Index

Concise Book of Medical Laboratory Technology: Methods & Interpretations Ramnik Sood

CHAPTER 1: Laboratory
- INTRODUCTION
- LABORATORY SET-UP
- CODE OF CONDUCT FOR MEDICAL LABORATORY PERSONNEL
- ACCIDENTS
- ACCIDENTS IN THE LABORATORY
  - First Aid in Laboratory Accidents
  - Precautionary Measures
- UNIVERSAL WORK PRECAUTIONS (UWP) FOR LABORATORY PERSONNEL (ESPECIALLY IN RELATION TO HIV TRANSMISSION)
- MEDICOLEGAL ASPECTS OF CLINICAL PRACTICE
- LABORATORY INSTRUMENTS
CHAPTER 2: Sterilization
- METHODS COMMONLY USED FOR STERILIZATION
- MODERN DAY DISINFECTION
CHAPTER 3: SI Units
- LITER
- GRAM
- MOLE (MOL)
- INTERNATIONAL UNIT (U)
- CONVERSION FACTORS BETWEEN CONVENTIONAL AND SYSTEM INTERNATIONAL UNITS (SIU)
CHAPTER 4: Fundamental Chemistry
- INDICATORS
- SOLUTES, SOLVENTS AND SOLUTIONS
- PERIODIC TABLE OF ELEMENTS
  - Abbreviations and Definition
CHAPTER 5: Urine Analysis
- COMPOSITION OF URINE
  - Preservation of Specimen
- GROSS EXAMINATION OF URINE
- CHEMICAL EXAMINATION OF URINE
- MULTIPLE® REAGENT STRIPS FOR URINALYSIS
- AUTOMATION IN URINALYSIS
- SPECIAL URINE TESTS
- MICROSCOPY OF THE URINARY SEDIMENT
CHAPTER 6: Renal Function and its Evaluation
- RENAL PHYSIOLOGY IN BRIEF
- FUNCTIONS OF THE KIDNEY
  - Urinalysis
  - Impaired Renal Function and Blood Chemistry
- CONCENTRATION: DILUTION TESTS
  - Principle
- PHENOL RED TEST
  - Principle
  - Phenol Red Test for Residual Urine
    - Interpretation
- CLEARANCE TESTS
  - Creatinine Clearance
- PRINCIPLES OF PRECISE TESTS OF RENAL FUNCTION (TABLE 6.1)
- MAXIMAL TUBULAR CAPACITY (TM)
  - Cystatin C
CHAPTER 7: Stool Examination
- SPECIMEN COLLECTION
  - Be Careful
  - Interfering Factors
    - Normal Values in Stool Analysis
- INSPECTION OF FECES
CHAPTER 8: Medical Parasitology
- MEDICAL PARASITES
  - Importance of Morphologic Identification
- INTESTINAL PROTOZOA OF MAN
- LABORATORY EXAMINATION FOR PARASITES
CHAPTER 9: Clinical Hematology
- WAYS OF OBTAINING BLOOD
  - Capillary or Peripheral Blood
  - Venous Blood (Venipuncture)
  - Complications
- ANTICOAGULANTS
  - EDTA
  - Oxalates
    - Making Double Oxalate Bulbs
  - Trisodium Citrate
  - Heparin
  - Special Anticoagulants
  - Anticoagulated Blood Storage and Blood Cell Morphology
    - Peripheral Smears
    - EDTA Blood
  - Diagnostic Alerts
- BLOOD COLLECTION SYSTEM
  - BD Vacutainer® Order of Draw for Multiple Tube Collections
    - Designed for Your Safety
- HEMOGLOBIN
  - Hemoglobin Estimation: Sahli’s Method: (Sahli’s Hemoglobinometer) (Fig. 9.4)
  - Cyanmethemoglobin Method
    - Drabkin’s Reagent
  - Sheard-Sanford Oxyhemoglobin Method
  - Other Methods
  - Sodium Lauryl Sulfate Method
    - Normal Hemoglobin Values
- ANEMIA
  - Causes of Anemia
  - Polycythemia
    - Causes
- HEMATOCRIT/PACKED CELL VOLUME (PCV)
  - Definition
  - Methods
    - Wintrobe’s Tube
    - Microhematocrit
  - Interpretation
- BLOOD CELL COUNTS
  - White Blood Cell (WBC)
    - Counting Chamber
  - Red Blood Cell (RBC)
  - Platelets
- ERYTHROCYTE INDICES
  - The Mean Cell Volume (MCV)
  - The Mean Cell Hemoglobin (MCH)
  - The Mean Cell Hemoglobin Concentration (MCHC)
- COMPLETE BLOOD COUNT (CBC)
  - Normal values Complete Blood Count (CBC)
- ERYTHROCYTE SEDIMENTATION RATE (ESR)
  - Methods
  - Zeta Sedimentation Rate (zsr)
  - Sources of Error for any Esr Method
  - Interpretation of ESR
    - Rapid ESR is Found in
    - Slow ESR is Usually Seen in
  - Factors that Play a Role in ESR
  - Interfering Factors
- BLOOD FILM EXAMINATION
  - Preparation of a Thin Blood Film
  - Making of Spreaders (Fig. 9.10)
  - Making Thick Smears
  - Fixing of Blood Films
  - Staining of Blood Films
- RAPID DIAGNOSTICS
  - Automation in Hematology
    - Coulter Principle
  - The Basics of Hematology Analyzers in a Nutshell
  - Coulter Maxm and Maxm al Hematology Flow Cytometry Systems (Fig. 9.12)
    - Instrument Specifications
- DEVELOPMENT OF BLOOD CELLS AND SITES OF BLOOD FORMATION
  - Normal Sites
  - Abnormal Sites
  - Development of Blood Cells (Flow chart 9.1)
  - Examination of a Blood Film
    - Method
    - Always Note
  - Bone Marrow Examination
- MORPHOLOGICAL TYPES OFRED BLOOD CELLS (FIG. 9.17)
  - RBC Morphology
    - Normal Values
    - Usage
  - Reticulocyte Count
  - Red Cell Fragility Test
- QUALITATIVE ASSESSMENT OF G6PD DEFICIENCY
  - Methemoglobin Reduction Test
  - Commercially Available Kit for G6PD Assessment (Qualitative)
  - Quantitative Estimation of G6PD
- EXAMINATION OF FETAL HEMOGLOBIN 
  - Qualitative Method
    - Interpretation
  - Quantitative Method
  - Tests for Sickling
    - Methods
  - Commercially Available Kit
- LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS OF DISORDERS RELATED TO RBCS
  - Laboratory Diagnosis of Iron Deficiency Anemia
  - Laboratory Diagnosis ofMegaloblastic Macrocytic Anemias
    - Peripheral Blood Findings in Vitamin B12 or Folic Acid Deficiency
    - Bone Marrow
  - Special Tests for Diagnosing Vitamin B12 Deficiency
  - Laboratory Diagnosis of Hemolytic Anemias
    - Causes and Classification of Hemolytic Anemias
  - Laboratory Diagnosis of Hereditary Spherocytosis
  - Laboratory Diagnosis of Hereditary Elliptocytosis
  - Laboratory Diagnosis of EnzymeDeficiency Related Anemias
    - G6PD Deficiency
  - Laboratory Diagnosis of Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia (Aiha)
    - Laboratory Diagnosis of Warm Antibody AIHA
    - Laboratory Diagnosis of Cold Antibody AIHA
  - Laboratory Diagnosis of ParoxysmalNocturnal Hemoglobinuria
    - Blood Picture
  - Laboratory Diagnosis of Lead Poisoning
  - Laboratory Diagnosis of Hemoglobin Structure and Synthesis Disorders
  - Special Tests
  - Laboratory Diagnosis of Sickle Cells Trait
  - Laboratory Diagnosis of Sickle Cell Anemia
    - Blood Picture
  - Laboratory Diagnosis of Unstable Hemoglobinopathy
    - Blood Picture
    - Special Tests
- THALASSEMIAS (REDUCED SYNTHESIS RATE)
  - In β Thalassemia
  - In β Thalassemia
  - Laboratory Diagnosis of β Thalassemia Minor
    - Blood Picture
    - Peripheral Smear
  - Laboratory Diagnosis of β Thalassemia Major
  - Laboratory Diagnosis of HbH Disease
  - Hb Bart’s—Hydrops Fetalis
    - Blood Picture
  - Laboratory Diagnosis of Aplastic Anemia
    - Blood Picture
    - Classification and Causes of Aplastic Anemia
  - Pancytopenia
    - Blood Picture
    - Causes
- NORMAL WHITE CELL VALUES AND PHYSIOLOGICAL VARIATIONS
  - Pathological Variations in White Cell Counts
  - Morphologic forms of Lymphocytes
    - Virocyte
    - Transformed Lymphocytes
  - Arneth Count
    - Arneth Index
  - Neutropenia and Agranulocytosis
  - Lymphopenia
  - Eosinopenia
  - Basophilopenia
  - Leukemoid Reactions
  - Bone Marrow Plasmacytosis
- WHITE BLOOD CELLS
  - Neutropenia and Agranulocytosis
  - Laboratory Diagnosis Of Infectious Mononucleosis
    - Blood Picture
    - Paul Bunnel Test for Heterophile Antibody
  - Lupus Erythematosus (Le) Cell/Phenomenon
    - Method
  - Classification of Acute Myelomonocytic Leukemias
    - FAB Classification
  - Laboratory Diagnosis of Leukemias
  - Acute Leukemias: Laboratory Diagnosis
    - Routine Hematologic Investigations
    - Differentiation of ALL from AML
  - Chronic Myeloid Leukemia
    - Laboratory Investigations
  - Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (Cll)
    - Laboratory Findings
  - Paraproteinemias
    - Causes
  - Multiple Myeloma
    - Laboratory Diagnosis
    - Other Laboratory Findings
  - Polycythemia Vera
    - Laboratory Diagnosis
  - Myelosclerosis
    - Laboratory Diagnosis
  - Hodgkin’s Disease
    - Laboratory Findings in Hodgkin’s Disease
    - Later in Disease
- QUALITY CONTROL IN HEMATOLOGY
  - Internal Quality Control
  - External Quality Assessment
  - Standardization
  - Proficiency Surveillance
CHAPTER 10: Clinical Hematology: Bleeding Disorders
- PLATELETS, COAGULATION AND BLEEDING DISORDERS: LABORATORY INVESTIGATIONS
  - Platelet Count—Dealt in Depth Elsewhere
  - Capillary Fragility Test of Hess (Rumpel-Leede Sign, Tourniquet Test)
- LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS OF PLATELET DISORDERS
- QUALITY ASSURANCE FOR ROUTINE HEMOSTASIS LABORATORY
- BUFFERED 3.2% CITRATE SOLUTION (PROFACT)
- PROTHROMBIN TIME (QUICK ONE-STAGE METHOD) LIQUIPLASTIN®
  - Thromboplastin Reagent for Prothrombin Time (PT) Determination
- SENSITIVE THROMBOPLASTIN REAGENT FOR PROTHROMBIN TIME (PT) DETERMINATION (ISI=1.0) UNIPLASTIN®
- THROMBOPLASTIN REAGENT FOR PROTHROMBIN TIME (PT) DETERMINATION, LYOPLASTIN® (LYOPHILIZED REAGENT, ISI=1.0)
- APTT/PTTK CEPHALOPLASTIN REAGENT FOR PARTIAL THROMBOPLASTIN TIME (APTT) DETERMINATION USING ELLAGIC ACID AS ACTIVATOR LIQUICELIN-E®
- NORMAL AND ABNORMAL CONTROL PLASMAS FOR COAGULATION ASSAYS PLASMATROL H-I/II®
- FIBROSCREEN THROMBIN TIME TEST FOR QUALITATIVE ESTIMATION OF FIBRINOGEN FIBROSCREEN®
- FIBRINOGEN ESTIMATION-QUANTITATIVE FIBROQUANT, REAGENT FOR QUANTITATIVE ESTIMATION OF FIBRINOGEN
- FIBRINOLYTIC ACTIVITY
- FDPS A QUALITATIVE AND SEMIQUANTITATIVE LATEX SLIDE TEST FOR DETECTING CROSS LINKED FIBRIN DEGRADATION PRODUCTS IN HUMAN PLASMA X-L FDP
- LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS OF COAGULATION DISORDERS
  - Laboratory Diagnosis of Hemophilia
- AUTOMATION IN COAGULATION ANALYSIS
- TROUBLESHOOTING
  - General Instructions for Coagulation Test
- PROTHROMBIN TIME
  - Uniplastin®/Liquiplastin®/Lyoplastin®
    - Problem: Prolonged Clotting Time
- DPTT/PTTK
  - Liquicelin-E®
    - Problem: Prolonged Clotting Time
- FIBRINOGEN ESTIMATION
  - Fibroscreen®/Fibroquant®
    - Problem: Prolonged Clotting Time
    - Problem: Shortened Clotting Time
  - Fibrinogen Degradation Products (D-Dimer) Estimation XL-FDP®
CHAPTER 11: Blood Banking (Immunohematology)
- BLOOD GROUP ANTIBODIES
  - Naturally Occurring Antibodies
  - Genetics of ABO System (Table 11.1)
  - Biochemistry
  - Subgroups of A and AB
  - ABO Testing Procedures
- Anti-A, Anti-B, Anti-ABBlood Grouping Antisera for Slide and Tube Tests
- Anti-A, Anti-B, Anti-ABMonoclonal Blood Grouping Antibodies for Slide and Tube Tests
- ANTI-A1 LECTIN Dolichos Biflorus Lectin for Slide and Tube Tests
