Manual of Tuberculosis Rajendra Prasad, Nikhil Gupta
INDEX
Page numbers followed by f refer to figure and t refer to table.
A
Abacavir 257t
Abdominal tuberculosis 132, 135, 201
Active pulmonary TB 228t
Adenosine deaminase assay (ADA) 50
Adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) 300
American thoracic society 121, 122
Amikacin 64t, 164t, 184, 191t, 287
adverse effects 81, 112t
contraindications 82
CSF penetration 80
drug interactions 82
loop diuretics 82
nondepolarizing muscle relaxants 82
penicillins 82
monitoring 82
oral absorption 80
preparation and dose 80
renal insufficiency 123t
special circumstances
hepatic disease 81
pregnancy/breastfeeding 81
renal disease 81
storage 80
Aminoglycosides 184
Amoxicillin 64t, 164t, 189
adverse effects 115t
clavulanate 106, 188t
adverse effects 107
mechanism of action 107
pharmacokinetics 107
renal insufficiency 123t
Amprenavir 258t
Amyloidosis 201
Antitubercular drug, WHO treatment categories and regiment for children 66t
Antituberculosis drugs 57t
Antigen HLA-DRB 303
Antiretroviral and antitubercular therapy, interaction between 250, 260
Antiretroviral drugs (ARV) 250t, 256
Antiretroviral therapy and antituberculosis therapy, additive toxicities of 263t
Antitubercular drugs
adverse effects of 109t
adverse reaction management of 110t
effect on blood glucose level 306
first-line 306
used in MDR/XDR TB 164t
used in new patients of tuberculosis 63t
used in previously treated TB
adverse effects of 112t
TB patients 64t
Antituberculosis drugs
grouping of 166t, 188t
induced fever 140
Antituberculous drugs, used in previously treated patients of common adverse effects, suspected agent(s) and management strategies of 115t
Arthralgias 119t
Aspergilloma 194, 195
Aspergillosis 290
Aspergillus fumigatus 195
Assmann infiltrates 8
Atazanavir 258t
Atypical pleural effusion 40f
Axillary lymph nodes 310
Azithromycin 285
B
Bacilli Calmette-Guérin, recombinant 210
Bactec method 130, 131, 144, 186, 280, 460
Bacteriological surveys 24
BCG scar, treatment of 140
BCG vaccination 33, 35
complications 207
abscess formation in regional lymph node 209
accelerated reaction 208
confluent reaction 208
enlargement of the lymph node 209
erythema nodosum 209
fever 209
indolent ulcer 208
keloid 208
Koch's phenomenon 207
local abscess 208
lupoid lesions 209
mediastinal adenitis 209
otitis media 210
progressive disease 210
tuberculids 208
contraindications to 207
BCG vaccine
dose and site 206
efficacy and safety 206
routes of vaccination 206
types of 205
Biguanides 306, 307
Bilirubin 125
Blastomycosis 290
Bone and joint tuberculosis 132, 134
Bone marrow suppression 266t
Bronchial adenoma 289
Bronchial lesions 9
Bronchiectasis 4, 197, 289, 293
Bronchoalveolar lavage 44, 47
Bronchogenic carcinoma 289
Broncholith 4, 290
Bronchopleural fistula 10
Bronchopneumonia 1
Bronchoscopy 290
Bronchostenosis 9
Brush biopsy 44
C
Calcification 198
Candidiasis 290
Capreomycin (CM) 83, 64t, 164t, 184, 188t, 191t
adverse effects 84, 112t
contraindications 84
CSF penetration 83
drug interactions 84
monitoring 84
oral absorption 83
ototoxicity 191
preparation and dose 83
renal insufficiency 123t
special circumstances 83
renal disease 84
pregnancy/breastfeeding 83
storage 83
Carbapenems 105
Catamenical hemoptysis 290
Category IV regimen, for
MDR-TB 234
XDR-TB 235
Cell-mediated immunity 34
Central nervous system toxicity 263t
Cerebral toxoplasmosis 246
CFP-10 35
Chemotherapy
causes of failure of 54
daily vs intermittent therapy 53
fixed dose combinations (FDCs) vs separate drugs 52
monitoring of progress of 53
optimum duration of treatment 52
single drug therapy vs multiple drugs 52
single vs divided doses 52
Chlophedianol hydrochloride 294
Choroidal tubercles 299t
