The Physics of Radiology and Imaging K Thayalan
INDEX
Page numbers followed by ‘f ’ and ‘t ’ indicate figures and tables respectively.
A
Absorbed dose 110
AC generator 43
Acoustic
absorber 341
impedance of various body tissues 336t
power 368
shadowing 367f
Acute radiation syndrome 311
Adhesive layer 168
Air-gap techniques 162
Aliasing of signals and remedial measures 362f
Alpha decay 276
Alternating current
generator 43f
waveform 44
Amplitude-mode 351
Analog to digital converter 349
Anatomic and physiologic properties of the patient 369
Angle of
incidence 336
reflection 336
transmission 337
Annular transducer 344, 347
Anode
angle 62
disk 71
rotor 71
stem 71
Artifacts 362, 364
Atomic Energy Regulatory Board (AERB) 75, 306, 328
Atomic
number 11, 12, 14
structure 10, 11f
Attenuation
coefficient and beam energy 117, 338
correction 302
process 123
through an absorber 116
Audiofrequency 48
Auger electrons 121
Automatic
brightness control 217, 234
film processor 178, 179f
Autotransformer, working principle 86
Axial resolution 362
B
Back projection 258
Backing block 341
Bandwidth transducers 344
Beam
filtration
general radiography 77
mammography 77
hardening artifacts 269
lobes 366
restrictor aperture diaphragms 78
Becquerel 108
Beta
minus decay 277
plus decay 277
Binary and equivalent decimal numbers 188t
Binding energies 14
Bioeffects of ultrasound 367
Biological
half-life 279
tissues 377t
Biosafety 396
Blood flow
directions 356f
enhancement 390
Blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) 391
Body
coil 396f
section radiography 242
BOLD technique 391
Bone
marrow 311
physical characteristics 158t
subtracted 223f
Boundary and tissue reflections 337f
Bowtie filter 251f
Bragg curves 127
Breast
anatomy 227
cancer 226
compression device 232f
mammogram 226f
organ X-ray imaging 226
tissues 228f
tomosynthesis 238
Bremsstrahlung
process 122
radiation 54
spectrum 230f
X-ray production 55
C
Calculation of workload 317
Camera coupling 213
Capacitance 31
Capacitor parallel plate 32
Cassette 163f
Cathode
assembly 58
block 70
ray tube 214f
with dual filament 69f
Cavitations 368
Cellular transformation 310
Celsius scale 8
Cerebrovascular syndrome 311
Chamber sensitivity 146
Charge coupled device 195f, 219
Chemical effects 131
Chemical shift artifacts 400
Choke coil 47, 48
Circulation system 180
Coefficient of variation 23
Coherent or Rayleigh scattering 118
Coincidence detection 297
Collection and analysis of signal 380
Collector-base junction 30
Colliding particle 128
Collimation
and filtration 250
and HVL 233
Collimator shutters 79f
Color Doppler of umbilical cord 359f
Color flow imaging spectral interpretation 361
Communication system 203f
Comparison of T1 and T2 379
Compass needle 38f
Composite signal 383
Compounds 12
Compton scattering 119, 120, 124, 125
Computed radiography
equipment 249
installation 324
reader 192f
scanner 242, 328
scanning principle 246f
system 191f
Conduction band 26
Conductor 26
Cone 78
Constant potential generator 98
Consumer products 308
Continuous Doppler, advantages of 358
Continuous wave Doppler system 357f
Contrast
agents 159
image 221f
mask image 221f
resolution ultrasound image quality 362
Control console 249
Control room for diagnostic X-ray installations 322
Convergent collimators 293
Coolidge tube 65
Corpuscular emission 108
Cosine function 21
Cosmic rays 17
Cosmic rays natural background radiation exposure 307
CR spectrum 193f
CT
fluoroscopy 260
image quality 267
numbers of the human body organs 248t
scan display 248f
scanners, generation of 253
Cyclotron 280
principle 281f
produced radionuclides 284
Cylinder 78
D
Damping block 342
Darkroom 178
Darkroom for diagnostic X-ray installations 323
Data
acquisition 298, 302
correction 299
Decay scheme 279f
Decommissioning of X-ray installations 329
Demodulation 350
Density 3, 12
Depth 354
Design certification 328
Detecting cysts in the breast 351
Detector
efficiency 132