- Anti-H Lectin Ulex Europaeus Lectin for Slide and Tube Tests
- Physiological saline Solution forSerological Applications (Sodium Chloride 0.9% w/v)
- BOVINE SERUM ALBUMIN 22% SOLUTION FOR SEROLOGICAL APPLICATIONS
- Concentrated Iso-osmoticPhosphate Buffered saline forSerological Applications
  - Media for Collection and Preservation of Reagent Red Cells
    - Precautions
- RED CELL PRESERVING SOLUTION FOR SEROLOGICAL APPLICATIONS
- ABO GROUPING
  - Slide ABO Grouping Test
  - Six-tube Method (Fig. 11.3)
    - Interpretation
- RH BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM
  - Rh(D) Grouping Procedures
- ANTI-D (RHO)HUMAN (IGG) POLYCLONAL BLOOD TYPING ANTIBODIES FOR SLIDE AND MODIFIED TUBE TESTS
- ANTI-D (Rho) (IgM) Monoclonal Blood Typing Antibodies for Slide and Tube Tests
- Anti-D (Rho) (IgG)Monoclonal Blood TypingAntibodies for Slide and Modified Tube Tests
- Anti-D (Rho) (IgM + IgG)Monoclonal Blood Typing Antibodies for Slide and Tube Tests
  - Blood Group Testing in Microplates
    - Procedure
  - Direct Anti-human Globulin Test (DAT)
  - Major Applications of DAT in Blood Group Serology
  - Indirect Anti-human Globulin Test (IAT)
    - Applications of IAT
    - Probable Sources of Error in Anti-human Globulin Testing
  - Coomb’s Control Cells/Complement Coated Cells
    - Indirect Anti-human Globulin Test for the Detection of Red Blood Cell Antibodies
  - Antibody Titration Studies
  - Elution Techniques
  - Chequerboard Titration for Quality Control ofAnti-IgG Potency in Polyspecific AHG Reagent andEvaluation of Complement Potency withComplement-coated Cells
    - Reagents and Materials Required for Chequerboard Titration
    - Reagent Preparation Procedure
  - Dilutions of Anti-D (IgG) Reagent
- ANTI-HUMAN IgG MONOSPECIFICCOOMB’S REAGENT FOR DIRECT ANDINDIRECT ANTIGLOBULIN TEST
- ANTIHUMAN GLOBULIN REAGENT FOR DIRECT AND INDIRECT ANTIGLOBULIN TESTS
- PREPARING COOMB’S CONTROL CELLS AGTROL®
- Low Ionic Salt Solution for Serological Applications
- STABILIZED, ACTIVATED PAPAIN ENZYMESOLUTION FOR SEROLOGICAL APPLICATIONS
- BLOOD TRANSFUSION
  - Blood Donors
    - Donor Screening
    - Drawing of Blood
  - ADVERSE DONOR REACTIONS
  - Compatibility Testing
  - Choice of Material for Transfusion
  - Blood and its Products
  - Blood Transfusion Complications
    - Complications Appearing Early
    - Complications Appearing Late
  - Investigations in a Case of Transfusion Reaction
    - Proceed as Mentioned Below
    - Interpretation of Results
  - Laboratory Diagnosis of Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn
- TROUBLE SHOOTING
  - General Instructions for Blood Grouping
  - ABO Grouping
    - Problem: False positive results
  - Rh Typing
    - Problem: False positive results
  - General Instructions forAnti-human Globulin (Coombs Reagent)
    - Sources of Error in Antiglobulin Testing—Coombs Cells
  - Anti-human Globulin (AHG or Coombs Reagent)
    - Problem: False positive results
    - Problem: False Negative Results
  - Anti-A1 Lectin
    - Problem: False positive results
  - Anti-H Lectin
    - Problem: False positive results
CHAPTER 12: Cerebrospinal andOther Body Fluids
- CEREBROSPINAL FLUID
- SYNOVIAL FLUID (SF)
  - Clinical Indications for Aspiration
  - Viscosity
- PLEURAL FLUID
- PERICARDIAL FLUID (PF)
- PERITONEAL FLUID
- AMNIOCENTESIS AND AMNIOTIC FLUIDANALYSIS, DIAGNOSTIC
  - Normal Value
CHAPTER 13: Semen Analysis
- INTRODUCTION
- SEMEN ANALYSIS
CHAPTER 14: Sputum Examination
- SPUTUM
  - Specimen Collection
  - Sputum Examination
    - Macroscopic Examination
    - Microscopic Examination
- COMMON RESPIRATORY DISORDERS
CHAPTER 15: Pregnancy Tests
- BIOASSAYS
- IMMUNOLOGIC METHODS
  - Immunologic Tests for Pregnancy
- SLIDE TEST FOR PREGNANCY
  - Latex Agglutination Inhibition Method
- SLIDE TEST FOR PREGNANCY
  - Direct Latex Agglutination Method
- ELISA PREGNANCY TEST
  - Introduction
  - Principle
- DIPSTICK ICT PREGNANCY TEST
- DEVICE ICT PREGNANCY TEST
- DIPSTICK ICT, URINE/SERUM PREGNANCY TEST
- DEVICE ICT URINE/SERUM PREGNANCY TEST
- TROUBLESHOOTING
- RAPID FORMATS
  - Device/Dipstick
    - Clue
    - Gravicheck®
CHAPTER 16: Examination of Gastrointestinal Contents
- NORMAL SALIVA—CONSTITUENTS
  - Constituents
- GASTRIC JUICE
- EXAMINATION OF DUODENAL CONTENTS
  - Duodenal Drainage
- COMPOSITION OF BILE
  - Gross and Chemical Characteristics
- PANCREATIC FUNCTION TESTS
- SWEAT ELECTROLYTES PILOCARPINE IONTOPHORESIS
  - Diagnostic Application of Sweat Testing
CHAPTER 17: Diabetes Mellitus: Laboratory Diagnosis
- DIABETES MELLITUS
- GLYCOSYLATED HEMOGLOBIN KIT (ION EXCHANGE RESIN METHOD) FOR THE QUANTITATIVE DETERMINATION OF GLYCOHEMOGLOBIN IN BLOOD (FOR IN VITRO DIAGNOSTIC USE ONLY)
- RAPID DIAGNOSTICS
  - Accu-Chek®
  - DCA 2000 Plus Analyzer (Figs 17.11A and B)
CHAPTER 18: Liver Function Tests
- TESTS OF EXCRETION BY THE LIVER
  - Bile Pigment
- EVALUATION OF SYNTHESIS IN LIVER
- EVALUATION OF ENZYME ACTIVITY
  - Serum Transaminases
  - Serum Alkaline Phosphatase
- SUGGESTED LIVER FUNCTION TESTS
  - Liver Battery (Profile), Serum
CHAPTER 19: Clinical Chemistry
- COLORIMETRY
  - Beer’s Law
  - Lambert’s Law
  - Calculation of Absorbance (A)
  - Amount Transmission (%T)
  - Optical Density (OD)
- PHOTOMETER
  - Light Source
  - Wavelength Selectors
  - Cuvettes and flow-through cells
  - Photoelectric cell
  - Galvanometer
    - Requirements of Colorimetric Analysis
  - Sources of Error in Photometry
  - Inherent Properties of the Solution
- CLINICAL CHEMISTRY
  - Specimen Collection and Processing
  - Proper Specimen Collection
    - Specimen Collection Chemistry (plain tube)
    - Chemistry (Heparin)
    - Chemistry
    - Hematology (EDTA)
    - Hematology (EDTA)
    - Hematology (plain tube)
    - Hematology (Sodium citrate)
    - Blood bank (plain tube)
    - Serology (plain tube)
  - Processing
  - Centrifuge
  - Difficulties
  - Blood Collection, Precautions and Errors
    - Clinical Chemistry and Drug Interference (See Appendix II)
    - Pharmacologic Interference
    - Chemical Interference
  - Control Sera
  - Normal Values Differ with Different Kits and Manufactures. Always Consult the Product Insert for Exact Method for a Particular Kit, Follow the Manufacturer’s Instructions Strictly
  - Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN)
    - Normal Values
  - Urea (DAM Method)
    - Summary
    - Principle
    - Normal Reference Values
    - Storage/Stability
    - Reagent Preparation
    - Sample Material
    - Procedure
    - Calculations
    - Linearity
    - System Parameters
  - Urea (Mod Berthelot Method)
    - Summary
    - Principle
    - Normal Reference Values
    - Storage/Stability
    - Reagent Preparation
    - Sample Material
    - Procedure
    - Calculations
    - Linearity
    - System Parameters
  - Urea (GLDH Kinetic Method)
    - Summary
    - Principle
    - Normal Reference Values
    - Reagent Preparation
    - Sample Material
    - Procedure
    - Substrate Start Assay
    - Sample Start Assay
    - Calculations
    - Linearity
    - System Parameters
  - Normal Values (general reference)
  - Clinical Relevance
    - Common Causes of Increased BUN or Uremia
    - Decreased BUN is associated with
    - Interfering Factors
    - Comments
  - Plasma or Serum Creatinine
    - Normal Values
  - Creatinine (Alkaline Picrate Method)
    - Summary
    - Principle
    - Reference Values
    - Storage/stability
    - Reagent Preparation
    - Sample Material
    - Procedure
    - Deproteinization of specimen
    - Color Development
    - Calculations
    - Linearity
    - System Parameters
  - Creatinine (Mod Jaffa’s Kinetic Method)
    - Summary
    - Principle
    - Reference Values
    - Storage/stability
    - Reagent Preparation
  - Sample Material
    - Serum or Urine
    - Procedure
    - Calculations
    - Linearity
    - System Parameters
  - Clinical Relevance
    - Causes of Raised Serum Creatinine Levels
    - Decreased Creatinine levels occur in
    - Interfering Factors
  - Serum Bilirubin
    - Normal values
  - Bilirubin (Mod Jendrassik and Grof’s Method)
    - Summary
    - Principle
    - Normal Reference Values
    - Storage/Stability
    - Reagent Preparation
    - Sample Material
    - Procedure
    - Direct Bilirubin Assay
    - Calculations
    - Linearity
    - System Parameters
  - Causes of Hyperbilirubinemia
    - Unconjugated (Indirect) Hyperbilirubinemia
    - Conjugated (Direct) Hyperbilirubinemia
    - Interfering Factors
    - Comments
  - Icterus Index
    - Reagents
    - Method
    - Calibration Curve
- TOTAL PROTEINS
  - Biuret Method
- SERUM ALBUMIN
  - Determination of Serum Albumin (BCG Method)
  - Normal Values
- SERUM CHOLESTEROL
  - Cholesterol (CHOD/PAP Method)
- HDL CHOLESTEROL
  - PEG/CHOD-PAP Method
  - Risk Factor
  - HDL Cholesterol ppt Set (PEG Precipitation Method)
  - Patient Aftercare
  - Cholesterol: LDL and VLDL
    - Normal Values
  - LDL-Cholesterol Fully Enzymatic, Colorimetric Test
  - Triglycerides (GPO/PAP Method)
  - Classification of Triglyceride Levels
  - Clinical Implications
- BLOOD GLUCOSE
  - Glucose (GOD/POD Method)
  - Body Fluid, Glucose
    - Normal Values
    - Clinical Relevance
- URIC ACID
  - Uricase/PAP Method
  - Normal Values
  - Clinical Relevance
    - Factors Affecting Serum Uric Acid levels
- CALCIUM
  - OCPC Method
  - Calcium (Arsenazo III method)
  - Normal Values
- PHOSPHORUS
  - Molybdate UV Method
  - Procedure
  - Phosphorus Mod Gomorri’s Method
    - Summary
    - Principle
  - Normal Reference Values
  - Clinical Relevance
- CHLORIDE
  - Thiocyanate Method
- SERUM IRON AND TIBC
  - Ferrozine Method
- TRACE ELEMENTS
- ZINC
- ZINC (COLORIMETRIC METHOD)
  - Summary
  - Principle
  - Normal Reference Values
  - Normal Values
- COPPER
  - Colorimetric Method
  - Clinical Relevance
  - Copper Urine
- MAGNESIUM
  - Calmagite Method
  - Normal Values
  - Clinical Relevance
  - Magnesium in Urine
    - Values are increased in
    - Values are Decreased in
- AUTOMATION IN CLINICAL CHEMISTRY
  - Instrumentation
  - Present Status
  - Benefits of a Semi-automatic Analyzer
  - Which Lab Needs Automation?