Chronic cor pulmonale 194, 202
Chronic respiratory failure 194, 201
Chronic TB case 144
Clarithromycin 64t, 164t, 188t, 285
adverse effects 104, 114t
distribution 104
mechanism of action 104
renal insufficiency or undergoing hemodialysis 123t
special circumstances 105
monitoring 105
pregnancy/breastfeeding 105
renal and hepatic disease 105
Clavulanate
adverse effects 107
pharmacokinetics 107
renal disease 107
special circumstances 107
hepatic disease 108
pregnancy/breastfeeding 108
renal disease 107
Clofazimine (CFZ) 64t, 164t, 188t, 189
adverse effects 101, 112t
contraindications 101
distribution 100
drug interactions 101
monitoring 101
oral absorption 100
preparation and dose 100
renal insufficiency or undergoing hemodialysis 123t
special circumstances
pregnancy/breastfeeding 101
renal disease 101
storage 100
Codeine phosphate 294
Confirmed MDR-TB case 16
Corticosteroids 141
indications of 138
Creatinine clearance 129
Crohn's disease 279
Cross-resistance 163
Culture filtrate protein (CFP-10) 35
Cutaneous tuberculosis 132, 136
Cycloserine 64t, 121, 164t, 184, 191t
adverse effects 86, 113t
contraindications 87
distribution 85
drug interactions
ethionamide 86
phenytoin 87
monitoring 87
oral absorption 85
preparation and dose 85
renal insufficiency or undergoing hemodialysis 123t
special circumstances 86
pregnancy/breastfeeding 86
renal disease 86
storage 85
Cystic fibrosis 290
D
Darunavir 258t
Decortication and thoracotomy 320
Delavirdine 258t
Depression 117t, 263t
Diabetes mellitus 7
effect on pulmonary tuberculosis 303
Diarrhea 264t
Didanosine 257t
Disseminated calcification of lungs 194
Disseminated TB 132
DNA microarrays 162
DNA sequencing 162
DNA vaccines 212
DOT-ELISA 45
DOTS 156, 219
program 24
treatment outcomes of 15
DOTS-plus 14, 156, 167, 234
treatment outcomes in 17
Drug resistance
acquired 147
acquired global 148t
acquired India 153t
combined 147
primary 147
global 148t
India 152t
types of 147
Drug resistant
diagnosis of 160
multidrug resistant tuberculosis, suggested regimen for 168t
treatment of 163
tuberculosis 16, 159
HIV 253
Dysglycemia 267t
E
E. Coli 289
Early secretory antigenic target 6 (ESAT-6) 35
Efavirenz 258t
Eisenmenger syndrome 290
Electrolyte disturbances 119t, 266t
ELISA 45
Empyema 10
Emtricitabine 257t
Encys-ted pleural effusion 41f, 42f
Endobronchial tuberculosis 5
Epidemiological survey 23
Epithelioid tubercles 3
Epitope-based vaccines 213
Epituberculosis 3
Erythema nodosum 4
Ethambutol 63, 64t, 164t, 285
adverse effects of 109t
contraindications 73
distribution 72
excretion 72
mechanism of action 72
overdosage 73
pregnancy 73
preparation and dose 72
renal disease 73
renal insufficiency or undergoing hemodialysis 123t
side-effects 73
Ethionamide 64t, 121, 164t, 191t
adverse effects 113t
and prothionamide 87
adverse effects 89
contraindications 90
distribution 88
drug interactions 89
cycloserine 89
ethionamide 89
PAS 89
monitoring 90
oral absorption 88
preparation and dose 88
special circumstances 88
hepatic disease 88
porphyria 88
pregnancy/breastfeeding 88
renal disease 88
hepatotoxicity 125
hypoglycemia 306
prothionamide, storage 88
renal insufficiency or undergoing hemodialysis 123t
Etravirine 258t
Extensively drug-resistant TB (XDR-TB) 17
Extra-pulmonary tuberculosis (EPTB) 19, 45, 47, 132, 225, 228t, 309
adjuvant corticosteroids in 249
clinical diagnosis of 245
diagnosis of 13, 245
non-severe 132
not seriously ill 13
seriously ill 13
severe 132
Extremely drug-resistant TB (XXDR-TB) 17
F
Fast plaque TB 162
Fetal nephrotoxicity 121
Fiberoptic bronchoscopy 44
Fibrocaseous tuberculosis 8
Fibrothorax 10
Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) 48, 49
First expiratory volume 200
Flexible fiberoptic bronchoscopy, with broncho-alveolar lavage (BAL) 248
