Textbook of Microbiology for Nursing Students RR Rao
INDEX
Page numbers followed by f refer to figure and t refer to table, respectively.
A
A. fumigatus 121
A. niger 121
Abscess 363, 364
Accidental inoculation 333
Acid-fast bacilli 83, 298
Acquired immunity 56
Acute
HIV syndrome 149
pulmonary histoplasmosis 280
renal failure, cause of 106
respiratory infections 137
wounds 128
Aequorea victoria 294
AFB for Cryptosporidium 213f
Aflatoxins 125
Agar 29
Agar See also Xylose-lysine-deoxycholate agar
Agar
gel diffusion 68
plate
discrete colonies 30f
mucoid colonies of Klebsiella pneumoniae 30f
Agglutination 69
Airways 320
Albert’s stain 300
procedure for 300t
Alphaviruses 161, 162
Alternaria 269
Amebiasis, clinical features of 187t
Amniotic fluid 361
Amoebae and Giardia species, culture of 263
Amount of soaps 326
Amoxycillin 92
Ampoules 320
Anaerobic see also Blood agar
Anaerobic gram-negative straight 7
Anaphylaxis 76
mechanism of 77
Ancylostoma duodenale life cycle 229, 230f
Aneuploid cell lines 304
Anguillula
intestinalis 232
stercoralis 232
Animal cell cultures 303
Anthrax 3, 315
Anthrophilic 274
Antibiotic sensitivity testing 48f
Antibodies in blood, detection of 303
Antibody tests 152
Antigen-antibody reactions 67
Antigens 61
Antimalarial treatment for severe P. falciparum malaria 206t
Antimicrobial agents 23
Antiseptics used See Amount of soaps
Arboviruses 161
structure and properties of 161
Arrthropod borne viruses 161
Artificial bacteria products 57
Ascariasis, clinical manifestations of 226t
Ascaris lumbricoides 223
Ascaris lumbricoides See Ova of roundworm
Ascaris lumbricoides life cycle 223, 224f
Ascitic fluid 361
Ascomycetes See Ascomycotina
Ascomycota 277
Ascomycotina 268
Aseptic
precautions 328
procedures for risk of infection 324t
Asexual spores 268
by fungi, types of 15f
Aspergillosis 287
Aspergillus 125, 269, 270, 275, 289
flavus 120, 121
niger 120
growth on Sabouraud’s agar medium 302f
species 282
Assay media 28
Autoimmune diseases 62
B
B cells 73
Bacillus cereus 96, 119, 124
Bacteria
classification of 5
growth of 18
identification of 5
infections 79
introduction 5
of medical importance 6t
Bacterial
cell 17
drug resistance 23
growth curve 18f
infections 83
introduction 83
meningitis 85
tuberculosis 83
meningitis 85
nutrition and growth 17
species 5, 18
variations 20
genetics vs drug resistance 20
Bacteriology, specimen processing in 32t
Bacteriophages 22
Balantidium coli 217, 218f
Basic hygiene 328
Basic principle of PCR 311
Basidiomycetes See also Basidiomycotina
Basidiomycotina 269
Bauer-Kirby susceptibility test 31
BCG vaccine 57
Bedding 321
Bedpans 320
Benign tertian malaria 201
Benzalkonium chloride 36
Beta-hemolytic streptococci, colonies of 113f
Bile fluid 361
Binocular compound microscope 2f
Biochemical tissue constituents 54
Biological waste management 318
Birth of PCR 311
Bismuth sulfite 29
Blastomyces dermatitidis 279
Blood
agar 29, 31
and MacConkey, colonies of 30f
colonies of staphylococci 30f
and tissue parasites, detection of 264
borne pathogens-employees 358
culture
bottle 46f
collection 47t
specimens, concentration procedures for 265
spill 321
stained linen 321
stream infections 327
tests 154
Body fluids 50, 361
Bone marrow 73
fluid 361
Borderline
lepromatous 84
tuberculoid 84
Bordetella
parapertussis 110
pertussis 31, 34, 110, 136
Bordet-Gengou potato infusion agar 34
Borrelia 102
species 104
Botulism 122
Brain fever 315
Brilliant green agar See also Bismuth sulfite
Broth media 31
Brucella agar 34
Brugia
malayi 238
pahangi 239
timori 238
Budding cells 14
Bunyaviruses 162
Burns 127, 363
cases of 127
C
C. botulinum 49, 96, 123
C. diphtheriae 136
C. guillermondii 283
C. krusei 283
Campylobacter jejuni 31
Candida 50, 269, 275
albicans 150, 328
species 282
Candidiasis 283
Capsule 59
Carbohydrates 17
consist of 316
