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Atlas of Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology
Lester J Layfield
CHAPTER 1:
Clinical Utility, Technique and Ancillary Studies
INTRODUCTION
GUIDANCE TECHNIQUES
BIOPSY EQUIPMENT
BIOPSY PROCEDURE
FIXATION AND STAINING
ANCILLARY TECHNIQUES
CULTURE FOR INFECTIOUS ORGANISMS
ELECTRON MICROSCOPY
IMMUNOCYTOCHEMISTRY
FLOW CYTOMETRY
FLUORESCENCE IN SITU HYBRIDIZATION AND CHROMOGENIC IN SITU HYBRIDIZATION
MOLECULAR DIAGNOSTICS
CHAPTER 2:
Head & Neck and Salivary Gland
GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
FNA AS A DIAGNOSTIC METHOD IN HEAD AND NECK TUMORS
Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma
Paraganglioma
Olfactory Neuroblastoma
Cystic Neck Masses
Tumors of the Orbit
FNA AS A DIAGNOSTIC METHOD IN SALIVARY GLAND TUMORS
FNA CLASSIFICATION OF SALIVARY GLAND TUMORS
TUMORS IN WHICH MYOEPITHELIAL CELLS PREDOMINATE
Pleomorphic Adenoma/Myoepithelioma
Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma
Polymorphous Low-grade Adenocarcinoma
Epimyoepithelial Carcinoma
Myoepithelial Carcinoma
Carcinoma Ex Pleomorphic Adenoma
Malignant Mixed Tumor
Important Points and Differential Diagnosis in Tumors where Myoepithelial Cells Predominate
TUMORS WITH ONCOCYTIC CELL PREDOMINANCE
Warthin's Tumor
Oncocytic Adenoma/Adenosis
Important Points and Differential Diagnosis in Tumors where Oncocytic Cells Predominate
TUMORS WITH BASAL CELL PREDOMINANCE
Basal Cell Adenomas (Canalicular and Basal Cell Adenoma)
Basal Cell Adenocarcinoma
Solid Variant of Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma
Primary Poorly Differentiated Neuroendocrine (Small Cell) Carcinoma
Important Points and Differential Diagnosis in Tumors with Basaloid Cell Predominance
TUMORS WITH SQUAMOUS CELL PREDOMINANCE
Primary Squamous Cell Carcinoma
High-grade Mucoepidermoid Carcinoma
Important Points and Differential Diagnosis in Tumors with Squamous Cell Predominance
TUMORS WITH MUCIN PRODUCTION
Low-grade Mucoepidermoid Carcinoma
Mucinous Carcinoma
Sclerosing Chronic Sialadenitis, Sialadenitis-NOS
Salivary Cysts
Important Points and Differential Diagnosis in Tumors with Mucin Secretion
TUMORS WITH ACINIC CELL PREDOMINANCE
Sialadenosis
Acinic Cell Carcinoma
Important Points and Differential Diagnosis in Tumors with Acinic Cell Predominance
TUMORS WITH NONSPECIFIC/POORLY DIFFERENTIATED CELL PREDOMINANCE
Salivary Duct Carcinoma
Undifferentiated Carcinoma
Metastatic Tumors
Important Points and Differential Diagnosis in Tumors with Nonspecific/Poorly Differentiated Cell Predominance
CHAPTER 3:
Fine Needle Aspiration of Thyroid
FNA INDICATIONS, PROCEDURE, SPECIMEN, ADEQUACY, AND CLASSIFICATION
CYTOMORPHOLOGY OF THYROID LESIONS
Nodular Goiter
Diffuse Toxic Goiter (Graves Disease)
Autoimmune Thyroiditis/Chronic Lymphocytic Thyroiditis
Follicular Neoplasm/Suspicious for Follicular Neoplasm
Oncocytic Follicular (AKA Hürthle Cell) Neoplasm/Suspicious for Oncocytic Follicular (AKA Hürthle Cell) Neoplasm
Malignant Neoplasms
Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma and Its Variants
Diffuse Sclerosis Variant of PTC
Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma
Poorly Differentiated Carcinoma
RARE TUMORS OF THYROID GLAND
