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Essentials of Medical Parasitology
Apurba Sankar Sastry, Sandhya Bhat K
SECTION 1: INTRODUCTION
1:
General Introduction: Parasitology
TAXONOMY OF PARASITES
PARASITE
HOST
HOST-PARASITE RELATIONSHIP
TRANSMISSION OF PARASITES
Sources of Infection
Modes of Transmission
LIFE CYCLE OF THE PARASITES
PATHOGENESIS OF PARASITIC DISEASES
IMMUNOLOGY OF PARASITIC DISEASES
Protective Immune Response
(i) Innate Immunity
(ii) Acquired/Adaptive Immunity
The Unwanted or Harmful Immune Responses
Parasitic Factors that Evade the Host Immune Response
LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS OF PARASITIC DISEASES
TREATMENT OF PARASITIC DISEASES
Antiparasitic Drugs
Surgical Management
SECTION 2: PROTOZOOLOGY
2:
Introduction to Protozoa
GENERAL FEATURES OF PROTOZOA
CLASSIFICATION OF PROTOZOA
The Traditional 1980s Classification
Corliss's Interim User Friendly Classification (1994)
Molecular Classification (2000)
Kingdom Protozoa
Kingdom Fungi
Kingdom Chromista
3:
Amoeba
CLASSIFICATION OF AMOEBA
Classification Based On Habitat
Taxonomical Classification
PATHOGENIC INTESTINAL AMOEBA
Entamoeba histolytica
Introduction
History
Epidemiology
Morphology
Life Cycle (Fig. 3.2)
Pathogenesis
Pathogenesis of Intestinal Amoebiasis
Pathogenesis of Extraintestinal Amoebiasis
Clinical Manifestations of Amoebiasis
Laboratory Diagnosis of Intestinal Amoebiasis
Laboratory Diagnosis of Amoebic Liver Abscess
Prevention
NONPATHOGENIC INTESTINAL AMOEBA
Entamoeba dispar
Entamoeba moshkovskii
Entamoeba coli
Entamoeba hartmanni
Entamoeba gingivalis
Entamoeba polecki
Endolimax nana
Iodamoeba butschlii
FREE-LIVING AMOEBA
Naegleria fowleri
Morphology
Life Cycle and Pathogenicity (Fig. 3.16)
Clinical Features (Primary Amoebic Meningoencephalitis)
Epidemiology
Laboratory Diagnosis
Acanthamoeba
Morphology
Life Cycle and Pathogenesis (Fig. 3.19)
Laboratory Diagnosis
Balamuthia mandrillaris
History
Epidemiology
Life Cycle
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Sappinia diploidea
4:
Flagellates—I (Intestinal and Genital)
CLASSIFICATION OF FLAGELLATES
Taxonomic Classification
Classification Based on Habitat
GIARDIA lAMBLIA
History
Classification
Epidemiology
Habitat
Morphology
Trophozoite
Cyst
Life Cycle (Fig. 4.2)
Development in Man
Pathogenicity
Clinical Features
Laboratory Diagnosis
Stool Examination
Entero-test
Antigen Detection in Stool (Copro-antigen)
Antibody Detection
Culture
Molecular Methods
Radiological Finding
Prevention
TRICHOMONAS
TRICHOMONAS VAGINALIS
Morphology
Trophozoites
Life Cycle
Pathogenicity and Clinical Features
Laboratory Diagnosis
Direct Microscopy
Culture
Antigen Detection in Vaginal Secretion
Antibody Detection
Molecular Methods
Other Supportive Tests
Prevention
OTHER INTESTINAL FLAGELLATES OF MINOR IMPORTANCE
Pentatrichomonas hominis
Trichomonas tenax
Chilomastix mesnili
Enteromonas hominis
Retortamonas intestinalis
Dientamoeba fragilis
Morphology and Life Cycle
Pathogenesis
Laboratory Diagnosis
5:
Flagellates—II (Hemoflagellates)
INTRODUCTION
MORPHOLOGY OF HEMOFLAGELLATES
LEISHMANIA
Classification of Leishmaniasis
OLD WORLD LEISHMANIASIS
