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Essentials of Dental Anatomy & Oral Histology
Kabita Chatterjee
1:
Introduction
ZSIGMONDY'S METHOD (PALMER'S NOTATION)
For Permanent Teeth
For Deciduous Teeth
UNIVERSAL SYSTEM
For Permanent Teeth
For Deciduous Teeth
FÉDÉRATION DENTAIRE INTERNATIONALE (FDI) APPROVED SYSTEM
For Permanent Teeth
For Deciduous Teeth
CROWN
ROOT
Surfaces of Tooth
GLOSSARY
Angle
Line Angle
Point Angle
Apex
Apical
Apical Foramen
Axial
Axial Surface
Axial Wall
Axial Root Center
Buccal
Buccal Surface
Cementoenamel Junction
Cervix (Neck)
Cervical Line
Cingulum (Latin word for girdle)
Contact Point
Upper Arch
Lower Arch
Functions
Contours
Crown
Crypt
Cusp
Dentition
Diastema
Distal
Distal Surface
Embrasure
Functions
Fissure
Fossa
Lingual fossa
Central fossa
Triangular fossa
Groove
Developmental groove
Supplemental groove
Inclined Plane
Lobe
Mamelons
Median Line
Mesial
Mesial Surface
Occlusion
Occlusal
Occlusal Surface
Pit
Pulp Cavity
Proximal Surface
Proximal Root Concavity
Ridge
Marginal ridges
Triangular ridges
Transverse ridge
Oblique ridge
Cusp ridges
Incisal ridge
Sulcus
Trunk
Tubercle
2:
The Deciduous (Primary) Teeth
IMPORTANCE OF DECIDUOUS TEETH
THE DECIDUOUS INCISORS (TABLES 2.2 AND 2.3)
The Deciduous Maxillary Central Incisor (Figs 2.1A to E), (Table 2.4)
Labial aspect (Fig. 2.1A)
Lingual aspect (Fig. 2.1B)
Mesial and distal aspects (Figs 2.1C and D)
Incisal aspect (Fig. 2.1E)
The Deciduous Maxillary Lateral Incisor (Figs 2.2A to E) (Table 2.5)
The Deciduous Mandibular Central Incisor (Figs 2.3A to E)
Labial aspect (Fig. 2.3A)
Lingual aspect (Fig. 2.3B)
Mesial aspect (Fig. 2.3C)
Distal aspect (Fig. 2.3D)
Incisal aspect (Fig. 2.3E)
The Deciduous Mandibular Lateral Incisor (Figs 2.4A to E) (Table 2.6)
THE DECIDUOUS CANINE (TABLES 2.7 AND 2.8)
The Deciduous Maxillary Canine (Figs 2.5A to E)
Labial aspect (Fig. 2.5A)
Lingual aspect (Fig. 2.5B)
Mesial aspect (Fig. 2.5C)
Distal aspect (Fig. 2.5D)
Incisal aspect (Fig. 2.5E)
The Deciduous Mandibular Canine (Figs 2.6A to E) (Table 2.9)
THE DECIDUOUS MOLARS (TABLES 2.10 AND 2.11)
THE DECIDUOUS MAXILLARY FIRST MOLAR (FIGS 2.7A TO E) (TABLE 2.12)
The Deciduous Maxillary Second Molar (Figs 2.8A to E) (Table 2.13)
Buccal aspect (Fig. 2.8A)
Lingual aspect (Fig. 2.8B)
Mesial aspect (Fig. 2.8C)
Distal aspect (Fig. 2.8D)
Occlusal aspect (Fig. 2.8E)
The Deciduous Mandibular First Molar (Figs 2.9A to E)
Buccal aspect (Fig. 2.9A)
Lingual aspect (Fig. 2.9B)
Mesial aspect (Fig. 2.9C)
Distal aspect (Fig. 2.9D)
Occlusal aspect (Fig. 2.9E)
The Deciduous Mandibular Second Molar (Figs 2.10A to E) (Table 2.14)
Buccal aspect (Fig. 2.10A)
Lingual aspect (Fig. 2.10B)
Mesial aspect (Fig. 2.10C)
Distal aspect (Fig. 2.10D)
Occlusal aspect (Fig. 2.10E)
3:
The Permanent Teeth
THE PERMANENT INCISORS
The Permanent Maxillary Central Incisor (Figs 3.1A to E) (Tables 3.3 and 3.4)
