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Textbook of Oral Medicine
Anil Govindrao Ghom, Savita Anil Ghom (Lodam)
SECTION 1: BASICS
CHAPTER 1:
Oral Diseases—An Introduction
CHAPTER 2:
Neoplasm
Definition
Nomenclature
Normal Cell Cycle
Predisposing Epidemiologic Factors for the Development of Neoplasm
Hereditary Predisposition
Racial and Geographic Factors
Environmental and Cultural Factors
Age
Sex
Acquired Preneoplastic Conditions
Carcinogenesis
Chemical Carcinogenesis
Initiators of Carcinogenesis
Promoters of Carcinogenesis
Mechanism of Action
Stage of Chemical Carcinogenesis
Physical Carcinogenesis
Radiation Carcinogenesis
Non-radiation Physical Carcinogenesis
Hormonal Carcinogenesis
Biologic Carcinogenesis
RNA Oncogenic Viruses
DNA Oncogenic Viruses
Mechanism of Biological Carcinogenesis
Oxidative Mechanism of Carcinogenesis
Biology of Tumor Growth
Induction of Malignant Changes in the Target Cell (Transformation) (Fig. 2.2)
Growth of Transformed Cells (Kinetics of Tumor Cell Growth) (Fig. 2.3)
Mechanism of Local Invasion and Distant Metastases
Routes of Metastasis
Theories of Carcinogenesis
Metastasis
Steps of Metastasis
Routes of Metastasis (Fig. 2.4)
Pattern of Metastatic Spread
Grading and Staging of Tumors
Grading
Types
Broder's Classification System (Fig. 2.5)
CIN Grading
Warren's Grading
Staging
Assessment
Objectives
TNM Staging
AJC (American Joint Committee) Staging
Dukes ABC Staging
STNMP Staging System
Multiple Choice Questions
Long Answer Questions
Short Answer Questions
CHAPTER 3:
Infection Control in Dental Office
Transmission of Infections
Infections that can be Transmitted in a Dental Environment (by the Oral Cavity)
Standard Infection Control
Rationale of Infection Control
Classification of Surfaces for Infection Control
Infection Control Protocol
Dental Unit Design
Patient Evaluation
Personal Protection and Barrier Protection
Gloves (Fig. 3.2)
Face Masks
Protective Clothing
Eyewear and Face Shield (Figs 3.4and3.5)
Rubber Dam
Footwear
Hand Hygiene (e.g. Handwashing, Hand Antisepsis, or Surgical Hand Antisepsis)
Covering of Wound
Disinfections and Sterilization
Sanitization
Disinfection
Sterilization
Steam Under Pressure (Autoclave)
Dry Heat (e.g. 320°F for 2 Hours)
Chemical Sterilization
Proper Disposal of Dental Waste
Formal Education and Training
Immunization
Waterlines and Water Quality
Use of Mouth Rinses
Infection Control in Radiography
Multiple Choice Questions
Long Answer Question
Short Answer Questions
CHAPTER 4:
Case History
Introduction
Definition of Case History
Diagnostic Procedure (Fig. 4.2)
Personal Information
Name
Age
Diagnosis
Treatment Planning
Sex
Address (Residence)
Registration Number
Occupation
Religion
Taking and Recording History
Chief Complaint
History of Present Illness
History with Particular Reference
Pain (Fig. 4.3)
Swelling (Fig. 4.4)
Ulcer
Past Dental History
Past Medical History
Consultation letter
Medical History
General
Personal History (Fig. 4.5)
Family History
Other Past History
Examination
Steps of Clinical Examination
General Examination
Build
Pulse
Blood Pressure
Temperature
Respiration
Clubbing
Cyanosis
Icterus
Extraoral Examination
Skin
Head
Jaws
Temporomandibular Joint
Masticatory Muscle
Lymph Nodes
Examination of Other Parts
Intraoral Examination
Diagnostic Set of Instrument
Doctor's Position
Examination of Nondental Structures
Tongue
Palate
Lip
Floor of Mouth
Cheek
Tonsil and Pharynx
Salivary Glands—Parotid Gland
Submandibular Salivary Gland
Mucobuccal Fold
Examination of Dental Structures
Teeth
Gingiva
Examination of Swelling
Inspection
Palpation
Aspiration
Other Examination
Examination of Ulcer
Inspection
Palpation
Examination of Sinus or a Fistula
Inspection
Palpation
Examination of Cranial Nerves
Olfactory Nerve
Optic Nerve
Trigeminal Nerve
Facial Nerve
Glossopharyngeal Nerve
Vagus Nerve
Hypoglossal Nerve
Examination of Masticatory Muscles
Temporalis
Massesster
Lateral Pterygoid Muscle
Medial Pterygoid Muscle
Establishing the Diagnosis
Provisional Diagnosis
Investigations
Final Diagnosis
Making a Treatment Plan and Medical Risk Assessment (Table 4.12)
Multiple Choice Questions
Long Answer Questions
Short Answer Questions
CHAPTER 5:
Investigations in Dentistry
Introduction
Diagnostic Test for Cancer Detection
Classification
Clinical Methods
Toluidine Blue Staining
Mechanism
Availability
Contents
Technique
Lugol's Iodine Test
Contents
Mechanisms
Vizilite
Contents
Mechanism
Technique
Acridine Binding Method
Photodiagnosis
5-aminolevulinic Acid (ALA) Mediated Fluorescence Endoscopic Imaging
5-aminolevulinic Acid Mediated Digitized Fluorescence Endoscopic Imaging
Autofluorescence Spectroscopy
Fluorescence Photography
Histopathological Examination
Biopsy
Avoidance or Delay for Biopsy
Uses
Types of Biopsy
How to Submit Biopsy Specimen
Instrument and Materials
Excisional Biopsy
Indications
Procedure
Incisional Biopsy
Indications
Procedure
Intraosseous Biopsy
Procedure
Punch Biopsy
Frozen Section Biopsy
Exfoliative Cytology
Principle of Pap Smear
Advantages
Disadvantages
Indications
Instruments Used
Procedure
Interpretation
Fine-Needle Aspiration Cytology (FNAC)
Indications
Procedure
ORAL CDX Test
Procedure
Interpretation
Molecular Methods
Quantification of Nuclear DNA Content
Principle
Procedure
Tumor Markers
Microsatellite Markers
Immunofluorescence Procedure
Direct Immunofluorescence
Indirect Immunofluorescence
Sandwich Technique of Immunofluorescence
Caries Activity Tests (Flow chart 5.1)
Uses
Lactobacillus Count Test
Technique
Interpretation
Snyder's Test
Technique
Interpretation
Alban's Test
Technique
Interpretation
Streptococcus Mutans Level in Saliva
Buffer Capacity Test
Technique
Interpretation
Fosdick Calcium Dissolution Test
Technique
Interpretation
Dewar Test
Technique
Interpretation
Swab Test
Reductase Test
Technique
Interpretation
Hematological Investigation
Collection of Blood Specimen
Total Erythrocyte Count
Procedure
Interpretation
Erythrocytes Indices
Types
Hematocrit
Indications
Technique
Interpretation
Measurement of Hemoglobin Concentration
Technique
Interpretation
WBC Count
Differential Leukocyte Count
Technique
Interpretation
Platelets
Bleeding Time
Technique and Equipment
Interpretation
Capillary Fragility Test (Tourniquet Test and Rumpel Leede Test)
Indications
Technique
Clotting Time
Procedure
Interpretation
Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR)
Technique
Hematological Investigation not so Frequently Required in Dental Office
Blood Chemistry
Detection of Diabetes Mellitus
Indications
Types
Technique
Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT)
Blood Chemistry Investigation not so Frequently Carried Out in Dental Office
Radiological Investigations
Intraoral Projection
Extraoral Projection
Special Radiological Examination
Multiple Choice Questions
Long Answer Questions
Short Answer Questions
SECTION 2: DISEASES OF ORAL STRUCTURE
CHAPTER 6:
Teeth Anomalies
Developmental Disturbances of Teeth Size of Teeth
Microdontia
Types
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Diagnosis
Management
Macrodontia
Types
Causes
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Diagnosis
Management
Shape of Teeth
Gemination
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Twinning
Fusion
Etiology
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Concrescence
Etiology
Types
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Diagnosis
Management
Talon's Cusp
Pathogenesis
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Cusp of Carabelli
Dilaceration
Etiology
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Dens in Dente
Etiopathogenesis
Classification
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Diagnosis
Management
Dens Evaginatus
Pathogenesis
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Diagnosis
Management
Shovel-Shaped Incisors
Taurodontism
Etiology
Classification
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Supernumerary Roots
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Paramolar Tubercle or Bolk Cusp
Enamel Pearls or Droplet, Nodules
Pathogenesis
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Globodontia or Otodental Syndrome
Clinical Features
Radiological Features
Diagnosis
Management
Mulberry Molar
Moon's Molar
Hutchinson's Incisor
Hypercementosis
Types
Etiology
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Number of Teeth
Anodontia, Hypodontia and Oligodontia
Classification
Etiology
Clinical Features
Management
Supernumerary Teeth
Pathogenesis and Etiology
Types of Supernumerary Teeth
According to Form
According to Location
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Management
Pre-deciduous Dentition
Etiology
Classification
Clinical Features
Radiographic Feature
Management
Post-permanent Dentition
Structure of Teeth
Amelogenesis Imperfecta
Classification
Clinical Features
Hypocalcified
Radiographic Features
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Dentinogenesis Imperfecta
Classification
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Diagnosis
Management
Dentin Dysplasia
Classification
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Regional Odontodysplasia
Etiology
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features (Figs 6.52and6.53)
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Environmental Alteration of Tooth Structure of Teeth
Enamel Hypoplasia
Classification
Types of Environmental Hypoplasia
Dental Fluorosis
Pathogenesis
Classification
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Tetracycline Hypoplasia
Management of Enamel Hypoplasia
Disturbance in Eruption
Premature Eruption
Etiology
Clinical Features
Delayed Eruption
Etiology
Clinical Features
Management
Embedded and Impacted Teeth
Etiology
Clinical Features
Impacted Mandibular Third Molar
Radiographic Assessment of Mandibular Third Molars
Management
Ankylosis or Submerged Teeth
Etiology
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Management
Transposition
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Management
Eruption Sequestrum
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Management
Ectopic Eruption
Etiology
Clinical Features
Management
Premature Exfoliation
Etiology
Clinical Features
Management
Loss of Tooth Structure
Attrition
Types
Etiological Factors for Pathological Attrition
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Management
Abrasion
Etiology
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Management
Erosion
Types (Depending Upon Etiology)
Etiology
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Management
Abfraction
Causes and Mechanism
Clinical Features
Management
Resorption of Teeth
External Resorption
Types
Etiology
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Internal Resorption
Mechanism
Etiology
Types
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Discoloration of Teeth
Various Discoloring Agents
Causes
Tetracycline Staining
Mechanisms
Clinical Features
Congenital Heart Disease
Oxalosis
Discoloring Agents
Different Types of Stains, According to Color
Management
Multiple Choice Questions
Long Answer Questions
Short Answer Questions
CHAPTER 7:
Developmental Defects of Craniofacial Structures
Definitions
Congenital
Hereditary
Autosomal Dominant Inheritance (Fig. 7.1)
Autosomal Recessive Inheritance (Fig. 7.2)
X-linked Dominant (Fig. 7.3)
X-linked Recessive
Developmental Disturbances of the Jaws
Agnathia
Clinical Features
Management
Micrognathia
Types
Etiology
Clinical Features
Management
Macrognathia
Etiology
Clinical Features
Management
Facial Hemihypertrophy
Etiology
Terminology
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Radiographic Features
Diagnosis
Management
Facial Hemiatrophy
Etiopathogenesis
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Radiographic Features
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Hemi-maxillofacial Dysplasia
Clinical Features
Radiological Features
Diagnosis
Management
Cleidocranial Dysplasia
Etiology
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Radiographic Features
Diagnosis
Management
Craniofacial Dysostosis
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Radiographic Features
Diagnosis
Management
Mandibulofacial Dysostosis
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Radiographic Features
Management
Hyperplasia of Maxillary Tuberosity
Hyperplasia of Coronoid Process
Focal Osteoporotic Bone Marrow Defect
Etiopathogenesis
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Chondroectodermal Dysplasia
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Radiographic Features
Diagnosis
Management
Arhinencephaly
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestation
Diagnosis
Management
Phlebectasia
Etiology
Clinical Features
Radiological Features
Treatment
Ectodermal Dysplasia
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Radiological Features
Diagnosis
Management
Gardner's Syndrome
Clinical and Radiological Features
Radiological Features
Diagnosis
Management
Turner Syndrome
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Diagnosis
Management
Apert Syndrome
Clinical Features
Oral Features
Radiological Features
Management
Kallman Syndrome
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestation
Management
Johanson-Blizzard Syndrome
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestation
Radiographic Features
Management
Hallermann-Streiff Syndrome
Diagnostic Criteria
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestation
Radiographic Features
Management
Russell-Silver Syndrome
Diagnostic Criteria
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestation
Management
Distal Arthrogryposis Syndrome
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestation
Radiological Features
Management
Multiple Choice Questions
Long Answer Question
Short Answer Questions
CHAPTER 8:
Keratotic and Non-keratotic Lesions
Introduction
Normal Variation
Leukoedema
Etiology
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Fordyce's Granules
Pathogenesis
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management
Linea Alba
Etiology
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management
Non-keratotic White Lesions
Chronic Cheek or Lip Biting
Etiology
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Burns
Types of Burns
Thermal Burns
Management
Electrical Burns
Clinical Features
Management
Chemical Burns
Causes
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Differential diagnosis
Management
Radiation Mucositis
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management
Uremic Stomatitis
Types
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management
Candidiasis
Classification
Causative Organisms
Predisposing Factors (Table 8.5)
Thrush or Pseudomembranous Candidiasis
Pathogenesis
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Acute Atrophic Candidiasis
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Chronic Hyperplastic Candidiasis
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Id Reaction
Candida-associated Lesion
Denture Stomatitis
Median Rhomboidal Glossitis
Angular Cheilitis
Treatment of Oral Candidiasis
Chronic Mucocutaneous Candidiasis
Types
Clinical Features
Management
Systemic Candidiasis
Etiology
Clinical Features
Management
Gastrointestinal Candidiasis
Causes
Clinical Features
Management
Candidal Onychia and Paronychia
Interdigital Candidiasis
Intertriginous Candidiasis
Bronchial Candidiasis
Candidal Vulvovaginitis and Balanitis
Candidiasis with Major Immunological Defect
Keratotic White Lesions with No Definite Precancerous Potential
Traumatic Keratosis
Etiology
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management
Psoriasis
Etiology and Precipitating Factors
Types (Clinical)
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Diagnosis