ragi 316
rice 316
wheat 316
Cardiovascular system diseases 150
Carrier status of intestinal pathogens 100
Cassette ELISA 308
Catheters 322
Causative agents in wound infections 130t
Causing scabies 60
Cell
cultures, types of 304
mediated allergy See also Delayed hypersensitivity
mediated immunity 75, 90
membrane 67
wall 67
wall-less bacteria See Mycoplasmas
Cellophane tape method 263
Central vascular
catheters 342
totally implanted catheters 342
Cestodes 243
life cycle 245
Cetrimide 36, 129
Chandipura virus infection 166
Change of normal habitat 59
Chickenpox 172
Chick-Martin test 38
Chikungunya fever 167
Chlamydia 133
Chloramphenicol 92
Chlorhexidine 129
Chocolate agar 29
Cholera 92, 315
vaccine 57
Chronic
disease 83
pulmonary histoplasmosis 280
wounds 128
Cin agar 29
Citrobacter 96, 133
Clavulenic acid 92
CLED agar 30f
Clonorchis 254
life cycle of 256f
Clostridia 119
Clostridium
botulinum 42, 96, 122
difficile 96, 98
perfringens 96, 119, 124
tetani 109
Cold agglutination 70
Collection of blood for culture aseptic conditions 46f
Common endemic nosocomial infections, prevention of 337
Communicable diseases, prevention of 315
Concurrent disinfection 39
Conidia See Asexual spores
Coombs’ test 70
Corynebacterium diphtheriae 34, 85
Cotrimoxazole 92
Counter immunoelectrophoresis 310
Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever 168
Cryptococcal antigen, detection of 286
Cryptococcosis 285
Cryptococcus 269, 285
neoformans 150, 285
species 282
Cryptosporidium 97, 211, 266
life cycle of 213f
muris 211
parvum 213f, 214
Ctenodactylus gondii 206
Culex
fatigans 238
quinquefasciatus 238
Culture media 26
classification 26
Curvularia lunata 121
Cutaneous
larva migrans 231
mycosis See also Dermatophytosis
Cycle of Golgi See Life cycle in humans
Cyst 363
Cysticercus cellulosae 248
Cystoscope 322
Cysts of Giardia lamblia 188f
Cytolytic hypersensitivity 77
Cytomegalovirus 150, 171
Cytotoxic hypersensitivity See Cytolytic hypersensitivity
Cytotropic antibodies 77
D
Decubitus 363
Delayed hypersensitivity 78
Dengue
fever 164
hemorrhagic syndrome 170
shock syndrome 170
Deoxycholate-citrate agar 29
Dermatological system diseases 150
Dermatophytosis 272
Deuteromycota 277
Deuteromycotina 269
Diabetic ulcers 127
Diarrheal diseases, diagnosis of 99
Diethylcarbamazine 242
Diphtheria 85
Direct
immunofluorescence 267
wet mount 261
Discontinuous counter immunoelectrophoresis 310
Diseases induced by Salmonellae 97t
Disinfectants
classification of 36
mode of action of 36
uses of 38
Disinfection
chemical methods of 35
cleaning before 350
time for various endoscopes 350t
types of 39
Disposal of
cultures 28
waste 319
Disseminated histoplasmosis 280
DPT 57
Dracunculus medinensis 242
Drug resistance
mechanisms of 23
prevention of 23
Dry heat 39, 41
Dysentery 93
E
E. multilocularis See also Echinococcus multilocularis
E. vermicularis See Enterobius vermicularis
E. vermicularis infections 222
Echinococcus
granulosus 249
multilocularis 248
Ecotothrix 274
Egg albumin 67
Eichwald-silmser effect 81
Electroblotting 309
Electron
beam radiation 44
microscopy 295
ELISA 108, 267, 305
Ellinghausen-Mccullough-Johnson-Harris 108
Emmasiella capsulata 279
Endocrine system diseases 150
Endoscope 322
Endospore forming gram-positive rods and cocci 8
Endothrix 274
Endotoxins 58
Endotracheal tubes 320
Enriched See also Chocolate agar
Enriched media 27
Entamoeba histolytica 98, 183, 185f, 303
Enteric fever changing trends 87
Enteric media 29, 30f
Enterobacter 96, 133
Enterobius vermicularis 220, 221f
Enterobius vermicularis See Ova of liver fluke and pinworm
Enterobius vermicularis life cycle 220
Environmentally fragile organisms 51t
Enzyme 58
immunoassay 305
immunoassays See Antibody tests
linked immunosorbent assay See ELISA
Epidermophyton 269
fluccosum 276