Labial aspect (Fig. 3.1A)
Lingual aspect (Fig. 3.1B)
Mesial aspect (Fig. 3.1C)
Distal aspect (Fig. 3.1D)
Incisal aspect (Fig. 3.1E)
The Permanent Maxillary Lateral Incisor (Figs 3.2A to E)
Labial aspect (Fig. 3.2A)
Lingual aspect (Fig. 3.2B)
Mesial aspect (Fig. 3.2C)
Distal aspect (Fig. 3.2D)
Incisal aspect (Fig. 3.2E)
The Permanent Mandibular Central Incisor (Figs 3.3A to E)
Labial aspect (Fig. 3.3A)
Lingual aspect (Fig. 3.3B)
Mesial aspect (Fig. 3.3C)
Distal aspect (Fig. 3.3D)
Incisal aspect (Fig. 3.3E)
The Permanent Mandibular Lateral Incisor (Figs 3.4A to E) (Table 3.5)
THE PERMANENT CANINES
The Permanent Maxillary Canine (Figs 3.5A to E)
Labial aspect (Fig. 3.5A)
Lingual aspect (Fig. 3.5B)
Mesial aspect (Fig. 3.5C)
Distal aspect (Fig. 3.5D)
Incisal aspect (Fig. 3.5E)
The Permanent Mandibular Canine (Figs 3.6A to E) (Table 3.8)
Labial aspect (Fig. 3.6A)
Lingual aspect (Fig. 3.6B)
Mesial aspect (Fig. 3.6C)
Distal aspect (Fig. 3.6D)
Incisal aspect (Fig. 3.6E)
THE PREMOLARS
Maxillary First Premolar (Figs 3.7A to E) (Table 3.11)
Buccal aspect (Fig. 3.7A)
Lingual aspect (Fig. 3.7B)
Mesial aspect (Fig. 3.7C)
Distal aspect (Fig. 3.7D)
Occlusal aspect (Fig. 3.7E)
Maxillary Second Premolar (Figures 3.8A to E) (Table 3.12)
Buccal aspect (Fig. 3.8A)
Lingual aspect (Fig. 3.8B)
Mesial aspect (Fig. 3.8C)
Distal aspect (Fig. 3.8D)
Occlusal aspect (Fig. 3.8E)
Mandibular First Premolar (Figs 3.9A to E)
Buccal aspect (Fig. 3.9A)
Lingual aspect (Fig. 3.9B)
Mesial aspect (Fig. 3.9C)
Distal aspect (Fig. 3.9D)
Occlusal aspect (Fig. 3.9E)
Mandibular Second Premolar (Figs 3.10A to E) (Table 3.13)
Buccal aspect (Fig. 3.10A)
Lingual aspect (Fig. 3.10B)
Mesial aspect (Fig. 3.10C)
Distal aspect (Fig. 3.10D)
Occlusal aspect (Fig. 3.10E)
THE PERMANENT MOLARS (TABLES 3.14 AND 3.15)
The Permanent Maxillary First Molar (Figs 3.11A to E)
Buccal aspect (Fig. 3.11A)
Lingual aspect (Fig. 3.11B)
Mesial aspect (Fig. 3.11C)
Distal aspect (Fig. 3.11D)
Occlusal aspect (Fig. 3.11E)
The Permanent Maxillary Second Molar (Figs 3.12A to E)
Buccal aspect (Fig. 3.12A)
Lingual aspect (Fig. 3.12B)
Mesial aspect (Fig. 3.12C)
Distal aspect (Fig. 3.12D)
Occlusal aspect (Fig. 3.12E)
The Permanent Maxillary Third Molar (Figs 3.13A to E)
Buccal aspect (Fig. 3.13A)
Lingual aspect (Fig. 3.13B)
Mesial aspect (Fig. 3.13C)
Distal aspect (Fig. 3.13D)
Occlusal aspect (Fig. 3.13E)
The Permanent Mandibular First Molar (Figs 3.14A to E)
Buccal aspect (Fig. 3.14A)
Lingual aspect (Fig. 3.14B)
Mesial aspect (Fig. 3.14C)
Distal aspect (Fig. 3.14D)
Occlusal aspect (Fig. 3.14E)
The Permanent Mandibular Second Molar (Figs 3.15A to E)
Buccal aspect (Fig. 3.15A)
Lingual aspect (Fig. 3.15B)
Mesial aspect (Fig. 3.15C)
Distal aspect (Fig. 3.15D)
Occlusal aspect (Fig. 3.15E)
The Permanent Mandibular Third Molar (Figs 3.16A to E)
Buccal aspect (Fig. 3.16A)
Lingual aspect (Fig. 3.16B)