Management
Focal Epithelial Hyperplasia
Etiology
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Oral Genodermatoses
White Sponge Nevus
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Hereditary Benign Intraepithelial Dyskeratosis
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestation
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Pachyonychia Congenita
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestation
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Porokeratosis
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestation
Diagnosis
Management
Keratosis Follicularis
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestation
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Warty Dyskeratoma
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestation
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Pseudoxanthoma Elasticum
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Diagnosis
Management
Hyalinosis Cutis et Mucosa Oris
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestation
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Multiple Choice Questions
Long Answer Question
Short Answer Questions
CHAPTER 9:
Oral Premalignant Lesions and Conditions
Concept of Precancer
Precancerous Lesions
Leukoplakia
Classification
Etiopathogenesis (Fig. 9.1)
Clinical Features
Clinical Types
Staging of Leukoplakia
Diagnosis
Malignant Potential
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Surgical Management
LASER
Miscellaneous
Important Guidelines for the Treatment of Leukoplakia (Fig. 9.20)
Erythroplakia
Evolution of the Disease
Definition
Classification
Etiology
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Carcinoma In Situ
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management
Actinic Keratosis
Etiology
Clinical Features
Management
Oral Lesions Associated with the Use of Tobacco
Stomatitis Nicotina
Types (Clinical)
Palatal Change in Reverse Smoking
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Snuff Dipper Lesion
Etiopathogenesis
Clinical Features
Management
Cigarette Smoker's Lip Lesion
Premalignant Conditions
Lichen Planus
Etiology
Types
Clinical Features
Oral Lichen Planus
Clinical Variation of Lichen Planus
Clinical Scoring System for Oral Lichen Planus
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Erosive Lichen Planus
Etiology
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Graft-versus-Host Disease (GVHD)
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestation
Diagnosis
Management
Lichenoid Reaction
Etiopathogenesis
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management
Oral Submucous Fibrosis (OSMF)
Definition
Epidemiology
Etiopathogenesis
Clinical Features
Clinical Stages of Oral Submucous Fibrosis (Table 9.2)
Classification Based on Clinical Features and Histopathological Features (Table 9.3)
Diagnosis
Malignant Potential
Management
Dyskeratosis Congenita
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Radiographic Feature
Diagnosis
Management
Lupus Erythematosus
Types
Etiology
Discoid Lupus Erythematosus
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestation
Diagnosis
Dental Consideration
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Multiple Choice Questions
Long Answer Questions
Short Answer Questions
CHAPTER 10:
Cysts of Orofacial Region
Introduction
Definitions
General Diagnostic Features of Cysts
Signs
Symptoms
Radiographic Features
Other Diagnostic Features
Theories of Cyst Enlargement
Mural Growth
Hydrostatic Enlargement
Bone Resorbing Factor
Classification
Epithelial Developmental Odontogenic Cyst
Dentigerous Cyst
Origin
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Radiographic Types
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Eruption Cyst
Pathogenesis
Clinical Features
Radiological Features
Diagnosis
Management
Adenomatoid Odontogenic Cyst
Clinical Features
Radiological Features
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Lateral Periodontal Cyst
Pathogenesis and Etiology
Types
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Variantion of Lateral Periodontal Cyst
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Gingival Cyst of Adult
Etiology and Pathogenesis
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Diagnosis
Difference between Lateral Periodontal Cyst and Gingival Cyst of Adults
Management
Palatal Cyst of Newborn (Epstein's Pearls, Bohn's Nodules)
Pathogenesis
Clinical Features
Management
Dental Lamina Cyst
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management
Calcifying Epithelium Odontogenic Cyst (CEOC)
Types
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Glandular Odontogenic Cyst
Clinical Features
Radiological Features
Diagnosis
Management
Inflammatory Cysts
Radicular Cyst
Pathogenesis and Origin
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Residual Cyst
Clinical Features
Radiographic Appearance
Differential Diagnosis
Diagnosis
Management
Inflammatory Collateral Cysts
Paradental Cyst
Origin
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Diagnosis
Management
Mandibular Buccal Infected Cyst or Buccal Bifurcation Cyst
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Diagnosis
Management
Suppurating Cyst
Healing Cyst
Non-odontogenic Cysts
Nasopalatine Cyst
Etiopathogenesis
Clinical Features
Radiological Features
Differential Diagnosis
Diagnosis
Management
Nasolabial Cyst
Pathogenesis
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Differential Diagnosis
Diagnosis
Management
Anterior Alveolar Cyst
Nonepithelial Cysts
Idiopathic Bone Cavity
Pathogenesis
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Cysts of the Maxillary Sinus
Cysts of Soft Tissues of the Face and Mouth
Epidermoid Cyst
Pathogenesis
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management
Dermoid Cyst
Types
Clinical Features
Radiographic Appearance
Differential Diagnosis
Diagnosis
Management
Lymphoepithelial Cyst
Pathogenesis
Clinical Features
Management
Thyroglossal Duct Cyst
Pathogenesis
Clinical Features
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Anterior Median Lingual Cyst
Oral Cyst with Gastric or Intestinal Epithelium
Pathogenesis
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management
Cystic Hygroma
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management
Nasopharyngeal Cyst
Thymic Cysts
Cysts of Salivary Glands
Parasitic Cyst/Hydatid Cyst
Pathogenesis
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestation
Radiographic Features
Diagnosis
Management
Cysticercosis Cellulosae
Pathogenesis
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Radiological Features
Diagnosis
Management
Syndromes Associated with Odontogenic Cysts
Jaw Cyst-Basal Cell Nevus-Bifid Rib Syndrome
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Radiographic Features
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Treatment of Cysts
Regression of Cysts without Surgical Treatment
Marsupialization of Dental Cysts
Indication
Advantages
Disadvantages
Enucleation
Indications
Advantages
Disadvantages
Multiple Choice Questions
Long Answer Questions
Short Answer Questions
CHAPTER 11:
Odontogenic Tumors
Classification
First Classification
Benign
Malignant
Second Classification by WHO (2005)
Benign
Malignant Tumor
Third Classification (Benign Tumor)
Fourth Classification
Benign Tumors
Ameloblastic Fibroma
Origin
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Calcifying Epithelial Odontogenic Tumor
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Odontoma
Origin
Etiology
Classification
Enameloma
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Dentinoma
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Diagnosis
Management
Complex and Compound Odontoma
Etiology
Mechanism
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Differential Diagnosis
Diagnosis
Management
Gemination and Geminated Composite Odontome
Ameloblastoma
Definition
Etiology
Classification
Pathogenesis
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Diagnosis
Types of Ameloblastoma
Clinical Features
Radiological Features
Diagnosis
Management
Pituitary Ameloblastoma
Differential Diagnosis (Radiological)
Desmoplastic Ameloblastoma
Management
Squamous Odontogenic Tumor
Clinical Features
Radiological Features
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Odontogenic Myxoma
Origin
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Peripheral Odontogenic Fibroma
Etiology
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Central Odontogenic Fibroma
Clinical Features
Radiological Features
Diagnosis
Management
Keratocystic Odontogenic Tumor (KCOT) or Odontogenic Keratocyst (OKC)
Origin of Cyst
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Recurrence
Granular Cell Odontogenic Tumor
Clinical Features
Radiological Features
Diagnosis
Management
Periapical Cemental Dysplasia
Etiology
Pathogenesis
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Benign Cementoblastoma
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Ameloblastic Fibro-odontoma
Clinical Features
Radiological Features
Diagnosis
Management
Ameloblastic Odontoma
Clinical Features
Radiological Features
Diagnosis
Management
Malignant Tumor
Ameloblastic Fibrosarcoma
Clinical Features
Radiological Features
Diagnosis
Management
Ameloblastic Odontosarcoma
Malignant Ameloblastoma and Ameloblastic Carcinoma
Terminology
Clinical Features
Radiological Features
Differential Diagnosis
Diagnosis
Management
Primary Intraosseous Carcinoma
Origin
Types
Clinical Features
Radiological Features
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Malignant Changes in Odontogenic Cyst
Clinical Features
Radiological Features
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Odontogenic Fibrosarcoma
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management
Clear Cell Odontogenic Tumor or Carcinoma
Clinical Features
Radiological Features
Diagnosis
Management
Multiple Choice Questions
Long Answer Questions
Short Answer Questions
CHAPTER 12:
Benign Tumors of Orofacial Region
Introduction
Characteristics of Benign Tumor
Terminology
Classification
Epithelial Tissue
Fibrous Connective Tissue
Cartilage Tissue
Adipose Tissue
Bone
Vascular Tissue
Neural Tissue
Muscles
Giant Cell Tumor
Teratoma
Tumors of Epithelial Origin
Papilloma
Types
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Verruciform Xanthoma
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management
Keratoacanthoma
Etiology
Types
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Benign Melanocytic Nevus
Types
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management
Tumors of Fibrous Connective Tissue Origin
Fibroma
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Fibrous Hyperplasia
Etiology
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Fibrous Epulis
Clinical Features
Management
Fibrous Histiocytoma
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management
Desmoplastic Fibroma
Clinical Features
Radiological Features
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Giant Cell Fibroma
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management
Myofibroma
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management
Oral Focal Mucinosis
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management
Myxofibroma
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Myxoma
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management
Tumors of Cartilage Tissue Origin
Chondroma
Types
Origin
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Chondroblastoma
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management
Chondromyxoid Fibroma
Clinical Features
Radiological Features
Diagnosis
Management
Tumors of Adipose Tissue Origin
Lipoma
Types
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management
Bone Tumors
Osteoma
Origin
Types
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Osteoblastoma
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Osteoid Osteoma
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Osteochondroma
Clinical Features
Radiological Features
Diagnosis
Management
Torus Palatinus
Etiopathogenesis
Types
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Management
Torus Mandibularis
Causes
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Management
Exostosis
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Management
Enostosis
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Tumors of Vascular Tissue Origin
Hemangioma
Types
Clinical Features
Capillary Hemangioma
Arterial or Plexiform Hemangioma
Radiographic Features
Differential Diagnosis (Radiological)
Management
Sturge-Weber Syndrome
Classification
Etiology
Clinical Features
Radiological Features
Management
Lymphangioma
Types
Clinical Features
Radiological Features
Diagnosis
Management
Arteriovenous Fistula
Classification
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Glomus Tumor
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management
Hemangiopericytoma
Clinical Features
Radiological Features
Diagnosis
Management
Nasopharyngeal Angiofibroma
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Diagnosis
Management
Olfactory Neuroblastoma
Clinical Features
Kadish Staging System
Radiological Features
Diagnosis
Management
Tumors of Neural Tissue Origin
Neurofibroma or Neurofibromatosis
Origin
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Radiographic Features
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Schwannoma
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Neuroma
Etiopathogenesis
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis (Radiological)
Management
Palisaded Encapsulated Neuroma
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management
Ganglioneuroma
Melanotic Neuroectodermal Tumor of Infancy
Clinical Features
Radiological Features
Diagnosis
Management
Muscle Tumors
Leiomyoma
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management
Rhabdomyoma
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management
Granular Cell Tumor
Origin
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management
Giant Cell Neoplasm
Central Giant Cell Tumor
Origin of Giant Cells
Clinical Features
Radiological Features
Diagnosis
Management
Peripheral Giant Cell Granuloma
Etiology
Clinical Features
Radiological Features
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Teratoma
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management
Salivary Gland Tumor
Inflammatory Hyperplasia
Pyogenic Granuloma
Etiology
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Pregnancy Tumor
Etiology
Clinical Features
Radiological Appearance
Diagnosis
Management
Parulis
Inflammatory Papillary Hyperplasia
Etiology
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Epulis Granulomatosa
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Nodular Fasciitis
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management
Multiple Choice Questions
Long Answer Questions
Short Answer Questions
CHAPTER 13:
Malignant Tumors of Orofacial Region
Oral Carcinoma
Characteristics of Malignant Lesion
Etiology and Risk Factors for Oral Cancer (Fig. 13.1)
Tobacco Use
Alcohol
Actinic Radiation
Familial and Genetic
Atmospheric Pollution
Orodental Factors
Vitamin A Deficiency
Immunity
Syphilis
Diet Deficiency and Deficiency Status
Ionizing Radiation
Trauma
Virus
Intraoral Lesions
Epithelial Tumors
Peripheral Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Metastatic Carcinoma
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Basal Cell Carcinoma
Etiology
Clinical Types
Histological Types
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management
Transitional Cell Carcinoma
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management
Malignant Melanoma
Etiology