Leishmania donovani
History
Morphology
Life cycle (Fig. 5.3)
Pathogenicity
Host Immune Response
Clinical Features
Epidemiology
Laboratory diagnosis
Leishmania tropica Complex
Life Cycle
Clinical features
Laboratory diagnosis
Prevention
Vaccine trials
Control Measures
NEW WORLD LEISHMANIASIS
Clinical features of New World Leishmaniasis
Leishmania Mexicana Complex
Leishmania Viannia braziliensis Complex
Leishmania Leishmania chagasi
Laboratory diagnosis of New World Leishmaniasis
Microscopy
Culture
Montenegro Test
Antibody Detection
TRYPANOSOMA
Human Trypanosomes
Animal Trypanosomes
TRYPANOSOMA CRUZI
Habitat
Epidemiology
Morphology
Trypomastigote Form
Amastigote Form
Life cycle (Fig. 5.12)
Development in Man
Development in Reduviid bugs
Pathogenesis and Clinical feature
Acute Chagas’ disease
Chronic Chagas’ disease
Congenital trypanosomiasis
In HIV infected people
Immune response
Laboratory diagnosis
Peripheral Blood Microscopy
Culture
Antibody Detection
Antigen Detection
Molecular Methods
Animal Inoculation
Xenodiagnosis
Prophylaxis
TRYPONASOMA BRUCEI COMPLEX
Life cycle (Fig. 5.16)
Development in man
Development in Tsetse Fly
Antigenic variation
Pathogenesis and Clinical feature
Trypanosomal Chancre
Stage I Disease
Stage II Disease (Sleeping Sickness)
Laboratory diagnosis
Direct Microscopy
Antibodies from Serum and CSF
Antigens from Serum and CSF
Molecular Methods
Culture
Animal Inoculation in Mice
Prophylaxis
6:
Sporozoa—I (Malaria parasite and Babesia)
CLASSIFICATION
MALARIA PARASITE
History
The Causative Agent of Malaria
Life Cycle (Fig. 6.1)
Human Cycle
Pre-erythrocytic Schizogony
Erythrocytic schizogony
Gametogony
Mosquito Cycle
Pathogenesis and Clinical Feature
Benign Malaria
Falciparum Malaria (Malignant Tertian Malaria)
Complications
Complications of Falciparum Malaria
Chronic Complications of Malaria
Malaria in Special Situations
Plasmodium knowlesi
Immunity Against Malaria
Innate Immunity
Acquired Immunity
Epidemiology of Malaria
Malaria situation
In India
Laboratory Diagnosis
Peripheral Blood Smear
Fluorescence Microscopy
Quantitative Buffy Coat Examination
Antigen Detection by Rapid Diagnostic Tests
Antibody Detection
Culture
Molecular Diagnosis
Other Nonspecific Tests
Treatment
Uncomplicated Benign Malaria in India
Complicated or Falciparum Malaria in India
Antimalarial Drug Resistance
Who Guideline for Assessing Degree of Resistance
Prophylaxis Against Malaria
Chemoprophylaxis
Vector Control Strategies
Vaccination for Malaria
BABESIA
Life Cycle
Asexual Cycle in Man
Sexual Cycle in Tick
Pathogenesis and Clinical Features
Epidemiology
Laboratory Diagnosis
Peripheral Blood Microscopy
Serology
Molecular Methods
Animal Inoculation
7:
Sporozoa—II(Opportunistic Coccidian Parasites)
INTRODUCTION
TOXOPLASMA GONDII
Morphology
Tachyzoite
Tissue Cyst
Oocyst
Life Cycle (Fig. 7.2)
Asexual Cycle or Exoenteric Cycle (The Human Cycle)
Sexual Cycle or Enteric Cycle (The Feline Cycle)
Pathogenicity and Features
Toxoplasmosis in Immunocompetent Patients
Toxoplasmosis in Immunocompromised Patients
Congenital Toxoplasmosis
Laboratory Diagnosis
Direct Microscopic Examination
Antibody Detection
Detection of Toxoplasma Antigens
