tenoxica
Piroxicam
Selective Cyclooxygenase-2 (Cox2) Inhibitors
Celecoxib
Etodolac
Panecoxib
Opioids
Morphine
Dihydrocodeine (DITC)
Tramadol
Pentazocine
Pethidine
Local Anesthetics
Prilocaine
Bupivacaine
Adjuvants
Tricyclic antidepressants
Amitriptyline
Gabapentin
Corticosteroids
Biphosphonate
CHAPTER 2:
Antimicrobial Therapy
INTRODUCTION
GENERAL PRINCIPLES AND GUIDELINES TO THERAPY
ACUTE PYELONEPHRITIS
CYSTITIS
BACTERIAL PROSTATITIS
EPIDIDYMITIS, EPIDIDYMO-ORCHITIS
GENITOURINARY TUBERCULOSIS
URETHRITIS
Gonococcal Urethritis
Nongonococcal Urethritis
SYPHILIS AND OTHER SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS
GENITAL HERPES
MOLLUSCUM CONTAGIOSUM
URINARY SCHISTOSOMIASIS
SCROTAL FILARIASIS
FUNGAL INFECTION
Opportunistic
ACTINOMYCOSIS
FOURNIER'S GANGRENE
PERIOPERATIVE ANTIMICROBIAL PROPHYLAXIS
OUTLINE OF PHARMACOTHERAPY12–15
Aminopenicillins and β-lactamase Inhibitors
Ampicillin/Amoxicillin
Nitrofurantoin
Cotrimoxazole (Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole)
Fluoroquinolones
Cephalosporins
Aminoglycoside
Gentamicin
Macrolides
Erythromycin, Azithromycin
Dosage
Metronidazole
Tetracyclines
Tetracycline
Doxycycline
Anti-Tuberculous Drugs-First Line
Isoniazid (INH)
Rifampicin
Pyrazinamide
Ethambutol
Streptomycin
Antiviral Agents
Acyclovir
Parasitic Infections
Praziquantel
Diethylcarbamazine (DEC)
Ivermectin
Benzyl Benzoate
Permethrin
Antifungal Agents
Amphotericin B
Imidazoles
Ketoconazole
Miconazole
Fluconazole
CHAPTER 3:
Medical Management of Erectile Dysfunction
INTRODUCTION
PATIENT EVALUATION
Medical History
Sexual History
Psychosocial History
Physical Examination
Laboratory Testing
Specialized Diagnostic Tests
Arteriography and Dynamic Infusion Cavernosometry or Cavernosography
Neurological Studies
TREATMENT OF ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION
Lifestyle Change
Medication Change
Psychosexual Therapy
Vacuum Constriction Device
Hormonal Therapy
OUTLINE OF PHARMACOLOGIC THERAPY
Peripherally Acting Agents
Oral Therapy
Safety Issues for PDE-5 Inhibitors
Management of Nonresponders to PDE-5 Inhibitors
Other Oral Agents
Intracavernous Injections (ICI)
Transurethral (TU) Alprostadil
CHAPTER 4:
Medical Treatment of Urinary Incontinence
INTRODUCTION
CONTROL OF MICTURITION
EVALUATION OF URINARY INCONTINENCE PATIENTS
HOW CAN WE PREVENT URINARY INCONTINENCE?
URINARY INCONTINENCE MANAGEMENT OPTIONS
ROLE OF PHARMACOTHERAPY
Drug Therapy
Antimuscarinic Medications
β3 agonists (Mirabegron)
Estrogen Therapy
Other Medical Therapies
Desmopressin Acetate (DDAVP)
Tricyclic Antidepressants
Alpha Agonists
Use of Absorbent Products (Pantiliners, Pads, Diapers, etc.)