Types
Growth Pattern
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Radiographic Features
Diagnosis
Histological Grading of Malignant Melanoma
Management
Verrucous Carcinoma
Etiology
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Spindle Cell Carcinoma
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management
Adenoid Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management
Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management
Multicentric Oral Carcinoma
Tumors of Fibrous Connective Tissues
Fibrosarcoma
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Malignant Fibrous Histiocytoma
Types (Histological)
Clinical Features
Radiological Features
Diagnosis
Management
Synovial Sarcoma
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management
Tumors of Adipose Tissues
Liposarcoma
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management
Cartilage Tumors
Chondrosarcoma
Types
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Mesenchymal Chondrosarcoma
Clinical Features
Radiological Features
Diagnosis
Management
Bone Tumors
Osteosarcoma
Etiology
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Radiographic Features
Variant of Osteosarcoma
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Ewing's Sarcoma
Origin
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Vascular Tumors
Malignant Hemangioendothelioma
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management
Angiosarcoma
Clinical Features
Radiological Features
Diagnosis
Management
Tumors of Neural Tissues
Neuroblastoma
Clinical Features
Radiological Features
Diagnosis
Management
Neurofibrosarcoma
Clinical Features
Radiological Features
Diagnosis
Management
Muscle Tumors
Leiomyosarcoma
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management
Rhabdomyosarcoma
Types (Histological)
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management
Alveolar Soft Part Sarcoma
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management
Tumors of Lymphoid Tissues
Hodgkin's Lymphoma
Types (Histological)
Clinical Features
Clinical Stages (Ann Arbor Staging)
Oral Manifestations
Radiographic Features
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma
Types (Histological)
Etiology
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Radiographic Features
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Primary Reticular Cell Sarcoma
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Radiographic Features
Diagnosis
Management
Mycosis Fungoides
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Diagnosis
Management
Burkitt's Lymphoma
Etiology
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Radiographic Features
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Leukemia
Types
Classification
Etiology
Acute Leukemia
Etiopathogenesis
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Diagnosis
Management (Table 13.3)
Chronic Myeloid Leukemia
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management
Chronic Lymphatic Leukemia
Clinical Features
Clinical Staging
Oral Manifestations
Diagnosis
Management
Radiographic Features of Leukemia
Differential Diagnosis
Variant of Leukemia
Dental Considerations
Myeloma
Multiple Myeloma
Origin
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Radiographic Features
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Solitary Myeloma
Plasmacytoma
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Radiographic Features
Diagnosis
Management
Malignant Tumors of Salivary Gland
Treatment Modalities of Oral Cancer
Radiotherapy
Advantages
Disadvantages
Indications
Types of Beams
Radiotherapy Technique, Planning and Equipment
Field Arrangement
Rotational and Arc Therapy
Radiotherapy Planning
Brachytherapy
Radioactive Isotopes
Factors that Influence the Dose Required for Tumor Control
Strategies for Improving the Therapeutic Ratio
Optimizing the Distribution of Radiation Dose
Optimizing the Timing of Irradiation
Complications of Radiotherapy
Surgery
Enbloc Resection
Palliative Therapy
Advantages of Surgical Treatment
Reconstruction
Surgical Reconstruction
Maxillofacial Prosthodontics
Chemotherapy
New Therapies of Management of Oral Cancer
Photodynamic Therapy (PDT)
Intralesional Chemotherapy
Intra-arterial Chemotherapy
Intensity Modulated Radiation Therapy (IMRT)
Immunotherapy
Gene Therapy
Cancer Vaccines
Multiple Choice Questions
Long Answer Questions
Short Answer Questions
CHAPTER 14:
Vesicular, Bullous and Erosive Lesions
Classification of Ulcers
First Classification: According to Etiology and Pathology
Traumatic
Recurrent
Infection
Neoplastic
Systemic Disorders
Non-specific Ulcers
Second Classification (Burket)
Acute Multiple Ulcers
Chronic Ulcers
Recurrent Ulcers
Single Ulcer
Third Classification
Short-term Ulcers
Persistent Ulcers
Ulcers Associated with Trauma
Traumatic Ulcer
Etiology
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Anesthetic Necrosis
Causes
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management
Oral Trauma from Sexual Practice
Etiology
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management
Ulcers Associated with Infection
Diseases of Unknown (Uncertain) Etiology
Aphthous Stomatitis
Etiology
Classification of Aphthous Ulcers
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Systemic Treatment
Behçet's Disease
International Study Group (ISG) Criteria for Diagnosis of Behçet's Disease
Diagnosis of Behçet's Disease
Ulcers Associated with Allergic Reactions
Drug Allergy
Etiopathogenesis
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Contact Allergy
Etiology
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Diagnosis
Management
Angioedema
Etiopathogenesis
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management
Ulcers Associated with Cutaneous Manifestation
Erythema Multiforme
Etiopathogenesis
Associated Agents
Types of Erythema Multiforme
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestation
Differential Diagnosis
Diagnosis
Management
Stevens-Johnson Syndrome (SJS) and Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis (TEN)
Etiopathogenesis
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Pemphigus
Types of Pemphigus
Pemphigus Vulgaris
Epidemiology
Associated Factors
Pathogenesis
Clinical Features
Histopathology
Diagnosis
Pemphigus Vegetans
Types
Clinical Features
Histopathology
Pemphigus Erythematosus
Pemphigus Foliaceous
Paraneoplastic Pemphigus
Etiology
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
IgA Pemphigus
Drug-induced Pemphigus
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Follow-up
Bullous Pemphigoid
Etiopathogenesis
Associated Diseases
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Histopathology
Differential Diagnosis
Diagnosis
Management
Benign Mucous Membrane Pemphigoid
Etiopathogensis
Mucous Membrane Pemphigoid
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Familial Benign Chronic Pemphigus
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Diagnosis
Management
Dermatitis Herpetiformis or Duhring–Brocq Disease
Etiology
Clinical Features
Differential Diagnosis
Diagnosis
Management
Linear IgA Disease
Etiology
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Epidermolysis Bullosa
Classification
Etiopathogenesis
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Diagnosis
Management
Eosinophilic Ulcer of the Oral Mucosa
Angina Bullosa Hemorrhagica
Etiology
Clinical Features
Management
Multiple Choice Questions
Long Answer Questions
Short Answer Questions
CHAPTER 15:
Orofacial Pain
Introduction
Definition
Types and Nature of Pain
According to Pain Intensity
According to Temporal Relationship and Duration
According to Qualities of Pain
According to Onset
According to Pain Localization
Neurophysiology of Pain
Types of Nerve Cells
Depending on the Number of Axons
Depending on their Location and Function
Sensory Receptors
Exteroceptors
Interoceptors
Proprioceptors
Neurotransmitters
Pain Conduction
Resting State
Depolarization
Repolarization
Theories of Pain
Specificity Theory
Doctrine of Specific Nerve Energies
Pattern Theory
Peripheral Pattern Theory
Central Summation Theory
Sensory Interaction Theory
Gate Control Theory
Measurement of Pain Intensity
Classification of Orofacial Pain (Tables 15.2to15.4)
Acute Pain
Chronic Pain
What is Chronic Pain?
Chronic Pain Syndrome
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestation
Superficial Pain
Types and Clinical Features
Deep Pain
Pains of Dental Origin
Musculoskeletal Pain
Temporomandibular Joint Pain
Vascular Pain
Migraine
Etiology
Types
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management
Cluster Headache
Etiology
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management
Temporal Arteritis
Etiology
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management
Tension Headache
Etiopathogenesis
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management
Chronic Paroxysmal Hemicranias
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Carotidynia
Atypical Facial Pain
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management
Neurogenous Pain
Characteristics of Typical Neurogenous Pain
Painful Neuritis
Trigeminal Neuralgia
Etiology
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Glossopharyngeal Neuralgia
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management
Geniculate Neuralgia
Causes
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management
Occipital Neuralgia
Postherpetic Neuralgia
Symptomatic Neuralgia
Characteristics
Eagle's Syndrome (Elongated Styloid Process) or DISH Syndrome
Types
Clinical Features
Radiological features
Diagnosis
Management
Other Causes of Symptomatic Neuralgia (Flow Chart 15.1)
Psychogenic Pain
Psychogenic Intensification Pain
Conversion Hysteria Pain
Delusional Pain
Burning Mouth Syndrome
Etiology
Systemic Factors
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management
Therapeutic Modalities of Pain Control (Flow Chart 15.2)
Analgesics
Adjuvant Drugs
Cause-related Therapy
Relaxation
Counseling
Physiotherapy
Sensory Stimulation
Local Anesthesia
Multiple Choice Questions
Long Answer Question
Short Answer Questions
CHAPTER 16:
Infections of Oral Cavity
Introduction
Host Defense Mechanism
Local Defense
Humoral Defense
Cellular Defense
Microbial Factors
Pathogenicity
Virulence
Effect of Infection on Host
Oral Microflora
Anatomic Considerations in Dentoalveolar Infection (Table 16.1)
Spread of Infection
Direct Invasion or Extension
Spread by Lymphatic System
Spread by Blood Vessels
Diagnosis of Odontogenic Infection
Pathophysiology of Infection
Principles of Management of Odontogenic Infection
Sequelae of Pulpitis (Pulpoperiapical Abscess)
Radiographic Considerations
Etiology of Major Facial Infection
Teeth
Jaws
Major Salivary Glands
Paranasal Sinuses
Acute and Chronic Infections of Oral Cavity (Table 16.2)
Periapical Abscess
Types
Pathogenesis
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Acute Apical Periodontitis
Etiology
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Diagnosis
Management
Acute Exacerbation of a Chronic Lesion
Etiology
Clinical Features
Radiological Features
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Pericoronal Abscess
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Diagnosis
Management
Superficial Abscess
Cellulitis
Bacteriology
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management
Ludwig's Angina
Etiology
Bacteriology
Clinical Features
Fatal Complications
Diagnosis
Management
Impetigo
Predisposing Factors
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management
Erysipelas
Etiopathogenesis
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Diagnosis
Management
Pyostomatitis Vegetans
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management
Maxillary Sinusitis
Chronic Hyperplastic Pulpitis
Etiology
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Periapical Granuloma
Etiopathogenesis
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Periapical Scar
Formation of Scar
Clinical and Radiological Features
Diagnosis
Management
Osteomyelitis
Predisposing Factors
Etiology
Pathogenesis
Microbiology of Osteomyelitis
Classification
Clinical Staging of Osteomyelitis
Occurrence
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Different Types of Osteomyelitis
Infantile Osteomyelitis
Diffuse Sclerosing Osteomyelitis
Condensing Osteitis or Focal Sclerosing Osteomyelitis
Osteomyelitis with Proliferative Periostitis (Garre's Osteomyelitis)
Actinomycotic Osteomyelitis (Figs 16.46to16.49)
Tuberculous Osteomyelitis (Fig. 16.49)
Radiation Osteomyelitis
Chronic Tendoperiostitis
Clinical Features
Radiological Features
Diagnosis
Management
SAPHO Syndrome
Clinical Features
Radiological Features
Diagnosis
Management
Facial Space Infections
Canine Space
Anatomy
Clinical Features
Buccal Space
Anatomy
Clinical Features
Parotid Space
Anatomy
Origin of Infection
Clinical Features
Infratemporal Space
Anatomy
Spread
Clinical Features
Space for the Body of Mandible
Anatomy
Origin
Clinical Features
Submental Space
Anatomy
Clinical Features
Submandibular Space
Anatomy
Origin
Clinical Features
Sublingual Space
Anatomy
Origin
Clinical Features
Submasseteric Space
Anatomy
Clinical Features
Temporal Space
Anatomy
Clinical Features
Pterygomandibular Space
Anatomy
Clinical Features
Lateral Pharyngeal Space
Anatomy
Origin
Clinical Features
Retropharyngeal Space
Anatomy
Origin
Clinical Features
Management of Fascial Space Infection
Fatal Complications of Oral Infection
Bacterial Meningitis
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management
Brain Abscess
Pathogenesis
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management
Cavernous Sinus Thrombosis
Anatomy
Etiopathogenesis
Bacteriology
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management
Odontogenic Infection of Orbit
Etiology
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management
Mediastinitis
Pathogenesis
Clinical Features
Radiological Features
Diagnostic Criteria for Diagnosis of Descending Necrotizing Mediastinitis
Management
Septicemia and Bacteremia
Necrotizing Fasciitis
Etiopathogenesis
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management
Pulpal Infection
Necrosis of Pulp
Etiology
Types
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management
Pulp Calcifications
Etiology
Classification
Clinical Significance
Radiographic Features
Diagnosis
Management
Focal Infection
Mechanism of Focal Infection
Oral Foci of Infections
Significance of Oral Foci of Infection
Pits, Fistulae and Draining Sinus of Oral Cavity
Multiple Choice Questions
Long Answer Questions
Short Answer Questions
CHAPTER 17:
Oral Pigmentation
Introduction
Essence of Oral Pigmentation
Definition and Terminologies Used in Pigmentation
Classification
Blue/Purple Vascular Lesions
Hemangioma
Etiology
Clinical Features
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Varix and Varices
Definition
Etiology
Clinical Features
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Thrombus
Etiology
Clinical Features
Management
Kaposi's Sarcoma
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestation
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia
Blue Nevus
Etiology
Clinical Features
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Brown Melanotic Lesions
Melanotic Macule
Etiology
Clinical Features
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Pigmented Nevus
Etiology
Clinical Features
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Melanoacanthoma
Etiology
Clinical Features
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Melanoplakia
Etiology
Clinical Features
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Smoker's Melanosis
Etiology
Clinical Features
Management
Differential Diagnosis
Melanoma
Growth Phase
Types