Molecular Diagnosis
Animal Inoculation
Tissue Culture
Imaging Methods
Cerebrospinal Fluid Abnormalities
Diagnosis of Congenital Toxoplasmosis
Diagnosis of Toxoplasmosis in Immunocompromised Patients
Diagnosis of Ocular Toxoplasmosis Immunocompetent patients
Prevention
CRYPTOSPORIDIUM PARVUM
Morphology
Oocyst
Life Cycle (Fig. 7.6)
Development in Man
Epidemiology
Prevalence Rate of Cryptosporidiosis
Pathogenesis and Clinical Features
Cryptosporidiosis in Immunocompetent Hosts
Cryptosporidiosis in Immunocompromised Hosts
Laboratory Diagnosis
Direct Microscopy (Stool Examination)
Antigen Detection from Stool
Antibody Detection
Molecular Diagnosis
Histopathology
Other Methods
Prevention
CYCLOSPORA CAYETANENSIS
History
Life Cycle
Clinical Features
Epidemiology
Laboratory Diagnosis
Stool Examination
Molecular Diagnosis
Serology
Histopathology
ISOSPORA BELLI
Introduction
Morphology
oocyst
Life cycle
Epidemiology
Clinical feature
Laboratory diagnosis
SARCOCYSTIS SPECIES
Morphology
Oocyst
Sporocyst
Sarcocyst
Life cycle (Fig. 7.12)
Intestinal sarcocystosis
Muscular Sarcocystosis
Clinical features
Intestinal sarcocystosis
Muscular Sarcocystosis
Laboratory diagnosis
Intestinal Sarcocystosis
Muscular sarcocystosis
8:
Miscellaneous Protozoa
MICROSPORIDIUM SPECIES
Classification
Morphology of Spores
Life Cycle (Fig. 8.2)
Extrusion of Sporoplasm
Asexual Cycle
Sexual Cycle (Sporogony)
Pathogenesis and clinical Feature
Epidemiology
Laboratory Diagnosis
Light Microscopy for the Spore Detection
Fluorescence Microscope
Electron Microscopy
Cell Culture
Serology
Molecular Methods
In-situ Hybridization
Treatment
BALANTIDIUM COLI
Morphology
Trophozoite
Cyst
Life Cycle (Fig. 8.7)
Development in Large Intestine
Clinical Feature
Asymptomatic Carriers
Chronic Disease
Acute Disease
Complications
Epidemiology
Laboratory Diagnosis
Stool Examination
Histopathology
Culture
Prevention
BLASTOCYSTIS HOMINIS
Habitat
Taxonomic Status
Pathogenicity
Laboratory Diagnosis
SECTION 3: HELMINTHOLOGY
9:
Introduction to Helminths
GENERAL CHARATRISTICS
MORPHOLOGY
Adult Form
Phylum Platyhelminths
Phylum Nematoda
Larval form
Eggs
LIFE CYCLE
10:
Cestodes
CLASSIFICATION OF CESTODES
Systemic Classification
Classification Based on the Habitat of the Cestodes
Intestinal Cestodes (Adult Worm Residing in Human Intestine)
Somatic/Tissue Cestodes (Larvae in Human Muscles/Organs)
MORPHOLOGY OF CESTODES
Adult Worm
Shape
Size
Body Structure
Female Reproductive Organs
Male Genital Organs
Nervous System
Excretory System
Circulatory System
Body Wall (or Tegument)
Eggs
Larva
Life Cycle
DIPHYLLOBOTHRIUM SPECIES
Classification
Epidemiology
Habitat
Morphology
Adult Worm
Eggs
Larva
Life Cycle (Fig. 10.7)
Development in Definitive Host (Intestine)
Development in Fresh Water
Pathogenesis and Clinical Features
Laboratory Diagnosis
Stool Examination
Blood Examination
Prevention
SPIROMETRA SPECIES
Life Cycle and Pathogenesis
Sparganosis
Epidemiology
Laboratory Diagnosis
Prevention
TAENIA SPECIES
Classification
History
Habitat
Morphology
Adult Worm
Eggs
Larva
Life Cycle of Taenia saginata (Fig. 10.13)
The Human Cycle
The Cattle Cycle
Life Cycle of Taenia solium (Fig. 10.14)