systems comparison 200
types 131
Determination of elastic properties 340
Diagnostic energy range 116
Diethylenetriaminepenta-acetic acid (Gd-DTPA) 390
Diffusion
imaging techniques 392
weighted imaging 391
Digital
fluoroscopy 218
mammography 236
radiography
images 187, 189f, 202
principle 197f
systems 196
signals 350
subtraction angiography 220, 221f
Direct
detector
flat panel system 197f, 199f
systems 201f
exposure film 171
vision fluoroscopy 205, 206
Distance 104, 319
Divergence of the beam 315
Divergent collimators 293
Doors for diagnostic X-ray installations 322
Doppler
frequency 356
shift 355
spectral display 360f
systems 357
ultrasound 355
Dose of
area product meter 149
limits 313
radiation 311
DR detector materials 201t
Drug delivery mechanisms 340
Dryer system 180
DSA equipment 222
Dual energy subtraction technique 222
Duplex scanning 357
Duty cycle of different ultrasound modes 348t
Dynamic imaging 294
E
Echo planner imaging (EPI) 392, 393
Echocardiography 351
Echoencephalography 351
Eddy current 48
Einstein's theory 17, 122
Elastic properties of the tissues 340
Electric
current 32
induction 25
lines of force 25
potential 25
power transmission 48
protection 74
Electricity 24
Electromagnetic
force 41
induction 39, 40
radiation spectrum 1618
wave 16
Electromotive force 40
Electron
capture 278
interaction 128
kinetic energy 57
shells 13
volt 15
Electronic
amplifiers 364
scanning 352
Elements in a single group 345
Emiconductors 26
Emitterbase junction 30
Emitting luminescence 18
Endorectal-prostate 347
Endo-vaginal-pelvic region 347
Energy
fluence 109
separation of spins 372f
transitions 56
Environmental sources 364
Equal reflective boundaries 350f
Equilibrium
magnetization vector 372
value 376
Equipment
malfunction 364
operation 320
Equivalent dose and effective dose 112
Excitation pulses 345
Exposure timers
automatic exposure control 100
electronic timers 100
phototimers 100, 101
External magnetic field 372f, 381
Extrinsic magnetic inhomogeneities 379
F
Factors affecting quality and intensity 102
Fahrenheit scale 8
Faraday's
experiments 40
law 41
Fat physical characteristics 158t
FDG in human body 296f
Ferromagnetic
magnetism 370
materials 38
Fetal
period 312
risk in pregnancy 312
Fiberoptic tapers 237
Fifth generation scanner 256
Filament circuit 91, 92f
Filled band 26
Film
handling 172
processing 175
storage 172
types 170
Filter
added filtration 75
back projection 258
effect of 76f
inherent filtration 75
First generation CT scan 254f
Flip angle
90 degree 374f
180 degree 374f
Fluid attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) 388
Fluorescence 17
Fluoroscopy
imaging 205, 207f
installation 324
systems 67
Focal
depth 354
length 354
spot size 60
Focusing cup 70
Focusing electrodes 209
Foot print size 345
Fourier acquired steady state 389
Fourth generation scanners 255
Fractional error 23
Frame repetition frequency 354
Fraunhofer zone 344f
Free air ionization chamber 143f
Free induction decay (FID) 375
Frequency
encoding gradient 381, 383f
undependent of 334
Fresnel zone 343, 344f
Fringe field 397
Full wave rectifier 94f
Functional imaging 391
Fundamental concepts 1
G
Gamma
camera 18, 288
imaging 273
radiations 109
rays 17, 278
Gantry 250
Gas
filled detector 133f
laws 4
multiplication 133
tubes defects of 65
X-ray tube 64f
Gastrointestinal syndrome 311
Gauss 370
Geiger-Muller tube 136
Generator
rating and heat loading 105
waveform 104
Geometric factors
distortion 185
focal spot blur 185
magnification 185
Giga becquerel 108
GM survey meter 151f
Gradient
field artifacts 380, 400
recalled echo 388
Grid
controlled X-ray tube 73
decreases scatter 233
design and principle 160f
ratio 160
Growth disturbances with malformation 312
Gyromagnetic ratio of the nucleus 375
H
Half value
layer 102, 117, 233
thickness 316
Hazards of radiation 306
Head coil 396f
Health Surveillance of Workers (Rule 25) 332
Heat
capacity 10