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Radiological Features
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Drug-induced Pigmentation
Clinical Features
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment
Physiologic Pigmentation
Etiopathogenesis
Clinical Features
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment
Postinflammatory Pigmentation
Etiology
Clinical Features
Cyanosis
HIV Oral Melanosis
Addison's Disease
Etiology
Pathogenesis
Clinical Features
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Peutz-Jegher's Syndrome
Etiology
Clinical Features
Management
Neurofibromatosis
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestation
Radiographic Features
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Albright's Syndrome
Differential Diagnosis
Hyperfunction of the Pituitary Gland
Pregnancy and Female Sex Hormones
Brown Heme Associated Lesion
Ecchymoses and Petechiae
Clinical Features
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Hemochromatosis or Bronze Diabetes
Carotenemia
Jaundice
Hematoma
Etiology
Clinical Features
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment
Exogenous Pigmentation
Classification
Accidental Pigmentation
Iatrogenic Pigmentation
Amalgam Tattoo
Etiology
Clinical Features
Radiological Features
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Pigmentation due to Drugs and Metals
Bismuthism
Etiopathogenesis
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Management
Plumbism or Lead Poisoning
Etiopathogenesis
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Radiological Features
Management
Mercurialism
Etiology
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Radiographic Features
Management
Argyria or Silver Poisoning
Etiology
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Management
Arsenism
Etiology
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Management
Auric Stomatitis or Gold Poisoning
Etiology
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestation
Management
Pigmentation due to Copper, Chromium and Zinc
Summary
Hypopigmentation in Oral Cavity
Albinism
Clinical Features
Management
Vitiligo
Multiple Choice Questions
Long Answer Question
Short Answer Questions
CHAPTER 18:
Dental Caries
Introduction
Etiology
Pathogenesis
Theories of Cariogenesis
Worms Theory
Humors Theory
Vital Theory (18th Century)
Chemical Theory
Parasitic or Septic Theory
Chemoparasitic Theory
Proteolytic Theory
Proteolysis-chelation Theory
Acidogenic Theory
Sucrose-chelation Theory
Autoimmune Theory
Sulfatase Theory
Secondary Factors in Dental Caries
Classification
First Classification
Based on Location of the Lesion (Fig. 18.1)
Based on Tissue Involved
Based on Virginity of the Lesion
Based on Progression of Lesion
Second Classification
Site
Size
Diagnosis of Dental Caries
Clinical Methods
Visual Inspection
Tactile Method by an Explorer
Tooth Separation
Fiberoptic Transilluminator (FOTI)
Digital Imaging Fiberoptic Transilluminator (DIFOTI)
Electrical Conductance Measurement
Visible Luminescent Spectroscopy
Fluorescence
Use of Caries Detector Dye
Ultrasound or Ultrasonic Imaging
Videoscope
Radiographic Method
Bitewing Radiography
Xeroradiography
Newer Methods for Caries Detection: Mini D Caries (Fig. 18.8)
Bluetooth Technology for pH Detection (Fig. 18.9)
Palmistry: A New Tool for Caries Detection
DNA Chip Technology (DNACT)
Types of Caries
Interproximal Caries
Clinical Features
Radiographic Appearance
Radiological Types
Cervical, Buccal, Lingual or Palatal Caries
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Pit and Fissure Caries
Clinical Features
Radiological Features
Root Caries
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Recurrent Caries
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Nursing Bottle Caries
Pathogenesis
Clinical Features
Prevention
Radiation Caries
Clinical Features
Radiological Features
Rampant Caries
Etiology
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Arrested Caries
Clinical Features
Radiological Features
Pre-eruptive Caries
Linear Enamel Caries
Acute Dental Caries
Chronic Dental Caries
Radiographic Differential Diagnosis of Dental Caries
Control of Dental Caries
Control of all Active Lesions
Nutritional Measures for Caries Control
Mechanical Measures for Caries Control (Figs 18.36AtoG)
Chemical Measures of Caries Control
Multiple Choice Questions
Long Answer Question
Short Answer Questions
CHAPTER 19:
Diseases of Tongue
Introduction
Embryology and Development of Tongue
Anatomy of Tongue
Surface
Papillae
Muscle
Arterial Supply
Venous Drainage
Nerve Supply
Lymphatic Drainage
Functions of Tongue
Specialized Examination of the Tongue
Classification of Tongue Disorders
Congenital and Developmental Disorders
Aglossia and Microglossia
Definition
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management
Macroglossia
Classification
Etiology
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management
Ankyloglossia
Types
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management
Cleft Tongue
Pathogenesis
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management
Ankyloglossum Superius Syndrome
Lingual Varices
Lingual Thyroid Nodule
Pathogenesis
Clinical Features
Radiological Features
Diagnosis
Management
Variations in Tongue Movement
Tongue Thrusting
Patent Thyroglossal Duct Cyst
Development
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management
Reactive Lymphoid Aggregate
Lingual Cyst
Local Tongue Disorders
Fissured Tongue
Types
Etiology
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management
Median Rhomboid Glossitis
Pathogenesis
Etiology
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management
Benign Migratory Glossitis
Etiology
Classification
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Hairy Tongue
Etiology
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management
Crenated Tongue
Foliate Papillitis
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management
Leukokeratosis Nicotina Glossi
Depapillation of the Tongue
Local Causes
Systemic Disease
Neurological Disorders
Glossodynia
Terminology
Etiology
Clinical Features
Management
Dyskinesia
Generalized Neurological Disease
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
Buccolingual Masticatory Syndrome
Paralysis
Causes
Clinical Features
Oropharyngeal Dysphagia
Dysgeusia and Hypogeusia
Causes
Clinical Features
Management
Premalignant Lesions and Conditions
Leukoplakia
Clinical Features
Clinical Staging of Leukoplakia on the Tongue
Malignant Tumor
Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Clinical Features
Spread of Carcinoma
Management
Pigmentation of Tongue
Multiple Choice Questions
Long Answer Question
Short Answer Questions
CHAPTER 20:
Diseases of Lip
Classification of Lip Disorders
Development of Lip
Anatomy
Developmental Disorders of Lip
Congenital Lip Pits
Etiopathogenesis
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management
Commissural Pits
Pathogenesis
Clinical Features
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Double Lip
Pathogenesis
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management
Cleft Lip and Cleft Palate
Definition
Development of Cleft
Etiology
Classification
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Diagnosis
Management
Cheilitis
Glandular Cheilitis
Etiology
Types (Historical)
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management
Granulomatous Cheilitis or Orofacial Granulomatosis
Etiology
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Angular Cheilitis
Causes
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management
Eczematous Cheilitis
Contact Cheilitis
Definition
Causes
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management
Actinic Cheilitis
Definition
Etiology
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management
Exfoliative Cheilitis
Causes
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management
Plasma Cell Cheilitis
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management
Drug-induced Cheilitis
Carcinoma of Lip
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management
Miscellaneous Disorders
Chapping of the Lips
Actinic Elastosis
Causes
Clinical Features
Caliber Persistent Artery
Clinical Features
Management
Multiple Choice Questions
Long Answer Question
Short Answer Questions
CHAPTER 21:
Gingival and Periodontal Diseases
Introduction
Normal Periodontium
Gingiva
Periodontal Ligament
Alveolar Process
Disease of Gingiva and Periodontium
Gingival Diseases
Hereditary Gingival Fibromatosis or Fibromatosis Gingiva
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management
Gingivitis
Pathogenesis of Gingivitis (plaque-associated)
Classification
Stages of Gingivitis
Clinical Features of Gingivitis
Localized Gingivitis
Gingivitis due to Systemic Factors
Management of Gingivitis
Plasma Cell Gingivitis
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management
Gingival Enlargement
Classification
Acute Inflammatory Enlargement or Gingival Abscess
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management
Chronic Inflammatory Enlargement
Etiology
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management
Drug-influenced Gingival Enlargements Dilantin Sodium
Cyclosporine
Clinical Features
Nifedipine
Diagnosis
Management
Combined Gingival Enlargement
Pregnancy-induced Gingival Enlargement
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management
Puberty-induced Gingival Enlargement
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management
Necrotizing Ulcerative Gingivitis
Etiology
Clinical Features
Clinical Classification of NUG
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis (Tables 21.3and21.4)
Management
Non-plaque-induced Gingival Disease
Bacterial Origin Gingival Disease
Viral-induced Gingival Disease
Herpetic Gingivostomatitis
Herpes Zoster
Gingival Disease of Fungal Origin
Gingival Manifestations of Systemic Condition
Gingival Recession
Types of Gingival Recession (By Miller)
Management
Traumatic Lesion of Gingiva
Foreign Body Reaction
Carcinoma of the Gingiva
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Diagnosis
Management
Periodontal Diseases
Etiology of Periodontal Diseases
Pathogenesis of Periodontitis
Periodontal Pockets
Classification
Pathogenesis
Clinical Features
Radiographic Findings
Diagnosis
Management
Periodontal Abscess
Pathogenesis
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management
Chronic Periodontitis
Classification
Etiology
Clinical Features
Radiological Features
Diagnosis
Management
Aggressive Periodontitis
Etiology and Pathogenesis
Characteristic of Aggressive Periodontitis
Classification
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management
Prepubertal Periodontitis
Necrotizing Ulcerative Periodontitis
Tooth Mobility
Causes
Radiographic Features
Papillion-Lefevre Syndrome
Clinical and Radiological Features
Diagnosis
Management
Radiological Assessment of Periodontal Diseases
Advantages of Radiography in Periodontal Diseases
Limitations of Radiography
Radiographic Features of Healthy Periodontium
Radiological Types of Periodontitis
Early Periodontitis
Moderate Periodontitis
Advanced Periodontitis
Osseous Deformities in Furcation of Multi-Rooted Teeth
Alveolar Dehiscence
Multiple Choice Questions
Long Answer Question
Short Answer Questions
CHAPTER 22:
Temporomandibular Joint Disorders
Introduction
Anatomy of TMJ
Joint Proper
Glenoid Fossa
Mandibular Condyle
Articular Disc
Ligamentous Structures
Functional Ligament
Accessory Ligaments
Synovial Fluid
Joint Innervations
Functional Movement of TMJ
Diagnostic Studies
Radiography
Classification of TMJ Disorders
Developmental Disorders of the TMJ
Hypoplasia of Condyle
Causes
Clinical Features
Radiological Features
Diagnosis
Management
Agenesis of the Condyle
Clinical Features
Radiological Features
Diagnosis
Management
Hyperplasia of the Condyle
Causes
Clinical Features
Radiological Features
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Double Condyle or Bifid Condyle
Causes
Clinical Features
Radiological Features
Diagnosis
Management
Coronoid Hyperplasia
Causes
Clinical Features
Radiological Features
Diagnosis
Management
Degenerative Joint Diseases
Osteoarthritis
Etiopathogenesis (flow chart 22.1)
Causes of Secondary Osteoarthritis
Types
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Diagnosis
Management
Inflammatory Disorders of the Joint
Rheumatoid Arthritis
Etiopathogenesis
Clinical Features
Radiological Features
Diagnosis
Management
Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis
Psoriatic Arthritis
Etiopathogenesis
Clinical Features
Radiological Features
Diagnosis
Management
Infective Arthritis
Etiology
Pathogenesis
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Diagnosis
Management
Ankylosing Spondylitis
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Diagnosis
Management
Traumatic Disorders of TMJ
Condylar Fracture
Classification
Etiology
Clinical Classification
Importance of Muscle Pull
Clinical Features
Fracture Dislocation
Radiographic Features
Management
Ankylosis
Types
Etiology
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Diagnosis
Management
Dislocation
Classification
Etiology
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Diagnosis
Management
Subluxation (Hypermobility)
Etiology
Clinical Features
Radiological Features
Diagnosis
Management
Internal Derangement or Disc Displacement
Classification
Etiology
Pathogenesis
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Diagnosis
Management
Adhesions
Metabolic Disorders
Gout
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Diagnosis
Management
Neoplastic Disorders
Benign Tumors
Clinical Features
Radiological Features
Management
Malignant Tumors
Types
Clinical Features
Radiological Features
Management
Miscellaneous Disorders
Synovial Chondromatosis
Pathogenesis
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Diagnosis
Management
Drug-induced Disorders (Steroids)
TMJ Dysfunction Syndrome or Myofacial Pain Dysfunction Syndrome
Etiology
Pathogenesis
Classification
Clinical Features
Laskin's Diagnostic Criteria for MDPS
Management
Multiple Choice Questions
Long Answer Questions
Short Answer Questions
CHAPTER 23:
Salivary Gland Disorders
Development of Salivary Gland
Classification of Salivary Glands
Major Salivary Glands
Parotid Gland
Submandibular Gland
Sublingual Gland
Minor Salivary Glands
Saliva
Composition of Saliva
Collection Technique
Parotid Collector
Segregator
Collection of Whole Saliva
Function of Saliva
Examination of Salivary Glands
Minor Salivary Glands
Major Salivary Glands
Parotid Glands
Submandibular Glands
Sublingual Salivary Glands
Diagnostic Tests of the Salivary Glands
Developmental Disorders of Salivary Gland
Aberrancy
Clinical Features
Aplasia and Hypoplasia
Causes
Clinical Features
Radiological Features
Diagnosis
Management
Hyperplasia of Salivary Gland
Causes
Clinical Features
Radiological Features
Diagnosis
Management
Atresia
Accessory Duct
Diverticuli
Congenital Fistula
Developmental Salivary Gland Defect
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Functional Disorders of Salivary Gland
Sialorrhea (Ptyalism)
Mechanism
Etiology
Clinical Features
Management
Xerostomia
Etiology
Clinical Features
Management
Obstructive Disorders
Sialolithiasis
Composition
Etiopathogenesis
Prevalence
Types
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Mucus Plugs
Strictures and Stenosis
Etiology
Types
Foreign Bodies
Extraductal Causes
Parotid Fistula
Causes
Clinical Features
Sialograms
Diagnosis
Management
Cysts of Salivary Gland
Mucocele
Etiopathogenesis
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Ranula
Types
Clinical Features
Radiological Features
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Salivary Duct Cyst