ROLE OF SPECIAL STUDIES IN THE DIAGNOSIS OF THYROID TUMORS IN CYTOLOGIC SPECIMENS
Immunohistochemistry
Molecular Genetics/Diagnosis
CHAPTER 4:
Mediastinum
CLINICAL CONSIDERATIONS
Diagnostic Accuracy
CYTOLOGIC FINDINGS IN COMMON MEDIASTINAL LESIONS
Primary Thymic Neoplasms
Thymoma
Cytologic Features of Thymoma
Diagnostic Criteria
Differential Diagnostic Concerns
Thymic Cysts and “Thymic Follicular Hyperplasia”
Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis
Ectopic Thyroid and Thyroid Neoplasms
Hyperplastic Parathyroid Glands and Adenomas
Neuroendocrine Tumors
Neurogenic Tumors
Neuroblastoma
Ganglioneuroblastoma
Schwannoma
MALIGNANT NEOPLASMS OF THE MEDIASTINUM
Thymic Carcinoma
Germ Cell Neoplasms
Seminoma (Germinoma)
Diagnostic Criteria
Diagnostic Pitfalls
Embryonal Carcinoma
Yolk Sac Tumor
Lymphomas of the Mediastinum
Hodgkin Lymphoma
Mediastinal Large B-cell Lymphoma
Diagnostic Criteria
Lymphoblastic Lymphoma
Granulomatous Lymphadenopathy
CHAPTER 5:
Lung and Pleura
CLINICAL CONSIDERATIONS AND TECHNICAL ASPECTS
Contraindications
Ancillary Techniques
Specimen Adequacy
CYTOLOGIC FEATURES OF NORMAL LUNG
Respiratory (Bronchial Epithelium)
SPECIFIC AND NONSPECIFIC INFLAMMATORY CHANGES
Bronchopneumonia (Acute Inflammation)
Cytologic Features of Pulmonary Abscess
Diagnostic Pitfalls Associated with Pulmonary Abscess
Cytologic Features Favoring Reactive Bronchial Epithelium over Malignancy
Granulomatous Inflammation (Sarcoid and Granuloma of Infectious Etiology)
PULMONARY NEOPLASMS
Primary Pulmonary Carcinomas
Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Diagnostic Pitfalls
Adenocarcinoma
Neuroendocrine Neoplasms of the Lung (Carcinoids, Atypical Carcinoids, and Small Cell Anaplastic Carcinomas)
Small Cell Anaplastic Carcinoma
Diagnostic Criteria–Small Cell Carcinoma of Lung
Differential Diagnostic Issues
Typical Carcinoid Tumor
Differential Diagnostic Issues
Spindle Cell Carcinoid
Differentiated Neuroendocrine Carcinoma
Large Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma
Undifferentiated Large Cell Carcinoma
Low-Grade Carcinomas of Bronchial Gland Origin (Formerly Bronchial Adenomas)
Other Primary Pulmonary Neoplasms
Chondroid Hamartoma (Pulmonary Hamartoma)
Key Diagnostic Features–Pulmonary Hamartoma
Diagnostic Pitfalls
Sclerosing Hemangioma
Diagnostic Features
Diagnostic Pitfalls
Lymphomas of Pulmonary Origin
Other Rare Primary Neoplasms of the Lung
METASTATIC LESIONS TO THE LUNG
PLEURAL LESIONS
Malignant Mesothelioma
Solitary Fibrous Tumor (Benign Localized Mesothelioma)
Askin Tumor (PNET)
CHAPTER 6:
The Breast
INTRODUCTION
INFLAMMATORY AND REACTIVE LESIONS
Fat Necrosis
Clinical Features
Cytologic Features
Ancillary Studies
Mastitis
Clinical Features
Cytologic Features
Ancillary Studies
Subareolar Abscess
Clinical Features
Cytologic Features
Ancillary Studies
NONPROLIFERATIVE BREAST CHANGES
Benign Cystic Lesions
Clinical Features
Cytologic Features
Ancillary Studies
FIBROEPITHELIAL TUMORS
Fibroadenoma
Clinical Features
Cytologic Features
Ancillary Studies
Phyllodes Tumor
Clinical Features
Cytologic Features
Ancillary Studies
PROLIFERATIVE BREAST DISEASE
Adenosis
Clinical Features
Cytologic Features
Ancillary Studies
Pregnancy-induced Changes