Mesial aspect (Fig. 3.16C)
Distal aspect (Fig. 3.16D)
Occlusal aspect (Fig. 3.16E)
4:
Method of Tooth Carving
CARVING OF PERMANENT MAXILLARY CENTRAL INCISOR
CARVING OF PERMANENT MAXILLARY CANINE
CARVING OF MAXILLARY PREMOLAR
CARVING OF MAXILLARY FIRST MOLAR
5:
Vasculature and Innervations of the Teeth and Associated Structures
ARTERIAL SUPPLY TO THE TEETH AND ASSOCIATED STRUCTURES
Blood Supply to Face
Blood Supply to Teeth and Jaw
Blood supply of the lower jaw and periodontium
Blood supply of the upper jaw and periodontium
Blood Supply of the Palate, Cheek, Tongue and Lips
VENOUS DRAINAGE OF ORODENTAL TISSUES
INNERVATION OF ORODENTAL TISSUES
Nerve Supply of Maxilla and Maxillary Teeth
Nerve Supply of Mandible and Mandibular Teeth
Sensory Nerve Supply of Face (Fig. 5.7)
6:
The Temporomandibular Joint and Muscles of Mastication
ANATOMY IN BRIEF
Mandibular Fossa
Mandibular Condyle
Joint Capsule
Synovial Membrane
Temporomandibular Ligament
Intra-articular Disk
Arterial Supply
Nerve Supply
Movements
Muscles producing movements
Histology
ARTICULAR FIBROUS COVERING
ARTICULAR DISK
ARTICULAR CAPSULE
CLINICAL CONSIDERATIONS
MUSCLES OF MASTICATION
Enumeration
Development
Description of Each Muscle
Lateral pterygoid (Fig. 6.8)
Medial pterygoid (Fig. 6.8)
Masseter (Fig. 6.9)
Temporalis (Fig. 6.9)
Movements During Mastication
7:
The Maxillary Sinus
MAXILLARY SINUS
Definition
Development
Dimension
Boundaries
Communication
Blood Supply
Lymph Drainage
Nerve Supply
Roentgenographic Features
Microscopic Features
8:
Occlusion
DEFINITION
FEW TERMINOLOGIES
Balanced Occlusion
Centric Relation
Centric Occlusion
Eccentric Occlusion
Physiologic Rest Position
Curve
Compensating Curve
Curve of Spee
Curve of Wilson
Curve of Monson
Bonwill Triangle
Plane of Occlusion
Incisal Guidance
Incisal Guide Angle
Condylar Guidance
Guiding Inclines
DEVELOPMENT OF OCCLUSION
At Birth
The Deciduous Dentition
Changes in Deciduous Occlusion
The Mixed Dentition
The permanent incisors
The permanent canines and premolars
The permanent molars
The Permanent Dentition
Changes in The Permanent Occlusion
Cephalometry
9:
Histological Techniques for Study of Oral Tissues
MICROSCOPY
Light Microscopy
Bright-field microscope
Dark ground illumination
Phase contrast microscope
Fluorescence microscope
Confocal scanning microscope
Ultraviolet microscope
Polarizing microscope
Electron Microscopy
Transmission electron microscope (TEM)
Scanning electron microscope (SEM)
FEW ANALYTICAL METHODS
Autoradiography
Historadiography
Cell and Tissue Culture
Histochemistry and Cytochemistry
ROUTINE LABORATORY TECHNIQUES FOR HISTOLOGIC STUDY
Paraffin Embedding Procedure
Indications
Procedure
Preparation of Frozen Sections
Indications
Preparation of Sections of Parlodion Embedded Specimens
Indications
Procedure
Preparation of Ground Sections of Teeth or Bone
Indications
Equipments
Procedure