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate 83
Erythrocytic stage 200
Escherichia coli 94, 96, 119, 121, 124, 133, 302
Ethylene oxide sterilizer 346
Exoerythrocytic stage 200
Exotoxins 58
Eye 361
conjunctiva 361
inner canthus 361
lid 361
F
Faciola 254
hepatica 254
life cycle of 256f
Factors influence handwashing effectiveness 327t
Factors influencing
infection 59
virulence 58
Facultative anaerobic gram-negative rods 6
Fats
butter 316
ghee 316
oils 316
Fear medicine 45
Fecal specimens, types of 259t
Feces 40
specimen collectors for 48f
Fermentation 1
Fertile hen’s eggs 140
Fever 55
Filaria bancrofti 238
Filarial nematodes 238, 239f
Filtration 44
First-line regimen, comparison of various 157t
Fixatives, use of 260
Flaming 41
Flaviviruses 162
Fletcher’s semisolid medium 34
Flow cytometry 313
Fluorescence
microscopy 294
resonance energy transfer 294
Food
and water-borne infection, prevention of 343
borne, cycles of 255
poisoning 119
prevention of 344
types of 124
Foul smell 50
Frequency of washing 326
Functional taxonomy for clinical mycologist 268
Functions of complement 71
Fungal infections 79
Fungi
Aspergillus, medically important 271
chromomycosis, medically important 271,
dermatophytes, medically important 272
dimorphic fungi, medically important 272
halinohyphomyces, medically important 271
imperfecti See also Deuteromycotina
medically important 271
phaeohyphomycosis, medically important 271
structure of 14
yeasts, medically important 272
zygomycetes, medically important 271
G
Gamma rays 44
Gardenella vaginalis 50
Gas gangrene 115
Gastric specimens 50
Gastroenteritis 93
Gastrointestinal system diseases 150
General considerations 45
Genital
Bartholin’s gland 361
cervical aspirate 362
culdocentesis 362
endocervical 362
endometrium 362
fallopian tube 362
female 361, 362
lochia 362
male 362
lesion 362
penile exudate 362
prostate 362
urethral 362
ovary 362
perineum 362
placenta 362
secretions 151
urethra 362
uterus 362
vaginal 362
vulva 362
Genitourinary system diseases 150
Genus
Epidermophyton 273
Giardia 187
Keratomyces 273
Microsporum 273
Trichomonas 191
Trichophyton 273
Geotrichum 269, 275
German measles See Rubella
Giardia 98, 303
agilis 188
duodenalis 187, 188
intestinalis 188
lamblia 97, 187, 188, 262
life cycle of 190f
Gloves 330
Gonorrhea 100
Graft rejection, prevention of 82
Gram stain 297
of urine smear 298f
specimens requiring 52
Gram-negative
aerobic rods 6
bacteria 6, 345
helical bacteria 6
Gram-positive
bacteria 85
cocci 8
arranged in chains streptococci 113f
in clusters 112f
along with pus cells 112f
organism 19
thick bacilli from gangrene 115f
Gram-stained film gram-negative diplococci within cells 86f
Green fluorescent protein 294
Guillian-Barre syndrome 107
Guinea worm See also Dracunculus medinensis
H
H. influenzae 22, 50
Haemophilus influenzae 29
meningitis 86f
Hand hygiene 325
Hansen’s disease 84
Hantaan virus hemorrhagic renal syndrome 168
Hapten-inhibition 62
Hay fever 78
HBsAg
carriers, categories in 147t
subdeterminants and antibodies 146t
HBV infection, serological parameters for 146t
Health
care workers, universal precautions for 334
records, maintenance of 353
Hektoen enteric 29
Helminths of human importance 219
Hemadsorption 305
Hemagglutination, indirect 267
Hemolysins 59
Hemopoietic system diseases 150
Hepatitis
A
and E 141
prevention of 144
virus 141
B
D, and C 142
nomenclature 145t
virus 141, 142f
C virus 141
D virus 141
E virus 141
immunization, procedure for completing 352
vaccine recommendations 147t
viruses 141
Herd immunity 57
Herpes simplex virus 170
Heterotrophs 17, 26
High level of disinfection 346
Highly active antiretroviral therapy 156
Histoplasma 269
capsulatum 279
Histoplasmin skin test 281
Histoplasmosis 279
clinical types of 280t
forms of 281
HIV
culture 155
diagnosis, tests available for 151t