Clinical Features
Cytologic Features
Ancillary Studies
Usual Ductal Hyperplasia
Clinical Features
Cytologic Features
Ancillary Studies
Atypical Ductal Hyperplasia
Clinical Features
Cytologic Features
Ancillary Studies
PAPILLARY NEOPLASMS
Papilloma
Clinical Features
Cytologic Features
Ancillary Studies
Papillary Lesion with Atypia and Papillary Carcinoma
Clinical Features
Cytologic Features
Ancillary Studies
IN SITU LESIONS OF THE BREAST
Ductal Carcinoma In Situ
Clinical Features
Cytologic Features
Ancillary Studies
Lobular Neoplasia
Clinical Features
Cytologic Features
Ancillary Studies
INVASIVE CARCINOMA
Invasive Ductal Carcinoma, No Special Type
Clinical Features
Cytologic Features
Ancillary Studies
Invasive Lobular Carcinoma
Clinical Features
Cytologic Features
Ancillary Studies
Mucinous (Colloid) Carcinoma
Clinical Features
Cytologic Features
Ancillary Studies
Tubular Carcinoma
Clinical Features
Cytologic Features
Ancillary Studies
Medullary Carcinoma
Clinical Features
Cytologic Features
Ancillary Studies
Metaplastic Carcinoma
Clinical Features
Cytologic Features
Ancillary Studies
MESENCHYMAL TUMORS
Granular Cell Tumor
Clinical Features
Cytologic Features
Ancillary Studies
Fibromatosis
Clinical Features
Cytologic Features
Ancillary Studies
Myofibroblastoma
Clinical Features
Cytologic Features
Ancillary Studies
Sarcomas
Clinical Features
Cytologic Features
Ancillary Studies
LYMPHOPROLIFERATIVE DISORDERS
Lymphomas
Clinical Features
Cytologic Features
Ancillary Studies
LESIONS OF THE MALE BREAST
Gynecomastia
Clinical Features
Cytologic Features
Ancillary Studies
Breast Carcinoma
Clinical Features
Cytologic Features
Ancillary Studies
Metastatic Tumors to the Breast
Clinical Features
Cytologic Features
Ancillary Studies
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
CHAPTER 7:
Fine Needle Aspiration of Lymphoid Lesions
INTRODUCTION
TECHNICAL CONSIDERATIONS
ANCILLARY STUDIES
DIAGNOSIS OF LYMPHOMA
Reactive Lymphadenitis
Cytomorphology
Ancillary Studies
Differential Diagnosis
Key Diagnostic Features
Hematolymphoid Neoplasms
Plasmacytoma
Cytomorphology
Ancillary Studies
Differential Diagnosis
Key Diagnostic Features
Hodgkin Lymphoma
Cytomorphology
Ancillary Studies
Differential Diagnosis
Key Diagnostic Features
Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia/Small Lymphocytic Lymphoma
Cytomorphology
Ancillary Studies
Differential Diagnosis
Key Diagnostic Features
Mantle Cell Lymphoma
Cytomorphology
Ancillary Studies
Differential Diagnosis
Key Diagnostic Features
Marginal Zone Lymphoma
Cytomorphology
Ancillary Studies
Differential Diagnosis
Key Diagnostic Features
Follicular Lymphoma
Cytomorphology
Ancillary Studies
Differential Diagnosis
Key Diagnostic Features
Large B-cell Lymphoma
Cytomorphology
Ancillary Studies
Differential Diagnosis
Key Diagnostic Features
Burkitt Lymphoma
Cytomorphology
Ancillary Studies
Differential Diagnosis
Key Diagnostic Features
Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma
Cytomorphology
Ancillary Studies
Differential Diagnosis
Key Diagnostic Features
Precursor Lymphoblastic Lymphoma
Cytomorphology
Ancillary Studies
Differential Diagnosis
Key Diagnostic Features
Other High-grade Hematolymphoid Neoplasms
CHAPTER 8:
Liver