  - Selection of A Model
  - Analyzer Classification
  - Clin Check Plus
  - Screenmaster 3000
    - Features
    - Technical Features of Screenmaster 3000
  - Maplab Plus
    - Features
    - Technical Features of Maplab Plus
  - Fully
- PRINCIPLES OF QUALITY ASSURANCE AND STANDARDS FOR CLINICAL CHEMISTRY
  - Preanalytical Factors Important in Clinical Chemistry
  - Analytical Factors Important in Clinical Chemistry
  - Postanalytical Factors Important in Clinical Chemistry
CHAPTER 20: Enzymology
- ALPHA-AMYLASE
  - Serum and Urine—α Amylase (Direct Substrate Method)
- LIPASE
- PHOSPHATASES
- TRANSAMINASES
- GAMMA-GLUTAMYL TRANSPEPTIDASE (GGTP) BLOOD
- LACTIC DEHYDROGENASE
- AUTOMATION IN CLINICAL CHEMISTRY: RANDOM ACCESS AUTOANALYZER
CHAPTER 21: Blood Gases and Electrolytes
- BLOOD GASES
- AUTOMATION IN BLOOD GAS ANALYSIS
- AVL COMPACT 2 BLOOD GAS ANALYZER (FIG. 21.1)
  - AVL Compact 2 Blood Gas Analyzer
- ELECTROLYTE ANALYSIS BY FLAMEPHOTOMETER
  - Flame Photometer 129
- RAPID DIAGNOSTICS IN ELECTROLYTE ANALYSIS
  - Bayer 614 Na+ K+ Electrolyte Analyzer (Fig. 21.5)
    - Ranges
CHAPTER 22: Serology/Immunology
- BASIC IMMUNOLOGY
  - Antigen-Immunogen
    - Antigenicity
  - Epitopes (Fig. 22.1)
  - What is the Kinetics of Antigen–Antibody reaction?
  - Immunological Reactions
  - Interferences in Immunoassays
  - Reduction of Hook Effect
    - Assay Specificity
- TECHNOLOGIES
  - Rapid Immunochromatographic Techniques
  - Excess Sample Volume Dispensed
- ENZYME IMMUNOASSAY
  - Introduction
  - Classification of ELISA
  - ELISA: Practical Aspects
  - Steps in ELISA
  - Interferences in Immunoassays
    - Definition of Interference
  - Preanalytical Variables
  - Analytical Variables
  - Postanalytical Variables
    - Use of Wrong Reference Values
    - Use of Wrong Units
  - ELISA Troubleshooting
  - Practical Tips on ELISA
  - Matrix Effects
  - Mechanical Interference
  - Nonspecific Interference
  - Hook Effect
    - Reduction of Hook Effect
  - Edge Effect
  - Assay Specificity
  - Assay Sensitivity
- CHEMILUMINESCENCE: THE TECHNOLOGY
  - Introduction
  - Components of Chemiluminescent System
  - Flash
  - Glow
  - Radioimmunoassay
  - Enzyme Immunoassay
  - Fluorescence Immunoassay
    - References
    - Advantages of Chemiluminescence Technology
- POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION
- RIA
- LIQUID HANDLING SYSTEMS
  - Pipetting Basics
  - Pipetting Techniques
  - Proper Pipetting Skills
  - Criteria for Choosing the Right Pipette
  - Use of Multiple Brands of Pipettes
- STREPTAVIDIN-BIOTIN SYSTEMS
  - Streptavidin-biotin Systems, Better than Traditional Antibody Capture Systems
  - Why Streptavidin-Biotin Based Lema Systems are a Better Choice for Tropical Laboratories?
  - Signal Noise Ratio
  - Primary Calibrators and Matrix Effect
  - Ultrasensitive Assays
  - Epitype Characterization
- REPRESENTATIVE ELISA/CLIA TECHNIQUES
  - ELISA/CLIA Analyte Determination Principles
- EXAMPLES OF DETAILED ELISA METHODS
  - Competitive Elisa
    - Total Triiodothyronine (tT3)
  - Principle
    - Competitive Enzyme Immunoassay
  - Immunoenzymometric/Sandwitch (Streptavidin-Biotin) Elisa
    - Thyrotropin (TSH)
  - Summary and Explanation of the Test
  - Principle
    - Immunoenzymometric Assay
  - Reagents
    - Materials Provided
  - Precautions
    - Specimen Collection and Preparation
  - Reagent Preparation
  - Test Procedure
  - Quality Control
  - Results
  - QC Parameters
  - Limitations of Procedure
  - Expected Ranges of Values
  - Immunoenzymometric/Sandwich Seuential ((Streptavidin-Biotin) Elisa
    - Prolacting Hormone (PRL) Sequential Method
  - Principle
    - Immunoenzymometric Sequential Assay (Type 4)
  - “Mu Capture” Immunocapture Elisa
    - HAV-IgM
  - Principle of the Assay
  - Direct Elisa
    - DNase Activity
  - Principle of the Test
  - CLIA—Immunoenzymometric/Sandwich (Streptavidin-Biotin) ELISA
    - Thyrotropin (TSH)
  - Summary and Explanation of the Test
  - Principle
    - Immunoenzymometric Assay
  - Materials Provided for 96-well Microplate
    - Materials [Required But Not Provided]
  - Precautions
  - Specimen Collection and Preparation
  - Reagent Preparation
  - Test Procedure
  - Quality Control
  - Results
  - QC Parameters
  - Limitations of Procedure
  - Expected Ranges of Values
- TESTS FOR SYPHILIS
  - VDRL Test
  - Conventional VDRL Test
  - Preparation of Patient’s Serum (Inactivation)
    - Reagents Usually Supplied
  - Preparation of Working Solutions
    - Working Antigen Suspension
  - Preliminary Testing of the Working Antigen Suspension
  - Storage and Stability
  - Procedure
    - Qualitative Test
    - Quantitative Test
  - Interpretation of Test Results
    - Limitation of the Test
- MODIFIED VDRL REAGENT TREPOLIPIN®
  - Reagent
  - Reagent Storage and Stability
  - Principle
  - Sample Collection and Storage
  - Material Provided with the Kit
  - Additional Material Required
  - Test Procedure
  - Qualitative Method
  - Quantitative Method
  - Interpretation of Results
    - Qualitative Method
  - Quantitative Method
    - Remarks
  - Troubleshooting
- TOLUIDINE RED UNHEATED SERUM TEST FOR RAPID SERODIAGNOSIS OF SYPHILIS REDGEN®
  - Reagent
    - Reagent Storage and Stability
  - Principle
  - Sample Collection and Storage
  - Material Provided with the Kit
  - Additional Material Required
  - Test Procedure
  - Qualitative Method
  - Quantitative Method
  - Interpretation of Test Results
    - Qualitative Method
    - Quantitative Method
  - Remarks
  - Troubleshooting
- LATEX SLIDE TEST FOR VDRL SYPHFINAL®
  - Reagent
  - Reagent Storage and Stability
  - Principle
  - Sample Collection and Storage
  - Material Provided with the Kit
  - Additional Material Required
  - Test Procedure
  - Qualitative Method
  - Quantitative Method
  - Interpretation of Test Result
    - Qualitative Method
  - Quantitative Method
  - Remarks
  - Troubleshooting
- RAPID PLASMA REAGIN (RPR) CARD TEST/CARBON ANTIGEN FOR SYPHILIS TESTING (CARBOGEN®)
  - Summary
  - Reagent
  - Reagent Storage and Stability
  - Principle
  - Sample Collection and Storage
  - Material Provided with the RPR Kit
  - Additional Material Required
  - Test Procedure
    - Qualitative Method
    - Quantitative Method
  - Interpretation of Test Results
    - Qualitative Method
    - Quantitative Method
  - Remarks
  - Troubleshooting
- ONE-STEP TEST FOR SYPHILIS: DIPSTICK SYPHICHECK®
  - Introduction
  - Summary
  - Principle
  - Reagents and Materials Supplied
  - Additional Material Required
  - Storage and Stability
  - Specimen Collection and Preparation
  - Testing Procedure and Interpretation of Results
  - Performance Characteristics
- ONE-STEP TEST FOR SYPHILIS (DEVICE) SYPHICHECK®
  - Introduction
  - Summary
  - Principle
  - Reagents and Materials Supplied
  - Storage and Stability
  - Specimen Collection and Preparation
  - Testing Procedure and Interpretation of Results
  - Remarks
- THIRD GENERATION DOUBLE ANTIGEN SANDWICH ENZYME LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAY (ELISA) FOR THE DETECTION OF ANTIBODIES TO TREPONEMA PALLIDUM IN HUMAN SERUM OR PLASMA TREPOLISA 3.0
  - Trepolisa 3.0
  - Summary and Explanation
  - Principle of the Assay
- TESTS FOR TYPHOID/ENTERIC FEVERWIDAL ANTIGEN SET/ANTIGENS FOR TUBE TESTS (TYPHOCHEK®)
  - Summary
  - Reagent
  - Reagent Storage and Stability
  - Principle
  - Sample Collection and Storage
  - Material Provided with the Kit
    - Reagent Pack
  - Additional Material Required
  - Procedure
  - a. Standard Tube Test Method
  - Interpretation of Results
  - Remarks
  - Troubleshooting
- WIDAL ANTIGEN SET/ANTIGENS FOR SLIDE AND TUBE TESTS (TYDAL)®
  - Reagent
  - Reagent Storage and Stability
  - Principle
  - Sample Collection and Storage
  - Material Provided with the Kit
    - Reagent Pack
  - Additional Material Required
  - Quantitative Method
  - Procedure