effect of an electric current 35
loading 106
Heavy metal filters 76
Heel effect 73f, 231
Helical computed tomography 256, 261
Hematopoietic syndrome 311
High
contrast sensitivity 369
electronic amplification 364
energy level 371
equipment cost 369
frequency generator 98
percentage of reflection 366
resolution require large number of lines 354
tension transformer 87
transmit power 364
voltage
generator 253
transformers 85
Hydrogen
bond break 309
characteristics 370
I
ICRU 107
Image
artifacts 369
characteristics 194
contrast 386
cycle 385
data acquisition 347
display 193, 247
distances, focus to 62
intensifier
components 208f
fluoroscopy 205, 206
input screen 208
performance 210
systems limitations 215
tube output screen magnification 210f, 211
quality comparison 200
reconstruction scanner 257
recording 217
time 384
Indirect detection flat panel system 196, 197, 201f
Inherent safety to the patient 369
Insulator 26, 27
Intensifying screen 164f
Intensity 102
Inter and intramolecular cross linking 309
Interaction of ultrasound 335
Internal
energy 18
International Commission on Radiological Protection 306
Interventional radiology diagnostic X-ray machines 327
Intravascular blood vessels 347
Inverse square law 19
Inversion recovery 387
Inverter circuit 99
Iodine-131 286
Ionization
chamber survey meter 134, 150
radiation 17
target atoms 51
Isomeric transition 278
Isotopes 12
Iterative method 258
J
Joule's law of heating
passing through the conduction 35
resistance (R) of the conduction 35
time (t) of flow of current 35
Junction diode and current flow 28
K
K-edge absorption 121
Kelvin scale 8
Kerma stands 109
Kilovoltage (kV) control circuit 92, 93f
Kinetic energy 1, 7
Knee coil 396f
Kramer's equation 53
K-shell 121
K-space 384, 401
L
Large
flip angle 374f
scale integration 30
Larmor
equation 373
frequency 373f
Laser film 171
Latent image formation 169f
Lateral resolution 362
Laws of electromagnetic induction 41
Layers of screen 164
Layout approval and registration 329
Lenz's law 41
Lethal effects 312
Light and mirror arrangement 79f
Line
density 354
focus principle 61, 62
Linear
array rectangular display 354f
attenuation coefficient 116
energy transfer 127
scanning 355f
sequence arrays 344
tomography 242
Log book for radiological examinations 321
Logarithmic
compression 349, 350f
subtraction 222
Long spatial pulse length (SPL) 342
Longitudinal
magnetization vector 372, 373f
wave 334
Low energy level 371
Low power operation ultrasound systems 364
Luminescence 130
M
Magnetic
dipole 36
effect of an electric current 38
field due to a coil and solenoid 39
field strength 370, 373, 375
flex density 36, 370
induction 37
lines 36
properties diamagnetic substances 37
properties ferromagnetic substances 38
properties paramagnetic substances 38
resonance angiography 389, 390
resonance imaging
artifacts 400
instrumentation and biosafety 394
quality and artifacts 398
sequences 384
signal localization 380
Magnetism 24, 36, 369
Magnetization vector 372
Magnification mammography 235
Mammography
cassette 234f
equipment 227
film 171
installation 324
phantom 240f
X-ray
equipment 228f
machine 327
Mass attenuation coefficient 116, 123
Matching layer 341, 343
Measurements of
intensity 368
optical density 20
tissue perfusion 340
Mechanical
index 349, 368
movement of the particles 368
Mechanics
cyclotron facility 282
force 5
scalar and vector quantities 5
velocity and acceleration 4
work 5
Medical
cyclotron facility 283f
exposures 308
Mega becquerel 108
Metal
alloys 35
case 63
shield 341
Metallic lubricants 72
MHz frequency 345
Microwaves 17
Milli curie 108
Millisievert 113
Mobile protective barrier 323
Model plan for
computed tomography room 326f
general radiography room 324f
mammography room 325f
Modulus of elasticity 336
Mole 4
Molecular
breakage 309
oxygen 38
Molybdenum
anode 71
target 229
Momentum 7
Motion mode 352
Motion artifacts 400
Motor effect 38f
Moving grid 161