Etiopathogenesis
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management
Asymptomatic Enlargement of the Salivary Gland
Sialosis (Sialadenosis)
Etiopathogenesis
Clinical Features
Radiological Features
Diagnosis
Management
Allergic Sialadenitis
Etiopathogenesis
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management
Associated with Malnutrition or Alcoholism
Viral Infection
Mumps
Transmission
Clinical Features
Complications
Diagnosis
Management
Cytomegalovirus Inclusion Disease
Bacterial Infection
Acute Bacterial Sialadenitis
Etiology
Clinical Features
Radiological Features
Diagnosis
Management
Chronic Bacterial Sialadenitis
Etiology
Clinical Features
Radiological Finding
Diagnosis
Management
Chronic Sclerosing Sialadenitis
Pathogenesis
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Diagnosis
Management
Autoimmune Disorders
Sjögren's Syndrome
Types
Etiology and Pathogenesis
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestation
Radiological Features
Diagnosis
Laboratory Investigations
Management
Mikulicz's Disease or Benign Lymphoepithelial Lesion
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management
Uveoparotid Fever
Etiology
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Diagnosis
Management
Recurrent Nonspecific Parotitis
Tumors of Salivary Glands
Classification
Firmness of the Tumor (Table 23.4)
Clinical Staging of Salivary Gland Tumors
By Spiro
By American Joint Committee
Benign Tumors
Pleomorphic Adenoma
Pathogenesis
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management
Monomorphic Adenoma
Basal Cell Adenoma
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management
Canalicular Adenoma
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management
Warthin's Tumor
Development
Clinical Features
Radiological Features
Diagnosis
Management
Oncocytoma
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management
Myoepithelioma
Ductus Papillomas
Types
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management
Malignant Tumors
Peripheral Mucoepidermoid Carcinoma
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management
Central or Intraosseous Mucoepidermoid Carcinoma
Origin
Clinical Features
Radiological Features
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Acinic Cell Tumor
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management
Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma
Clinical Features
Radiological Features
Diagnosis
Management
Adenocarcinoma
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Management
Malignant Pleomorphic Adenoma
Clinical Features
Radiological Features
Diagnosis
Management
Epidermoid Carcinoma
Undifferentiated Carcinoma
Metastatic Carcinoma
Connective Tissue Tumors
Necrotizing Sialometaplasia
Etiology and Pathogenesis
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Minor Salivary Gland Tumor
Multiple Choice Questions
Long Answer Questions
Short Answer Questions
CHAPTER 24:
Disorders of Maxillary Sinus
Introduction
Development of Maxillary Sinus
Anatomy of Maxillary Sinus
Functions of Maxillary Sinus
Examination and Investigation of Maxillary Sinus
Classification of Maxillary Sinus Disorders
Developmental Disorders
Inflammatory Disorders
Mucositis
Causes
Clinical Features
Radiological Features
Diagnosis
Management
Maxillary Sinusitis
Types (depending upon duration)
Etiology
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Diagnosis
Management
Cysts
Nondental Cyst
Antral Pseudocyst or Benign Mucosal Cyst of Maxillary Antrum
Pathogenesis
Clinical Features
Radiological Features
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Sinus Mucocele
Etiopathogenesis
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Postoperative Maxillary Cyst
Pathogenesis
Clinical Features
Radiological Features
Diagnosis
Management
Dental Cyst
Benign Tumor
Antral Polyp
Clinical Features
Radiological Features
Diagnosis
Management
Antral Papilloma
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Diagnosis
Management
Osteoma
Clinical Features
Radiological Features
Diagnosis
Management
Ameloblastoma
Malignant Tumor
Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Etiology
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Diagnosis
Management
Invasion of the Maxillary Sinus by Local Malignant Disease
Metastatic Carcinoma of the Maxillary Sinus
Traumatic Injuries to the Paranasal Sinuses
Root in Antrum
Foreign Bodies
Sinus Contusion
Blow-out Fracture
Isolated Fracture
Zygomatic Complex Fracture
Fractured Tuberosity
Oroantral Fistula
Causes
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Diagnosis
Management
Calcification
Antroliths
Etiology
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Multiple Choice Questions
Long Answer Question
Short Answer Questions
CHAPTER 25:
Traumatic Injuries of Oral Cavity
Traumatic Injury of Soft Tissue
Traumatic Erythematous Macule or Hematoma
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management
Ecchymosis and Purpuric Macule (Early Stage)
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management
Cervicofacial Emphysema
Etiology
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management
Factitious Injury
Traumatic Injury to Teeth
Factors Affecting Trauma to Teeth
Classification
Concussion
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Management
Luxation
Types
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Management
Avulsion
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Management
Bruxism
Etiology
Clinical Features
Management
Fracture of Teeth (Fig. 25.9)
Dental Crown Fracture
Types
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Management
Dental Root Fracture
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Crown/Root Fracture
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Management
Vertical Root Fracture
Causes
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Management
Perforation of the Root
Tooth Ankylosis
Causes
Clinical Features
Radiological Features
Management
Traumatic Injury to Facial Bone
Radiographic Features of Fracture
Indication for Removal of a Tooth from the Fracture Line
Dentoalveolar Fractures
Clinical Features
Radiological Features
Management
Mandibular Fractures
Classification
Clinical Features of Mandibular Fracture
Radiographic Features
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Postoperative Care
Coronoid Fracture
Middle Third Fractures
Classification
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Management
Zygomaticomaxillary Complex Fracture
Classification
Clinical Features
Radiological Features
Management
Radiological Differential Diagnosis of Fractures of Maxilla
Greenstick Fracture
Nasoethmoidal Injuries
Classification
Clinical Features
Management
Iatrogenic Injury in Head and Neck Region
Complications of Healing
Dry Socket
Etiology
Clinical Features
Prevention
Management
In Wound
Fibrous Healing of a Wound
Multiple Choice Questions
Long Answer Questions
Short Answer Questions
CHAPTER 26:
Soft Tissue Calcifications
Definition
Classification of Calcification
Dystrophic Calcification
General Dystrophic Calcification ofthe Oral Region
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Calcified Lymph Nodes
Causes
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Tonsillolithiasis
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Cysticercosis
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Calcified Carotid Artery
Causes
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Idiopathic Calcification
Sialoliths
Phleboliths
Clinical Features
Radiological Features
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Rhinolith
Pathogenesis
Types (on the basis of the nature of the foreign body)
Clinical Features
Radiographic Finding
Diagnosis
Management
Metastatic Calcification
Ossification of the Stylohyoid Ligament
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Diagnosis
Management
Osteoma Cutis
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Myositis Ossificans
Types
Localized Myositis Ossificans
Etiology
Pathogenesis
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Radiographic Features
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Progressive Myositis Ossificans
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Multiple Choice Questions
Long Answer Question
Short Answer Questions
SECTION 3: SYSTEMIC DISEASES MANIFESTED IN JAW
CHAPTER 27:
Bacterial Infections
Introduction
Infections Caused by Bacteria
Syphilis
Etiology
Classification
Primary Syphilis
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Secondary Syphilis
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Tertiary Syphilis
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Radiographic Features of Syphilis
Gummatous Lesion of the Bone
Syphilitic Periostitis
Congenital Syphilis
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Diagnosis of Syphilis
Management
Non-venereal Treponematoses
Endemic Syphilis
Transmission
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management
Pinta
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management
Yaws
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestation
Diagnosis
Management
Gonorrhea
Pathogenesis
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Radiographic Features
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Streptococcal Tonsillitis and Pharyngitis
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management
Leprosy (Hansen Disease)
Pathogenesis
Types
Clinical Manifestations
Facial Manifestations
Oral Manifestation
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Tuberculosis
Pathogenesis
Etiology
Predisposing Factors for Oral Infection
Types
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Radiographic Features
Diagnosis
Dental Considerations
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Actinomycosis
Classification
Predisposing Factors
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Radiographic Features
Diagnosis
Management
Noma
Predisposing Factors
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management
Scarlet Fever
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Complications
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Diphtheria
Pathogenesis
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Diagnosis
Prevention
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Cat Scratch Disease
Clinical Features
Diagnostic Criteria
Management
Tularemia
Types
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Diagnosis
Management
Tetanus
Pathogenesis
Transmission
Types
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestation
Diagnosis
Management
Rhinoscleroma
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Diagnosis
Management
Granuloma Inguinale
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Diagnosis
Management
Lymphogranuloma Venereum
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Diagnosis
Management
Myiasis
Predisposing Factors
Pathogenesis
Types
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestation
Diagnosis
Management
Multiple Choice Questions
Long Answer Question
Short Answer Questions
CHAPTER 28:
Viral Infections
Definition
Classification
Infections Caused by Viruses
Herpes Virus-induced Lesions
Classification of Herpes Viruses
Herpes Simplex Virus Infections
Classification
Etiopathogenesis
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Primary Gingivostomatitis
Recrudescent or Recurrent Oral HSV Infection
Recurrent Herpetic Labialis (Figs 28.9to28.11)
HSV in Immunocompromised Patients
Differential Diagnosis
Diagnosis
Management
Symptomatic
Supportive Care
Specific Therapies
Varicella Zoster Infections
Pathogenesis
Chickenpox or Primary Varicella Zoster Infection
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestation
Management
Herpes Zoster
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Differential Diagnosis
Diagnosis
Management
Postherpetic Neuralgia
Etiopathogenesis
Clinical Features
Management
James Ramsay Hunt Syndrome
Mumps
Measles
Transmission
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Rubella (German Measles)
Transmission
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestation
Diagnosis
Management
Coxsackievirus Infection
Herpangina
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Acute Lymphonodular Pharyngitis
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management
Cytomegalovirus Infection
Transmission
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Diagnosis
Management
Foot and Mouth Disease
Condyloma Acuminatum
Oral Manifestations
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Verruca Vulgaris (Common Wart)
Diagnosis
Management
Molluscum Contagiosum Infection
Transmission
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management
Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) Infection
Infectious Mononucleosis
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Diagnosis
Management
Smallpox
Chikungunya
Clinical Features
Management
Multiple Choice Questions
Long Answer Questions
Short Answer Questions
CHAPTER 29:
Fungal Infections
Introduction
Infections Caused by Fungi
Histoplasmosis
Types
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Management
African Histoplasmosis
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Diagnosis
Management
Blastomycosis
Types
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Radiographic Features
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Mucormycosis
Types
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Radiographic Features
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Cryptococcosis
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Diagnosis
Management
Coccidioidomycosis
Types
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Diagnosis
Management
Paracoccidioidomycosis
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Diagnosis
Management
Geotrichosis
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Diagnosis
Management
Sporotrichosis
Causes
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Radiographic Features
Diagnosis
Management
Rhinosporidiosis
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Diagnosis
Management
Aspergillosis
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Diagnosis
Management
Protozoal Infections
Leishmaniasis
Types
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Diagnosis
Management
Trichinosis
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Diagnosis
Management
Multiple Choice Questions
Short Answer Questions
CHAPTER 30:
Specific System Disorders
Basic Life Support
Positioning of the Patient
Airway
Breathing
Circulation
Cardiovascular Diseases
Symptoms
Signs
Examination of the Heart
Consideration of Prophylaxis in Cardiovascular Diseases
Angina Pectoris
Etiology
Types
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Prevention of Anginal Attack
Management
Dental Considerations
Myocardial Infarction
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management
Dental Considerations
Rheumatic Heart Disease and Fever
Clinical Features
Diagnosis (Table 30.1)
Management
Dental Considerations
Hypertension
Stages
Types
Clinical Features
Dental Significance
Dental Management
Infective Bacterial Endocarditis
Pathogenesis
Predisposing Factors
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management
Dental Considerations
Prevention
Congestive Cardiac Failure
Classification
Causes
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management
Dental Considerations
Congenital Heart Diseases
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Diagnosis
Management
Dental Considerations
Cardiac Transplantation
Coarctation of Aorta
Respiratory Disorders
Bronchial Asthma
Types
Predisposing Factors