CLINICAL CONSIDERATIONS AND TECHNICAL ASPECTS
Complications
Contraindications
Technical Aspects
Normal Hepatic Cytomorphology
LOCALIZED LESIONS AND LESIONS OF INFECTIOUS ETIOLOGY
Granulomatous Lesions
Abscess
Hepatic Cysts
Non-neoplastic Solid Lesions
Focal Nodular Hyperplasia
Key Diagnostic Features
Ancillary Testing
Diagnostic Pitfalls
Bile Duct Hamartoma
Differential Diagnosis
PRIMARY HEPATIC NEOPLASMS
Hepatocellular Adenoma (Liver Adenoma)
Histopathologic Features
Cytomorphology
Key Diagnostic Features
Differential Diagnosis
Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Cytomorphology
Cytomorphologic Features
Diagnostic Criteria
Differential Diagnosis
Hepatoblastoma
Diagnostic Features
Epithelial Type, Fetal Subtype
Epithelial Hepatoblastoma, Embryonal Subtype
Mixed-type Hepatoblastoma
Differential Diagnosis
Mesenchymal Hamartoma
Differential Diagnosis
Cholangiocarcinoma
Cytomorphology
Diagnostic Features
Undifferentiated (Embryonal) Sarcoma
Hemangioma
Angiosarcoma
Angiomyolipoma
Metastatic Disease to the Liver
CHAPTER 9:
Pancreas Cytology
INTRODUCTION
SPECIMEN PREPARATION AND TISSUE TRIAGE
Rapid on-site Interpretation
Cyst Fluid Analysis: Biochemical and Molecular Testing
Accuracy and Limitations
Specimen Interpretation
The Prebiopsy Differential Diagnosis
NORMAL PANCREAS AND GASTROINTESTINAL CONTAMINANTS
Cytologic Features of Benign Pancreatic Tissue
Normal Acinar Cells
Normal Ductal Cells
Cytologic Features of GI Contaminants in EUS-FNA
Duodenum
Stomach
PANCREATITIS
Chronic Pancreatitis
Clinical Features
Radiologic Features
Cytopathologic Features
Key Cytologic Features of Active Chronic Pancreatitis
Key Cytologic Features of Chronic and Autoimmune Pancreatitis
Ancillary Studies
Differential Diagnosis and Pitfalls
NON-NEOPLASTIC CYSTS
Pseudocyst
Clinical Features
Radiologic Features
Cytopathologic Features
Key Cytologic Features of Pseudocyst
Ancillary Studies
Differential Diagnosis and Pitfalls
Lymphoepithelial Cyst
Clinical Features
Radiologic Features
Cytopathologic Features
Key Cytologic Features of Lymphoepithelial Cyst
Differential Diagnosis
SOLID NEOPLASMS
Ductal Adenocarcinoma and its Variants
Clinical Features
Radiologic Features
Cytopathologic Features
Ductal Adenocarcinoma, NOS
Key Cytologic Features of Ductal Adenocarcinoma
Adenocarcinoma Variants
Adenosquamous Carcinoma
Colloid (Mucinous Noncystic) Carcinoma
Signet Ring Cell Carcinoma
Undifferentiated (Anaplastic) Carcinoma
Undifferentiated Carcinoma with Osteoclast-type Giant Cells
Ancillary Studies
Differential Diagnosis and Pitfalls
Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumor
Clinical Features
Radiologic Features
Cytopathologic Features
Well-differentiated PanNET
Poorly Differentiated PanNET
Key Cytologic Features of Well-differentiated Neuroendocrine Tumor
Ancillary Studies
Differential Diagnosis and Pitfalls
Acinar Cell Carcinoma
Clinical Features
Radiologic Features
Cytopathologic Features
Key Cytologic Features of Acinar Cell Carcinoma
Ancillary Studies
Differential Diagnosis and Pitfalls
Pancreatoblastoma
Clinical Features
Radiologic Features
Cytopathologic Features
Key Cytologic Features of Pancreatoblastoma
Differential Diagnosis and Pitfalls
CYSTIC NEOPLASMS
Serous Cystadenoma