MR spectroscopic imaging 390, 392
MRI, basics 369
Multihole collimator 288
Multiplanar reconstruction 260
Multiple
coincidence 298f
path reflection 365
Multislice technique 393
Mutual induction 42
N
N-acetyle-aspartate (NAA) 393
Natural background exposure 307
Natural logarithm 20
Navigator imaging techniques 392
Neutron interaction 129
Neutrons 370
Noise 183, 399
Noise ratio 364
Noise ultrasound image quality 362
Non-ionizing radiation 17, 369
Nonresonant transducers 343
Normal chest radiograph 223f
N-type semiconductor 27
Nuclear
forces 274
magnetic resonance technique 369
medicine technologists 308
reactor produced radionuclides 284
stability 274
transformation 276
O
Occupancy factor 318
Occupancy in the room for radiological examination 321
Occupational exposure 308
Off-focus radiation 74
Ohm's law 33
Ophthalmology-distance measurements 351
Optimal quality image 186
Organogenesis 312
Output frequency bandwidth 384
Output screen 210
P
Parallel
beam geometry 245f
hole collimator 292
Paramagnetic magnetism 369
Partial volume artifacts 269, 402
Particle
characteristics 16
radiation
beta particles 126
electron 126
neutrons 126
positron 126
proton 126
Patient
motion for radiological examinations 321
radiation dose 225
Peak and RMS values 45
Performance test 327
Perfusion imaging 390
Permanent magnet 394
Personnel monitoring systems 152
PET
equipment 297
image display 300f
radionuclides 296t
scanner geometry 297f
PET-CT
advantages of 304
functional diagram 301f
image display 302
scanner 301
Phased array
coils 396
echoprocessing 349f
encoding gradient 381, 383
sector display 354f
Phosphor
materials 198
reader 191
Photo multiplier tubes (PMT) 397
Photodiode 140
Photoelectric
absorption 121
effect 120, 121, 131
Photomultiplier tube 137f, 138, 139f, 290
Photon energy 122, 125
Photostimulable phosphor, principle of 190
Physical protection 74
Piezoelectric
crystal 341
effect 340f
material 340
Pin hole collimator 293
Pincushion distortion 209f
Placard for diagnostic X-ray installations 322, 323
PNP transistor 30
Pocket dosimeter 147f
Point spread function 182f
Polychromatic radiation beams 117
Position and summing circuits 290
Positron annihilation 123
Positron emission tomography 295
Positron emitters 296
Potential energy 6
Power
Doppler 357
factor 47
fluctuation 364
in AC circuit 45
indicators 349
rating 105
Practical dosimeters 143
Pregnant women 321
Presence of susceptibility agents 379
Pressure correction 144
Primary radiological image 158f
Projectile effect 398
Propagation of ultrasound 335f
Protective
coating 165
shield for radiological examinations 320
Proton
density 375
density weighted image 387
lose energy 377
P-type semiconductor 28
Pulsatility index 361
Pulse
characteristics 342
Doppler 357
duration 342
echo operation 347
echo sequence 385f
fluoroscopy 216
height analyzer 291
height spectrum 290
repetition frequency 342, 363, 384
Q
Quality and intensity of X-rays 102
Quality assurance in diagnostic radiology 326
Quantum number 14
R
Radiation
and fetal risk 312f
biological effects of 308
detector
ionization chambers 101
photomultiplier tubes 101
scintillators 101
solid state diodes 101
dose limits 313
effect on tissue 310
exposure
encountered in radiology 311
level 319
distance 314
shielding 314
time 314
in medicine and industry 306
intensity 315
interaction with matter 115
interaction with tissue 309f
leakage 77
level comparison 305t
measurements 130
on embryo and fetus 312
on tissue 310
optimization 313
protection
aim of 313
philosophy 313
risk 311
scattered 77
units
activity 107
biological effectiveness 107
energy absorbed 107
energy transferred 107
fluence and flux 107
ionizing photons 107
nuclear disintegration 107
weighting factors 113f
Radioactive
collisions 51
disintegration 274
Radiofrequency 373
Radiological
examination
assistance to patients for 321
field area 320
pregnant women 321
health 306
installation 323
mathematics 19