  - Slide Screen Method
  - Slide Semiquantitative Method
  - Quantitative Method
    - Tube Test Procedure
  - Interpretation of Results
  - Slide Screen Method
  - Slide Semiquantitative Method
  - Quantitative Method
  - Remarks
  - Troubleshooting
- REDUCED WIDAL ANTIGEN SET: O AND H FOR TUBE TESTS (VITAL WIDAL®)
  - Reagent
  - Reagent Storage and Stability
  - Principle
  - Sample Collection and Storage
  - Material Provided with the Kit
  - Additional Material Required
  - Procedure
    - Tube Test Method
  - Interpretation of Results
  - Remarks
- POSITIVE CONTROL FOR WIDAL TEST
  - Summary
  - Reagent
  - Reagent Storage and Stability
  - Principle
  - Additional Material Required
  - Procedure
    - Slide test Method
  - Interpretation of Results Slide Test Method
  - Troubleshooting
- RAPID TEST FOR DETECTION IGM ANTIBODIES TO S. TYPHI IN SERUM/PLASMA/WHOLE BLOOD (DEVICE) ENTEROCHECK – WB®
  - Enterocheck-WB
  - Summary
  - Principle
  - Reagents and Materials Supplied
  - Optional Material Required
  - Storage and Stability
  - Specimen Collection and Preparation
    - Testing Procedure and Interpretation of Results
  - Remarks
- SLIDE AND TUBE TEST FOR DETECTION OF ANTIBODIES TO BRUCELLA ABORTUS/MELITENSIS BRUCEL A/M®
  - Summary
  - Reagent
  - Reagent Storage and Stability
  - Principle
  - Sample Collection and Storage
  - Quantitative Method
  - Procedure
  - Slide Test Method
  - Interpretation of Results
    - Slide Test Method
    - Tube Test Method
  - Remarks
- SLIDE SCREENING TEST FOR BRUCELLA ANTIBODIES (BRUCEL-RB)®
  - Reagent
  - Reagent Storage and Stability
  - Troubleshooting
  - Principle
  - Sample Collection and Storage
  - Material Provided with the Kit
  - Additional Material Required
  - Procedure
  - Slide Test Method
    - Qualitative Method
    - Semiquantitative Method
  - Interpretation of Results
    - Qualitative Method
    - Semiqualitative Method
  - Remarks
- BRUCELLOSIS POSITIVE CONTROL
  - Summary
  - Reagent
  - Reagent Storage and Stability
  - Principle
  - Additional Material Required
  - Procedure
  - Slide Test Method
  - Interpretation of Results
    - Slide Test Method
- RAPID TEST FOR IgM AND IgG ANTIBODIES TO DENGUE VIRUS: DENGUE FEVER (DENGUECHECK-WB®) (DEVICE)
  - Introduction
  - Summary
  - Principle
  - Reagents and Materials Supplied
  - Storage and Stability
  - Specimen Collection and Preparation
  - Testing Procedure and Interpretation of Results
  - Interpretation of Results
    - Negative Test Result
  - Positive Test Result
  - Remarks
  - Troubleshooting
    - Dengue Check WB and Leptocheck-WB
- TEST FOR INFECTIOUS MONONUCLEOSIS (IMMUTEX®)
  - Summary
  - Reagent
  - Reagent Storage and Stability
  - Principle
  - Sample Collection and Preparation
  - Materials Provided with the Kit
  - Reagent
  - Accessories
  - Additional Material Required
  - Test Procedure
  - Qualitative Method
  - Interpretation of Results
  - Remarks
  - Troubleshooting
    - Immutex
- RAPID TEST FOR IGM ANTIBODIES TO LEPTOSPIRA: LEPTOSPIROSIS (LEPTOCHEK WB®) (DEVICE)
  - Introduction
  - Summary
  - Principle
  - Reagents and Material Supplied
  - Storage and Stability
  - Specimen Collection and Preparation
  - Testing Procedure and Interpretation of Results
  - Negative Test Result
  - Performance Characteristics
  - Remarks
  - Troubleshooting
- RAPID TEST FOR MALARIA PAN/PV/PF (PARAMAX-3®) (DEVICE)
  - Introduction
  - Summary
  - Principle
  - Reagents and Material Supplied
  - Optional Material Required
  - Storage and Stability
  - Specimen Collection and Preparation
  - Test Procedure
    - Negative for Malaria
    - Positive for Malaria
  - Limitation of the Test
- SLIDE TEST FOR C-REACTIVE PROTEIN (RHELAX CRP®)
  - Summary
  - Reagent
  - Reagent Storage and Stability
  - Principle
  - Specimen Collection and Preparation
  - Material Provided with the Kit
  - Test Procedure
    - Qualitative Method
    - Semiquantitative Method
  - Interpretation of Test Results Qualitative Method
    - Semiquantitative Method
  - Remarks
  - Troubleshooting
- SLIDE TEST FOR ANTISTREPTOLYSIN O (RHELAX ASO®)
  - Summary
  - Reagent
  - Reagent Storage and Stability
  - Principle
  - Specimen Collection and Preparation
  - Material Provided with the Kit
  - Test Procedure
    - Qualitative Method
    - Semiquantitative Method
  - Interpretation of Test Results
    - Qualitative Method
    - Semiquantitative Method
  - Remarks
  - Troubleshooting
- SLIDE TEST FOR RHEUMATOID FACTORS (RHELAX RF®)
  - Summary
  - Reagent
  - Reagent Storage and Stability
  - Principle
  - Specimen Collection and Preparation
  - Material Provided with the Kit
  - Interpretation of Test Results
  - Troubleshooting
- SLIDE TEST FOR ANTI DEOXYRIBONUCLEOPROTEIN (RHELAX SLE®)
  - Summary
  - Reagent
  - Reagent Storage and Stability
  - Principle
  - Sample Collection and Preparation
  - Material Provided with the Kit
  - Test Procedure
    - Qualitative Method
    - Semiquantitative Method
  - Interpretation of Results
  - Troubleshooting
- AUSTRALIA ANTIGEN HBSAG (VIRUTEX HBSAG)
  - Slide Test for Hepatitis B Surface Antigen
  - Material Provided with the Kit
  - Procedure
  - Interpretation of Results
    - Remarks
- ONE-STEP TEST FOR HBSAG VIRUCHECK® DEVICE
  - Principle
  - Reagents and Materials Supplied
  - Storage and Stability
  - Specimen Collection and Preparation
  - Testing Procedure and Interpretation of Results
  - Negative
  - Positive
  - Limitation of the Test
- HCV FLAVICHECK® DEVICE
  - One-Step Immunochromatographic Test for HCV Antibodies
  - Torch Infections: Introduction
- TOXOPLASMA INFECTIONS
  - Slide Test for Antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii, Toxogen®
- RAPID IMMUNOCONCENTRATION TEST FOR HIV-1 AND HIV-2 ANTIBODIES FLOW THROUGH METHOD RETROQUICK-HIV®
  - Introduction
  - Summary
  - Principle
  - Reagents and Materials Supplied
    - Kit Components
  - Storage and Stability
  - Specimen Collection and Preparations
  - Test Procedure
  - Interpretation of Results
  - Remarks
- RAPID TEST FOR SIMULTANEOUS/DIFFERENTIAL DETECTION OF TOTAL ANTIBODIES TO HIV-1 AND HIV-2 IN HUMAN SERUM/PLASMA RETROSCREEN®
  - Summary and Explanation
  - Principle of the Assay
  - Kit Components
  - Storage and Stability
  - Material Required but not Provided
  - Sample Collection
  - Precautions
  - Test Procedure
  - Limitations
- TUBERCULOSIS
  - Mycobacterium tuberculosis
  - Microbiology
  - Classification
  - Pathogenesis
  - Immune Response
  - Serological Response
  - Virulence Factors
  - Clinical Manifestations
  - Clinical Manifestation of Pulmonary TB
  - TB Infection and Disease: Differentiation
    - Diagnosis
  - Tuberculous Skin Testing
  - Pitfalls of Laborartory Diagnosis
  - Importance of Serological Diagnosis
  - Treatment
- RAPID TEST FOR DETECTION OF ANTIBODIES TO MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS (DEVICE) SEROCHECK-MTB®
  - Summary
  - Principle
  - Reagents and Materials Supplied
  - Storage and Stability
  - Specimen Collection and Preparation
  - Testing Procedure and Interpretation of Results
  - Negative for antibodies to Mycobacterium tuberculosis
  - Positive for antibodies to Mycobacterium tuberculosis
  - Limitations of the Test
  - Criteria for Ideal Immunoassay
- TB IGG, IGA, IGM AB, MFD. ANDA
  - Serodiagnosis of Mycobacterial Infections
  - Principle of the Method
- TUMOR MARKERS
  - Definitions of Terms
  - Features of Tumor Marker
  - What are the Clinical Applications of Tumor Markers?
  - What are the Factors that Affect Tumor Marker Diagnosis?
  - New Concepts in Tumor Marker Diagnosis
    - Multiple Marker Testing (MMT)
    - Use of Monoclonal Antibodies
  - Ultra Sensitive Assay Technology
  - Short Notes on Different Tumor Markers
  - Cancer Antigens
  - hCG
- TUMOR MARKERS STANDARD METHODOLOGIES AVAILABLE ON ELISA AND CLIA, AS ON RIA TOO.