Radiologic Features
Cytopathologic Features
Key Cytologic Criteria of Serous Cystadenoma
Ancillary Studies
Differential Diagnosis and Pitfalls
Solid Pseudopapillary Neoplasm
Radiologic Features
Cytopathologic Features
Key Cytologic Features of Solid Pseudopapillary Neoplasm
Ancillary Studies
Differential Diagnosis and Pitfalls
Mucinous Cystic Neoplasm
Cytopathologic Features
Key Cytologic Features of Mucinous Cystic Neoplasm
Ancillary Studies
Differential Diagnosis and Pitfalls
Intraductal Papillary Mucinous Neoplasm
Cytopathologic Features
Key Cytologic Features of Intraductal Papillary Mucinous Neoplasm
Ancillary Studies
Differential Diagnosis and Pitfalls
METASTATIC TUMORS
CHAPTER 10:
Kidney and Adrenal
KIDNEY
Introduction
The Evolving Role of Fine Needle Aspiration in the Management of Patients with Renal Neoplasms
Fine Needle Aspiration Cytopathology of the Renal Neoplasms in Adults
RENAL CELL CARCINOMA, CLEAR CELL TYPE
Clinical Considerations
Cytomorphology
PAPILLARY RENAL CELL CARCINOMA
Clinical Considerations and Histomorphology
Cytomorphology
CHROMOPHOBE RENAL CELL CARCINOMA
Pathologic Findings
Cytomorphology
Differential Diagnosis
Ancillary Testing
Collecting Duct Carcinoma
Cytomorphology
Mucinous Tubular and Spindle Cell Carcinoma
Urothelial Carcinoma
Metastases to the Kidney
BENIGN RENAL NEOPLASMS
Oncocytoma
Cytomorphology
Differential Diagnosis
Angiomyolipoma
Histologic and Cytologic Findings
Differential Diagnosis
Ancillary Testing
Papillary Adenoma
Metanephric Adenoma
Comments Regarding the Fine Needle Aspiration Cytomorphologic Differential Diagnosis
The Use of Immunostains in the Evaluation of FNAs of the Kidney in Adults
Other Ancillary Studies
Accuracy of the Fine Needle Aspiration Diagnosis of Renal Neoplasms in Adults
Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology of Pediatric Renal Tumors
Wilms’ Tumor
Cytomorphology
Clear Cell Sarcoma of the Kidney
Cytomorphology
Differential Diagnosis
Ancillary Testing
Rhabdoid Tumor of the Kidney
Cytomorphology
Ancillary Testing
Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumor
Renal Cell Carcinoma of Childhood
Cystic Partially Differentiated Nephroblastoma
Congenital Mesoblastic Nephroma
Differential Diagnosis of Pediatric Renal Neoplasms by Fine Needle Aspiration
ADRENAL
Clinical Considerations
NON-NEOPLASTIC LESIONS OF THE ADRENAL
BENIGN ADRENOCORTICAL NODULES INCLUDING ADENOMAS AND HYPERPLASIA
Clinical Features
Cytomorphology
Key Features
Differential Diagnosis
ADRENOCORTICAL CARCINOMA
Clinical Features
Surgical Pathology Findings
Cytomorphology
Key Features
Differential Diagnosis
Pheochromocytoma
Surgical Pathology Features
Cytomorphology
Key Diagnostic Features
Differential Diagnosis
Ancillary Testing
Myelolipoma
Surgical Pathology Findings
Cytomorphologic Features
Key Features
Neuroblastoma
Surgical Pathology Features
Cytomorphology
Key Features
Differential Diagnosis
Ancillary Studies
Related Tumors
CHAPTER 11:
Male and Female Genital Tracts
CLINICAL CONSIDERATIONS
PROSTATE
Cytologic Features
Benign Prostatic Tissue
Seminal Vesicle Epithelial Cells
Rectal Mucosa
Adenocarcinoma
NON-NEOPLASTIC TESTICULAR LESIONS
Inflammatory Lesions of the Testis
Epidermal Cysts
TESTICULAR NEOPLASMS
Classic Seminoma