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management
Dental Considerations
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Types
Causes
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management
Dental Considerations
Pulmonary Foreign Bodies
Renal Disorders
Renal Failure
Etiology
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Diagnosis
Management
Dental Considerations
Renal Osteodystrophy
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Diagnosis
Management
Uremia
Kidney Transplantation
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations (Fig. 30.8)
Radiological Features
Diagnosis
Dental Considerations
Disorders of Gastrointestinal Tract
Hepatitis
Types
Phases of Hepatitis
Clinical Features
Laboratory Findings
Management
Prevention
Dental Considerations
Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Types
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Diagnosis
Management
Dental Considerations
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease
Jaundice
Types
Causes
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Diagnosis
Management
Diseases of Esophagus
Peptic Ulceration
Predisposing Factors
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Diagnosis
Management
Dental Considerations
Neuromuscular Disorders
Auriculotemporal Syndrome
Pathogenesis
Variation of Frey's Syndrome
Etiology
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management
Bell's Palsy
Pathogenesis
Etiology
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management
Motor System Disease
Etiopathogenesis
Types
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management
Multiple Sclerosis
Etiology
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Diagnosis
Management
Cerebral Palsy
Causes
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Diagnosis
Management
Epilepsy
Types
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management
Dental Considerations
Parkinson's Disease
Causes
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Diagnosis
Management
Dental Considerations
Orofacial Dyskinesia
Granulomatous Disorders
Wegener's Granulomatosis
Types (Clinical)
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Radiological Features
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Sarcoidosis
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Radiological Features
Diagnosis
Management
Midline Lethal Granuloma
Etiology
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Chronic Granulomatous Disease
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Diagnosis
Management
Collagen Disorders
Scleroderma
Types
Etiology
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Radiographic Features
Diagnosis
Management
Kawasaki Disease
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Diagnosis
Management
Skin Disorders
Pityriasis Rosea
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Diagnosis
Management
Incontinentia Pigmenti
Clinical Features
Clinical Staging
Oral Manifestations
Diagnosis
Management
Acanthosis Nigricans
Types
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Diagnosis
Management
Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Diagnosis
Management
Tuberous Sclerosis
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Diagnosis
Management
Seborrheic Keratosis
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management
Sebaceous Hyperplasia
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management
Actinic Lentigo
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management
Melasma
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management
Xeroderma Pigmentosum
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management
Clouston Syndrome
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Radiological Features
Diagnosis
Management
Muscle Disorders
Muscular Dystrophy
Types
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Diagnosis
Management
Myotonias
Types
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management
Hemifacial Spasm
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management
Paramyotonia
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management
Myasthenia Gravis
Etiology
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Diagnosis
Management
Dermatomyositis
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Radiographic Features
Diagnosis
Management
Moebius Syndrome
Etiology
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Radiological Features
Management
Meige's Syndrome (Oromandibular Dystonia)
Etiology
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Radiological Features
Management
Immunological Disorders
Primary Immune Deficiency
Types
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Diagnosis
Management
Miscellaneous Conditions
Drug Allergy
Mechanism
Clinical Features
Management
Syncope
Causes
Clinical Features
Management
Shock
Clinical Features
Management
Multiple Choice Questions
Long Answer Questions
Short Answer Questions
CHAPTER 31:
Diseases of Bone Manifested in Jaw
Introduction
Fibro-osseous Lesions
Classification
First Classification
Second Classification
Fibro-osseous Lesions of Medullary Bone Origin
Fibrous Dysplasia
Etiopathogenesis
Classification
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Radiographic Features
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Juvenile Ossifying Fibroma
Classification
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Cherubism
Classification
Etiology
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Central Giant Cell Granuloma
Types
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Paget's Disease
Etiology
Clinical Features
Complications
Oral Manifestations
Radiographic Features
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Giant Cell Lesions of Hyperparathyroidism
Fibro-osseous Lesions of Periodontal Origin
Periapical Cemental Dysplasia
Florid Osseous Dysplasia
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Differential Diagnosis
Diagnosis
Management
Cemento-ossifying Fibroma
Nomenclature
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Peripheral Ossifying Fibroma
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Diagnosis
Other Lesions of Bone
Osteoporosis
Types
Mechanism of Bone Loss
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Radiographic Features
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Infantile Cortical Hyperostosis
Etiology
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Radiographic Features
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Osteopetrosis
Types
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Radiographic Features
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Osteogenesis Imperfecta
Pathogenesis
Types
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Clinical Types
Radiological Features
Diagnosis
Management
Pierre Robin Syndrome
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management
Marfan's Syndrome
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Diagnosis
Management
Down's Syndrome
Type
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Radiological Features
Diagnosis
Management
Achondroplasia
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Radiographic Features
Diagnosis
Management
Skeletal Fluorosis (Fluoride Toxicity)
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Diagnosis
Management
Generalized Cortical Hyperostosis
Clinical Features
Radiological Features
Diagnosis
Management
Massive Osteolysis
Pathogenesis
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Radiological Features
Diagnosis
Management
Multiple Choice Questions
Long Answer Questions
Short Answer Questions
CHAPTER 32:
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)
Introduction
Definition
Prevalence and Epidemiology
Transmission (Fig. 32.1)
History of Nomenclature of Virus
Characteristics of the HIV Virus
Mechanism of Action
Six Groups at Risk of Developing AIDS
Classification
1993 Revised Classification System for HIV Infection (Table 32.1)
Category A
Category B
Category C
Walter Reed Staging System
WHO Clinical Staging of HIV/AIDS and Case Definition
Primary HIV Infection
Clinical Stage 1
Clinical Stage 2
Clinical Stage 3
Clinical Stage 4
USPHS–CDC Classification
AIDS-related Complex
Oral Manifestations
Common Oral Manifestations in AIDS
Candidiasis
Clinical Features
Management
Atypical Periodontal Disease
Types
Clinical Features
Management
Herpes Simplex Infection
Herpes Zoster
Hairy Leukoplakia
Etiology
Clinical Features
Management
Kaposi's Sarcoma
Pathogenesis
Types
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Management
Uncommon Oral Manifestation in AIDS
Human Papilloma Virus Lesions
Cytomegalovirus Infection
Aphthous Ulcer
HIV-associated Salivary Gland Disease
Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura
Molluscum Contagiosum
Lymphoma
Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Guidelines to Prevent Transmission to Dentist
Prevention
Diagnostic Tests for AIDS
ELISA (Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay)
Western Blot Method
Viral Load Testing
Alternative Diagnostic Test
Management of AIDS
Treatment of opportunistic infections
Post-exposure Prophylaxis for Occupational Exposure
Multiple Choice Questions
Long Answer Question
Short Answer Questions
CHAPTER 33:
Endocrine Disorders
Introduction
Functions of the Endocrine System
Anatomy and Physiology
Pituitary Gland
Thyroid Gland
Parathyroid Glands
Adrenal Gland
Diseases of Pituitary Gland
Hyperpituitarism
Types
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Radiographic Features
Diagnosis
Management
Hypopituitarism or Pituitary Dwarfism
Etiology
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Radiographic Features
Diagnosis
Management
Progeria
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Radiographic Features
Diagnosis
Management
Diseases of Thyroid Gland
Hyperthyroidism
Etiology
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Radiographic Features
Diagnosis
Management
Hypothyroidism
Types
Clinical Features
Complications
Oral Manifestations
Radiographic Features
Diagnosis
Management
Dental Considerations of Thyroid Disorders
Diseases of Parathyroid Gland
Hyperparathyroidism
Types
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Radiographic Features
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Hypoparathyroidism
Etiology
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Radiographic Features
Diagnosis
Management
Pseudohypoparathyroidism or Albright Hereditary Osteodystrophy
Types
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestation
Radiological Features
Diagnosis
Management
Diseases of Pancreatic Gland
Diabetes Mellitus
Types
Pathogenesis
Etiology
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Radiographic Features
Complications
Diagnosis
Management
Diabetic Insipidus
Dental Consideration
Diseases of Adrenal Gland
Addison's Disease
Etiology
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestation
Diagnosis
Management
Adrenogenital Syndrome
Cushing's Syndrome
Etiology
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Radiographic Features
Diagnosis
Management
Adrenal Insufficiency
Types
Etiopathogenesis
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Diagnosis
Management
Dental Considerations
Prevention
Diseases of Gonads
Hypergonadism
Hypogonadism
Pregnancy
Dental Management
Menopause
Multiple Choice Questions
Long Answer Question
Short Answer Questions
CHAPTER 34:
Blood Disorders
Introduction
Physiology of Blood
Composition
Plasma Proteins
Composition
Functions of Plasma Proteins
Some Facts about Blood
Red Blood Corpuscles (Erythrocytes)
Factors Controlling Erythropoiesis
Composition and Morphology of RBC
Functions of RBC
Hemoglobin
Functions of Hemoglobin
White Blood Corpuscles (Leukocytes)
Physiologic Variations
Types of WBC
Functions of WBC
Platelets or Thrombocytes
Functions of Platelet
Blood Coagulation
Clotting Factors
Mechanism of Blood Coagulation (Figs 34.1A to C)
Blood Group
Diseases of Red Blood Cells
Anemia
Classification (Tables 34.1 to 34.3)
Posthemorrhagic Anemia
Types
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management
Iron Deficiency Anemia
Causes
Stages of Iron Deficiency
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Diagnosis
Management
Plummer-Vinson Syndrome
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management
Erythroblastosis Fetalis
Pathogenesis
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Radiographic Features
Diagnosis
Management
Sickle Cell Anemia
Pathogenesis
Types
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Radiological Findings
Diagnosis
Management
Dental Considerations
Thalassemia
Pathogenesis
Types
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Radiographic Features
Diagnosis
Management
Erythropoietic Porphyria
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Diagnosis
Management
Megaloblastic Anemia
Causes
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Diagnosis
Management
Pernicious Anemia
Causes
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Diagnosis
Management
Aplastic Anemia
Types
Etiology
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Diagnosis
Management
Fanconi's Anemia
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Diagnosis
Management
Uncommon Causes of Anemia
Dental Considerations of Anemia
Polycythemia
Polycythemia Vera
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Diagnosis
Management
Relative Polycythemia
Secondary Polycythemia
White Blood Cell Disorders
Quantitative Disorders
Agranulocytopenia or Neutropenia
Types
Etiology
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestation
Radiological Findings
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Cyclic Neutropenia
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Radiological Features
Diagnosis
Management
Variant of Neutropenia
Increased in Number of WBC
Qualitative Disorders of WBC
Lazy Leukocyte Syndrome
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Diagnosis
Management
Chédiak-Higashi Syndrome
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Diagnosis
Management
Multiple Myeloma
Lymphoma
Leukemia
Chronic Idiopathic Neutropenia
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Diagnosis
Management
Platelet Disorders
Classification
Thrombocytopenic Purpura
Etiology
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Diagnosis
Management
Von Willebrand Disease
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Diagnosis
Management
Aldrich Syndrome
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Diagnosis
Management
Familial Thrombasthenia
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Diagnosis
Management
Onyalai
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management
Thrombocytosis or Thrombocythemia
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Diagnosis
Management
Hemorrhagic Disorders
Hemophilia
Types (according to AHG factors)
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Diagnosis
Management
Dental Management of Hemophilia A and Hemophilia B
Factor V Deficiency or Parahemophilia
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Diagnosis
Management
Hypofibrinogenemia
Types
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Diagnosis
Management
Macroglobulinemia
Etiology
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Diagnosis
Management
Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Diagnosis
Management
Rare Hemorrhagic Disorders
Multiple Choice Questions
Long Answer Questions
Short Answer Questions
CHAPTER 35:
Vitamins
Introduction
Causes of Vitamin Deficiency
Water Soluble Vitamins
B-complex Vitamins
Thiamine (Vitamin B1)
Absorption and Excretion
Sources (Fig. 35.1)
Daily Requirements
Functions in the Body
Deficiency Symptoms