Flouroquinolone 164t
Fluorescent resonance energy transfer probes 162
Fluoroquinolones 184
Forced vital capacity (FVC) 200
Fosamprenavir 258t
Fusion or entry inhibitors 256, 259t
toxicities 259t
G
Gastric lavage 248
Gastritis 118t
Gene xpert MTB/RIF assay 47
Genitourinary
disease 132
tuberculosis 136, 140
Ghon's focus 1
Glucose tolerance test 303
H
HAART See Highly active antiretroviral therapy
Hearing loss 116t
Hematemesis 288t
Hemoptysis 194, 288, 288t
diagnosis of 292
essential 290
etiology of 289
grades of 289
in active pulmonary tuberculosis 292
in healed pulmonary tuberculosis 292
mechanism of bleeding 291
pathogenesis in tuberculosis 291
recurrent 289
spurious 288
treatment of 294
with normal chest X-ray 291
Hepatitis 118t
isoniazid induced 125
Hepatotoxicity 265t
Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) 250, 256
Hilar lymphadenopathy 39f
HIV 7, 133, 216
impact on TB 242
multidrug-resistant TB 154
treatment 256
tuberculosis coinfection 242
Huebschman foci 2
Hydatid cyst 290
Hydro-pneumothorax 40f
Hyperlipidemia 266t
Hypothyroidism 117t, 267t
I
Idiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosis 290
IFN-g assays 35, 36
IMA-GFATM-RNTCP-PPM project 233
Imipenem 164t
cilastatin 64t, 105
adverse effects 106, 115t
mechanism of action 105
pharmacokinetics 105
special circumstances 106
hepatic disease 106
monitoring 106
pregnancy/breastfeeding 106
renal disease 106
Immune complex nephritis 300
Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome 252, 300
Immunochromatographic tests 45
Indinavir 258t
Inguinal lymph nodes 310
INH, high dose 188t
INH, pancreatitis 306
Innolipa assay 187
Innolipa rifTB assay 163
Integrase inhibitors 256, 259t
toxicity 259t
Interferon-(g) assays 35
International union against tuberculosis and lung disease 121, 128, 215
Isoniazid 16, 63, 307
adverse effects of 109t
cavities 199
chemoprophylaxis 217t
contraindications 70
distribution 69
drug interactions 70
excretion 69
hepatotoxicity 125
high dose 64t, 164t
mechanism of action 69
metabolism 69
overdosage 70
pregnancy 70
preparation and dose 69
renal disease 70
renal insufficiency or undergoing hemodialysis 123t
side-effects 70
K
Kanamycin 64t, 164t, 184, 191t
adverse effects 78, 113t
contraindications 79
CSF penetration 78
distribution 77
drug interactions 79
loop diuretics 79
nephrotoxic agents 79
nondepolarizing muscle relaxants 79
penicillins 79
oral absorption 78
preparation and dose 77
renal insufficiency or undergoing hemodialysis 123t
special circumstances 78
hepatic disease 78
pregnancy/breastfeeding 78
renal disease 78
storage 77
Kaposi's sarcoma 246, 289
Klebsiella pneumonia 289
L
Lactic acidosis 183t, 265t
Lamivudine 257t
Langhans giant cell 8
Latent TB infection 31
Leukemoid reaction 299t
Levofloxacin 92, 164t, 191t
adverse effects 94, 114t
contraindications 95
distribution 93
drug interactions 94
antacids 94
mexiletine 95
probenecid 94
sucralfate 94
vitamins and minerals 95
monitoring 95
oral absorption 93
preparation and dose 93
renal insufficiency or undergoing hemodialysis 123t
special circumstances
hepatic disease 94
pregnancy/breastfeeding 93
renal disease 93
storage 93
Line probe assay (LIPA) 162
Linezolid (LZD) 64t, 164t, 188t
adverse effects 103, 114t
distribution 103
excretion 103
mechanism of action 103
preparation and dose 103
renal insufficiency or undergoing hemodialysis 123t
special circumstances
hepatic disease 104
pregnancy/breastfeeding 104
renal disease 104
Lipodystrophy 267t
Liver serum enzymes 182t
Lobular pneumonia 7
Lopinavir/ritonavir 258t
Luciferase receptors phages 162
Lung abscess 289
Lymph node tuberculosis 132
M
M. scrofulaceum 284
Malabsorption syndrome 91
Malingering 290
Mantoux test 31, 269
MDR & XDR-TB, treatment monitoring of 182t
