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A Textbook of Therapeutic Modalities in Psychiatric Nursing
Manisha Gupta
UNIT-1:
Psychopharmacotherapies
INTRODUCTION
HYSTORICAL PERSPECTIVES
CLASSIFICATION OF PSYCHOTROPIC DRUGS
INTRODUCTION
DEFINITION
HISTORY
CLASSIFICATION
USAGE
INDICATIONS
PHARMACOKINETICS
MECHANISM OF ACTION
MODE OF ACTION
TYPICAL VS ATYPICAL COMPARISON
ATYPICAL ANTIPSYCHOTICS
CONTRAINDICATIONS
NURSES RESPONSIBILITIES
HALOPERIDOL
Pharmacology
Pharmacokinetics
Intramuscular injections
Intravenous injections
Therapeutic concentration
Uses
Contraindications
Absolute
Special caution needed
Adverse Effects
Pregnancy and Lactation
Carcinogenicity
Interactions
Doses
Acute patients
Chronic conditions
Experimental doses
Symptoms
Treatment
Prognosis
ADVERSE EFFECTS OF ANTIPSYCHOTIC DRUGS
NURSE'S RESPONSIBILITY
INTRODUCTION
CLASSIFICATION
INDICATIONS
Pharmacokinetics
Mechanism of Action
Side Effects
Nurse's Responsibility
INTRODUCTION
DEFINITION
INDICATION
DESIRED TREATMENT OUTCOMES
MODE OF ACTION
TARGET SYMPTOMS FOR MOOD-STABILIZING DRUG THERAPY
ANTIMANIC DRUGS
Lithium
Indications
Clinical use
Pharmacokinetics
Mechanism of action
Dosage
Blood lithium levels
Side effects
Signs and symptoms of lithium toxicity
Contraindications of lithium use
Management of lithium toxicity
Nurse's responsibilities
To achieve therapeutic effect and prevent lithium toxicity, the following precautions should be taken
Carbamazepine
Indications
Dosage
Mechanism of action
Side effects
Nurse's responsibilities
SODIUM VALPROATE, ENCORATE, CHRONO, VALPARIN, EPILEX, EPIVAL
Oxcarbazepine
Mechanism of action
Side effects
Lamotrifine
Side effects
Dry interaction
Gabapentin
Absorption, distribution, metabolism and execution
Side effects
Topiramate
Absorption, distribution, metabolism and execution
Dosage
Side effects
Nurse's responsibility when patients are on antimanic drugs
BENZODIAZEPINES
Indications for Benzodiazepines
Dosage (mg/ day)
Mechanism of Action
Side Effects
Nurse's Responsibility
INTRODUCTION
INDICATION
Bipolar Disorder
Neurological Disorders
Other Disorders
SIDE EFFECTS
DRUG INTERACTION
MECHANISM OF ACTION
DOSAGE
SIDE EFFECTS
NURSE'S RESPONSIBILITIES
INTRODUCTION
INDICATIONS
MECHANISM OF ACTION
DOSAGE
SIDE EFFECTS
NURSE'S RESPONSIBILITIES
INTRODUCTION
DEFINITION
MECHANISM OF ACTION
ANTABUSE REACTION
EFFECT OF ANTABUSE
USE OF ANTABUSE
ANTABUSE DOES NOT DO
DO'S AND DON'TS OF ANTABUSE
EFFECTIVENESS OF ANTABUSE
SIDE EFFECTS
SERIOUS WARNING SIGNS
RESISTANCE TO TRYING ANTABUSE
GETTING A PRESCRIPTION
ANTIALCOHOL DRUGS
A RECOVERY CHECKLIST
HELP FOR THE FAMILY
THINGS YOU CAN DO FOR THE ADDICT
THINGS YOU CAN DO FOR YOURSELF
THE THREE C'S OF DEALING WITH AN ADDICT
HELPFUL LINKS FOR FAMILY AND FRIENDS OF ADDICTS
12 STEP GROUPS
GOVERNMENT AGENCIES
ORGANIZATIONS
OTHER RESOURCES
ADDICTION TEST
DEPRESSION TEST
CLONIDINE