10:
Development of Face and Oral Cavity
DERIVATIVES OF THREE GERM LAYERS
From Ectoderm
From Mesoderm
From Endoderm
Neural Crest Cells (Figs 10.9A to D)
SUBDIVISIONS OF MESODERM—(FIGS 10.10 A AND B)
Paraxial Mesoderm
Lateral Plate Mesoderm
Intermediate Mesoderm
FOLDING OF EMBRYO
Derivatives of Foregut Endoderm
Derivatives of Midgut Endoderm
Derivatives of Hindgut Endoderm
EARLY OROFACIAL DEVELOPMENT
Globular Process
BRANCHIAL ARCHES
THE BRANCHIAL GROOVES AND PHARYNGEAL POUCHES
Fate of Branchial Groove
Fate of Pharyngeal Pouches
First pharyngeal pouch
Second pharyngeal pouch
Third pharyngeal pouch
Fourth pharyngeal pouch
Fifth pharyngeal pouch
FORMATION OF THE TONGUE
DEVELOPMENT OF PALATE
DEVELOPMENT OF THE JAWS
Development of the Mandible
DEVELOPMENT OF MAXILLA
DEVELOPMENT OF THE TEMPOROMANDIBULAR JOINT
DEVELOPMENT OF THE SKULL
Growth of Cranial Vault
Growth of Cranial Base
Growth of Face
The upper face
The lower face
Growth of Air Sinuses
DEVELOPMENT OF SALIVARY GLAND
CLINICAL CONSIDERATION
11:
Development of Tooth
PRIMARY EPITHELIAL BAND
Dental Lamina
Fate of Dental Lamina
DIFFERENT STAGES OF TOOTH DEVELOPMENT
Bud Stage—(Stage of Initiation)
Cap Stage—(Stage of Proliferation)
1. Outer enamel (dental) epithelium
2. Inner enamel (dental) epithelium
3. Stellate reticulum
Early Bell Stage—(Stage of Morphodifferentiation and Histodifferentiation)
1. Inner enamel epithelium
2. Stratum Intermedium
3. Stellate reticulum
4. Outer enamel epithelium
HISTODIFFERENTIATION OF TOOTH GERM PRIOR TO ENAMEL AND DENTIN FORMATION
Advanced Bell Stage (Late Bell Stage or Stage of Apposition)
Formation of Root
Growth of Root
Fate of The Hertwig's Epithelial Root Sheath
Clinical consideration
Hard tissue formation
Amelogenesis (Development of Enamel)
Life Cycle of The Ameloblasts
1. Morphogenic stage
2. Organizing stage (presecretory stage)
3. Formative stage (secretory stage)
4. Maturative stage
5. Protective stage
6. Desmolytic stage
Clinical consideration
Dentinogenesis (Development of Dentin)
Differentiation of odontoblasts
Deposition of organic matrix
Mineralization of organic matrix
Peritubular and secondary dentin formation
Tertiary dentin formation
Clinical consideration
Cementogenesis (Development of cementum)
Primary (acellular) cementum
Secondary (cellular) cementum
12:
Eruption and Shedding of Tooth
ERUPTION—(LATIN—ERUMPERE, TO BREAK OUT)
Preeruptive Tooth Movement
Eruptive Tooth Movement
Posteruptive Tooth Movement
HISTOLOGY OF TOOTH MOVEMENT
Preeruptive Phase
Eruptive Phase
Posteruptive Phase
MECHANISM OF ERUPTION OF TOOTH
Bone Remodeling
Root Growth
Vascular Pressure
Periodontal Ligament Traction
Permanent dentition
SHEDDING OF THE DECIDUOUS TEETH
Definition
Pattern of Shedding
Histology of Shedding
Mechanism of Resorption and Shedding
CLINICAL CONSIDERATION
Aberrations in Eruption
Teething
Remnants of Deciduous Teeth