Cytomorphology
Diagnostic Criteria
Embryonal Carcinoma
Diagnostic Criteria
Yolk Sac Tumor
Diagnostic Criteria
Teratoma
Testicular Relapse in Acute Leukemia
Primary Testicular Lymphoma
LESIONS OF THE OVARY, CERVIX AND UTERINE FUNDUS
Cervix
Cervical Adenocarcinoma
Lesions of the Uterine Fundus
Malignant Mixed Müllerian Tumors (Carcinosarcomas)
Endometrial Stromal Tumors
Smooth Muscle Neoplasms of the Myometrium
Ovarian Lesions
Endometriosis (Endometriotic Cysts)
Diagnostic Features
Granulosa Cell Tumor
Diagnostic Criteria
Brenner Tumor
Endometrioid Adenocarcinoma of Ovary
Serous and Papillary Serous Cyst Adenocarcinomas
Mucinous Carcinomas
Clear Cell Carcinoma of the Ovary
Anaplastic Carcinoma of the Ovary
Ovarian Germ Cell Tumors
CHAPTER 12:
Musculoskeletal System
INTRODUCTION
MUSCULOSKELETAL LESIONS WITH A MYXOID OR MUCINOUS CHANGE
Ganglion Cyst
Clinical Features
Cytologic Features
Ancillary Studies
Myxoma
Clinical Features
Cytologic Features
Ancillary Studies
Low-Grade Fibromyxoid Sarcoma and Low-Grade Forms of Myxofibrosarcoma
Low-grade Fibromyxoid Sarcoma
Clinical Features
Cytologic Features
Ancillary Studies
Myxofibrosarcoma, Low Grade
Clinical Features
Cytologic Features
Ancillary Studies
Aggressive Angiomyxoma
Clinical Features
Cytologic Features
Ancillary Studies
Inflammatory Myxohyaline Tumor of Distal Extremities (Acral Myxoinflammatory Fibroblastic Sarcoma)
Clinical Features
Cytologic Features
Ancillary Studies
Myxoid and Round Cell Liposarcoma
Clinical Features
Cytologic Features
Ancillary Studies
Chondrosarcoma
Chordoma
Clinical Features
Cytologic Features
Ancillary Studies
NEOPLASMS OF THE ADIPOSE TISSUE
Clinical Features
Cytologic Features
Ancillary Studies
Angiolipoma
Clinical Features
Cytologic Features
Ancillary Studies
Spindle Cell Lipoma
Clinical Features
Cytologic Features
Ancillary Studies
Intramuscular Lipoma
Clinical Features
Cytologic Features
Ancillary Studies
Myelolipoma
Cytologic Features
Well-differentiated Liposarcoma
Clinical Features
Cytologic Features
Ancillary Studies
Round Cell Liposarcomas
Round Cell
Dedifferentiated Liposarcoma
Clinical Features
Cytologic Features
Ancillary Studies
Pleomorphic Liposarcoma
Clinical Features
Cytologic Features
Ancillary Studies
GIANT CELL CONTAINING LESIONS OF THE MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM
Tenosynovial Giant Cell Tumor, Nodular, and Diffuse Subtypes
Clinical Features
Cytologic Features
Ancillary Studies
Conventional Giant Cell Tumor of Bone
Clinical and Radiographic Features
Cytologic Features
Ancillary Studies
Aneurysmal Bone Cyst
Clinical and Radiographic Features
Cytologic Features
Ancillary Studies
Pleomorphic Sarcoma with a Prominent Component of Osteoclast-like Giant Cells
Clinical Features
Cytologic Features
Ancillary Studies
SMALL ROUND CELL TUMORS
Rhabdomyosarcoma
Embryonal Rhabdomyosarcoma
Clinical Features
Cytologic Features
Alveolar Rhabdomyosarcoma
Clinical Features
Cytologic Features
Ancillary Studies
Ewing Tumor Family (Ewing Sarcoma/Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumor)
Clinical Features
Cytologic Features
Ancillary Studies
Neuroblastoma
Olfactory Neuroblastoma
Lymphoma
Desmoplastic Small Round Cell Tumor
Clinical Features
Cytologic Features
