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Understanding Strabismus
Sameera Irfan
CHAPTER 1:
Assessment of Strabismus
HISTORY
EXAMINATION
CHAPTER 2:
Refractive Errors
HYPERMETROPIA
Normal Development of the Refractive State of the Eye (Fig. 2.1)
Optics of Hypermetropia (Fig. 2.3)
Types of Hypermetropia
Symptoms
Management
MYOPIA
Etiology
Optics (Fig. 2.8)
Symptoms
Management
Children
ASTIGMATISM
Causes
Optics (Fig. 2.12)
Symptoms
Management
CHAPTER 3:
Amblyopia
WHAT IS AMBLYOPIA?
Etiology
Clinical Types of Amblyopia
Management of Amblyopia
OCCLUSION THERAPY
Part-time Occlusion Therapy
Full-time Occlusion Therapy
Guidelines for Full-time Occlusion Therapy
CYCLOPLEGIC DRUGS
CHAPTER 4:
Essential Infantile Esotropia
ESSENTIAL INFANTILE ESOTROPIA (FIGS 4.1A TO C)
Clinical Features (Figs 4.1D to F)
Risk Factors for Developing Infantile Esotropia (ET)
DISSOCIATED VERTICAL DEVIATION (FIG. 4.2A TO D)
Clinical Features
Management of DVD
Differential Diagnosis of Essential Infantile Esotropia
Examination
CHAPTER 5:
Esotropia
FULLY ACCOMMODATIVE ESOTROPIA
Clinical Features
Management
PARTIALLY ACCOMMODATIVE ESOTROPIA (FIGS 5.3A AND B)
Clinical Features
Management
NEAR ESOTROPIA (FIGS 5.4A AND B)
Measurement of Accommodative Convergence/Accommodation Ratio
Management
DISTANCE ESOTROPIA (FIGS 5.5A AND B)
SECONDARY ESOTROPIA
Management
CONSECUTIVE ESOTROPIA
Management
CHAPTER 6:
Exotropia
INTERMITTENT PRIMARY EXOTROPIA (FIGS 6.1A AND B)
Examination
Management
CONSTANT PRIMARY EXOTROPIA
Early Onset Exotropia
Decompensated Intermittent Exotropia (Figs 6.5A and B)
Examination
Management
SECONDARY EXOTROPIA (FIGS 6.5A AND B)
Management
CONSECUTIVE EXOTROPIA
Management
CHAPTER 7:
A and V Patterns
CHAPTER 8:
Paralytic Strabismus
CHARACTERISTICS
Aims of Examination
Etiology
THIRD NERVE PALSY
Neuro-ophthalmic Examination (Figs 8.3A and B)
Aims of Examination
Differential Diagnosis
Investigations
Management
SUPERIOR DIVISION PALSY (FIGS 8.5A TO D)
Muscle Sequelae
Characteristics
Management
Double Elevator Palsy/Superior Division Palsy
Clinical Presentation (Figs 8.7 and 8.8)
INFERIOR DIVISION PALSY (FIGS 8.9 AND 8.10)
Characteristics
Management (Fig. 8.11)
Management
FOURTH NERVE PALSY (FIG. 8.16)
Diagnosis (Figs 8.17 and 8.18)
Differential Diagnosis: Sudden Onset Fourth Nerve Palsy in an Adult
Investigations
SIXTH NERVE PALSY (FIG. 8.22)
Surgical Anatomy of the Sixth Nerve (Fig. 8.23)
Localization of Site of Sixth Nerve Palsy
Management
CHAPTER 9:
Restrictive Strabismus
SURGICAL PLAN
FURTHER READING
Differential Diagnosis
FURTHER READING
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF THYROID EYE DISEASE
Proptosis and Pseudoptosis
Lid Retraction, Lid Lag and Glabellar Furrows
Corneal and Conjunctival Findings
Orbital Muscle Involvement
Increased Intraocular Pressure
Cutaneous Findings
TED Classification
NOSPECS
OUTPATIENT MANAGEMENT
SIGHT-THREATENING DISEASE
Medical Treatment for Moderate-to-Severe Disease
OVERVIEW OF SURGICAL INTERVENTION
Orbital Decompression
Orbital Fat Decompression
Strabismus Surgery
CHAPTER 10:
Basic Surgical Principles
SURGICAL ANATOMY
Physiology of Extraocular Muscles
Aims of Strabismus Therapy
Factors Affecting the Surgical Outcome
Recession
MANAGEMENT PLAN IN STRABISMUS
Surgical Options in Esotropia
EXOTROPIA
Intermittent Exotropia
Alternate XT with Deviation Equal for Near and Distance Fixation
Preoperatively
Intraoperatively
Postoperative Follow-up
SURGICAL COMPLICATIONS
Intraoperative Complications
Early Postoperative Complications
Late Postoperative Complications
CHAPTER 11:
Case Presentations
CASE 1: CONGENITAL BILATERAL SIXTH NERVE PALSY
CASE 2: ACUTE TRAUMATIC UNILATERAL SIXTH NERVE PALSY
CASE 3: CONSTANT, UNILATERAL ESOTROPIA IN AN INFANT
CASE 4: ALTERNATING ESOTROPIA
CASE 5: CONSTANT, PARTIALLY ACCOMMODATIVE ESOTROPIA
CASE 6: CONSECUTIVE EXOTROPIA
CASE 7: LOST LATERAL RECTUS MUSCLE
CASE 8: CONGENITAL FIBROSIS OF EXTRAOCULAR MUSCLES
CASE 9: TRAUMATIC INFERIOR DIVISION PALSY OF THE THIRD NERVE
CASE 10: DOUBLE ELEVATOR PALSY
CASE 11: INTERMITTENT EXOTROPIA
CASE 12: DISSOCIATED VERTICAL DEVIATION (DVD)
CASE 13: CONSTANT EXOTROPIA
CASE 14: AN ALTERNATING EXOTROPIA WITH A V-PATTERN
INDEX
TOC
Index
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