Pathogenesis and Clinical Features
Intestinal Taeniasis
Cysticercosis
Neurocysticercosis
Epidemiology
Taenia saginata Infection
Taenia solium Infection
Laboratory Diagnosis
Intestinal taeniasis
Cysticercosis
Prevention
OTHER TAENIA SPECIES
Taenia saginata asiatica (Asian Tapeworm)
Taenia multiceps (Multiceps multiceps)
Morphology
Life Cycle
Manifestations
Epidemiology
Diagnosis
ECHINOCOCCUS SPECIES
Echinococcus granulosus
History
Habitat
Morphology
Life Cycle (Fig. 10.20)
Pathogenicity
Clinical Features
Epidemiology
Laboratory Diagnosis
Prevention
Echinococcus multilocularis
Morphology
Life Cycle
Clinical Features
Laboratory Diagnosis
Treatment and Prevention
Echinococcus oligarthrus and Echinococcus vogeli
Life Cycle
Clinical features
Epidemiology
Laboratory Diagnosis
Treatment and prevention
HYMENOLEPIS NANA
Epidemiology
Morphology
Adult Worm
Egg
Larva
Life Cycle (Fig. 10.25)
Direct Cycle
Indirect Cycle
Clinical Features and Pathogenicity
Laboratory Diagnosis
Prevention
HYMENOLEPIS DIMINUTA
DIPYLIDIUM CANINUM (DOUBLE PORED TAPEWORM)
Morphology
Life Cycle
Clinical Features
Laboratary Diagnosis
Epidemiology
Prevention
11:
Trematodes or Flukes
CLASSIFICATION OF TREMATODES
Systemic Classification
Classification Based on the Habitat
Blood Trematodes (flukes)
Hepatic Trematodes (flukes)
Intestinal Trematodes (flukes)
Lung Trematodes (flukes)
GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF TREMATODES
Morphology
Life Cycle
Development in Definitive Host (Man)
Developments in First Intermediate Host (Snail)
Developments in Second Intermediate Host (Fish or Crab)
SCHISTOSOMA SPECIES
General Characteristics
Adult Worm
Eggs
Larva
Schistosomes that Parasitize Humans
SCHISTOSOMA HAEMATOBIUM
History
Habitat
Epidemiology
Morphology
Adult Form
Egg
Larva
Life Cycle (Fig. 11.3)
Development in Man
Development in Water
Development in Snail
Pathogenesis and Clinical Features
Acute Schistosomiasis
Chronic Schistosomiasis
Laboratory Diagnosis
Urine Microscopy
Histopathology
Antibody Detection
Antigen Detection
Prevention
SCHISTOSOMA MANSONI
Habitat
Epidemiology
Morphology
Life Cycle
Pathogenesis and Clinical Feature
Cercarial Dermatitis
Acute Schistosomiasis (Katayama Fever)
Chronic Schistosomiasis
Laboratory Diagnosis
Stool Microscopy
Rectal Biopsy Specimen
Antigen Detection
Antibody Detection
Prevention
SCHISTOSOMA JAPONICUM
Habitat
Epidemiology
Morphology
Life Cycle
Pathogenesis and Clinical Features
Laboratory Diagnosis and Treatment
Vaccine
SCHISTOSOMA INTERCALATUM
SCHISTOSOMA MEKONGI
FASCIOLA HEPATICA
Habitat
Epidemiology
Morphology
Adult Worm
Egg
Larva
Life Cycle (Fig. 11.9)
Development in Man or Sheep
Development in Water
Pathogenesis
Laboratory Diagnosis
Stool Microscopy
Antibody Detection
Molecular Methods
Other Methods
Prevention
FASCIOLA GIGANTICA
CLONORCHIS SINENSIS
Habitat
Epidemiology
Morphology
Adult worm
Egg
Larva
Life Cycle (Fig. 11.12)
Development in Man
Development in Snail
Development in Fish
Pathogenesis
Laboratory Diagnosis
Stool Microscopy
Serodiagnosis
Molecular Methods
Prevention
OPISTHORCHIS VIVERRINI
Epidemiology
Morphology
Adult Worm
Eggs
Larvae
Life Cycle
Pathogenicity