graphs 20
logarithms 19
trigonometry 20
production 280
safety 306, 331
scintillators 138t
Radionuclides, characteristics 284t
Radiopharmaceuticals 285
Radiowaves 17
Radon and thoron natural background 307
Random coincidence 298f
Real time
4D Doppler clinical probes 347
scanning 354
Records of radiological examinations 321
Rectangular or parallelogram image display 345f
Rectifier circuit
full wave rectifier 88, 98, 89, 90
thyristor 90
Rectilinear clinical probes 347
Refraction
artifacts 364
coefficient 337
energy amount of 336
layer 164
Relaxation times 375
Rephasing pulse and TR 385
Replenisher 178
Replenishment system 180
Resistance, specific 34
Resistive
electro-magnet 394
index 361
Resonance and nonresonance transducers 341
Responsibilities of the employer (Rule 20) 330
Responsibilities of the licensee (Rule 21) 330
Responsibilities of worker (Rule 23) 332
Responsibility of radiological safety officer (Rule 22) 331
Reverberation or ring down artifacts 364
RF
artifacts 401
coils 395
field 397
Rhodium target X-ray tube 230
Ringing artifacts 401
Ripple factor 97
Roentgen unit 109
Roentgen-Rad conversion factor 111f
Room size for diagnostic X-ray installations 322
Root mean square value 45
Rotational angiography 222
S
Safety limit 398
Scales of temperature 8
Scan acquisition complexity 369
Scan time 400
Scanning
principle 245
voxel 246f
Scattering
coincidence 298f
description of TGC 350f
radiation 232
radiations, primary 77
sound 350
surfaces 366
Scintillation
crystal 289
detector 136, 137f
Screen
characteristics
conversion efficiency 166
quantum detection efficiency 166
screen handling 167
spatial resolution 167
speed 166
film
devices 187
mammography 226
radiography 157
system 234
Sector
image display 346f
scanning 355f
Semiconductor
detector 142
diode 28
resistance 142
Seventh generation scanner 257
Shim coils 395
Short tau inversion recovery (STIR) 388
Shoulder coil 396f
SI units
conventions for 2
prefixes 3
sievert 113
Side lobes 344f
Signal cable 341
Simple US technique 351
Simulation and emission of light 193f
Simultaneous acquisition of spatial harmonics 393
Simultaneously longitudinal magnetization 376f
Sinc pulse 384
Sine function 21
Single
coil or solenoid 41
phase
generators 82
X-ray generator circuit 94, 95f
photon emission computed tomography 294
Sinusoidal waves 15
Sixth generation scanner 256
Slice
selection 381, 382f
thickness 366
Small
field of view 62
flip angle 374f
percentage of transmission 366
Snell's law 336
Soft tissue
cavity 125
differences 369
physical characteristics 158t
radiography 226
subtracted 223f
Solenoid 39
Solid state detector 252
Somatic risk 311
Sound wave travels faster 335
Source to
image distance 320
object distance 320
Spatial
frequency function 202f
peak temporal average intensity 367
pulse length 342
resolution ultrasound image quality 362
Speckle 366
SPECT
application 295
image noise 294
Spin
echo sequence 384
inversion technique 390
Spinning proton 371
Spin-spin relaxation 378
Spoiled gradient recalled echo 389
Square root of the frequency 368
Standard deviation 23
Static magnetic field 397
Static oil cooling 63
Stationary anode X-ray tubes 67
Statistics
accuracy and precision 22
biopsy system 238
mean, median and standard deviation 22
source of errors 22
Stimulated echo acquisition mode 392
STIR and FLAIR 388
Stochastic effect 310
Stochastic effect and radiation dose 311f
Streak artifacts 269
Studying midline displacement in the brain 351
Superconducting electromagnet 394, 395
Superconductivity 34
Surface coil 396
Surface contact area 345
Susceptibility artifacts 400
T
T1 relaxation and tissue 376, 378, 386
T2* relaxation time 379
Tangent function 22
Target material 104
TE and MR signal 385
Technetium generator 285, 286
Teleradiology 204
Television
monitor 214
system 212
Temperature
and heat 7
control system 179
influence 177
of skin and rectum 397
Temporal resolution ultrasound image quality 362