  - Alpha-Fetoprotein (AFP) ELISA
- CA 15-3 (CARCINOGENIC ANTIGEN 15-3)
  - Summary and Explanation of the Assay
  - Expected Values
  - Increased
  - Decreased
- CA 19-9 (CARBOHYDRATE AG 19-9, GICAM GASTROINTESTINAL CANCER ANTIGEN) BLOOD MFD: CAN AG,
  - Expected Values
  - Reference Values
    - Usage
    - Increased in
- CA242 MFD: CAN AG,
  - CA 50 (Carbohydrate Antigen 50)
    - Increased
    - Decreased
- CA 125 (CANCER ANTIGEN 125) MFD: MONOBIND
  - Summary and Explanation of the Test
    - Expected Ranges of Values
- CARCINOEMBRYONIC ANTIGEN (CEA) MFD: MONOBIND
  - Expected Ranges of Values
  - Increased
  - Decreased
- PROSTATE-SPECIFIC ANTIGEN (PSA) TOTAL PROSTATE SPECIFIC ANTIGEN (TPSA) ELISA, MFD: MONOBIND
  - Interpretation
  - Expected Ranges of Values
  - Usage
  - Increased
- PROSTATIC ACID PHOSPHATES (PAP), BLOOD METHOD: BIOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS
- ELISA TROUBLESHOOTING ASPECTS
  - Introduction
- TECHNICAL TIPS
  - Washing
  - Normal Washing
  - Strip/Plate Washers
  - Washing Tips
  - Pipetting Tips
  - Microplates
  - Substrate Preparation
  - Conjugates
  - Addition of Samples
  - Stopping Reagents
    - Temperature
  - Rotation of Plates While Incubating Reagents
  - Laboratory Conditions
CHAPTER 23: Diagnostic Immunology
- QUALITATIVE DETERMINATION OF PLASMA PROTEINS BY IMMUNOPRECIPITATION
  - Immunodiffusion Method of Oudin
  - Double Diffusion Method of Ouchterlony
  - Grabar and Williams’ Method of Immunoelectrophoresis
  - Methodology
    - Double Diffusion of Ouchterlony
  - Immunoelectrophoresis
    - Reagents and Equipment
  - Preparation of Agar Gel Slides
  - Peroxidase Reaction (for haptoglobin and hemopexin)
- FUNDAMENTAL QUANTITATIVE CONSIDERATIONS
  - Photometric Method
  - Single Linear Immunodiffusion of Oudin
  - Single Radial Immunodiffusion
  - Electroimmunodiffusion
  - Single Radial Immunodiffusion
    - Equipment
    - Procedure
- TURBIDIMETRY
  - Introduction
  - Immunoassays
  - Qualitative Immunoassays
  - Quantitative Immunoassays
  - Heterogeneous Immunoassays
  - Homogeneous Immunoassays
  - Spectrophotometry
  - Turbidimetry vs Nephelometry
  - Considerations for Measurements of Turbidimetric Immunoassays (TIA)
  - Optimization, Standardization and Quality Control of Turbidimetric Assays
  - Concepts of Assay Optimization
  - Instrumentation for Turbidimetry
- AN EXAMPLE OF TURBIDIMETRIC IMMUNOASSAY
  - Turbidimetric Immunoassay for Determination of Rheumatoid Factors Quantia Rf®
- C-REACTIVE PROTEIN
- TURBIDIMETRIC IMMUNOASSAY FOR DETERMINATION OF C-REACTIVE PROTEIN
  - Quantia CRP
    - Summary
  - Role of CRP in Differential Diagnosis
- TURBIDIMETRIC IMMUNOASSAY FOR ULTRASENSITIVE DETERMINATION OF C-REACTIVE PROTEIN
  - Quantia CRP-US
    - Summary
- TURBIDIMETRIC IMMUNOASSAY FOR DETERMINATION OF ANTISTREPTOLYSIN ‘O’ IN HUMAN SERUM
  - Quantia ASO
    - Summary
- TURBIDIMETRIC IMMUNOASSAY FOR DETERMINATION OF MICROALBUMINURIA
  - Quantia MA
    - Summary
- IMMUNOGLOBULINS (IG)
  - (Immunoglobulins IgG, IgM and IgA)
  - Ig Classes
  - Ig Structure
  - Immunoglobulin G (IgG)
  - Immunoglobulin M (IgM)
  - Immunoglobulin A (IgA)
  - Serum Immunoglobulin Changes in Various Diseases
- TURBIDIMETRIC IMMUNOASSAY FOR ESTIMATION OF IMMUNOGLOBULIN IgA IN HUMAN SERUM
  - Quantia IgA
    - Summary
- TURBIDIMETRIC IMMUNOASSAY FOR ESTIMATION OF IMMUNOGLOBULIN IgG IN HUMAN SERUM
  - Quantia IgG
    - Summary
- TURBIDIMETRIC IMMUNOASSAY FOR ESTIMATION OF IMMUNOGLOBULIN IgM IN HUMAN SERUM
  - Quantia IgM
    - Summary
- TURBIDIMETRIC IMMUNOASSAY FOR ESTIMATION OF COMPLEMENT C3 IN HUMAN SERUM
  - Quantia C3
    - Summary
- TURBIDIMETRIC IMMUNOASSAY FOR ESTIMATION OF COMPLEMENT C4 IN HUMAN SERUM
  - Quantia C4
    - Summary
- TURBIDIMETRIC IMMUNOASSAY FOR ESTIMATION OF ANTITHROMBIN III IN HUMAN SERUM
  - Quantia AT III
    - Summary
- QUANTITATIVE IMMUNOTURBIDIMETRIC ASSAY FOR ESTIMATION OF FIBRINOGEN
  - Quantia Fibrinogen
    - Summary
- TURBIDIMETRIC IMMUNOASSAY FOR ESTIMATION OF LIPOPROTEIN (A) IN HUMAN SERUM
  - Quantia LP (a)
    - Summary
- QUANTITATIVE TURBIDIMETRIC IMMUNOASSAY FOR ESTIMATION OF APOLIPOPROTEIN A-I
  - Quantia Apo A-I
    - Summary
- QUANTITATIVE TURBIDIMETRIC IMMUNOASSAY FOR ESTIMATION OF APOLIPOPROTEIN B
  - Quantia Apo B
    - Summary
- AUTOMATION IN TURBIDIMETRY
  - Quantimate Turbidimetry Analyzer (Fig. 23.17)
    - Optimized Measuring System
    - Instrument Specifications
  - Troubleshooting
    - Immunoturbidimetry Tests
CHAPTER 24: The Endocrine System
- INTRODUCTION
- PITUITARY GLAND
  - Anterior Pituitary (Adenohypophysis)
    - Hormones Secreted by the Pituitary Gland
    - Causes of Hypopituitarism Resulting inMultiple or Single Deficiencies
- ANTERIOR LOBE: GROWTH HORMONE (GH)
- METHOD OF EVALUATION: STREPTAVIDIN-BIOTIN ELISA
  - Growth Hormone (hGH) Chemiluminescence Immunoassay
- CORTICOTROPIN (ACTH)
- OTHER ANTERIOR PITUITARY HORMONES
  - TSH
  - FSH
  - LH
  - LH, FSH—Recommendations for Testing
  - Prolactin
    - Prolactin—Recommendations for Testing
- INTERMEDIATE LOBE (PARS INTERMEDIA)
- POSTERIOR PITUITARY (NEUROHYPOPHYSIS)
  - ADH
  - Oxytocin
  - Feedback Mechanism
- DISORDERS OF THE PITUITARY SYSTEM
- HYPOTHALAMUS
- ADRENAL (SUPRARENAL) GLAND
- MINERALOCORTICOIDS
- GLUCOCORTICOIDS
  - Cortisol
- ADRENAL MEDULLA
- THYROID
  - Thyroid Function Tests
- CALCITONIN
- PARATHYROID
- PARATHYROID HORMONE (INTACT) ELISA
- PANCREAS
  - Insulin
- TESTES
- OVARY
- PINEAL GLAND
- HORMONES AND FERTILITY
- MALE FERTILITY
  - The Four Factors of Male Fertility
  - The Male Hormone System
    - The Hypothalamus and Pituitary Start the Action
    - Feedback Hormones from Testicles
  - Where Can Things Go Wrong?
    - Fertility Factor: The Hormone Balancing Act
    - An Overview of Hormonal Treatment
  - Diagnosing and Beating Specific Hormonal Problems
  - Fertility Factor 2 Treating Unresponsive Testicles
- FEMALE FERTILITY
  - The Five Female Fertility Factors
  - Female Hormone System
    - What is Ovulation?
    - What makes One have a Period?
  - Clues from the Menstrual History
    - The Three Types of Menstrual Patterns
  - Clues from Physical Examination
  - Conditions that can Interfere withOvulation and Menstruation
- Algorithm for EvaluatingAmenorrhea (Figs 24.12 to 24.18), Immunoassays for LH, FSH and PRL
  - Sensitivity
    - Detection Limits of Various Immunoassays
    - Conditions in which LH/FSH levels can go below 2.0 mIU/mL
  - Streptavidin-biotin Assay System
    - Calibrator Matrix
    - WHO Std. Reference
  - Cross Reaction
  - Monoclonal Capture
- ADRENAL CORTEX
  - Aldosterone
- ADRENAL MEDULLA
- TESTES
- STEROIDS
  - Estriol
- 17-β-ESTRADIOL
- DHEAS (Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate)
  - Reference Values
    - Values are Increased in
    - Values are Decreased in
- ∆4-ANDROSTENEDIONE
- PROGESTERONE
  - Normal Values (Units—ng/ml)
    - Values are Increased in
    - Values are Decreased in
- 17-ALPHA-HYDROXYPROGESTERONE
- TOTAL TRI-IODOTHYRONINE (T3)
  - Expected Values for the T3 EIA Test System
    - Interpretation of Total T3 in ng/mL
  - Free Tri-iodothyronine (FT3)
    - Interpretation
    - Expected Ranges of Values
  - T-Uptake
    - Interpretation
    - Expected Ranges of Values
  - Total Thyroxine (T4)
  - Free Thyroxine (FT4)
    - Interpretation
    - Expected Range of Values
  - Thyrotropin (TSH)
  - Example of Chemiluminescence Immuoassay MMethod—TSH Estimation Thyroglobulin Antibodies
    - Interpretation
    - Expected Range of Values
  - Thyroid Peroxidase Antibodies
    - Interpretation
    - Expected Range of Values
  - Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
  - Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
  - Prolactin Hormone (PRL)
  - Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG)
- CIA™ INSULIN (Chemiluminescence Immunoassay)
  - C-Peptide
    - Expected Values
  - Anti-insulin
CHAPTER 25: Histopathology
- PREPARATION OF TISSUES
- ROUTINE STAINING PROCEDURES
- SOME STAINING TECHNIQUES IN DETAIL
- AUTOMATION IN HISTOPATHOLOGY
CHAPTER 26: Cytology
- PAPANICOLAOU METHOD OF STAINING SMEARS (MODIFIED)
- FNAC (FINE-NEEDLE ASPIRATION CYTOLOGY)
- SMEARING TECHNIQUES
  - One-step Smearing Technique
  - Two-step Particle Concentration and Smearing Technique
- REQUIREMENTS FOR LABORATORY SET UP
- IMMUNOPEROXIDASE STAINING FOR CYTO AND HISTOPATHOLOGY
- AUTOMATION IN CYTOLOGY
CHAPTER 27: Microbiology and Bacteriology
- CLASSIFICATION
  - Protophyta
  - Bacterial Cell Constituents
  - Koch’s Postulates
  - Morphology and Staining Reactions
  - Troubleshooting (AFB-Staining)
    - Modified Ziehl-Neelsen’s Stain
    - Reagents
  - Special Stains
  - Motility of Bacteria
    - Hanging Drop Method
- CULTURE
  - Media
  - Temperature
  - Atmosphere
  - Cultural Characteristics
  - Biochemical Reactions
    - Serology
  - Preparation of Culture Media
- READY TO POUR, STERILIZED POUCHED MEDIA FOR MICROBIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS INSTAPREP
  - Summary
  - Reagent
  - Nutrient Agar
  - MacConkey Agar
  - Cysteine lactose electrolyte deficient (CLED) Agar with Andrade’s Indicator
  - Sabouraud Dextrose Agar
  - Mueller Hinton Agar
  - Principle
  - Storage and Stability
  - Additional Material Required
  - Procedures
  - Interpretation of Results
    - Remarks
  - Troubleshooting
  - Media for Growth of Anaerobes
  - Method of Inoculation
  - Precautionary Measures to be Undertaken in a Microbiology Laboratory
  - Specimen Collection
    - Urine
- EASYBACT
  - Summary
  - Reagent
  - Principle
  - Storage and Stability
  - Additional Materials Required
  - Specimen Collection and Preparation
  - Test Procedure
  - Interpretation of Results
  - Identification of Bacteria
  - Remarks
  - Troubleshooting
- GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS FOR MICROBIOLOGY
  - Storage of Organisms
  - Precautions before and during Testing
  - Specimen Collection and Preparation
  - Inoculation of Samples
- GRAM-POSITIVE COCCI
  - Staphylococci
  - Streptococci
  - Pneumococci
- GRAM-NEGATIVE COCCI
  - Neisseria
  - Veillonella
- ANAEROBIC SPORE BEARING BACILLI
  - Clostridia
    - Pathogenic Clostridia
    - Clostridium tetani
  - Gas Gangrene Causing Organisms
- AEROBIC SPORE FORMING BACILLI
  - Bacillus anthracis
  - Bacillus subtilis
  - Bacillus cereus
- GRAM-POSITIVE BACILLI
  - Corynebacteria
  - Diphtheroid bacilli
  - Corynebacterium hofmannii
  - Corynebacterium xerosis
  - Corynebacterium acne
- MYCOBACTERIA
  - Strains of Mycobacteria
  - Morphology
  - Cultures
    - Cultural Characteristics
  - Laboratory Diagnosis