Beriberi
Etiology
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Management
Other Deficiency Symptoms
Riboflavin (Vitamin B2)
Absorption and Excretion
Sources (Fig. 35.2)
Daily Requirement
Function in the Body
Causes of Deficiency
Deficiency Symptoms
Oral Manifestations
Management
Niacin (Vitamin B3)
Absorption
Sources
Daily Requirements
Function in the Body
Pellagra
Causes of Deficiency
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Management
Pantothenic Acid (Vitamin B5)
Absorption and Excretion
Sources
Daily Requirement
Function in the Body
Deficiency Symptoms
Management
Pyridoxine (Vitamin B6)
Absorption and Excretion
Dietary Sources (Fig. 35.5)
Daily Requirements
Deficiency Symptoms
Oral Manifestation
Management
Biotin (Vitamin B8)
Daily Requirements
Sources
Function in the Body
Deficiency Symptoms
Management
Folic Acid (Vitamin B9)
Absorption and Excretion
Daily Requirements
Dietary Sources
Functions in the Body
Deficiency Causes
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Management
Cyanocobalamin (Vitamin B12)
Absorption and Excretion
Sources(Fig. 35.7)
Daily Requirements
Functions in the Body
Causes of Deficiency
Deficiency Symptoms
Oral Manifestations
Management
Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid)
Absorption and Excretion
Dietary Sources (Fig. 35.8)
Daily Requirements
Functions of Vitamin C
Deficiency Symptoms
Pathogenesis
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Diagnosis
Management
Choline
Absorption and Excretion
Sources
Functions
Deficiency Symptoms
Management
Inositol
Functions in the Body
Sources
Deficiency symptoms
Doses
Fat Soluble Vitamins
Common Properties
Vitamin A (Retinol)
Absorption
Sources (Fig. 35.10)
Requirements
Functions in the Body
Deficiency Symptoms
Oral Manifestations
Management
Carotenemia
Management
Vitamin D
Vitamin D Deficient Rickets
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Radiographic Features
Diagnosis
Management
Vitamin D Resistant Rickets (Familial Hypophosphatemia, Refractory Rickets)
Pathogenesis
Causes
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Radiographic Features
Diagnosis
Management
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Radiographic Features
Diagnosis
Management
Vitamin E (Tocopherol)
Vitamin K (Phylloquinone)
Multiple Choice Questions
Long Answer Question
Short Answer Questions
CHAPTER 36:
Metabolic Disorders
Introduction
Disturbances in Protein Metabolism
Protein Energy Malnutrition
Types
Etiology
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Diagnosis
Management
Amyloidosis
Forms of Amyloid
Types
Etiology
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Diagnosis
Management
Porphyria
Classification
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Diagnosis
Management
Disturbances in Lipid Metabolism
Classification
Function of Lipids
Classification of Disorders
Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis
Nomenclature
Variant
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Radiological Features
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Gaucher's Disease
Types
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Diagnosis
Management
Niemann-Pick Disease
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management
Tay-Sachs Disease
Disturbances in Carbohydrate Metabolism
Classification
Function
Hurler's Syndrome
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Radiological Features
Diagnosis
Management
Lipoid Proteinosis
Hereditary Fructose Intolerance
Hypoglycemia
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management
Disturbances in Mineral Metabolism
Acrodermatitis Enteropathica
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Diagnosis
Management
Phosphorus
Hypophosphatasia
Types
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Radiographic Features
Diagnosis
Management
Calcium
Magnesium
Sodium
Potassium
Miscellaneous Disorders
Malabsorption Syndrome
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Diagnosis
Management
Multiple Choice Questions
Long Answer Question
Short Answer Questions
SECTION 4: DRUGS USED IN DENTISTRY
CHAPTER 37:
Antibiotics
Introduction
Classification
According to Chemical Structure
According to Mechanism of Action
According to Type of Organism against which Primarily Active
According to Spectrum of Activity
According to Type of Action
According to Antibiotics Obtained From
According to the Organisms Susceptible
Antibiotics Useful for Orofacial Infections
Routes of Drug Administration
Indications for Antibiotics
Therapeutic
Prophylactic
Principles of Prophylactic Antibiotics
Infection of Prophylaxis
Advantages
Disadvantages
Principles for Choosing the Appropriate Antibiotic
Identification of the Causative Organism
In Mixed Odontogenic Infections
Determination of the Antibiotic Sensitivity
Use of a Specific, Narrow-spectrum Antibiotic
Use of the Least Toxic Antibiotic
Patients Drug History
Use of a Bactericidal Rather than a Bacteriostatic Drug
Use of Antibiotic with a Proven History of Success
Principles of Administration of Antibiotics
Proper Dose
Proper Time Interval
Proper Route of Administration
Combination Antibiotic Therapy
Effectiveness of Antibiotics
Age, Type and Extent of Infection
Resistance
Patient Compliance
Concentration of Antibiotics at the Site of Infection
Metabolism and Excretion of Antibiotics
Monitoring the Patient
Response to Treatment
Causes of Failure in Treatment of Infection
Development of Adverse Reactions
Superinfection and Recurrent Infection
Penicillin
Classification
Cloxacillin
Ampicillin
Amoxicillin
Newer Penicillins
Cephalosporins
Interference with Cell Membrane Structure
Interference with Nucleic Acid Synthesis
Nitroimidazoles
Quinolones
Topical Antiseptic and Antibiotics
Classification of Local Antimicrobial Therapy
Dose Calculation
Prophylactic Antibiotics
According to AHA 2002 (American Heart Association)
Pregnancy and Antibiotics
Summary
Multiple Choice Questions
Short Answer Questions
CHAPTER 38:
Analgesic and Anti-inflammatory Drugs
Introduction
Definition of Analgesic
Classification
Non-selective COX Inhibitors (Conventional NSAIDs)
Preferential COX-2 Inhibitors
Selective COX-2 Inhibitors
Analgesic-antipyretics with Poor Anti-inflammatory Action
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
Action of NSAIDs
General Principles of Use of Analgesics
Salicylates
Aspirin
Mechanism of Action for Therapeutic Use
Uses
Adverse Effect
Contraindication
Pharmacokinetics
Drug Interaction
Trade Name
Propionic Acid Derivative
Ibuprofen
Naproxen
Flurbiprofen
Anthranilic Acid
Mephenamic Acid
Aryl-Acetic Acid Derivative
Diclofenac
Oxicam Derivative
Piroxicam
Pyrrolo-pyrrole Derivative
Ketorolac
Preferential COX-2 Inhibitors
Nimesulide
Para-amino Phenol Derivative
Paracetamol
Selective COX-2 inhibitor
Etroricoxib
Patient Instruction for use of non-steroidal Anti-inflammatory Agents
Opioid Analgesics
Pharmacological Actions
Pharmacokinetics
Adverse Effects
Precaution and Contraindications
Therapeutic Uses
Uses in Dentistry
Principles for Prescribing Analgesics
Route
Analgesic Choice and Dosing Policies
Postoperative Analgesia
Multiple Choice Questions
Short Answer Questions
CHAPTER 39:
Banned Drugs Used in Dentistry
Introduction
Reason for Banning a Drug (Table 39.1)
Reason for Sale and Purchase of Banned Drug in India
Conclusion
Multiple Choice Questions
Long Answer Question
Short Answer Questions
CHAPTER 40:
Anticancer Drugs
Introduction
Factors Affecting Chemotherapy
Kinetic Classification of Anticancer Drugs
Principles of Chemotherapy
The Cells Kill Hypothesis of Skipper
The Norton Simon Hypothesis
The Goldie Goldman Model
Use of Anticancer Drugs
Alkylating Agents
Alkyl Sulfonate
Nitrogen Mustards
Nitrosoureas
Triazine
Ethylenimine
Antimetabolites
Purine Antagonist
Folate Acid Antagonist
Pyrimidine Antagonists
Antibiotics
Actinomycin-D
Mitoxantrone
Bleomycin
Doxorubicin and Daunorubicin
Mithramycin
Mitomycin-C
The Vinca Alkaloids
Vinblastine
Vincristine
Taxanes
Paclitaxel
Docetaxel
Epipodophyllotoxin
Enzymes
Miscellaneous Agents
Hydroxyurea
Procarbazine
Cisplatin
Hexamethylamine
Carboplatin
Pharmacology
Principles of Treatment
Routes of Administration
Combination Chemotherapy
Schedule
Multimodality Treatment and Timing of Chemotherapy
Toxicity
Local Toxicity
Hematological Toxicity
Gastrointestinal Toxicity
Alopecia
Pulmonary Toxicity
Cardiac Toxicity
Renal and Bladder Toxicity
Neurological Toxicity
Multiple Choice Questions
Short Answer Questions
CHAPTER 41:
Antiviral Drugs
Classification of Antiviral Drugs
Antiherpes Drugs
Acyclovir and its Congeners
Anti-hepatitis Drugs
Antiretroviral Drugs
Anti-Hiv Drugs
Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor (NRTI)
Nucleotide Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors (NRTIs)
Non-Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors (NNRTIs)
Protease Inhibitors
HAART Therapy
Multiple Choice Questions
Short Answer Question
CHAPTER 42:
Corticosteroids
Introduction
Corticosteroid Action and its Regulation
Classification
Glucocorticoids
Mineralocorticoids
Pharmacological Action
General Consideration
Glucocorticoids
Cellular Action
Metabolic Action
Anti-inflammatory Action
Miscellaneous Effect
Uses
Precaution
Hydrocortisone (Cortisol)
Cortisone
Prednisolone or Prednisone
Methyl Prednisolone
Triamcinolone
Dexamethasone
Betamethasone
Adverse Effects of Glucocorticoids
Contraindications
Caution
Newer Drugs
Mineralocorticoids
Mechanism of Action
Desoxycortisone Acetate (DOCA)
Fludrocortisone
Adverse Effects
Contraindications
Dental Consideration
Multiple Choice Questions
Short Answer Question
CHAPTER 43:
Immunomodulators
Immunosuppressants
Immunostimulants
Cyclosporine
Tacrolimus
Prednisolone
Azathioprine
Methotrexate
Mycophenolate Mofetil
Sirolimus
Monoclonal Antibodies (Muromonab and Anti-CD25 Antibodies)
Antilymphocytic Antibodies and Antithymocytic Antibodies
Thalidomide
Levamisole
Multiple Choice Questions
Short Answer Questions
CHAPTER 44:
Drugs Used in Pregnancy
Pregnancy Trimesters
Pharmacokinetics in Pregnancy
Dental Management of Pregnant Patient
FDA Categories for Drug Use in Pregnancy (Tables 44.2 and 44.3)
Commonly Used Drugs and their Categories
Guidelines for Prescribing Drugs in Pregnancy
Consideration in Lactation
Multiple Choice Questions
Long Answer Question
Short Answer Questions
CHAPTER 45:
Emergency Drugs Used in Dentistry
Introduction
Emergency Management
Types of Emergency Drugs
Emergency Drug Kit
Essential Emergency Drugs
Oxygen
Adrenaline
Chlorpheniramine
Nitrates and Nitrites (Glyceryl Trinitrate or Nitroglycerine and Amyl Nitrite)
Salbutamol/Albuterol/Metaproterenol
Aspirin
Additional Emergency Drugs
Nitrous Oxide
Anticonvulsant (Diazepam, Midazolam)
Methoxamine/Phenylephrine
Antihypoglycemic (50% Dextrose or Glucagon)
Glucagon
Glucose/Dextrose 50%
Hydrocortisone/Dexamethasone
Atropine
Respiratory Stimulant Aromatic Ammonia
Drugs for Advanced Cardiovascular Life Support
Lidocaine
Dopamine/Dobutamine
Morphine Sulphate/Meperidine
Verapamil
Antidotal Drugs
Naloxone/Nalbuphine
Flumazenil
Physostigmine
Procaine
Emergency Equipment
Maintenance of Emergency Kit (Table 45.1)
Multiple Choice Questions
Short Answer Question
CHAPTER 46:
Antifungal Drugs
Classification of Antifungal Agent
Polyenes
Nystatin
Method of Use
Available Forms
Trade Name
Side Effects
Amphotericin B (AMB)
Use of AMB
Method of Use
Trade Name
Side Effects
Azoles
Clotrimazole
Method of Use
Trade Name
Side Effects
Miconazole
Method of Use
Trade Name
Ketoconazole
Method of Use
Trade Name
Side Effects
Fluconazole
Method of Use
Trade Name
Side Effects
Itraconazole
Method of Use
Trade Name
Side Effects
Voriconazole
Method of Use
Trade Name
Side Effects
Posaconazole
Method of Use
Trade Name
Side Effects
Pyrimidine Analogs
Allylamines
Echinocandins
Caspofungin
Method of Use
Trade Name
Side Effects
Micafungin
Method of Use
Trade Name
Anidulafungin
Method of Use
Trade Name
Antifungal Treatment in HIV Patients
Antifungal Treatment in Refractory Mucosal Candidiasis
Antifungal Combinations
Summary
Multiple Choice Questions
Short Answer Questions
CHAPTER 47:
Desensitizing Agents, Mouthwashes and Gum Paints
Introduction
Prevalence of Dentinal Hypersensitivity
Etiopathogenesis
Clinical Features of Dentin Hypersensitivity
Theories of Dentinal Hypersensitivity
Question to be Asked for Diagnosis of Hypersensitivity
Differential Diagnosis of Dentinal Hypersensitivity
Methods of Measuring Tooth Hypersensitivity
Mechanical (Tactile Stimuli)
Electrical Stimuli
Thermal Stimuli
Osmotic
Verbal Rating Scale (VRS)
Visual Analog Scale (VAS)
Method
Clinical Management of Dh
Diagnosis
Prevention of DH/Removal of Etiological Factors
Classification of Desensitizing Agents
At Home Desensitizing Therapy
In-office Desensitizing Agents
Fluorides
Oxalates
Adhesive Materials
Bioglass
Portland Cement
Casein Phosphopeptide—Amorphous Calcium Phosphate
Laser
Management Strategy
Instructions to be Given to Patients While Prescribing Desensitizing Agent
Mouthwashes (Tables 47.3 and 47.4)
Indications for Antiplaque Mouthwash
Types of Antiplaque Mouthwashes
Alcohol Content of Mouthwashes
Chlorhexidine Mouthwash
Structure
Mechanisms of Action
Indications
Gum Paints (Table 47.5)
Multiple Choice Questions
Short Answer Questions
SECTION 5: MISCELLANEOUS
CHAPTER 48:
Forensic Dentistry
Introduction
Scope of Forensic Odontology
Record Management
Identification
Role of Teeth in Establishing the Identity
Dental Comparison
Procedure in Dental Identification
Problems in Identification
Condition of Material Recovered
Technique for Identification in Mass Disaster
Radiographs
UV Rays
Postmortem Serology
DNA Profiling
Age Assessment
Bite Marks
Definition
Causes
Importance of Bite Marks
Method of Preservation of Bite Marks
Classification of Bite Marks
Bite Marks on Foodstuff
Bite Marks in Human Skin
Status of the Tissue
The Influencing Factor
Types of Bite Marks
The Nature of Bite Marks
Investigations of a Bite Mark
Matching the Bite Mark with the Suspect Dentition (Figs 48.11 to 48.14)
Classification of Skin Wounds
Medicolegal Aspects of Dentistry
The Dentist Act 1948
Duties of Dental Council of India
Duties of State Dental Council
Hippocrates Oath: The Declaration of Geneva
Rights and Privileges Enjoyed by Registered Dental Practitioner
Duties of Dental Practitioners
Professional Misconducts
Precautions Against Negligence
Penal Provisions Applicable to Medical Practice
Multiple Choice Questions
Short Answer Questions
CHAPTER 49:
Halitosis
Normal Physiologic Odor
Causes of Halitosis
Oral Conditions Causing Halitosis
Odors from Systemic Disorders (Table 49.1)
Investigations
Treatment of Halitosis
Multiple Choice Questions
Long Answers Question
CHAPTER 50:
Controversial Diseases and Terminologies
Bowen's Disease
Etiology
Clinical Features
Why Discarded
Leontiasis Ossea
Etiology
Clinical Types
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Why Discarded
Previous or Former Cyst
Primordial Cyst
Origin
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Why Discarded
Globulomaxillary Cyst
Pathogenesis
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Differential Diagnosis
Why Discarded and Updated Term
Median Mandibular Cyst
Origin
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Why Discarded
Median Palatine Cyst
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Differential Diagnosis
Why Discarded
Adenomatoid Odontogenic Tumor
Origin
Types
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Differential Diagnosis
Why Discarded and Updated Term
Cementoma
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Why Discarded and Updated Term
True Cementoma
Why Discarded and Updated Term
Gigantiform Cementoma
Why Discarded and Updated Term
Reparative Giant Cell Granuloma
Why Discarded and Updated Term