OUTLINE OF SOME PHARMACOTHERAPEUTIC AGENTS19,20
Antimuscarinic and Musculotropic Drugs
Propantheline (Pro-Banthine)
Oxybutinin
Propiverine
Tolterodine
Trospium Chloride
Darifenacin
Botulinum A Toxin (Botox)
Desmopressin (DDAVP)
CHAPTER 5:
Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia
INTRODUCTION
ALPHA-ADRENERGIC ANTAGONIST
5-ALPHA REDUCTASE INHIBITORS
COMBINATION THERAPY
PHYTOTHERAPEUTIC AGENTS
OUTLINE OF PHARMACOTHERAPY FOR BPH10–12
Alpha 1 Receptor Antagonist
Prazosin
Terazosin
Doxazosin
Alfuzosin
Silodosin
Tamsulosin
5-Alpha Reductase Inhibitors
Finasteride
Dutasteride
Phytotherapeutic Agents
CHAPTER 6:
Medical Treatment of Urolithiasis
INTRODUCTION
RISK STRATIFICATION
EVALUATION OF NEPHROLITHIASIS
MEDICAL THERAPY
During a Stone Episode
Chemodissolution of Stones
After the Stone Episode
Hydration and Diet
Pharmacotherapy
Hypercalciuria
Augmenting Citrate Excretion
Controlling Oxalate Excretion
Gouty Diathesis
Struvite Stones
Cystine Stones
FOLLOW-UP STUDIES
CHAPTER 7:
Miscellaneous Use of Drugs
PREMATURE EJACULATION
PRIAPISM
Hemodynamic Classification
Low Flow Priapism (Ischemic or Veno-occlusive)
High-Flow Priapism
Medical Treatment
INFERTILITY
Role of Medical Therapy in Infertility
Pyospermia
Retrograde Ejaculation
Hyperprolactinemia
Hypogonadotrophic Hypogonadism
SECTION 2: MEDICAL TREATMENT OF UROLOGICAL CANCER
CHAPTER 8:
Renal Cell Carcinoma
INTRODUCTION
DRUG TREATMENT OF RCC
Immunotherapy
Antiangiogenic Agents
OUTLINE OF PHARMACOTHERAPY
Immunotherapy
Interferon Alpha
Interleukin 2
Antiangiogenic Agents
Monoclonal Antibody
Tyrosin Kinase Inhibitors
CHAPTER 9:
Bladder Cancer
INTRODUCTION
Grading of Urothelial Cancers
Treatment Options for Urethelial Cancer of the Bladder
INTRAVESICAL THERAPY FOR SUPERFICIAL BLADDER CANCER
INTRAVESICAL IMMUNOTHERAPY
Bacille Calmette-Guérin
Interferon-Alpha
Keyhole Limpet Hemocyanin (KLH)
INTRAVESICAL CHEMOTHERAPY
PHOTODYNAMIC THERAPY
COMBINATION THERAPY AND TIMING
INVASIVE BLADDER CANCER
Neoadjuvant
Adjuvant
SYSTEMIC CHEMOTHERAPY FOR METASTATIC DISEASE
OTHER GUIDELINES
Drug Combination
Variant Histology
DETAILS OF PHARMACOTHERAPY FOR BLADDER CANCER14, 33,43–46,49–51,53–56
Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG)
Mitomycin C
Doxorubicin
Epirubicin
Methotrexate
Leucovorin Calcium (Folinic Acid)
Cisplatin
Carboplatin
Vincristine
Gemcitabine
Paclitaxel and Docetaxel
CHAPTER 10:
Prostate Cancer
INTRODUCTION
ROLE OF MEDICAL TREATMENT
OUTLINE OF PHARMACOTHERAPY FOR PROSTATE CANCER 5–9
Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone Agonists
Leuprolide, Buserelin, Goserelin, Triptorelin, Nafarelin
Leuprolide
Leuprorelin Acetate
Buserelin
Goserelin
Triptorelin
Nafarelin
Androgen Receptor Blockers
Cyproterone Acetate, Bicalutamide, Flutamide, Nilutamide
Cyproterone Acetate
Flutamide
Bicalutamide
Nilutamide
Steroid Synthesis Inhibitors
Ketoconazole
5-Alpha Reductase Inhibitors
Finasteride
Dutasteride
Bisphosphonates
Paclitaxel
Docetaxel
CHAPTER 11:
Testicular Cancer
INTRODUCTION
DIAGNOSIS AND STAGING OF GERM CELL TUMOR
ROLE OF TUMOR MARKER
ROLE OF CHEMOTHERAPY IN THE TREATMENT OF TESTICULAR TUMOR
Seminoma Stage T1-2 N0 Mo
Seminoma Stage T1-2 N1-2 Mo (Low Volume, Nonbulky)
Seminoma T1-2 N3 Mo (Bulky)
Seminoma Tany N3 M1-2
Nonseminoma T1-2 N0 M0
Nonseminoma T1-2 N1-2 M0
Nonseminoma Tany N3 M0-2
Other Uses of Chemotherapy in GCT
OUTLINE OF PHARMACOTHERAPY16–18
Cisplatin
Etoposide
Ifosfamide
Vinblastine
Bleomycins
Paclitaxel
CHAPTER 12:
Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Penis
INTRODUCTION
TREATMENT OF PENILE CANCER
Treatment of Jackson Stage I and II without Inguinal Adenopathy
Treatment of Jackson Stage I and II with Invasion of Corporal Bodies and Tunica Albuginea
Treatment of Jackson Stage III
Treatment of Jackson Stage IV
OUTLINE OF DRUG FOR TREATMENT OF PENILE CANCER
Bleomycin
Vincristine
Methotrexate
Cisplatin
5-Fluorouracil (5-FU)
CHAPTER 13:
Nephroblastoma (Wilms' Tumor)
INTRODUCTION
STAGING
NWTS-Staging
SIOP-Staging
TUMOR GRADING
PRINCIPLES OF TREATMENT AND TREATMENT MODALITIES
Standard Chemotherapeutic Regimen for Nephroblastoma
Preoperative Chemotherapeutic Regimen (Neoadjuvant)
Adjuvant Chemotherapy for Favorable Histology
Adjuvant Chemotherapy for Unfavorable Histology
Chemotherapy for Relapse/ Recurrence
Anti-emesis
Pharmacokinetics
Complications/Side Effects of Various Drugs
Recommendations
APPENDIX:
Normal Values* of Some Laboratory Tests of Urological Interest
BIOCHEMICAL
HEMATOLOGICAL
HORMONES
RENAL FUNCTION
INDEX
TOC
Index
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