Terrestrial natural background radiation exposure 307
Tesla 370
Thermal
conductivity of various materials 8t
effects 367
index 349, 367
protection 74
Thermionic television camera 212
Thermoluminescent dosimeter reader 154f
Thimble ionization chamber 145, 146f
Three phase
AC waveforms 46
alternating current 46
generator operating 82
generators ratings 82
high frequency X-ray generator 99f
supply connections 46
X-ray generator 96
Tiled scintillator 237
Time gain compensation 349
Time influence 177
Time of repetition (TR) 385
Tissue
composition 339t
importance of interaction in 124
molecular structure 375
weighting factors 114
TLD badge 155
Tomography
principle 243f
system 242
Transducer
array 344
design 341
Transesophageal heart 347
Transformer
construction
core 83, 84
winding 84
designed 85
losses
copper losses 82
eddy current losses 83
flux leakage 83
hysteresis losses 83
primary 80
rating 82
secondary 80
step up 81
stepdown 81
Transistor applications 30
Transmission coefficient 337
Transmit phased array coils 396f
Transport system 179
Transvaginal clinical probes 347
Transverse
magnetization 376f
magnetization vector 372, 373f
True coincidence 298f
Tube
cooling 63
current 103
insert and vacuum 62
Tungsten 12
Typical values of CT dose index 272t
U
Ultrasound
basics of 334
block diagram 348f
diagnostic 334
equipment
amplifier 348
compression 348
demodulation and rejection 348
display 348
pulser 348
TGC 348
hardware components 348
image display 351
image quality 362
imaging, introduction of 334
pulse characteristics 342f
transducer, design of 341f
Ultraviolet 15
Units, measurement 1
US beam 344f
V
Vacuum tubes 98
Valence band 26
Vector quantity 25
Velocity measurements 342
Very large scale integration 30
Vidicon television camera 213f
Viewing window for diagnostic X-ray installations 323
Visual physiology 205
Voltage applied 102, 234
W
Wall thickness for diagnostic X-ray installations 322
Water physical characteristics 158t
Wave characteristics 16
Wavelength 16, 334
Wax insert inner composition 240f
Weber 36
Winding 84
Workload for CT scan 318
Workload for diagnostic X-rays 317
Wrap around artifacts 401
Wye connection circuit 47f
X
X-axis gradient coil 383f
Xenon gas detector 251
Xenon gas ionization chamber detector 252f
X-radiation warning placard 323f
X-rays
absorption 20
affect photographic film 50
beam collimation 231
characteristic of 51, 52, 55
circuits 39
diagnostic 328
discovered by WC Roentgen 50
electromagnetic radiation 50
examination 319
film
characteristic curve 172, 174f
composition 168
density 173
latitude 174
speed 174
structure 167
generator 80, 216
historical tubes 64
installations inspection of 329
intensity 231
interaction with nuclear field 52
machines 72
modern tubes 66
photons 52
physics of 50
produce
biological effects 50
chemical changes 50
fluorescence 50
properties of 50
spectra 52
tube
design 57
rotating anode 68
units 46, 72
Y
Y-axis gradient coil 383f
Z
Z axis gradient coil 382f
Z layer 76
Z materials 111, 124
Z related photoelectric effect 125
×
Chapter Notes

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1THE PHYSICS OF RADIOLOGY AND IMAGING2
3THE PHYSICS OF RADIOLOGY AND IMAGING
(Targeted to postgraduate students of medical physics and radiology, appearing for MSc, DMRD, MD, DNB and FRCR examinations)
K Thayalan MSc DipRp (BARC) MPhil PhD FUICC FIMSA FUSI Professor (Retd), Madras Medical College Head, Medical Physics Division and Medical Cyclotron Facility Dr. Kamakshi Memorial Hospital Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India Foreword R Ravichandran
4
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The Physics of Radiology and Imaging
First Edition: 2014
9789351521716
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5FOREWORD