Retained Deciduous Teeth
Submerged Deciduous Teeth
13:
Enamel
PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS
Thickness
Density
Color
Hardness
Specific Gravity
Permeability
Solubility
Tensile Strength and Compressibility
Refractive Index
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION
Inorganic Composition
Organic Composition
Amelogenins
Nonamelogenins
STRUCTURE OF ENAMEL
Enamel Rods
Under light microscope
Under electron microscope
Striations
Direction of enamel rods
Gnarled enamel
Rod sheath
Interrod substance
Incremental lines of Retzius
Neonatal line
Hunter-Schreger bands
Enamel tufts
Enamel spindles
Enamel lamellae
Dentinoenamel junction
Cementoenamel junction
Enamel cuticle
Pellicle
Plaque
AGE CHANGES OF ENAMEL
CLINICAL CONSIDERATIONS
14:
Dentin
PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION
STRUCTURE OF DENTIN
Dentinal Tubules
PERITUBULAR (INTRATUBULAR) DENTIN
INTERTUBULAR DENTIN
PREDENTIN
ODONTOBLAST PROCESS
DIFFERENT FORMS OF DENTIN
Primary Dentin
Mantle dentin
Circumpulpal dentin
Secondary Dentin (Physiologic Secondary Dentin)
Tertiary Dentin (Reactive, Reparative or Irregular Secondary Dentin)
Incremental lines of Von Ebner
Neonatal line
Interglobular dentin
Granular layer of Tomes
Dentinocemental junction
Innervation of dentin
THEORIES OF PAIN TRANSMISSION THROUGH DENTIN
Direct Neural Stimulation
Hydrodynamic Theory
Transduction Theory
AGE AND FUNCTIONAL CHANGES
Vitality of Dentin
Reparative Dentin
Dead Tracts
Sclerotic Dentin—(Transparent Dentin)
CLINICAL CONSIDERATIONS
15:
Pulp
FUNCTION
Inductive
Formative
Nutritive
Sensory
Defensive
ANATOMY
Pulp Chamber (Coronal Pulp)
Root Canal (Radicular Pulp)
Apical Foramen
Accessory Canals
DEVELOPMENT
STRUCTURAL FEATURES
Cells
Odontoblast
Function—Formation of dentin
Fibroblasts
Defense cells
Undifferentiated mesenchymal cells
Intercellular substance
Fibers
Blood vessels
Lymph vessels
Nerves
Regressive Changes
Cellular change
Fibrosis
Pulp stone (denticles)
CLINICAL CONSIDERATIONS
16:
Cementum
PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS
Hardness
Color
Permeability
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION
FUNCTIONS
STRUCTURE
Acellular Cementum
Cellular Cementum
Incremental Lines of Salter
SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY
CLASSIFICATION OF CEMENTUM BASED ON THE NATURE AND ORIGIN OF THE ORGANIC MATRIX
1. Extrinsic Fiber Cementum
2. Mixed Fiber Cementum
3. Intrinsic Fiber Cementum
CEMENTODENTINAL JUNCTION
Intermediate Cementum
CEMENTOENAMEL JUNCTION
Afibrillar Cementum
Cementoblast
Cementoid Tissue
Hypercementosis
Cementum Hypertrophy
Cementum Hyperplasia
CLINICAL CONSIDERATIONS
17:
Periodontium
PERIODONTAL LIGAMENT
Functions
Physical
Formative
Nutritive
Sensory
Homeostatic
Structure
FIBERS OF THE PERIODONTAL LIGAMENT
Collagen Fibers
Gingival group
Transseptal group
Alveolar group