infection after occupational exposure, average risk of 159t
testing
consent for 360
with saliva and urine 155
Hook worm See Ancylostoma duodenale, life cycle of
Hookworm embryo 227f
Hospital waste management, record keeping in 320t
Hospital-acquired
infection 323, 327
pneumonia 327
Host-parasite relationship 53
Hot air oven 41, 41f
Human
blood products according to risk of transmitting viral hepatitis, classification of 146t
immunodeficiency virus 148, 148f
classification 149
clinical manifestations 149
Plasmodium species, differential diagnosis of 198t
Humoral-mediated immunity 74
Hymenolepis nana 247
Hypersensitivity 59, 76
immediate and delayed types of 79t
I
IGG molecule 66f
Illness from communicable disease 352
Immune
complex-mediated hypersensitivity 78
response 73
Immunization 315
schedule of 316t
Immunoelectrophoresis 68, 309
Immunofluorescence 305
indirect 267
Immunoglobulins 63
chemical composition 65
classes 63
combining sites 66
concentration 64
definition 63
distribution 63
molecular weight 65
physicochemical properties 64
recommendations for use of 148t
sedimentation constant 64
structural and functional components 65
subclasses 63
subgroups 63
subtypes 63
types 63
Importance of log phase 19
In vitro techniques for detecting HAV and anti-HAV 145t
Incubator 47f
Infection 58
by Rickettsiaceae, types of 117t
control guidelines 323
immunity 57
introduction 58
measure of 338t
prevention of 338t
Infectious
agents
cultivation of 301
identification of 292
staining of 297
diseases See Communicable diseases, prevention of
waste 318
Inflammatory response and injury to tissues 55
Influence effectiveness of handwashing 325
Influenza 174
Infrared radiation 42
Inhibitory media 31
Insect cell lines 304
Interference phenomena 54
International
committee on taxonomy of viruses 148
unit of antitoxin 70
Interpretation of serological tests 153
Intestinal and biliary parasites 258
Intracellular
acid-fast bacilli 299f
gram-negative cocci in pairs 101f
Itch mite 60
J
Japanese encephalitis 162, 315
Joint fluid 361
K
Kaposi’s sarcoma 150
Keratinomyces ajelloi 274, 276
Keratinomyces group 276
Killed vaccine 57
Klebsiella 96, 133
pneumoniae 136, 302, 328
Koch’s thread method 38
Koplik’s spots to measles infection 173f
Kyasanur forest disease 165
L
Larvae of cestodes of human importance 248
Larval maturation 264
Laryngeal infections 136
Laverania See Plasmodium
Leeuwenhoek’s microscope 1
Leg ulcers 127
Leishmania 193,
aethiopica 193
and trypanosome, comparison of 194t
chagasi 193
donovani 193
infantum 193
major 193
tropica 193
Lepromatous leprosy 84
Leprosy 84
Leptospira 105
species 34, 105
Leukopenia 90
Life cycle in humans 199
Lipids 17
Lipopolysaccharide 67
Live vaccine 56
Liver 73
flukes See Faciola
life cycle 255
LJ medium bottle for cultivation of M. tuberculosis 301f
Loeffler medium 34
Lowenstein-Jensen agar 31
Lower urinary tract infection 132
Lymph nodes 73
Lymphocyte transfer, normal 81
Lymphocytes 73
Lysogenic conversion 22
M
M. tuberculosis on LJ medium, growth of 84f
MacConkey agar pink colored mucoid colonies of Klebsiella pneumoniae 30f
Malassezia 269
Malignant tertian malaria, treatment of uncomplicated 205t
Mannitol salt agar 31
Mansonella
perstans 238
streptocerca 238
Mast cell 77
Measles 173
Meat extract 27
Media, differential 27
Metabolism 64
Metazoa 16
Metazoan, classification of 16t
Microaerophillic 18
Microbial food poisoning 119
Microfilaria in blood smear 301f
Microfilariae, characteristic features of 241t
Microorganisms 29
for food and waterborne infection 343t
Microscopic agglutination test 108
Microsporum 269
audounii 274
Milk 151
Minerals 17, 316
Mixed lymphocyte culture 81
Modified Thayer-Martin agar 31
Moist heat 39, 42
Mollicutes 116
Monovalant haptens 62
Mosquito, life cycle in 200
Mucocutaneous histoplasmosis 281