Aneurysmal Bone Cyst
Pathogenesis
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Differential Diagnosis
Why Discarded and Updated Term
Granular Cell Myoblastoma
Why Discarded and Updated Term
Eagle Syndrome
Why Discarded and Updated Term
Hand-Schuller-Christian Disease, Letterer Siwe Disease, Eosinophilic Granuloma and Histiocytosis X
Why Discarded and Updated Term
Traumatic Bone Cyst
Why Discarded and Updated Term
Neurilemmoma
Why Discarded and Updated Term
CHAPTER 51:
Syndromes of Oral Cavity
Etiology of Syndromes
Pattern of Inheritance
Syndromes Associated with Oral and Paraoral Structures
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)
Oral Features
Adaptation Syndrome
Adrenogenital Syndrome
Aglossia-Adactylia Syndrome
Albright's Syndrome
Aldrich's Syndrome
Amelo-onycho-hypohidrotic Syndrome
Anderson Syndrome
Angio-osteo-hypertrophy Syndrome
Aortic Arch Syndrome
Apert's Syndrome
Ascher's Syndrome
Auriculotemporal (Frey's) Syndrome
B-K Mole Syndrome
Baby Bottle Syndrome
Behcet's Syndrome
Beckwith Wiedemann Hypoglycemic Syndrome
Blue Rubber Bleb Nevus Syndrome
Bernard-Soulier Syndrome
Blepharocheilodontic Syndrome
Bloch Sulzberger Syndrome
Blepharonasofacial Syndrome
Book's Syndrome
Bowen Syndrome
Branchial Arch Syndrome
Burning Mouth Syndrome
Caffey-Silverman Syndrome
Carotid Artery Syndrome
Candidosis Endocrinopathy Syndrome
Carpenters Syndrome
Cerebrocostomandibular Syndrome
Carcinoid Syndrome
Chediak-Higashi Syndrome
Coffin-Lowry Syndrome
Costen's Syndrome
Cowden's Syndrome
Cracked Tooth Syndrome
Cross Syndrome
CREST Syndrome (Associated with Scleroderma)
Crouzon Syndrome
Cushing's Syndrome
Curry-Hall Syndrome
Dejerine-Roussy Syndrome
Down's Syndrome
Systemic
Oral
Eagle's Syndrome
Edward's Syndrome
Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome
Elashy Water's Syndrome
Ellis-Van Creveld Syndrome
Epidermis Nevus Syndrome
Fanconi's Syndrome
Favre-Racouchot Syndrome
First Arch Syndrome
Floppy Infant Syndrome
Fragile X Syndrome
Franceschetti Syndrome
Gardner's Syndrome
Giles de la Tourette Syndrome
Goltz-Gorlin Syndrome
Gorlin-Chaudhry-Moss Syndrome
Goldenhar Syndrome
Gorham Syndrome
Graham-Little Syndrome
Grinspan Syndrome
Gradenigo Syndrome
Hajdu Cheney Syndrome
Hanhart Syndrome
Hallermann-Streiff Syndrome
Heerfordt's Syndrome
Hecht-Beals-Wilson Syndrome
Horner's Syndrome
Horton's Syndrome
Hurler Syndrome
Hunter Syndrome
Hutchinson Gilford Syndrome
Hypoglossia-Hypodactylia Syndrome
Inverted Marcus-Gunn Phenomenon (Marin Amat Syndrome)
Jackson Mackenzie Syndrome
Jaw-Winking Syndrome
Jadassohn-Lewandowsky Syndrome
Jaw Cyst-Basal Cell Nevus-Bifid Rib Syndrome
Johanson-Blizzard Syndrome
Jugular Foramen Syndrome
Kartagener's Syndrome
KBG Syndrome
Klinefelter Syndrome
Klippel-Trenaunay-Weber Syndrome
Larsen Syndrome
Lacrimo-auriculo-dento-digital Syndrome
Laugier-Hunziker Syndrome
Lazy Leukocyte Syndrome
Lowe's Syndrome
Maffucci Syndrome
Marfan Syndrome
Magic Syndrome
Melnick-Needles Syndrome
Median Cleft Face Syndrome
Melkersson Rosenthal Syndrome
Miescher's Syndrome
Middle Fossa Syndrome
Mobius Syndrome
Mohr Syndrome
Morquio's Syndrome
Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Syndromes
MEN 1
MEN 2 (Sipple's Syndrome)
MEN 3
Murray Puretic-Drescher Syndrome
Mucocutaneous Lymph Node Syndrome
Myofascial Pain Dysfunction Syndrome
Nance-Horan Syndrome
Nager Syndrome
Neck-Tongue Syndrome
Noonan Syndrome
Orofacial Digital Syndrome
Oromandibular Limb Hypogenesis Syndrome
Otopalatodigital Syndrome
Papillon-Lefevre Syndrome
Paraneoplastic Syndrome
Paratrigeminal Syndrome
Patau Syndrome
Parry-Romberg Syndrome
Peutz-Jeghers Syndrome
Pfeiffer Syndrome
Pierre Robin Syndrome
Plummer-Vinson Syndrome
Portsmouth Syndrome
Popliteal Pterygium Syndrome
Proteus Syndrome
Pterygopalatine Fossa Syndrome
Raeder's Syndrome
Ramon Syndrome
Riley-Day Syndrome
Ramsay Hunt Syndrome
Reiter's Syndrome
Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy Syndrome
Rieger's Syndrome
Rutherford Syndrome
Rubinstein Taybi Syndrome
Sanfilippo Syndrome
Saethre-Chotzen Syndrome
Scheie Syndrome
Scalded Skin Syndrome
Scheuthauer-Marie-Sainton Syndrome
Senear Usher Syndrome
Sjogren's Syndrome
Stevens Johnson Syndrome
Sturge-Weber Syndrome
Sweat Retention Syndrome
Sweet Syndrome
SUNCT Syndrome
Treacher-Collins Syndrome
Trotter's Syndrome
Trichodental Syndrome
Trichodentoosseous Syndrome
Trichonychodental Syndrome
Turner Syndrome
Tuberous Sclerosis Syndrome
Urbach-Wiethe Syndrome
Van der Woude Syndrome
Van Buchem Syndrome
Velocardiofacial Syndrome
Von Recklinghausen's Neurofibromatosis
Von Hippel Lindau Syndrome
Whistling Face Syndrome
Weber-Cockayne Syndrome
XXXXY Syndrome
Zimmerman-Laband Syndrome
Zinsser Engman Cole Syndrome
CHAPTER 52:
Geriatrics—Role of Oral Physician and Interdisciplinary Management
Introduction
Definition
Classification
Classification by Sheldon Winkler
Age Changes Affecting the Structures in Oral Cavity
Dentition
Periodontium
Oral Mucosa
Salivary Glands
Age Changes in the Bone Tissue
Taste and Smell
Common Diseases Among Geriatric Patients (Table 52.1)
Periodontal Diseases
Oral Mucosal and Other Diseases
Goal of Oral Physicians
Medical Conditions in Older Adults
Arthritis
Hypertension and Ischemic Heart Diseases
Myocardial Infarction
Infective Endocarditis
Aspirin and Anticoagulants
Diabetes Mellitus
Osteoporosis
Parkinsonism
Tardive Dyskinesia
Cerebrovascular Stroke
Cancer
Other Dental Treatment Considerations (Table 52.2)
Conclusion
Multiple Choice Questions
Long Answer Question
APPENDICES
APPENDIX 1: Causes and Classifications
Classifications of Diseases
White Lesions
Variation in structure and appearance of normal mucosa
White lesion with definite precancerous potential
White lesion without precancerous potential
Nonkeratotic white lesion
Precancerous Lesion and Condition
Precancerous lesion
Precancerous condition
Histological Classification of Cancer and Precancer of the Oral Mucosa—Histological Typing of Cancer and Precancer (WHO 1997)
Carcinomas
Benign lesions capable of microscopically resembling oral squamous cell carcinoma and oral verrucous carcinoma
Precancerous lesions (clinical classification)
Precancerous lesions (Histological Classification)
Benign lesions capable of resembling oral precancerous lesions
Precancerous conditions
Red Lesion of Oral Mucosa
Inflammatory condition
Congenital-hereditary developmental condition
Vascular disease and blood disorder
Dermatological
Other systemic disease
Premalignant and malignant lesion
Vesiculobullous Lesions
1st Classification
2nd Classification
Cysts of the Oral Cavity
Odontogenic
Non-odontogenic
Cysts associated with maxillary sinus
Soft tissue cysts
Cysts of the salivary gland
Oral Manifestation of AIDS
Fungal infection
Bacterial
Viral
Neoplasm
Neurological
Miscellaneous
Odontogenic Tumor
1st Classification
2nd Classification
Benign Tumors of the Jaw
Odontogenic tumors
Non-odontogenic tumors
Classification of Tumor
Malignant Tumors of the Jaw
Odontogenic tumor
Non-odontogenic tumor
Granulomatous Diseases
Specific or infective type
Non-specific
Histiocytosis
Gingival Hyperplasia (Clinical Classification)
Gingival Hyperplasia (Etiological Classification)
Inflammatory
Non-inflammatory
Combined
Cyst
Neoplastic
Syndrome associated with gingival hyperplasia
Oral Pigmentation
1st Classification
Hypopigmentation and depigmentation
Endogenous
2nd Classification
Diseases of the Maxillary Sinus
Traumatic
Inflammatory
Cysts
Neoplasm
Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs)
Sexually Transmitted and Blood-borne Diseases
Bacterial and chlamydial STD (potentially curable and rarely blood-borne)
Viral STD (currently incurable some frequently blood-borne)
Miscellaneous bacterial fungal and parasitic infections which are sometimes manifested as STD (usually curable and rarely blood-borne except candida)
Other blood-borne infections with no evidence of sexual transmission
Autoimmune Disorders
Associated with mucocutaneous lesions
Salivary gland
Blood disorder
Collagen disorder
Miscellaneous
Blood Disorders
Disorders of RBC
Disorders of WBC
Disorders of platelet
Disorders of coagulation
Fibro-osseous Lesions
Lesions arising from periodontal ligament
Fibrous dysplasia
Fibro-osseous neoplasm of uncertain origin or debatable origin
Giant cell lesion
Mucocutaneous Disorder
Genodermatoses
Noninfective disease
Oral Hamartomas
Odontogenic
Non-odontogenic
Unknown or doubtful origin
Disorders of the Salivary Glands
Developmental
Inflammatory
Sialolithiasis
Cysts
Frey's syndrome
Sjögren's syndrome Necrotizing sialometaplasia Neoplasms
Oral Lymphoid Tissue Lesion
Developmental lesions
Cystic
Neoplastic
Syndrome
Disorders of the Temporomandibular Joint
Developmental
Traumatic
Inflammatory
Metabolic Disorders
Neoplasms
Neuropathic
Internal derangement
Giant Cell Disorders
Traumatic
Infection
Cystic
Metabolic
Neoplasms
Enamel Pathology
Developmental
Environmental pathology
Enamel caries
Pigmentation
Enameloma
Dentin Pathology
Developmental
Dentinal caries Neoplastic
Regressive changes
Verrucous-Papillary Lesion
Reactive lesion
Neoplasm
Unknown Etiology
Disorders of Tongue
Developmental
Infectious
Cystic
Neoplastic
Red and white lesions
Neurological
Papillary changes in tongue
Fissured tongue
Systemic diseases manifested in tongue
Calcification of Oral Soft Tissue
Lymph nodes
Sialoliths
Antroliths
Calcified ligament
Osteomas
Calcified blood vessels
Myositis ossificans
Cysticercosis
Neoplasms
Miscellaneous
Vascular Tissue Disorders
Arteritis
Midfacial granuloma syndrome
Vascular hamartomas
Telangiectasia
Vascular tumor
Oral Ulcerative Lesions
According to duration
According to Etiology
Disease of unknown origin
Syndrome
Disorders of Teeth (WHO)
Abnormalities of size and form
Mottled teeth
Disturbances in tooth formation
Hereditary disturbance in tooth structure
Disturbances in tooth eruption
Supernumerary teeth
Anodontia
Other developmental disorders
Causes
Teeth Pathology
Hyperdontia
Hypodontia
Macrodontia
Microdontia
Malformed crown
Enamel loss
Extrinsic stain
Intrinsic discoloration
Abnormal shaped root
Enlarged pulp chamber
Pulpal calcification
Early exfoliation
Swellings of the Palate
Traumatic
Inflammatory
Necrosis
Odontogenic cysts
Non-odontogenic cysts
Neoplasm
Endocrine and metabolic disorders
Salivary gland disorders
Developmental
Miscellaneous
Swellings in the Submandibular (Angle of Mandible) Region
Traumatic
Cysts Tumors Metastasis Inflammatory
Salivary Gland Dysfunction Endocrine
Lymphadenitis
Swelling of the Lip
Traumatic
Inflammatory
Neoplasm Allergy
Developmental
Miscellaneous
Swellings in the Floor of the Mouth
Traumatic
Inflammatory
Necrosis
Cysts
Neoplasms
Salivary gland swelling
Allergy
Swelling of Neck
Lateral neck swelling
Midline neck swelling
Extraoral Discharging Sinus
Developmental
Inflammatory
Neoplastic
Perforations of the Palate
Congenital
Inflammatory
Traumatic
Neoplasm
Glossodynia
Local causes
Systemic diseases
Psychological
Halitosis
Physiological
Pathological
Enlargement of Cervical Lymph Nodes
Inflammation and Infection
Allergic conditions
Primary neoplasm
Metastasis tumors
Miscellaneous conditions
Trismus
Traumatic
Inflammatory
Congenital and developmental disorders
Neoplastic
Cystic
Systemic
Miscellaneous
Hemorrhage
Local causes
Hemorrhage due to platelet disorders
Hemorrhage due to coagulation diseases
Hemorrhage due to systemic diseases
Angular cheilitis
Sialorrhea
Xerostomia
Factor affecting salivary center
Factor affecting autonomous nervous system
Factor affecting salivary gland
Alteration in fluid and electrolyte balance
Drugs
Miscellaneous
Saliva Drooling at Corner of Mouth
Discoloration of the Teeth
Extrinsic
Intrinsic
Macroglossia
Congenital or developmental
Inflammatory
Neoplasms
Systemic
Orofacial Pain
Extracranial causes
Musculoskeletal
Intracranial causes
Vascular pain
Neurogenic pain
Psychogenic pain
Classification by Bells
Sloughing Pseudomembranous Necrotic White Lesion
Osteoporosis
Depapillation of Tongue
Congenital cause
Developmental
Chronic trauma
Medication
Peripheral vascular disease Chronic candidiasis Tumor
Miscellaneous
Atrophic Lesion of Oral Mucosa of Tongue
Developmental
Systemic condition
Infection
Oral submucus fibrosis Mucocutaneous
Retarded Eruption of Teeth
Local causes
Systemic causes
Loosening or Early Loss of Teeth
Local causes
Systemic causes
Others
Malformed Teeth
Hairy Tongue
Causes that Cause Red Lesions
Marked increased in hemoglobin concentration of articulating blood
Vascular dilation from
Extravasation of blood (trauma or homeostatic disease) Atrophy or thinning of mucosa
Leukopenia
Infections
Hemopoietic disorders
Chemical agents
Physical agents
Anaphylactic shock and early stages reaction of foreign protein Disease of unknown etiology
Basophilia
Blood disorders
Splenectomy Infection
Myxedema After injection of foreign proteins Some cases of nephrosis
Neutrophilia
Acute infection
Inflammatory
Intoxication
Acute hemorrhage
Malignant tumor of
Blood disorders
Miscellaneous
Eosinophilia
Allergic
Skin disease
Parasitic infection
Blood disorders
Infection
Malignant disease of any type
Miscellaneous
Inherited Idiopathic
Lymphocytosis
Acute infection
Chronic infection
Lymphocytic leukemia Lymphosarcoma Heavy chain disease Hemopoietic disorders
Monocytosis
Bacterial infection
Protozoan and rickettsial infection
Blood disorders
Lipid storage disease
Malignant neoplasm
Collagen vascular disease
Granulomatous disease
Chronic high dose steroid therapy
Peripheral Plasmocytosis
Infection
Serum sickness
Neoplasm
Miscellaneous
Periapical Radiolucency
Monolocular and Multilocular Radiolucency
Monolocular lesion
Multilocular lesion
Pericoronal Radiolucency
Inter-radicular Radiolucency
Solitary Cyst-like Radiolucency not Necessary Contacting Teeth
Multiple Separate Well-defined Radiolucency
Generalized Rarefaction of Jaw Bones
Mixed Radiolucent—Radiopaque Lesion Associated with Teeth
Pericoronal Mixed Lesion
Mixed Radiolucent-radiopaque Lesion not Necessary Contacting Teeth
Variable Radiopacities
Abnormalities of the teeth
Condition affecting the bone
Superimposed soft tissue calcifications
Foreign bodies
Periapical radiopacities
True
Projected
Multiple Separate Radiopacities
Solitary Radiopacities not Necessary Containing Teeth
True
Projected
Generalized Radiopacities
Thickened Periodontal Ligament Space
Loss of Lamina Dura
Different Type of Periosteal Reaction and their Cause
Regular type
Typical Features of the Lesion
Typical clinical feature
Typical Radiological Features
Typical Histological Features
Various Drug Effect on Oral Cavity
Summary of the Main Mandibular and Maxillary Fracture Site and the Common Projection Used for Each Side
Mandibular
Maxillary
Various Lymph Nodes in the Head and Neck Region and their Area of Drainage
Firm Nonhemorrhagic Soft Tissue Growth of Oral Cavity
Hemorrhagic or Easily Bleeding Soft Tissue Growth of Oral Cavity
Compressible Soft Tissue Growth of Oral Cavity
Various Odors Related to Systemic Disease
Papillary or Cauliflower like Soft Tissue Growth of Oral Cavity
Types of biopsy
Commonly used
Less commonly used
APPENDIX 2: Glossary
APPENDIX 3: Emergencies in Dental Office
Differential Diagnosis of Patient Fainting on Dental Chair
Common Causes and Differential Diagnosis of Patient Fainting on Dental Chair and Their Prevention
Emergency Drugs and Equipments
Unconsciousness
Vasodepressor Syncope
Postural Hypotension
Hypoglycemia
Management
Acute Adrenal Insufficiency
Primary
Management of Anaphylactic Shock
Management of Cardiac Arrest
Cardiovascular System
Respiratory System
Management
Metabolic Disorders
Thyroid Gland Dysfunction
Epileptic Attack
Clinical Features
Management
Cerebrovascular Stroke
Diagnostic Clues
Management
Answers Key of MCQs
INDEX
TOC
Index
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