  - Concentration Methods
  - Other Pathogenic Mycobacteria
  - Non-pathogenic Species
    - M. smegmatis
    - M. butyricum
  - Anonymous Strains
  - Animal Inoculation
- OVERVIEW OF M. TUBERCULOSIS: DIAGNOSTIC APPROACH, AFB STAINING, CULTURE AND SENSITIVITY
  - Introduction
  - Brief Microbiology
  - Diagnosis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection
  - Specimen Selection
  - Sample Concentration and Decontamination
- MUCOLYTIC, DISINFECTANT, SPECIMEN PRETREATMENT AND BUFFERING SYSTEM FOR AFB STAINING AND CULTURE
  - Lyfectol®
  - Troubleshooting
    - The AFB Smear
- RAPID TWO STEP COLD AFB STAIN
  - Novachrom®
  - Factors Influencing Sensitivity and Specificity of AFB Smears
  - AFB Culture and Isolation
- READY TO USE LJ SOLID MEDIUM FOR MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS ISOLATION
  - Mycocult®
  - Troubleshooting
- COMBIPACK OF SOLID AND LIQUID MEDIUM FOR MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS ISOLATION
  - Combicult®
  - Troubleshooting
  - Susceptibility Testing of Mycobacterium tuberculosis
- PRIMARY/SECONDARY DRUG CONTAINING LOWENSTEIN-JENSEN MEDIA PANEL MTB SENSITIVITY TESTS
  - Sensicult®
  - Other Markers
  - Troubleshooting LB
- IN DETERMINATION OF ADENOSINE DEAMINASE ACTIVITY IN SERUM, PLASMA AND BIOLOGICAL FLUIDS
  - ADA-MTB®
  - Troubleshootings
- GRAM-NEGATIVE BACILLI
  - Achromobacteriacea
    - Alcaligenes faecalis
  - Enterobacteriaceae
  - Enteric Fever Bacilli—Typhoid and Paratyphoid
  - Organisms of Bacterial Enteritidis or Food Poisoning
  - Group of Dysentery Bacilli
    - Shigella shigae or dysenteriae and Shigella flexneri or paradysenteriae
  - Brucellaceae
  - Haemophilus
  - Pseudomonadaceae
    - Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Bacillus pyocyaneus)
  - Bacteriaceae
    - Fusobacterium fusiforme
    - Vibrio cholerae
- SPIROCHETES
  - Treponema
  - Leptospira
  - Borrelia
  - Spirillum minus
- GRAM STAINER
- QUALITY ASSURANCE IN BACTERIOLOGY
  - Quality Control of Media and Stains
  - Quality Control of Media
    - Sources of Media
    - Dehydrated Media
- COLOR ATLAS—MEDIA AND COLONIES
  - Quality Control of Stains
  - Quality Control of Bacteriological Techniques
CHAPTER 28: Mycology
- SUPERFICIAL MYCOSES AND DERMATOPHYTES
- INTERMEDIATE SUPERFICIAL DEEP MYCOSES
  - Candida albicans (Monilia)
- DEEP OR SYSTEMIC MYCOSES
- FUNGI USUALLY PRESENT AS CONTAMINANTS BUT WHICH RARELY CAUSE DISEASE—USUALLY IN PATIENTS CHRONICALLY ILL FROM OTHER DISEASES
- MYCOLOGICAL METHODS
CHAPTER 29: Diagnostic Skin Test
- TECHNIQUE OF SKIN TESTS
- IMMUNOLOGIC BASIC FOR SKIN TESTS
- COMMON SKIN TESTS
- IMMEDIATE REACTION TYPE OF SKIN TESTS
- DELAYED REACTION TYPE OF SKIN TESTS
CHAPTER 30: Cytogenetics
- INTRODUCTION
  - Cell Division
- BLOOD LYMPHOCYTE CULTURE
- KARYOTYPING
- G AND Q BANDINGS
- IMPORTANCE OF CHROMOSOMAL STUDIES
  - Variations in the Chromosome Number
    - Polyploidy
    - Aneuploidy
- Barr Body Analysis and Buccal Smear for Staining of Sex Chromatin Mass
CHAPTER 31: World’s Latest and Best Technologies by Roche
- BUSINESS AREAS
- REVALUATING DIAGNOSTICS
- TESTING EFFICIENCY AND MEDICAL VALUE
  - Providing True Medical Value
  - Personalized Healthcare
  - Increasing Testing Efficiency
- Effective Management of Infectious Diseases
  - Covering the Continuum of Care in Infectious Diseases
  - Increasing blood safety
- PORTFOLIO HIGHLIGHTS
  - NEW: Elecsys® Syphillis Immunoassay:
  - Results you can rely on
- PORTFOLIO HIGHLIGHT
  - Elecsys® HBsAg II quant assay:
  - Reliable Tools for Improved Clinical Decision-Making
- PORTFOLIO HIGHLIGHT
  - COBAS AmpliPrep/COBAS TaqMan
  - Optimized, Personalized Treatment for the Best Clinical Outcome
- PORTFOLIO HIGHLIGHT
  - Elecsys HBsAg II quant and COBAS
  - Serum Work Area, Laboratory Automation and IT Solutions
- COBAS® MODULAR PLATFORM
  - Flexible family concept for tailormade solutions
- YOUR BENEFIT
  - Increased efficiency
  - Reduced Complexity
  - Consistent and Fast Patient Results
  - Reliable and Future Proven
  - Unique reagent concept for maximum handling convenience and minimal logistic efforts
  - Product Characteristics
- COBAS® 8000 MODULAR ANALYZER SERIES
  - Intelligent LabPower
- YOUR BENEFIT
  - Efficiency
  - Productivity
  - Process Innovation
  - Consolidation
  - Product Characteristics
- MULTIDIMENSIONAL MODULARITY
- COBAS® 8000 MODULAR ANALYZER SERIES
  - 1. Cobas 8000 Data Manager
  - 2. Core Unit
  - 3. Cobas ISE Module
  - 4. Cobas c 702 Module*
  - 4a. Reagent Manager
  - 5. Cobas c 502 Module
  - 6. Cobas e 602 Module
  - 7. Module Sample Buffer
- COBAS® 6000 ANALYZER SERIES
  - The Success Story Continues
- YOUR BENEFIT
  - Increased Efficiency
  - Quality of Results
  - Maximum uptime
  - Optimized Workflow
- PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS
  - High System Reliability
  - Unique Reagent Concept
  - First Class Performance
  - Intelligent Sample Workflow
  - Professional Management of Lab Processes
  - 1. Core unit
  - Delivers Customized Solutions for Various Work and Testing Requirements
  - True Workflow Consolidation
  - 2. Rack rotor
  - 3 Cobas c 501 Module
  - 4. Cobas e 601 module
  - Cobas p 312 Pre-analytical System is the Ideal Companion for the Cobas® 6000 Analyzer Series, for a Fully Harmonized and Complete Solution
- COBAS® 4000 ANALYZER SERIES
  - Freedom to Realize Your Lab’s Potential
- YOUR BENEFIT
  - Increased Efficiency
  - Maximum uptime
  - Quality of results
  - Cobas® 4000 Analyzer Series Solution
- PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS COBAS C 311 ANALYZER
  - First Class Performance
  - Intelligent Sample Workflow
  - Unique Reagent Concept
  - High System Reliability
- PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS COBAS E 411 ANALYZER
  - First class performance
  - Intelligent Sample Workflow
  - Unique Reagent Concept
  - High System Reliability
- COBAS C 111 ANALYZER
  - Small Box, Big Performance
- YOUR BENEFIT
  - High Quality of Results
  - Increased Efficiency
  - Maximum Uptime
  - Optimized Workflow
- PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS
  - World-class Performance
  - Good Fit for Labs <50 samples/day
  - High System Reliability
  - Network Compatibility
- COBAS INTEGRA® 400 PLUS
  - The Specialist in the Routine Laboratory
- YOUR BENEFIT
  - High Quality of Results
  - Increased Efficiency
  - Optimized Workflow
- PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS
  - First Class Performance
  - Good Fit for Labs Processing 50 to 400 samples/day
  - High System Reliability
  - Unique Reagent Concept
- PERSONALIZED LAB AUTOMATION
  - Scalable Functionality that’s Just Right for Your Lab
  - Personalized Lab Automation—Stand-alone Solutions
  - Personalized Lab Automation—Connected Solutions
  - Personalized Lab Automation—Post-analytics Solution
- COBAS P 312 PRE-ANALYTICAL SYSTEM
  - Pre-analytics on Small Footprint
  - Product Characteristics
- COBAS P 512 PRE-ANALYTICAL SYSTEM
  - Pre-analytics to Increase Efficiency
- PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS
- COBAS P 612 PRE-ANALYTICAL SYSTEM
  - A Complete Solution for Your Pre-analytics
  - Connection to Centrifuges
  - Connection to Bulk Loader Module (BLM)
  - Camera Options
- COBAS P 501 AND COBAS P 701 POST-ANALYTICAL UNITS
  - The automated archive
- PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS
- MODULAR® PRE-ANALYTICS EVO
  - Connecting Solutions of Excellence
- YOUR BENEFIT
  - Full Automation
  - Consolidation of Analytics
  - Process Organization
  - Integration by Automation
- PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS
- COBAS® CONNECTION MODULES (CCM)
  - The New Perspective on Sample Flow Solutions
- YOUR BENEFIT
  - Workflow Efficiency
  - Reduced Complexity
  - Flexibility
  - Control and Security
- PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS
  - Cobas Connection Modules for High-throughput Laboratories
  - Cobas Connection Modules the Flexible Combination with MPA EVO
- COBAS® 8100 AUTOMATED WORKFLOW SERIES
  - 3-D Intelligence in Lab Automation
- YOUR BENEFIT
  - High Throughput, Small Footprint
  - Intelligent Workflow
  - Maximum Consolidation
  - Flexible Workflow
- PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS
- YOUR BENEFIT
  - High Throughput, Small Footprint
  - Intelligent Workflow
  - Maximum Consolidation
  - Flexible Workflow
- PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS
- COBAS® IT SOLUTIONS
  - Simplicity, Flexibility and Confidence
  - cobas IT Solutions
- COBAS® MIDDLEWARE SOLUTION
  - IT Solutions from Roche for Your Core Laboratory
- YOUR BENEFIT
  - Effective Use of Your Resources
  - Improved Quality Performance
  - Easy Accessible Management Information
  - Saving Time and Reducing Duplication of Effort
  - Efficient Workflows for Today and the Future
  - Helping to Improve Your Quality Processes
- COBAS® LABORATORY INFORMATION SYSTEM
  - Streamline Patient Data and Information Flows
- YOUR BENEFIT
  - Allows a Patient-centric Approach
  - Provide Decision Support
  - Demonstrate Working Excellence
  - Communication with Hospital Information Systems
  - Modular Design
- COBAS® INFINITY IT SOLUTIONS
  - More Powerful than You can Imagine
- YOUR BENEFIT
  - Simplicity—See what is Needed
  - Flexibility—See What is Possible
  - Confidence—See What is Important
- PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS
- OVERVIEW OF SERUM WORK AREA TESTS
- ECL—UNIQUE IMMUNOASSAY TECHNOLOGY
  - Still Light Years Ahead
- YOUR BENEFIT
  - Rapid Response Times
  - Wide Measuring Range
  - Low Sample Volume
  - Controlled Reaction
  - Precision and Sensitivity
- PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS
  - Elecsys® Diagnostic Markers with Advanced Assay Design
  - ElectroChemiLuminescence (ECL) Technology
- TECHNOLOGY FOR HOMOGENEOUS IMMUNOASSAY DETECTION
  - Integrate Specific Protein Testing into Your Routine
- YOUR BENEFIT
  - Efficiency and Accelerated Result Reporting
  - Consolidation without Compromise
  - Product Characteristics
- ELECSYS® HBSAG II QUANT
  - A Powerful Tool for Therapy Monitoring
- YOUR BENEFIT
  - Optimized Management of Chronic Hepatitis B Patients
  - Allows a Response-guided Therapy
  - Markers for Risk Prediction
  - Enhanced Convenience
  - Maximal Reliability
  - Optimized for Clinical Decision Making
- PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS
  - EASL HBV Management Guidelines Update 20121
- ELECSYS® HIV COMBI PT 4TH GENERATION (AG+AB TEST)
  - Designed for Early Detection of HIV Infection