MDR-TB 16, 66, 144, 147, 159
and diabetes 306
control of 156
diagnosis of 160
drug dosages according to weight 236t
duration of therapy for 169
general principles for designing treatment regimens for 165
in India 151
prevalence of 147
risk factors of 155
suspect 16, 161
treatment monitoring 238
clinical monitoring 238
investigations 238
smear and culture schedule 238
Mediastinal lymphadenitis 39f, 310
Meningeal tuberculosis 60, 132
Meningitis 299t
MGIT 960 186
Miliary tuberculosis 2, 12, 39f, 65t, 135, 139, 205
classical 298, 299t
complications 300
cryptic forms of 299t
diagnosis 299
pathogenesis 297
treatment 299
Mitral stenosis 7, 290
Molecular beacons 162
Molecular biological technique 162
Mono-and polydrug resistance 166t
Mono-and polydrug resistant-TB, general principles for designing treatment regimen for 165
Mono-resistance 16
Moxifloxacin 95, 164t, 164, 188t, 189, 191t
adverse effects 96, 114t
contraindications 97
distribution 96
drug interactions 97
antacids 97
sucralfate 97
vitamins and minerals 97
monitoring 97
oral absorption 96
special circumstances
hepatic disease 96
pregnancy/breastfeeding 96
renal disease 96
storage 96
Mycobacteriophages 162
Mycobacterium avium 32
complex (MAC) 283
Mycobacterium
chelonae 284
fortuitum 246, 286
intracellulare 32
kansasii 283, 286
malmoense 286
marinum 284, 286
microti 211
scrofulaceum 32
tuberculosis 1, 142, 147, 161, 172, 243, 303, 310
auxotrophic mutants of 211
vaccae 211
wolinskyi 211
Xenopi 284, 286
N
National tuberculosis 26
Nausea and vomiting 118t, 264t
Necrotizing 289
Nephrolithiasis 266t
Neurocysticercosis 246
Neurotuberculosis 132
Nevirapine 258t
NICE TB guidelines 300
Nodular lesions 8
Non-MDR TB 144
Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) 256, 257t
Non-tubercular mycobacteria (NTM) 32, 277, 281t
classifications of 278
clinical presentations 280
culture methods for 280
diagnosis 280
diagnostic criteria 282
distribution 279
features of 283
identification of 280
infections, treatment 284
M. abscessus 278, 282
M. asiaticum 278
M. avium 278, 279, 282
complex 281t
M. chelonae 278, 283
M. flavescens 278
M. fortuitum 278
M. genavense 278
M. gordonae 278
M. haemophilum 278
M. intracellulare 278, 281t
M. kansasii 278, 281t, 282
M. malmoense 278, 281t
M. marinum 278
M. peregrinum 278
M. scrofulaceum 278, 281t
M. simiae 278
M. smegmatis 278
M. szulgai 278
M. terrae 278
M. ulcerans 278
M. xenopi 278, 281t
mode of infections 278
Mycobacterium avium complex 282
non-photochromogen 278
photochromogen 278
rapid grower 278
scotochromogen 278
Non-tuberculous mycobacterial vaccines 211
Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NSRTIs) 256, 257
with their toxicites 257t
O
Obstructive airway disease 194
Obstructive emphysema 4
Ocular tuberculosis 136
Ofloxacin 98, 164t, 191t
adverse effects 99, 114t
contraindications 99
distribution 98
drug interactions 99
preparation and dose 98
special circumstances 99
pregnancy/breastfeeding 99
renal disease 99
storage 98
Open negative syndrome 199
Open surgical drainage 320
Optic neuritis 119t, 266t
Ototoxicity 121
P
Pancreatitis 264t
Para-aminosalicylic acid 64, 90, 121, 164t, 184, 188t, 191t
adverse effects 114t
hepatotoxicity 125
adverse effects 91
contraindications 92
distribution 91
drug class 90
drug interactions 92
drug interactions digoxin 92
drug interactions ethionamide 92
drug interactions isoniazid 92
oral absorption 91
preparation and dose 90
renal insufficiency or undergoing hemodialysis 123t
special circumstances 91
special circumstances pregnancy/breastfeeding 91
special circumstances renal disease 91
storage 91
PCR based techniques 162
Pediatric tuberculosis
guidelines 230
RNTCP diagnostic algorithm for 271f
Pericardial effusion 132