Mucous membranes 54
Multi-drug resistant P. falciparum malaria, treatment of 206t
Multiple drug resistance, reasons for 24
Mumps 174
Musculoskeletal system diseases 150
Mutations 21
Mycelial forms and sexual spores of fungi 15f
Mycetoma 277
causative agents of 277
Mycobacterium
leprae 84
tuberculosis 3, 150
Mycology, clinical 268
Mycoplasma 8
hominis 116
infections 116
pneumoniae 138
infections 138
N
N. americanus, hookworm 228
Nasal See Upper respiratory tract nose
Natural immunity 55
Necator americanus 228
Needle stick injuries 356
prevention of 357
Negative contrast electron microscopy 295
Negri bodies 177
Neisseria gonorrhoeae 29, 100
Nematodes, cestodes, and trematodes, anatomis differences between 219t
Nephritic syndrome, cause of 202
Neurological
patients with tracheostomy 341
system diseases 150
Neutralization test 70
Non-cholera vibrio 95
Non-Hodgkin’s B-cell lymphomas 150
Non-infectious waste 318
Nonspecific defense mechanisms 54
Normal flora, presence of 54
Nosocomial
infection risk by patient and intervention, differential 324t
infections See also Hospital-acquired infections
classification of 323t
prevention of 328
respiratory infection 341
Nucleic acid
detection tests 154
probes 305
Number of microorganisms 41
Nutrient media support growth of bacteria, types of 27f
Nutrition 316
introduction to 17
O
Occupational
emergency care 352
health 351
education 351
maintenance 351
immunizations 351
chickenpox vaccine 352
hepatitis B vaccine 351
influenza vaccine 351
measles vaccine 352
tetanus vaccine 351
Oidium albicans 283
Operating room
attire 340
environment 339
staff 340
techniques 333
universal precautions in 332
Ophthalmological diseases 150
Opisthorchis 254
Opportunistic fungi 282
Oral dehydration salt 100
Organisms,
actions 126t
sources of 126t
types of 126t
Ornithodoros moubata 102
ORS See Oral dehydration salt
Ova of
blood flukes 252f
hookworm with embryo in different stages 230f
liver fluke and pinworm 222f
roundworm 224f
tapeworm
Hymenolepis nana 246f
Taenia
saginata 246f
solium 246f
whipworm 227f
P
P. malariae malaria, treatment plan for 206t
P. ovale, treatment plan for 206t
P. vivax, treatment plan for 206t
Paragonimus 257
life cycle 257
Parasites, structure of 16
Parasitic diseases 182
antigen and antibody tests for 267t
Parasitic infections 79, 182
Paratyphoid fever 87
Passive agglutination 70
Pasteurization 2
Paul Bunnel agglutination 70
Penicillium 4, 269
species 289
species See Aspergillus
Peptone 26
water 31
Pericardial fluid 361
Peripheral
blood mononuclear cells 151
vascular catheters 342
Peritoneal fluid 361
Permanent or hereditary variations 21
Personal hygiene 330
Pertussis See Whooping cough
Phagocytic cells 54
Phenol coefficient 38
Phenylethyl alcohol See Blood agar
Phlebotomus 193
Phylum nematoda 219
Pink-stained acid-fast bacilli 299f
Pinworm See Enterobius vermicularis
Plague 110
vaccine 57
Plasma cells 73
Plasmodium 197, 198
falciparum 198, 199, 203
life cycle of 199f
malariae 198, 201, 202
ovale malaria See Benign tertian malaria
vivax See Benign tertian malaria
Pleural fluid 361
Pneumococcal infections 114
Pneumocystis carinii 214, 215f, 266
pneumonia 150
Poliomyelitis 175
Polymerase chain reaction 154, 311
Polymers of α-amino acids 61
Postexposure prophylaxis 159
Post-exposure prophylaxis, specific drugs for 160t
Post-traumatic wounds 127
Ppisthorchis, life cycle of 256f
Precipitation
curve 68f
reaction 68f
Primary systemic mycoses 279t
Prophylactic disinfection 39
Protein 17
dhals 316
eggs 316
fish 316
meat 316
Proteus 133
Protozoa 16
Pseudoallecheria boydii 269
Pseudomonas 133
aeruginosa 136, 345
Purified tubercular protein 75
Purpose media enriched 29
Pus cells with
gram-negative bacilli 298f
gram-positive cocci in Pairs 114f
Q
Quantitative precipitin reaction of ovalbumin 69f
R
Rabies 176, 315