Cholangiocarcinoma
Liver Cancer
Other Hepatobiliary Manifestations
Laboratory Diagnosis
Stool Microscopy
OPISTHORCHIS FELINEUS
FASCIOLOPSIS BUSKI
Habitat
Epidemiology
Morphology
Adult Worm
Eggs
Larvae
Life Cycle (Fig. 11.16)
Development in Man/Pigs
Development in Water
Pathogenesis
Laboratory Diagnosis
OTHER LESS COMMON INTESTINAL TREMATODES
Gastrodiscoides hominis
Watsonius watsoni
Heterophyes heterophyes
Metagonimus yokogawai
Echinostoma ilocanum
PARAGONIMUS WESTERMANI
Epidemiology
Habitat
Morphology
Adult Worm
Eggs
Larvae
Life Cycle (Fig. 11.21)
Development in Man
Development in Water
Pathogenesis
Pulmonary Paragonimiasis
Extrapulmonary Paragonimiasis
Laboratory Diagnosis
Sputum Microscopy
Serological Tests
Other Tests
Prevention
12:
Nematodes—I (Intestinal Nematodes)
GENERAL PROPERTIES OF NEMATODES
CLASSIFICATION
Systemic Classification
Classification based on habitat
Classification based on they Lay Egg or Larva
Oviparous
Viviparous
Ovoviviparous
GENERAL DESCRIPTION
Adult Worm
Life Cycle
TRICHURIS TRICHIURA
Habitat
Epidemiology
Morphology
Adult Worm
Egg
Life Cycle (Fig. 12.3)
Egg-Larva-Adult Transformation
Adults Laying Unembryonated Egg
Embryonation
Pathogenicity and Clinical Feature
Laboratoy diagnosis
Stool Examination
Other Findings
ENTEROBIUS VERMICULARIS
Habitat
Epidemiology
Morphology
Adult Worm
Eggs
Life Cycle (Fig. 12.6)
Development in Man
Pathogenicity and Clinical Features
Laboratory diagnosis
Cellophane Tape Method
NIH Swab Method
Prevention
HOOKWORM
Classification
History
Epidemiology
World
India
Endemic Index
Morphology
Adult Worm (A. duodenale)
Egg
Larva
Life Cycle (Fig. 12.11)
Migratory Phase
Intestinal Phase
Development in Soil
Pathogenicity
Clinical Features
Affect Due to Migrating Larva
Affect due to Adultworm in Intestine
Laboratory Diagnosis
Stool Microscopy
Stool Culture
Other Findings
Prevention
STRONGYLOIDES STERCORALIS
History
Classification
Epidemiology
Habitat
Morphology
Adult Worm
Eggs
Larva
Life Cycle (Fig 12.13)
Migratory Phase
Intestinal Phase
Development in Environment
Pathogenesis and Clinical Feature
Affect Due to Migrating Larva
Affect Due to Worm and Filariform Larva
Laboratory Diagnosis
Microscopy
Stool Culture
Serology
Molecular Diagnosis
Prevention
STRONGYLOIDES FUELLEBORNI
ASCARIS LUMBRICOIDES
Epidemiology
Morphology
Adult Worm
Egg
Larva
Life Cycle (Fig. 12.16)
Migratory Phase
Intestinal Phase
Development in Soil
Pathogenesis and Clinical Feature
Affect Due to Migrating Larva
Affect Due to Adult Worm
Laboratory Diagnosis
Detection of the parasite
Serology
Other Methods
Prevention
ASCARIS SUUM
13:
Nematodes—II (Nematodes of Lower Animals that Rarely Infect Man)
CLASSIFICATION
GENERAL PROPERTIES
Cutaneous Larva Migrans
Etiology
Arrested Life Cycle and Pathogenesis
Laboratory Diagnosis
Visceral Larva Migrans
TOXOCARIASIS
Epidemiology
Risk Factor
Morphology
Life cycle (arrested) and pathogenesis
Development in Human/Felines
Clinical features
Laboratory Diagnosis
ANGIOSTRONGYLUS SPECIES
Eosinophilic Meningitis
Agent
Epidemiology
Life Cycle
Clinical Features
Laboratory Diagnosis
Abdominal Angiostrongyliasis
BAYLISASCARIS PROCYONIS
LAGOCHILASCARIS MINOR
ANISAKIASIS