Pericardial tuberculosis 139
Pericarditis 65t
Peripheral joint 132
Peripheral neuropathy 116t, 263t
Peritonitis 65t
Phlyctenular conjunctivitis 5
Pipazethate hydrochloride 294
Pleural calcification 42f
Pleural disease 139
Pleural effusion 2, 5, 40f, 41f, 65t, 133
Pleural effusion
bilateral 132
unilateral 132
Pleural thickening 42f
Pneumothorax 3, 40f
Polycythemia 202
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) 46
Polypeptides 184
Poly-resistance 16
Post-bronchoscopy sputum 44
Post-primary lesion, reactivation of 6
Post-primary pulmonary, clinical features 9
Post-primary TB 1, 5
pathogenesis 6t
pathology 7
Post-tubercular bronchiectasis 194
PPD, limitations of 34
PPD-based assay 35
Prevention of retreatment 145
Primary complex 1, 2
Primary focus 1
Primary pulmonary TB 9
Primary tuberculosis 1, 7
clinical features 3
complications 3
in adults 5
pathogenesis 6t
Protease inhibitors (PIs) 256, 258
with their toxicities 258t
Prothionamide 64t, 121, 164t, 191t
adverse effects 113t
hepatotoxicity 125
Psychotic symptoms 117t
Pulmonary amoebiasis 290
Pulmonary arteriovenous malformation 290
Pulmonary function changes 194
Pulmonary hypertension 290
Pulmonary infarction 290
Pulmonary TB
seriously ill smear-negative TB 12
smear-negative patient 12, 61
smear-positive patient 12, 61
Pulmonary thromboembolism 202, 290
Pulmonary tuberculosis 43f, 132, 201, 289
active abacillary 27
diagnosis of 244
effect of on diabetes 304
role of surgery in 55
smear-negative 19, 228t, 245
smear-positive 18, 228t, 245
Purified protein derivative 31
Pyrazinamide 63, 64t, 73, 121, 123, 164t, 306
Pyrazinamide + ethambutol, chemoprophylaxis 217t
Pyrazinamide
adverse effects of 109t
contraindications 74
distribution 73
excretion 74
hepatotoxicity 125
mechanism of action 73
overdosage 74
pregnancy 74
preparation and dose 74
renal disease 74
renal insufficiency or undergoing hemodialysis 123t
side-effects 74
Pyridoxine 121, 188t
Q
Quantiferon tests (QFT) 36, 45
Quantiferon-gold (QFT-G) 45
in tube (QFT-GIT) 45
Quantiferon-TB 35
gold 35, 36
R
Radioactive bromide particles test 49
Rapid culture technique 162
Rasmussen's aneurysm 194
Real-time PCR 47
Renal toxicity 119t, 265t
Resistant tuberculosis, treatment of 163
Reverse transcriptase inhibitors (RTIs) 256
Revised National Tuberculosis Control Program 219, 274t, 300
achievements of 228
case definitions used in 228t
category I 227, 231t
category II 227, 231t
category III 227, 231t
diagnosis of childhood tuberculosis 222
diagnosis under 221
diagnostic algorithm
for pediatric tuberculosis 224f
for pulmonary tuberculosis 222f
strategy 219
structure 220
treatment outcomes in 229t
treatment regimen
under 232t
used in 226
Rifabutin 64t, 164t, 285
Rifampicin 16, 63, 285, 306
adverse effects of 109t
chemoprophylaxis 217t
contraindications 72
distribution 71
drug interactions 72
excretion 71
hepatotoxicity 125
isoniazid chemoprophylaxis 217t
mechanism of action 71
non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) 261
nucleoside/nucleotide analogues 260
overdosage 72
pregnancy 72
preparation and dose 71
protease inhibitor 260
pyrazinamide, chemoprophylaxis 217t
renal disease 71
renal insufficiency or undergoing hemodialysis 123t
side-effects 71
Ritonavir 259t
RNCTP, category IV 227, 231t
RTIS 256
S
Saquinavir 259t
Sarcoidosis 312
Scar carcinoma 194, 199
Scrofuloderma 310
Secondary amyloidosis 194
Secondary carcinomas 312
Secondary pyogenic infections 194
Second-line antituberculosis drugs 163, 184, 192
dosages for XDR-TB 188t
pediatric doses of 191t, 237t
Seizures 115t
Serum antibody
competition test 45
fluorescent test (SAFA) 45
Serum creatinine 182t
Serum glutaryloxalate transaminase 125, 131
Serum glutarylpyruvate transaminase 125, 131
Serum potassium 182t