control of 181
Radial diffusion of mancini 69
Radiation ultraviolet rays 43
Rapid tests, types of 152
Recommended daily intake of energy 317t
Red
blood cell cytoplasm 200
heat 41
Regan-Lowe medium 31
Relapsing fever 102
manifestations of 103t
Respiratory
system diseases 150
tract infections 54, 136
incidence 136
management 140
of children and adults, differences in 137t
Reticuloendothelial system 54, 73
Reverse transcriptase assay 305
Rhizopus 120, 121
Rhodotorula 269
Rickettsiaceae 117
Rickettsiae and Chlamydiae 7
Rickettsial infections 116
Rideal-Walker
drop method 38
test 38
Ring forms and
gametocytes of Plasmodium falciparum 204f
schizont stage of malarial parasite 204f
RNA viruses 175
Rocket electrophoresis 310
Rose
spots in patient with typhoid fever 87f
cycle of See Mosquito, life cycle in
Roundworm See Ascaris lumbricoides
Rubella 173
Rubeola See Measles
S
S. enteritidis 123
S. mansoni See Schistosoma mansoni
S. marcescens 44
S. typhi infection 92
S. typhimurium 123
Safe drinking water 317
prevents many infections 317f
Safe injection practice 330
Saliva 151
Salmonella 29, 96, 123, 124, 302
cerro 120
food poisoning 123
infection 91
paratyphi 87
typhi 88, 89, 96
serotype 87
Salmonella-Shigella 29
Schistosoma 251
haematobium 251
life cycle of 252f
life cycle 251
mansoni 251
Schizont stage of malarial parasite 204f
Selective media 27
Selenite F broth 29
Serodiagnosis of toxoplasmosis 211t
Serratia 133
Serum sickness 78
Severe
complicated, treatment of 206t
complications of P falciparum malaria, management of 205t
malaria in adults and children, differences between 202t
Shiegella 302
Shiegella 29, 93, 96
dysenteriae 93, 96
sonnei 93
Shoes 330
Simian immunodeficiency viruses 149
Sintered glass filters 44
Six genera of Rickettsiaceae 117t
Skin 363
rash to rubella infection 174f
ulcers 127
Skirrow’s campy bap 31
Slot blot assays 308
Special fastidious organisms 34
Specific defense mechanisms 55
Specimen on culture media, inoculation of 28f
Spinal fluids 49, 361
Spleen 73
Sporotrichum schenckii 270
Sputum specimens 48
collectors for 48f
Staphylococcal
food poisoning 120
infection 111f
Staphylococcus 5
aureus 5, 96, 111, 120, 136
epidermidis 111
haemolyticus 111
saprophyticus 111
Sterilization 40
and high-level disinfection 345
cleaning before 350
Streptococcal
infection 112, 113f
pharyngitis and infectious mononucleosis 171f
Streptococcus
pneumoniae 86, 114, 136
pyogenes 113
Strongyloides 97, 98
fuelleborni 232
stercoralis 232, 232f, 262
life cycle 232, 233f
Subcutaneous mycoses 276
Superficial mycosis 272
Surface specimens 363
Surgical
and traumatic wounds, types of 128t
site infections See Surgical wound infections
specimen 363
abscess 363
aspirat 363
biopsy 363
bone 363
clot 363
drain 364
stone 364
tissue 364
wound 364
infections 328, 339
surveillance 341
Suspect fungal infection 52
Suspect mycobacterial infection 52
Symptomatic disease 150
Syndrome
acute HIV 149
dengue shock 170
Synthetic media 27
Syphilis 101
Systemic
dimorphic fungi, characteristics of 282t
mycosis 278
T
T and B lymphocytes, differentiating features of 74t
T cells 73
T. trichiura See Trichuris trichiura
Taenia
echinococcus 249
life cyle of 245f
Tears 151
Tellurite medium 34
Terminal disinfection 39
Tetanus 109
toxoid 57
Tetrathionate broth 29
Thioglycollate broth 31
Thiosulfate-citrate-bile salts-sucrose agar 31
Throat and nasopharyngeal cultures 49
Thymus 73
dependent lymphocytes 73
Tinea unguium 275
Tissue 50
affinity 59
biopsy specimens 151
Torulopsis 269
Toxicity 58
Toxin 58
types of 126t
Toxoplasma 206, 207f
gondii 150, 206, 207, 209
history of 206
life cycle of 208f
Transmission of infection, methods of minimizing risk of 353
Transplantation immunity 80
definition 80
autograft 80
graft 80
isograft 80
xenograft 80
introduction 80
Transport
media 28, 34