It is a great privilege to me for writing the foreword to this book ‘The Physics of Radiology and Imaging’ written by Professor Dr K Thayalan, Former Professor and Head of the Department of Radiology Physics, Barnard Institute of Radiology, Madras Medical College, Chennai, India. Dr K Thayalan has vast experience in teaching Medical Physics of Radiology, Radiation Oncology and Nuclear Medicine. He authored many textbooks earlier relating to radiological physics and radiological safety; they are being considered as reference books in many institutions and universities.
There has been a long-felt need for comprehensive textbook in the field of physics applied to medical imaging, for medical postgraduates in radiology, medical physicists and technologists, and this book meets the requirement.
This book is a quintessence of basic and applied physics thoroughly explaining principles of physics of computed and digital radiography, image intensifier fluoroscopy, mammography, ultrasound, computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. All the chapters are well laid out with good explanations and illustrations. Fundamentals have been brought out in a unique way for easy assimilation into memory of teachers and students. Explanations on image resolution, contrast, artifacts on different modalities are very vivid and nice for good understanding of the complex details.
It was a real pleasure for me to go through the entire contents to write this foreword and readers will agree with me that all details looked for relating to physics of imaging is available in this book. I am sure that this book will be referred globally in the field of medical imaging, helping the residents of FRCR (UK) and MD postgraduates of different universities in India.
R Ravichandran6
7PREFACE
Radiation has been used in medicine since from the discovery of X-rays in 1895 by the German physicist WC Roentgen. Over the period, its application has grown enormously and it is used today in the form of radiography, fluoroscopy, mammography and computed tomography. Non-radiation tools are also competing in medicine in the form of ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging. These tools not only provide early differential diagnosis of the disease but also improve the accuracy of clinical diagnosis. The uniqueness of the above tools is that they all work on the basis of physics principle.
Understanding the physics of the above instruments is very much essential, for those connected with radiological sciences. It helps not only the education, but also the equipment selection, its optimal use, maintenance, and safety. Hence, an attempt is made to explain the physical principle, instrumentation, function, its application and limitations in the form of a single book. Attempt is also made to incorporate nuclear imaging and radiological safety in the same book. Large numbers of figures and tables are incorporated wherever it is necessary, for better understanding of the concept. This book is intended for postgraduate students of medical physics, diagnostic radiology, Diplomate National Board (DNB), and FRCR. This is the first book of its kind from an Indian author, giving single solution for the entire range of radiology and imaging equipment.
I am very proud and happy to come out with this book, incorporating my three decades of experience in radiological/medical physics teaching. I am very happy and thankful to Dr R Ravichandran for writing the foreword to this book. I am also thankful to M/s Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd., New Delhi, for publishing this book as usual in a neat and elegant manner. Constructive comments are invited from the readers for the future betterment of the book.
I am very much thankful to my wife Tamilselvi, son Parthiban and daughter Kayal Vizhi for their support and cooperation during the book writing process.
I thank and acknowledge Dr Kamakshi Memorial Hospital, Chennai, especially the medical physics division for the support and assistance.
K Thayalan