GNATHOSTOMA SPECIES
Epidemiology
Morphology
Life Cycle
Development in Man
Development in Cats and Dogs
Development in Intermediate Hosts
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
CAPILLARIA SPECIES
Capillaria philippinensis
Epidemiology
Morphology
Life Cycle
Pathogenesis and Clinical Features
Laboratory Diagnosis
Capillaria hepatica
Capillaria aerophila
TRICHOSTRONGYLUS species (PSEUDO HOOKWORM)
Epidemiology
Life Cycle
Development in Herbivorous Animals/Man
Clinical Features
Laboratory Diagnosis
Stool examination
Stool Culture (Harada Mori Technique)
DIOCTOPHYME RENALE
OESOPHAGOSTOMUM SPECIES
TERNIDENS DEMINUTUS
MAMMOMONOGAMUS LARYNGEUS
THELAZIA SPECIES
14:
Nematodes—III (Somatic Nematodes)
CLASSIFICATION
GENERAL PROPERTIES
CLASSIFICATION
WUCHERERIA BANCROFTI
History
Epidemiology
World
India
Morphology
Adult worm
Larva
Microfilaria
Cultivation
Life Cycle
Human Cycle
Mosquito Cycle
Pathogenesis and Pathology
Host Immune Response
In Early Infection (Amicrofilaremic Individuals)
Microfilaraemic Individuals (Asymptomatic and Acute Stage)
In Chronic Filariasis
Clinical Features
Lymphatic Filariasis
Occult Filariasis or Tropical Pulmonary Eosinophilia (TPE)
Immunocomplexes Mediated Manifestations
Laboratory Diagnosis
Microscopy (To Detect Microfilariae)
Antigen Detection
Antibody Detection
Imaging Methods
Molecular Methods
Xenodiagnosis
Other Methods
Prevention
Mass Chemoprophylaxis
Vector Control
Filariasis Control Programme
BRUGIA MALAYI
History
Epidemiology
Morphology
Life Cycle
Clinical Features
Laboratory Diagnosis
Treatment
Prevention
BRUGIA TIMORI
LOA LOA
History
Epidemiology
Morphology
Life Cycle
Pathogenesis and clinical Feature
Calabar Swellings
Ocular Manifestations
Complications
Laboratory Diagnosis
Microscopy
Molecular Methods
Antibody Detection
Other Methods
ONCHOCERCA VOLVULUS
History
Epidemiology
Morphology
Adult Worm
Microfilaria
Life cycle
Clinical Features
Skin (Dermatitis)
Onchocercoma (Subcutaneous Nodules)
Ocular Involvement
Lymph Nodes
Host Immune Response
Laboratory Diagnosis
Detection of the Microfilariae
Detection of the Adult Worm
Serology
Molecular Methods
Other Methods
Mazzotti Skin Test (DEC Patch Test)
Prevention
MANSONELLA SPECIES
MANSONELLA PERSTANS
MANSONELLA STREPTOCERCA
MANSONELLA OZZARDI
DIROFILARIA SPECIES
DRACUNCULUS MEDINENSIS
Epidemiology
Life Cycle (Fig. 14.10)
Development in Man
Development in Cyclops
Pathogenesis and Clinical Feature
Laboratory Diagnosis
Reasons For Eradiction of guinea worm Disease from India
TRICHINELLA SPIRALIS
History
Classification
Epidemiology
In India
Morphology
Adult Worm
Larva
Life Cycle (Fig. 14.13)
Intestinal Phase
Migration Phase
Pathogenicity and Clinical feature
Enteric Stage
Stage of Larval Migration (Parenteral Stage)
Stage of Muscle Encystment
Laboratory diagnosis
Demonstration of Larvae
Serology
Bachman Intradermal Test
Animal inoculation
Other Tests
SECTION 4: MISCELLANEOUS
15:
Laboratory Diagnosis of Parasitic Diseases
INTRODUCTION
MORPHOLOGICAL IDENTIFICATION TECHNIQUES
Examination of Feces
Specimen Collection
Macroscopic Examination
Microscopic Examination
Concentration Techniques
Sedimentation techniques