medium 34
Transudate fluid 361
Trematodes 250
Treponema 18
pallidum 101, 102
Trichinella spiralis 235, 236
Trichoderma 50, 121, 303
Trichomonas
spp 266
vaginalis 191, 191f, 192
Trichophyton 269
group 275
species 274
Trichosporon 269
Trichothecium spp 121
Trichuris trichiura 226
Trichuris trichiura See Ova of whipworm
Trichuris trichiura life cycle 226, 227f
Trophozoite 188f
and cyst form of entamoeba histolytica 184f
Tropical diseases 183
Trypticase soy broth 31
Tryptose phosphate broth See Trypticase soy broth
Tuberculoid type 84
Tumor
immunity 82
specific transplantation 82
Typhoid
fever 87, 315
vaccine 57
U
Ulcer 363
Upper respiratory tract 363
ear 363
mouth and dental 363
nasopharynx 363
nose 363
rectal 363
sinus 363
stool 363
throat 363
Ureaplasma urealyticum 116
Urinals 321
Urinary tract infection 132, 134, 328, 337
introduction 132
pathology 133
Urine 40, 48, 151
catheterized 364
culture
decisions 49t
methods for 134
midstream 364
specimen collectors for 48f
suprapubic 364
V
V. parahaemolyticus Giardia lamblia 98
Vaccines prepared from bacteria metabolites 57
Vaginal and endometrial cultures 50
Varicella See also Chickenpox
Ventilator-associated pneumonia in intensive care unit 341
Viable schistosome eggs, detection of 262
Vibrio
cholerae 3, 31, 92, 93, 94
parahaemolyticus 96, 119, 124, 125
Viral hepatitis 141
diagnosis of 145t
differentiation of etiological forms of 143t
Viral infections 79, 141
Viruses, classification of 14t
Vitamins 17, 316
W
W. bancrofti and B. malayi, differentiation of 241t
Waste categories and disposals 318t
Water 17, 344
Weil-Felix agglutination test 118
West nile
encephalitis 166
viruses 168
Wet film examinations 296
Whipworm See also T. trichiura
Whooping cough 110
Wound
care 129
infections 127
management 129
Wuchereria bancrofti 238
X
Xylose-lysine-deoxycholate agar 29
Y
Yeast-like budding cells along with pseudomycelia Candida albicans 14f
Yersinia
enterocolitica 29, 94, 97
pestis 110
Z
Ziehl-Neelsen stain 298
smear of nasal 299f
Zone electrophoresis 310
Zoophilic 274
Zygomycetes 268
Zygomycosis 289
type of 290
×
Chapter Notes

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1Textbook of MICROBIOLOGY for Nursing Students2
3Textbook of MICROBIOLOGY for Nursing Students
SECOND EDITION
RR Rao MD MAMS (FICpath) Professor and Head Department of Microbiology Kamineni Academy of Medical Sciences Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India
4
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Textbook of Microbiology for Nursing Students
First Edition: 2005
Reprint: 2007
Second Edition: 2014
9789350909775
Printed at
5Dedicated to
My Grandfather
(1914–2004)
Late Sri B Harisarvothama Rao
6
7Preface to the Second Edition
During the last 5 to 10 years, the importance of microbiology has been well recognized by all categories of healthcare personnel. With many hospitals undergoing for accreditation by the National Board of Hospitals (NABH), more stress is on infection control. At present, many known pathogens causing infections in humans both in the hospital and at the level of community are showing increasing resistance to various antibiotics including the Penicillins and Cephalosporins. Apart from increasing resistance, new organisms are emerging as pathogens, which were earlier considered as commensals or harmless microorganisms. Therefore, it is becoming more important to take adequate steps to prevent or control the infection rather than treating it after getting established. Infection control committee is playing an important role in many hospitals. Keeping in view of these changing trends and also taking into the consideration of experts' constructive comments on the first edition of this book, it has been decided to revise the Textbook of Microbiology for Nursing Students by expanding its frontiers by including more information to the existing one. Accordingly, several topics have been expanded or introduced freshly. In addition to the chapters like ‘Hand Hygine’ and ‘Biological Waste Management’, a new chapter on ‘Infection Control Guidelines’ has been included.