Severe hepatic insufficiency 101
Silicosis 7
Simon foci 2
Single strand conformation polymorphism 162
Skin rash 265t
Spinal tuberculosis 132, 269
Spontaneous pneumothorax 194, 198
Spot-TB 36
Sputum examination, for acid-fast bacilli (AFB) 48
Staphylococcal pneumonia 289
Stavudine 257t
Streptomyces cattleya 105
Streptomycin 63, 64t, 164t, 191t
adverse effects of 109t
contraindications 75
distribution 74
excretion 75
mechanism of action 75
overdosage 76
pregnancy 75
preparation and dose 75
renal disease 75
renal insufficiency or undergoing hemodialysis 123t
side-effects 75
Sub-pulmonic effusion 41f, 42f
Sulfonylureas 306
T
T spot-TB 35, 36
TB/HIV coordination activities 233
Terizidone 64t, 164t
Thiacetazone 64t, 102, 163, 164t, 188t
adverse effects 102, 115t
contraindications 102
pharmacokinetics 102
preparation and dose 102
special circumstances
monitoring 103
pregnancy/breastfeeding 103
renal disease 103
Thioamides 163, 184
Thoracocentesis 318
Thoracoplasty 320
Thoracoscopic surgery 319
Thoracostomy, closed-tube 319
Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) 182t
Tipranavir 259t
Transbronchial biopsy 44, 248
Tubercular dermatitis 310
Tubercular empyema 316
clinical features 317
diagnosis 317
etiopathogenesis 316
treatment 318
Tubercular lymphadenitis 309
clinical features 310
diagnosis 312
pathogenesis 310
staging of 312t
treatment 313
Tubercular meningitis 60, 205
Tuberculin reaction, classification of 33
Tuberculin skin test 31, 248
interpretation of 33t
procedure 32
Tuberculin survey 23
Tuberculosis (TB) 67t
and diabetes 302
annual risk of infection 21
assays 45
burden in India 25
burden who estimate of 27
case fatality rate 22
chemoprophylaxis
drug duration and frequency 217t
for drug resistant TB 217
limitations of 217
primary 215
secondary 215
under RNTCP 217
chest X-ray 38
childhood, diagnosis of 269
childhood, clinical presentation 269
complications of 194
control, chemoprophylaxis in secondary 218
CT scan of thorax 38
definite case of 11
diagnosis of 37
duration of treatment 60t
endobronchitis /tracheitis 194, 197
enteritis 198
global burden of 24
granuloma 48, 48f
impact of HIV 242
in children 268
treatment of 273
in diabetics, clinical features 304
in India 27
incidence of
disease 22
infection 21
investigations 247
lymphadenitis, diagnostic algorithm for 226f
meningitis 66t, 246
mortality 28
rate 22
of upper airway 140
patients
chronic 14
failure 14
new 14
others 14
relapse 14
treatment after default 14
prevalence of diseases 22
prevalence of drug-resistant cases 22
prevalence of infection 21
pulmonary 38
serodiagnosis of 45
sputum microscopy 37
survey method in 23
suspect 11
treatment
defaulters 142
drug resistance in 143
failure 143
in HIV positive patients 248
in liver diseases 125, 130
in pregnancy and lactation 121, 128
in renal insufficiency 122, 129
poor adherence to 143
relapse 142
ultrasonography 38
Tuberculostearic acid (TBSA) estimation 50
Tuberculous bronchopneumonia 9
Tuberculous intrathoracic lymphadenopathy 13
Tuberculous laryngitis 198
Tuberculous lymphadenitis 133
Tuberculous meningitis (TBM) 65t, 134, 138, 300
Tuberculous pericarditis 135
Tuberculous pleural effusion 13
U
Upper respiratory tract tuberculosis 136
W
WHO/IUATLD global project on drug resistance 149
Whole lung tuberculosis 9
X
XDR-TB 156, 184
breastfeeding 191
control of DOTS 192
diagnosis 186
drug dosages for according to weight band 236t
factors responsible for 186
HIV 190
in pediatric patients 190, 236
in pregnancy 191
role of surgery 190
suspect 17, 186
treatment 187
monitoring of 239
Xpert MTB/RIF 163
X-ray surveys 24
Z
Zalcitabine 257t
Zidovudine 257t
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Chapter Notes

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