GROUND SUBSTANCE OF THE PERIODONTAL LIGAMENT
Functions
CELLS OF THE PERIODONTAL LIGAMENT (FIG. 17.7)
Synthetic Cells
Fibroblast
Osteoblast
Cementoblast
Resorptive Cells
Fibroblast
Osteoclast
Cementoclasts
Progenitor cells
Defense Cells (Fig. 17.9)
Mast cells
Macrophages
Epithelial Rests of Malassez
BLOOD VESSELS AND NERVES OF THE PERIODONTAL LIGAMENT
Blood Vessels
Lymphatics
Nerves
Cementicles (Fig. 17.11)
CLINICAL CONSIDERATIONS
18:
Alveolar Bone
STRUCTURE OF BONE
Bone Matrix
Bone Cells
Osteoblast
Osteocytes
Osteoclast
Osteoprogenitor cells
Bone lining cells
Periosteum and Endosteum
Functions
TYPES OF BONE TISSUE
Mature Bone
a. Compact bone
b. Spongy bone (cancellous bone)
Immature Bone
Bundle Bone
PHYSIOLOGIC CHANGES IN ALVEOLAR PROCESS
INTERNAL RECONSTRUCTION OF BONE
Resting Lines
Resorption Tunnel
Reversal Lines
CLINICAL CONSIDERATIONS
19:
Oral Mucous Membrane
FUNCTIONS OF THE ORAL MUCOSA
1. Protection
2. Sensation
3. Immunological Defence
4. Lubrication and Buffering
5. Digestive Function
6. Thermal Regulation
ORGANIZATION OF THE ORAL MUCOSA
CLASSIFICATION OF ORAL MUCOSA: (ACCORDING TO FUNCTION)
1. Masticatory Mucosa
2. Lining Mucosa
3. Specialized Mucosa
CLINICAL APPEARANCE
COMPONENT TISSUES OF ORAL MUCOSA
Oral Epithelium
Keratinized oral epithelium
Nonkeratinized oral epithelium
Nonkeratinocytes in the oral epithelium
Junction of the epithelium and lamina propria
Lamina propria
Submucosa
Mucoperiosteum
STRUCTURE OF MUCOSA IN DIFFERENT REGIONS OF THE ORAL CAVITY
Keratinized area
Masticatory mucosa
Vermilion zone of lip
Nonkeratinized Areas
Lining mucosa
Specialized mucosa
Gingival Sulcus and Dentogingival Junction
Gingival sulcus
Sulcular fluid
Dentogingival Junction (Junctional Epithelium)
Development of gingival sulcus and junctional epithelium (Figs 19.17A and B)
Migration of attachment epithelium
Deepening of sulcus (pocket formation)
AGE CHANGES
CLINICAL CONSIDERATIONS
20:
Salivary Glands
DEFINITION OF GLAND
CLASSIFICATION OF GLANDS
According to Number of Cells Involved
According to Size
According to Morphology
According to Branching of the Duct
According to the Presence of Ducts
According to Type of Secretion
According to Damage of Secretory Cells at Discharge
CLASSIFICATION OF SALIVARY GLAND
STRUCTURAL PATTERN OF THE SALIVARY GLAND (FIG. 20.1)
Capsule
Trabeculae
Secretory Cells
Mucous acinus (Mucous cell)
Serous acinus (Serous cells) (Figs 20.4A and B)
Serous crescent (Figs 20.5A and B)
Myoepithelial cells (Basket cell)
DUCTAL SYSTEM
Intercalated Ducts
Striated Ducts
Terminal Excretory Ducts
SALIVA
Quantity of saliva
Composition
Functions of saliva
1. Protection
2. Buffering
3. Digestion
4. Taste
5. Antimicrobial action
6. Maintenance of tooth integrity
7. Clotting time
8. Tissue repair
9. Excretion
Control of Secretion
CLINICAL CONSIDERATIONS
INDEX
TOC
Index
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