I am glad that the students of nursing profession as well as faculty from all over the country welcomed the first edition of this book and appreciated the simplified principles of microbiology. I am of the opinion that with the same zeal, they would also welcome this revised second edition and expand their knowledge of microbiology.
I thank all those experts who spared the time to review the first edition of this book and provided valuable comments. As far as possible, their suggestions have been implemented in this second edition. I hope, the students of nursing profession will be comfortable in reading the second edition and practice the implementation of principles of microbiology in preventing the infection and/or in controlling it.
RR Rao
89Preface to the First Edition
Microbiology is relatively a new specialty of medicine. But, during the last 50 years or so, it grew tremendously and made a strong impact on not only among the medical professionals but also on the public health. The importance of infectious diseases has been widely recognized and a number of textbooks written by distinguished authors are available that provide vast information, which is being updated continuously. Considerable importance has been given to microbiology in the curriculum of medical and paramedical courses to understand, to diagnose, to treat, and to control a variety of infectious diseases both communicable and non-communicable. However, a student nurse entering the nursing profession is in dilemma that how much information is needed for her/him to remember and practice microbiology in routine. Moreover, a first year nursing student is supposed to undergo training in as many as ten subjects related to nursing along with microbiology. To lessen the burden on the students and to emphasize on only the most practicable fundamentals of microbiology, an attempt has been made in this book to abridge the available information, stressing more importance on proper collection and transportation of microbiological specimens, adequate knowledge on disinfection and sterilization procedure, management of biological waste, and last but not least, the role of “Hand Hygiene”. Detailed descriptions of morphological, cultural and biochemical characters of various microorganisms and their complex antigenic structures are simplified, as they are not necessary for a student of nursing. Instead, adequate importance has been placed on the clinical signs and symptoms of various infectious diseases for their early recognition, so that nursing staff are geared up to apply appropriate preventive measures to curtail the spread of the infection, either in the hospitals or in the community. This textbook has been divided into different sections without discontinuity, in order to make the student feel comfortable and develop interest to read and remember the contents of the respective sections. Detailed discussions on some topics have been avoided keeping in view of their rare occurrence in day-to-day practice. An attempt has been made to provide more illustrations to create a visual impact that creates a long-lasting memory.10
I take this opportunity to express my sincere gratitude to my professor and mentor Dr CS Bhaskaran who always encouraged me in all my attempts. I also express my respects to my teachers like Prof Dr KC Agarwal, Prof Dr RC Mahajan, Prof Dr NK Ganguly, Prof Dr SN Saxena, under whom, I had the opportunity to work and improve my skills and knowledge in this specialty.
RR Rao