  - The HBV Portfolio: Covering all Stages of Hepatitis B
- YOUR BENEFIT
  - Earlier Detection of Infection
  - Compliant with Recent International Guidelines
  - Robust to Viral Change
  - Cost Efficiency
- PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS
  - Elecsys® HIV Combi PT Test Characteristics
- THE SYPHILIS ASSAYS
  - Fully Automated Testing Panel for Complete Assessment of the Disease Syphilis
- YOUR BENEFIT
- ELECSYS® SYPHILIS IMMUNOASSAY
  - Confidence in all Stages of Treponemal Infection
- YOUR BENEFIT
  - Designed for High Sensitivity
  - Cost Efficiency
  - Clear Results Interpretation
  - Efficient Use of Sample Volume
- PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS
  - Test Format
- ELECSYS® TORCH PANEL
  - Reliable Screening for Early Diagnosis
- YOUR BENEFIT
  - High Efficiency
  - Early Detection
  - Fewer Confirmation Tests and Fewer Reruns
  - Fast Reporting
  - Product Characteristics
  - Elecsys® CMV IgM, IgG and IgG Avidity
  - Elecsys® HSV-1 IgG and HSV-2 IgG
  - Rubella IgM and IgG
- ELECSYS® TROPONIN T HIGH SENSITIVE (TNT HS)
  - Improved Performance—Better Clinical Decisions
- YOUR BENEFIT
  - Guideline Compliant
  - Safe and Reliable Results
  - Earlier Diagnosis
  - High Prognostic Value for Cardiac Events
  - Early Identification
  - Consistent Correlation
- PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS
  - Key Benefit: Earlier Diagnosis of AMI
  - Product Characteristics
- KEY BENEFIT: EARLIER DIAGNOSIS OF AMI
- ELECSYS® NT-PROBNP
  - A Leap Forward in the Diagnosis and Stratification of Cardiovascular Disease
- YOUR BENEFIT
  - Simplified testing process and improved efficiency of testing
  - Consistent Correlation
  - Fast Diagnosis
  - Early Diagnosis of HF
  - Objectivity
  - Strong Prognosis
  - Improved Therapy
  - Product Characteristics
- ELECSYS® TUMOR MARKER PORTFOLIO
  - Supporting Improvements in Cancer Diagnosis and Monitoring
- YOUR BENEFIT
  - Longitudinal Accuracy for Reliable Long-term Patient Monitoring
  - Reliable Results
  - Roche Reagent and Application Portfolio for Consolidated Tumor Marker Testing
  - External Longitudinal Recovery Monitoring shows HIgh lot-to-lot Consistency
  - Operational Efficiency
  - Complete Diagnostic Picture with Personalized Healthcare
- ELECSYS® HE4
  - An oncological biomarker improving ovarian cancer care
- YOUR BENEFIT
  - Early Marker with Increased Sensitivity for Supporting the Diagnosis of Epithelial Ovarian Cancer (EOC) Diagnosis
  - High Discrimination Between Benign Ovarian Masses/Cysts and Ovarian Cancer
  - Improved Monitoring of Ovarian Cancer Recurrence and Progression
  - Reliable Results with Efficiency
  - ROMA Increases the Diagnostic Value of the Dual Marker Combination HE4 and CA 125
- PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS
- ELECSYS® PROGRP
  - Crucial Information for Differential Diagnosis in Lung Cancer
- YOUR BENEFIT
- PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS
- ELECSYS® CALCITONIN
  - A Powerful Tool for the Diagnosis and Monitoring of Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma (MTC)
- YOUR BENEFIT
  - A Marker with High Specificity for MTC
  - Elecsys Calcitonin with High Precision
  - Workflow Efficiency with the Most Complete Automated Thyroid Portfolio
  - Product Characteristics
- ELECSYS® ANTI-TSHR
  - Complex Testing Simplified and Automated
  - Clinical Utility
- YOUR BENEFIT
  - Improved Efficiency
  - High Quality Results
- PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS
- ELECSYS® TG II
  - The Power to Offer More for Differentiated Thyroid Cancer (DTC) Management
- YOUR BENEFIT
  - Excellent Functional Sensitivity and Precision
  - High Quality Patient Results and Accurate Long-term Monitoring
  - Product characteristics
- TINA-QUANT® LIPOPROTEIN (A) GEN. 2 TEST
  - For Accurate and Reliable Assessment of Cardiovascular risk
- YOUR BENEFIT
- PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS
- TINA-QUANT® IMMUNOGLOBULIN A AND M CSF
  - For Comprehensive CSF Protein Differentiation
- YOUR BENEFIT
- PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS
  - Tina-quant Immunoglobulin A CSF
- TINA-QUANT® HEMOGLOBIN A1C
  - Efficiency for the diagnosis and monitoring of diabetes
- YOUR BENEFIT
  - One Test for Diagnosis and Monitoring
  - Reliable diabetes management
  - Uncompromised performance
  - Efficiency, Cost and Workflow Improvements
- PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS
- TINA-QUANT® CYSTATIN C GEN. 2
  - Assess Renal Function Earlier and more Reliably
- YOUR BENEFIT
- PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS
  - Highly Sensitive and Specific, Unaffected by Physical Factors
- ELECSYS® PREECLAMPSIA
  - Advances in Diagnostics
  - Determination of Subtle Changes in GFR is Crucial in the Early Detection of CKD
  - Elecsys sFlt-1/PlGF Ratio
- YOUR BENEFIT
- PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS
  - sFlt-1/PlGF Ratio—Aid in the Diagnosis of Preeclampsia
- ELECSYS® VITAMIN D TOTAL
  - Allowing better Patient Care with Results You can Trust
- YOUR BENEFIT
- PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS
- ELECSYS® IL-6, PCT AND TINA-QUANT® CRP
  - For Early and Effective Sepsis Manageent—because time matters
  - Competitive Protein Binding Assay Detecting 25-OH Vitamin D2 and D3
  - Precision, Accuracy and Convenience
- YOUR BENEFIT
  - Rapid Diagnostics
  - Testing Efficiency
  - Economical Sample Handling
- PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS
- ELECSYS®TACROLIMUS AND CYCLOSPORINE
  - Trusted and Consistent Results for Organ Transplant Patients
- YOUR BENEFIT
  - High Precision for Confidence in Results
  - Consistent results for life-long monitoring
  - Consolidation of Relevant Monitoring Needs
  - Universal manual sample pretreatment for Elecsys ISDs
- PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS
  - Tacrolimus
  - Cyclosporine
- HEMOSTASIS TESTING
- MULTIPLATE® ANALYZER
  - Platelet Function Testing with Best-in-lass Predictivity
- YOUR BENEFIT
  - Cost-effective Therapies
  - Fast and Easy Assessment
  - Best Predictivity
  - Consistent Results
  - Medical Momentum
  - Product Characteristics
  - Comprehensive Reagent Menu of CE Marked Tests and Controls
- URINALYSIS
- URINALYSIS FROM ROCHE
  - Expertise Coming from a Long Tradition of More Than 50 Years
  - Urine Diagnostics Portfolio
- COMBUR-TEST® STRIP
  - A Quality Choice for Professional Use
- YOUR BENEFIT
  - Accuracy
  - Efficiency
  - Safety
  - Easy Strip Handling
- URISYS 1100® ANALYZER
  - Connected, Compact and Intuitive Solution for Urinalysis
- YOUR BENEFIT
  - Compact
  - Easy Handling
  - Simplify Your Life
  - Safety
- PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS
- COBAS U 411 URINE ANALYZER
  - The Compact Solution for the Semi-automated Urine Work Area
- YOUR BENEFIT
  - Fast and Efficient Workflow
  - Ensure Reliable Results
  - Safe and Hygienic Handling of Strips
- PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS
  - Consolidated Analysis
- COBAS® 6500 URINE ANALYZER SERIES*
  - Fully Automated Urine Work Area on a Modular Platform
- YOUR BENEFIT
  - Automation of the Gold Standard
  - Precise and Safe Strip Results
  - Consolidation of Urine Work Area
  - Workflow Optimization
- PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS
  - Cobas u 601 Urine Analyzer
  - Cobas u 701 Microscopy Analyzer*
- POINT-OF-CARE TESTING
  - Overview of Point-of-Care Diagnostic Tests
- COBAS POC IT SOLUTION
  - Bringing it All Together
- YOUR BENEFIT
  - Coordinated User Management
  - Innovative Functionality
  - Local Service and Support
  - Proven Commitment
  - cobas POC IT Solution
- PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS
  - Cobas IT 1000 Application
  - Cobas Academy
  - Cobas bge Link
  - Cobas eServices
- COBAS bge LINK SOFTWARE
  - Central Control of Your Roche Blood Gas and Electrolyte Analyzers
- YOUR BENEFIT
  - Save time
  - Improve Analyzer Uptime
  - Increase Confidence and Security
- PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS
- COBAS B 121 SYSTEM
  - Quick and Efficient Testing in Critical Care
- YOUR BENEFIT
  - Meets Varied Testing Needs
  - Increased Security and Confidence
  - Highest Quality and Full Traceability
- PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS
  - Extended Blood Gas Profile
  - Extended Emergency Profile
- COBAS B 221 SYSTEM
  - Convenience for Your Critical Care Testing
- YOUR BENEFIT
  - Fast Diagnosis
  - Flexibility of Testing
  - Confidence in Result Quality
  - Improved Uptime
- PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS
- COBAS B 123 POC SYSTEM
  - Allowing You to Focus on Patient Critical Care
- YOUR BENEFIT
  - Easy to Use
  - Safe
  - Rapid Results
  - Flexibility and Scalability
- PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS
- ACCU-CHEK® INFORM II SYSTEM
  - Professional Glucose Testing for the Wireless Age
- YOUR BENEFIT
- PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS
- ACCU-CHEK® SAFE-T-PRO PLUS
  - Single-use Lancing Device for Healthcare Professionals
- YOUR BENEFIT
  - Reliable Prevention of Cross-infections and Needlestick Injuries
- PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS
- COBAS H 232 POC SYSTEM
  - Expedite Your Cardiac Decisions with Rapid Results
- YOUR BENEFIT
  - Highly Versatile
  - Allows Fast Patient Stratification
  - Easy Handling and Portability
  - Reliable Quantitative Measurements
  - Safety
  - Control and Traceability
  - Product Characteristics
- ROCHE CARDIAC® TROP T SENSITIVE TEST
  - Visual Test for the Rapid Diagnosis of Myocardial Infarction
- YOUR BENEFIT
  - Highly Versatile
  - Fast Results
  - Easy Handling and Portability
  - Reliable Qualitative Measurements
  - Cost-effective
  - On the Spot Rule-in Acute Myocardial Infarction
- PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS
- COAGUCHEK® XS SYSTEM
  - Coagulation Self-testing Made Easy
- YOUR BENEFIT
  - Fast, Reliable Results
  - Simple Fingerstick Test
  - Independence and Reassurance
  - Improved Patient Outcomes
- PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS
  - CoaguChekXS Plus system CoaguChek XS Pro system
  - Coagulation Monitoring for Healthcare Professionals
- YOUR BENEFIT
  - Safety and Confidence
  - Improved Workflow and Convenience
  - Product Characteristics
- ACCUTREND® PLUS SYSTEM
  - Screening for Cardiovascular Risk factors
- YOUR BENEFIT
  - On the Spot Results
  - Safety and Reassurance
  - Ease of Use
  - Product Characteristics
- REFLOTRON® PLUS SYSTEM REFLOTRON® SPRINT SYSTEM
