(Targeted to postgraduate students of medical physics and radiology, appearing for MSc, DMRD, MD, DNB and FRCR examinations)
K Thayalan MSc DipRp (BARC) MPhil PhD FUICC FIMSA FUSI
Professor (Retd), Madras Medical College Head, Medical Physics Division and Medical Cyclotron Facility Dr. Kamakshi Memorial Hospital Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
Foreword R Ravichandran
Headquarters
Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd
4838/24, Ansari Road, Daryaganj
New Delhi 110 002, India
Phone: +91-11-43574357
Fax: +91-11-43574314
Email: jaypee@jaypeebrothers.com
Overseas Offices
J.P. Medical Ltd
83, Victoria Street, London
SW1H 0HW (UK)
Phone: +44-2031708910
Fax: +02-03-0086180
Email: info@jpmedpub.com
Jaypee-Highlights Medical Publishers Inc.
City of Knowledge, Bld. 237, Clayton
Panama City, Panama
Phone: +1 507-301-0496
Fax: +1 507-301-0499
Email: cservice@jphmedical.com
Jaypee Medical Inc
The Bourse
111 South Independence Mall East
Suite 835, Philadelphia, PA 19106, USA
Phone: +1 267-519-9789
Email: jpmed.us@gmail.com
Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd
17/1-B Babar Road, Block-B, Shaymali
Mohammadpur, Dhaka-1207
Bangladesh
Mobile: +08801912003485
Email: jaypeedhaka@gmail.com
Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd
Bhotahity, Kathmandu, Nepal
Phone: +977-9741283608
Email: kathmandu@jaypeebrothers.com
Website: www.jaypeebrothers.com
Website: www.jaypeedigital.com
© 2014, Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers
The views and opinions expressed in this book are solely those of the original contributor(s)/author(s) and do not necessarily represent those of editor(s) of the book.
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission in writing of the publishers and the author.
All brand names and product names used in this book are trade names, service marks, trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective owners. The publisher and author are not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book.
Medical knowledge and practice change constantly. This book is designed to provide accurate, authoritative information about the subject matter in question. However, readers are advised to check the most current information available on procedures included and check information from the manufacturer of each product to be administered, to verify the recommended dose, formula, method and duration of administration, adverse effects and contraindications. It is the responsibility of the practitioner to take all appropriate safety precautions. Neither the publisher nor the author(s)/editor(s) assume any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property arising from or related to use of material in this book.
This book is sold on the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in providing professional medical services. If such advice or services are required, the services of a competent medical professional should be sought.
Every effort has been made where necessary to contact holders of copyright to obtain permission to reproduce copyright material. If any have been inadvertently overlooked, the publisher will be pleased to make the necessary arrangements at the first opportunity.
Inquiries for bulk sales may be solicited at: jaypee@jaypeebrothers.com
The Physics of Radiology and Imaging
First Edition: 2014
9789351521716
Printed at
5FOREWORD
- Dr. Ramamoorthy Ravichandran
- m.sc, dip.r.p, ph.d (biophysics), ficnm, fimsa, ficro, mcmpi
- Expert Medical Physicist
- Department of Radiotherapy
- National Oncology Center
- (Formerly Professor and HOD, Radiation Physics, KMIO, India)
- Royal Hospital (MOH)
- Muscat, Sultanate of Oman
- PB1331, PC111, Seeb-Muscat
- Ph: 00968-2462 7003; 95172831
- Fax: 00968-2462 7004
It is a great privilege to me for writing the foreword to this book ‘The Physics of Radiology and Imaging’ written by Professor Dr K Thayalan, Former Professor and Head of the Department of Radiology Physics, Barnard Institute of Radiology, Madras Medical College, Chennai, India. Dr K Thayalan has vast experience in teaching Medical Physics of Radiology, Radiation Oncology and Nuclear Medicine. He authored many textbooks earlier relating to radiological physics and radiological safety; they are being considered as reference books in many institutions and universities.
There has been a long-felt need for comprehensive textbook in the field of physics applied to medical imaging, for medical postgraduates in radiology, medical physicists and technologists, and this book meets the requirement.
This book is a quintessence of basic and applied physics thoroughly explaining principles of physics of computed and digital radiography, image intensifier fluoroscopy, mammography, ultrasound, computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. All the chapters are well laid out with good explanations and illustrations. Fundamentals have been brought out in a unique way for easy assimilation into memory of teachers and students. Explanations on image resolution, contrast, artifacts on different modalities are very vivid and nice for good understanding of the complex details.
It was a real pleasure for me to go through the entire contents to write this foreword and readers will agree with me that all details looked for relating to physics of imaging is available in this book. I am sure that this book will be referred globally in the field of medical imaging, helping the residents of FRCR (UK) and MD postgraduates of different universities in India.
7PREFACE
Radiation has been used in medicine since from the discovery of X-rays in 1895 by the German physicist WC Roentgen. Over the period, its application has grown enormously and it is used today in the form of radiography, fluoroscopy, mammography and computed tomography. Non-radiation tools are also competing in medicine in the form of ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging. These tools not only provide early differential diagnosis of the disease but also improve the accuracy of clinical diagnosis. The uniqueness of the above tools is that they all work on the basis of physics principle.
Understanding the physics of the above instruments is very much essential, for those connected with radiological sciences. It helps not only the education, but also the equipment selection, its optimal use, maintenance, and safety. Hence, an attempt is made to explain the physical principle, instrumentation, function, its application and limitations in the form of a single book. Attempt is also made to incorporate nuclear imaging and radiological safety in the same book. Large numbers of figures and tables are incorporated wherever it is necessary, for better understanding of the concept. This book is intended for postgraduate students of medical physics, diagnostic radiology, Diplomate National Board (DNB), and FRCR. This is the first book of its kind from an Indian author, giving single solution for the entire range of radiology and imaging equipment.
I am very proud and happy to come out with this book, incorporating my three decades of experience in radiological/medical physics teaching. I am very happy and thankful to Dr R Ravichandran for writing the foreword to this book. I am also thankful to M/s Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd., New Delhi, for publishing this book as usual in a neat and elegant manner. Constructive comments are invited from the readers for the future betterment of the book.
I am very much thankful to my wife Tamilselvi, son Parthiban and daughter Kayal Vizhi for their support and cooperation during the book writing process.
I thank and acknowledge Dr Kamakshi Memorial Hospital, Chennai, especially the medical physics division for the support and assistance.
K Thayalan