Flotation techniques
Preservation of Fecal Specimen
Egg Counting (Egg quantification) Methods
Examination of Blood
Direct Wet Mount Examination
Examination of Blood Smears After Permanent Staining
Quantitative Buffy Coat (QBC)
Concentration of blood
Examination of Skin Tissue
Skin Snips
Skin Biopsy
Examination of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
Examination of Aspirates from Lymph Node, Spleen, Liver and Bone Marrow
Direct Microscopy
Biopsy
Examination of Sputum
Examination of Urogenital Specimen
CULTURE TECHNIQUES IN PARASITOLOGY
Culture Methods for Protozoa
Uses of Culture Media
Culture Media Used for Entamoeba histolytica
Culture Media Used for Free-Living Amoebae
Culture Media Used for Giardia lamblia
Culture Media Used for Trichomonas vaginalis
Culture Media Used for Leishmania and Trypanosoma
Culture Techniques Used for Malaria Parasites
Culture Techniques used for Larval-Stage Nematode
Harada-Mori Filter Paper strip Culture (Fig. 15.4A)
Petri Dish/ Slant Culture Method (Little et al.) (Fig. 15.4B)
Charcoal Culture
Baermann Technique (Fig. 15.4C)
Agar Plate Culture for Strongyloides Stercoralis
IMMUNODIAGNOSTIC METHODS
Antibody Detection Tests
Antigen Detection Tests
MOLECULAR METHODS
DNA Probe
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
INTRADERMAL SKIN TESTS
XENODIAGNOSTIC TECHNIQUES
Principle
Xenodiagnosis in Chagas’ Disease
Procedure
ANIMAL INOCULATION METHODS
IMAGING TECHNIQUES
16:
Medical Entomology
MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY
VECTOR
CLASS INSECTA
Mosquitoes
Identification features
Flies
Housefly (Fig. 16.4)
Sandfly (Fig. 16.5)
Tsetse Fly (Fig. 16.6)
Flea
Rat Flea (Fig. 16.7)
Louse (Fig. 16.8)
CLASS ARACHNIDA
Mites
Trombiculid Mite (Fig. 16.9)
Itch Mite/Sarcoptes scabei (Fig. 16.10)
Ticks
Hard Tick (Ixodid Tick) (Fig. 16.11)
Soft Tick (Argasid Tick) (Fig. 16.12)
CLASS CRUSTACEA
Cyclops (Fig. 16.13)
Identification Features
Diseases Transmitted
CONTROL OF ARTHROPODS
Physical Control Methods
Biological Control Methods
Chemical Control
Appendeces
CLINICAL SYNDROMES IN PARASITOLOGY
Symptomatology
COMMON TROPICAL PARASITIC DISEASES
OPPORTUNISTIC PARASITIC DISEASES
ROMANOWSKY STAINS, COMPOSITION AND STAINING PROCEDURES
Geimsa Stain
Composition
Staining Procedure
Jaswant-Singh-Bhattacharya (JSB)Stain
Composition of JSB stain
Staining procedure
Field’Stain
Composition of the Field’ Stain
Staining Method
Leishman’ Stain
Composition
Staining Procedure
Wright’ Stain
Composition
Staining Procedure (For Thin and Thick Smear)
LABORATORY-ACQUIRED PARASITIC INFECTIONS
Protozoan Parasites to which Laboratory Workers could be Exposed
Helminthic Parasites to which Laboratory Workers could be Exposed
Factors that affect whether Infection and Disease Result from Accidental Exposures to Parasites
Measures taken Following Exposure
BIOMEDICAL WASTE MANAGEMENT IN PARASITOGY
Biomedical Waste Management Requires
Parasites that can be Present in Hospital Generated Biomedical Waste
MORPHOLOGICAL FORMS OF PARASITES IN THE FECAL SAMPLE
Salient features of Common Trophozoites, Cysts and Eggs of Parasites
INDEX
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