  - Flexible Testing to Support Your Clinical Decisions
- YOUR BENEFIT
  - Reliability
  - Covering a Wide Range of Daily Routine and Emergency Testing
  - Faster Clinical Decision Making
- PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS
- COBAS B 101 SYSTEM
  - Managing Diabetes and Dyslipidemia at the Point of “Need”
- YOUR BENEFIT
  - Test Precision and Guideline Compliant
  - Easy and Safe Operation
  - Fast Turnaround Time
- PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS
  - Disc Features
  - Parameters and Measuring Range in the Therapeutically Important Range
- MOLECULAR DIAGNOSTICS
- SOLUTIONS FROM ROCHE FOR MOLECULAR DIAGNOSTICS
  - Innovative, Reliable and Efficient
- YOUR BENEFIT
  - Workflow Solutions for Molecular Diagnostics
- TEST OVERVIEW
- COBAS P 630 INSTRUMENT
  - The Pre-analytics Solution that makes Life Easier
- YOUR BENEFIT
  - Efficiency
  - Flexiblility
  - Full Traceability
  - Process Surveillance
- PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS
  - Unit Dimensions
  - Sample Processing Throughput
- COBAS® AMPLIPREP INSTRUMENT
  - Nucleic Acid Purification Made Simple
- YOUR BENEFIT
  - Safety and Reliability
  - Efficiency
- PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS
  - Unit Dimensions
  - Capacity
  - Throughput
- COBAS® TAQMAN® ANALYZER AND COBAS® TAQMAN® 48 ANALYZER
  - Innovation for Routine PCR
- YOUR BENEFIT
  - Efficiency and Reliability for Routine PCR
- PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS
  - COBAS TaqMan 48 Analyzer
  - COBAS TaqMan Analyzer
- TEST MENU
  - With Manual Sample Preperation
  - With Automated Sample Preparation
- COBAS® AMPLIPREP/COBAS® TAQMAN® HCV QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE TESTS, V2.0
  - Empowering Change in HCV COBAS AmpliPrep/COBAS TaqMan HCV Qualitative Test, v2.0 and Quantitative Test, v2.0
  - The COBAS AmpliPrep/COBAS TaqMan HCV Qualitative Test, v2.0
- YOUR BENEFIT
- PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS
  - Workflow
  - COBAS AmpliPrep/COBAS TaqMan HCV Quantitative Test, v2.0
- YOUR BENEFIT
- PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS
  - Workflow
- COBAS® TAQMAN® MTB TEST
  - Rapid MTB Detection
  - Roche Offers a Complete Continuum of Care to Run the Key Tests for the Diagnosis and Management of HCV
- YOUR BENEFIT
- PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS
- COBAS P 480 INSTRUMENT
  - Automating Your Primary Vial Preprocessing Steps
- YOUR BENEFIT
  - Improve Laboratory Efficiency
  - Reduce Hands on Time and Eliminate Repetitive Motion
  - Improve Sample Reproducibility and Process Reliability
  - Replacement Caps Ensure a Quality Seal
- COBAS® 4800 SYSTEM V2.0
  - Keeping Pace with Changing Needs
- YOUR BENEFIT
  - Reliable Results
  - Efficiency
  - Flexibility
  - Load-and-go reagents
- TEST MENU
  - Cobas® 4800 HPV Test
  - Cobas® 4800 CT/NG Test
  - NG Only or as CT/NG Combination
  - Oncology Tests
  - Hospital Aquired Infections
  - Viral Infections
- PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS
  - Components:
  - Cobas x 480 Instrument
  - Cobas z 480 analyzer
- THE COBAS® HPV TEST
  - Know the Risk
- YOUR BENEFIT
  - Evidence Based
  - Clinically relevant results
  - Reort with confidence
- PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS
  - Coverage
  - Sample Material
  - Test Principle
  - Throughput
  - Absolute Risk of ≥CIN2 by Screening Strategies Assessed in ATHENA at Baseline
- THE COBAS® ONCOLOGY TESTS
  - 7–10 days is a long Time to wait when Everyday Counts
- YOUR BENEFIT
  - Reliable Results
  - Consistent, Objective and Reproducible Results
  - Fast Result Reporting
- TEST MENU
  - cobas 4800 BRAF V600 Mutation Test
  - cobas KRAS Mutation Test (CE-IVD)
  - Cobas EGFR Mutation Test
  - Cobas DNA Sample Preparation Kit
  - Assay Specific Analysis Packages
- COBAS® MRSA/SA TEST
  - Faster than a Spreading Infection
- YOUR BENEFIT
  - Exceptional Performance
  - Greater Workflow Efficiencies
  - Automated Efficiency
- COBAS® CDIFF TEST
  - The Right Result the First Time
- YOUR BENEFIT
  - Exceptional Performance
  - Confidence in Results
- COBAS® HSV 1 AND 2 TEST
  - Bring More to Your Sexually Transmitted Infections Menu
- YOUR BENEFIT
  - Amplified Reliability
  - Reduced Hands-on Time
  - Multiple assays, one system
  - Time-saving Flexibility—use Different Primary Vials And/or Sample Types
  - Mixed Batch Testing on cobas® 4800 System
    - Parallel Sample Processing Offers the Flexibility to Run Different Tests and Sample Types, Including:
- COBAS S 201 SYSTEM
  - The First Multi-dye Nucleic Acid Testing (NAT) Screening System
- YOUR BENEFIT
- PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS
  - Scalable, Modular System
  - Pooling and Data Management Server
- TEST MENU
  - Cobas TaqScreen MPX Tests
  - Cobas® TaqScreen DPX Test
  - Cobas TaqScreen WNV Test
- LIGHTCYCLER® SYSTEMS
  - Excellence in Real-time PCR
- YOUR BENEFIT
  - High Precision
  - High Flexibility
  - High Sensitivity
  - High Operator Convenience
  - Versatility
  - Available Reagents
- PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS
- LIGHTCYCLER® 2.0 INSTRUMENT
  - High Performance that Meets the Needs of IVD
- YOUR BENEFIT
- PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS
- TEST KITS, VALIDATED FOR IVD
  - For Medical Research
- LIGHTCYCLER® SEPTIFAST TEST
  - Rapid Identification of Sepsis Pathogens
- YOUR BENEFIT
  - Broad Coverage of Sepsis Pathogens
  - Fast Results with Minimal Sample Volume
  - Broad Application
  - 25 Different Pathogens can be identified with Dem LightCycler® Septifast Test
- LIGHTCYCLER® MRSA ADVANCED TEST
  - Enabling Improved Infection Control
- YOUR BENEFIT
- MagNA PURE SYSTEMS
  - Accelerate Your Lab Workflow
- YOUR BENEFIT
  - Efficiency
  - Reliability
  - Safety
  - Flexibility
- PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS
- TISSUE DIAGNOSTICS
- TISSUE DIAGNOSTICS
  - Leading Future Innovation
- SYMPHONY SYSTEM
  - Rethink H and E
- YOUR BENEFIT
  - Reduction of Errors and Mitigation of Risk
  - Accurate and Reproducible Results
  - Faster Turnaround Times and Greater Efficiency
- PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS
- PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS
- BENCHMARK SPECIAL STAINS
  - Automated Slide Stainer
- YOUR BENEFIT
  - Superior Special Stains Workflow Efficiency
  - Consistent Quality
  - Reduced Risk
- PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS
  - VENTANA Special Stains Reagents
  - Special Stains Menu
- PRIMARY ANTIBODIES
  - Over 250 Ready-to-use Clinical Reagents, Optimized for use on VENTANA Staining Platforms
    - Ready-to-use antibodies
- IHC DETECTION
  - Meet Your Needs and Everything Beyond IHC/ISH Detection
  - IHC Detection Offerings
  - ISH detection offerings
- YOUR BENEFIT
  - OptiView DAB IHC Detection
- BREAST CANCER DIAGNOSTICS
  - Empowering Clinical Confidence
- YOUR BENEFIT
  - Clinical Superiority
  - Analytical Superiority
  - Testing eFficiency
- PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS
  - INFORM HER2 Dual ISH DNA Probe Cocktail assay
  - HER2 (4B5) Rabbit Monoclonal Antibody
- PROSTATE CANCER DIAGNOSTICS
  - Diagnostic Solutions and Innovative Tools for Emerging Utility
  - ERG (EPR3864) Rabbit Monoclonal Primary Antibody
  - VENTANA p63 (4A4) Mouse Monoclonal Primary Antibody
  - VENTANA Basal Cell Cocktail 34βE12+p63
- HEMATOPATHOLOGY
  - A Comprehensive Solution Helping You Detect and Subtype
  - CONFIRM CD5 (SP19) with OptiView DAB IHC Detection*
  - Competitor CD5 with DAB Detection
- COLORECTAL DIAGNOSTICS
  - Assist in Diagnosis, Risk Stratification and Subtyping of Colorectal Cancer
  - Subtyping with MMR and BRAF V600E IHC tests
  - Mismatch Repair IHC Staining Patterns in Colorectal Cancer
- LUNG CANCER DIAGNOSTIC SOLUTIONS
  - Driving Personalized Healthcare with Key Markers for Detection and Subtyping
  - Differentiating Between Adenocarcinoma and Squamous Cell Carcinoma
  - Gain a Clear View by Detecting ALK and c-MET Protein Expression
  - VENTANA ALK (D5F3) Rabbit Monoclonal Primary Antibody
  - CONFIRM Total c-MET (SP44) Rabbit Monoclonal Primary Antibody
- BENCHMARK IHC/ISH PLATFORM
  - Automated Slide Staining Systems
- YOUR BENEFIT
  - Fully Automated
  - Flexibility
  - Optimal Quality
  - Workflow
- BENCHMARK SYSTEM FEATURES
  - BenchMark GX System
  - BenchMark XT System
  - BenchMark ULTRA System
  - LIS or VANTAGE Software Connection
- DIGITAL PATHOLOGY
  - Eliminate the Boundaries of Time and Distance
- YOUR BENEFIT
  - Speed, Consistency
  - Optimize Case Management
  - Clinical Confidence
  - Comprehensive
- PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS
  - Virtuoso Image Management Software
  - VENTANA iScan HT Slide Scanner
  - iScan Coreo Slide Scanner
  - Companion Algorithm Image Analysis Software
- VANTAGE WORKFLOW SOLUTION
  - A Proven System for Quality to Increase Patient Safety
- YOUR BENEFIT
  - Eliminate Redundancies, Reduce Errors
  - Lean Workflow
  - Establish Your Chain of Custody
  - Full and Fast Control
  - Full Transparency
  - Product Characteristics
- CONSULTANCY SERVICES
  - Inspiring Continuous Improvement
- YOUR BENEFIT
  - Consultancy Process
  - A Structured Approach
- SEQUENCING SOLUTIONS
- GENOME SEQUENCER FLX+ SYSTEM
  - Sanger-like Read Lengths—the Power of Next-Generation Throughput
- YOUR BENEFIT
  - Fast Results
  - More Comprehensive Data
  - Widest Application Range and Flexibility
  - The Genome Sequencer FLX+ System—Sequence with Confidence
- PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS
- GS JUNIOR SYSTEM
  - The Power of Next-generation Sequencing on Your Benchtop
- YOUR BENEFIT
  - Integrated Next-generation Sequencing
  - Increased Lab Productivity
  - Broad Application Versatility
- PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS
  - Research Application
  - GS Junior applications
  - An Integrated Solution—from Sample Prep to Data Analysis
- NIMBLEGEN SEQUENCE CAPTURE
  - Confident and Efficient Genetic Variant Detection
- YOUR BENEFIT
  - Most Relevant Content
  - Proven Performance
  - Maximum Convenience
  - Product Characteristics
- ROCHE DIALOG
  - The Changing World of Diagnostics Introducing Roche DiaLog
- YOUR BENEFIT
- PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS
Appendix
- CLINICAL CHEMISTRY, SERUM, PLASMA AND BLOOD
- HEMATOLOGY, EDTA BLOOD
- COAGULATION AND ESR, CITRATED BLOOD/PLASMA
- BLOOD GASES AND WHOLE BLOOD ELECTROLYTES
- THERAPEUTIC DRUG MONITORING, TOXICOLOGY (BLOOD)
- URINE
- CSF

INDEX

TOC
Index

Chapter Notes