Ancillary studies
Plasma Cell Neoplasms (Myeloma)
Clinical and Radiographic Features
Cytologic Features
Ancillary Studies
Synovial Sarcoma
Clinical Features
Cytologic Features
Ancillary Studies
POLYGONAL AND EPITHELIOID NEOPLASMS
Granular Cell Tumor
Clinical Features
Cytologic Features
Ancillary Studies
Epithelioid Sarcoma
Clinical Features
Cytologic Features
Ancillary Studies
Extrarenal Rhabdoid Tumor
Clinical Features
Cytologic Features
Ancillary Studies
Alveolar Soft Part Sarcoma
Clinical Features
Cytologic Features
Ancillary Studies
Clear Cell Sarcoma
Clinical Features
Cytologic Features
Ancillary Studies
Angiosarcoma with Epithelioid/Polygonal Cell Features
Clinical Features
Cytologic Features
Ancillary Studies
Epithelioid forms of Malignant Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumor and Leiomyosarcoma
PLEOMORPHIC SARCOMAS
NEOPLASMS WITH CARTILAGINOUS DIFFERENTIATION
Chondromas
Cytologic Features
Chondroblastoma
Clinical Features
Cytologic Features
Ancillary Studies
Chondrosarcoma
Clinical Features
Cytologic Features
Ancillary Studies
BONE FORMING LESIONS
Osteosarcoma
Clinical Features
Cytologic Features
Ancillary Studies
SPINDLE CELL LESIONS
Nodular Fasciitis
Clinical Features
Cytologic Features
Ancillary Studies
Fibromatoses (Abdominal and Extra-abdominal Desmoid Tumors)
Cytologic Features
Ancillary Studies
Synovial Sarcoma
Neurilemmoma (Schwannoma)
Cytologic Features
Ancillary Studies
Spindle Cell Sarcomas not Easily Subcategorized by Cytologic Evaluation
CHAPTER 13:
Pediatric Tumors
GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
LYMPHOMAS (NON-HODGKIN AND HODGKIN LYMPHOMAS)
RETROPERITONEAL TUMORS
Neuroblastic Tumors
Nephroblastoma and Other Kidney Tumors
Rhabdoid Tumor
ROUND CELL SARCOMAS AND OTHER CONNECTIVE TISSUE TUMORS
Rhabdomyosarcoma
Ewing Sarcoma/Peripheral Neuroectodermal Tumor
Desmoplastic Small Round Cell Tumor
Other Connective Tissue Tumors
OTHER TUMORS
Gonadal and Extragonadal Germ Cell and Sex-cord Stromal Tumors
Tumors of the Liver and Pancreas
CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 14:
Skin and Superficial Subcutaneous Tissue
GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
DIAGNOSTIC ACCURACY
COMPLICATIONS AND ADVERSE OUTCOMES
METHODOLOGY
NON-NEOPLASTIC CUTANEOUS LESIONS
Inflammatory and Infectious Lesions
Chronic Inflammatory Processes
Solid Non-neoplastic Lesions of the Skin and Subcutaneous Tissues
Diagnostic Criteria
Detection of Amyloid by FNA Cytology
CYSTS OF THE SKIN AND SUPERFICIAL SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUES
Epidermal Inclusion Cyst
Diagnostic Criteria
Pilar or Trichilemmal Cysts
Diagnostic Criteria
BENIGN EPITHELIAL CUTANEOUS TUMORS
Eccrine Cylindroma
Diagnostic Criteria
Chondroid Syringoma
Diagnostic Criteria
Pilomatricoma
Diagnostic Criteria
MALIGNANT EPITHELIAL TUMORS
Basal Cell Carcinoma
Diagnostic Criteria
Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Diagnostic Criteria
Neuroendocrine Carcinoma of the Skin (Merkel Cell Carcinoma)
Diagnostic Criteria
Malignant Melanoma
Diagnostic Criteria
Differential Diagnosis
Vascular Tumors
SPINDLE CELL LESIONS OF SKIN
Dermatofibroma
Diagnostic Criteria
INDEX
TOC
Index
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