Indications
Mechanism of Action
Dosage
Side Effects
Nurse's Responsibilities
METHYLPHENIDATE [RITALIN]
Indications
Mechanism of Action
Dosage
Side Effects
Nurse's Responsibilities
UNIT-2:
Psychological Therapies
INTRODUCTION
DEFINITION OF PSYCHOTHERAPY
CONCEPT OF PSYCHOTHERAPY
GOALS OF PSYCHOTHERAPY
TYPES AND TECHNIQUES OF PSYCHOTHERAPY
CONTRAINDICATIONS
INTRODUCTION
OVERVIEW
DEFINITION
APPROACHES TO INDIVIDUAL PSYCHOTHERAPY
LEVELS OF INDIVIDUAL PSYCHOTHERAPY
Indications
PROCESS OF PSYCHOTHERAPY (FIG. 2.1)
Goals
STAGES OF INDIVIDUAL PSYCHOTHERAPY
Introductory Stage
Working Stage
Working Through Stage
TYPES OF INDIVIDUAL PSYCHOTHERAPY
I. Psychoanalysis
Definition
Indications
Methods of psychoanalysis
Process of psychoanalysis
Types of psychoanalysis
II. Hypnosis
Definition
Process of hypnotherapy
III. Narcoanalysis
IV. Abreaction
V. Reality Therapy
Definition
Concept/technique of reality therapy
VI. Insight Psychotherapy or Uncovering
VII. Supportive Psychotherapy
Definition
VIII. Other Psychotherapies
1. Re-educative psychotherapies
2. Reconstructive psychotherapy
GROUP PSYCHOTHERAPY
Introduction
Definition
Overview
Types of Group Psychotherapy
Curative/Therapeutic Factors of Group Therapy (According to Yalom)
Contraindications
Group Size
Time Duration
Approaches to Group Therapy
Steps of Group Therapy
Therapeutic Factors Involved in Group Therapy
Some Useful Techniques in the Group Therapy
Advantages of Group Therapy
Role of Nurse in Group Therapy
CONCLUSION
SUPPORTIVE THERAPY
Introduction
Definition
Goals
Selection Criteria
Duration
Techniques of Supportive Psychotherapy
Principles
Indications
Role of the Therapist
INTRODUCTION
OVERVIEW OF FAMILY THERAPY
Definition
Aims
Indications
Components
Assessment
Teaching
Client Selection
Function of Family
Management
Boundary function
Communication function
Supportive function
Socialization function
Biological function
Psychological function
Educational function
Protective function
Recreational function
Religious function
Cultural function
Social function
APPROACHES TO FAMILY THERAPY
Double-blind Theory
Strategic Model
Structural Model
Family System Theory
Insight-oriented family theory
BEHAVIORAL FAMILY THERAPY
TYPES OF FAMILY THERAPY
Single Family Therapy
Couple Therapy /Marital Therapy
Multiple Family Group Therapy
Multiple Impact Therapy
Network Therapy
Psychoeducational Family Therapy
Indications
Aims
CHARACTERISTICS OF DYSFUNCTIONAL FAMILIES
FAMILY-CENTERED APPROACH
TECHNOLOGY FOR FAMILY THERAPY
APPLICATION OF NURSING PROCESS IN FAMILY THERAPY
Assessment
Nursing Diagnosis
Planning
Nursing Interventions
Interventions are:
Evaluation
INTRODUCTION
OVERVIEW
DEFINITION
PRINCIPLES OF BEHAVIOR THERAPY
Classical Conditioning
Sequence of conditioning operations
Operant Conditioning
Techniques for modifying client behavior
Operant conditioning procedures for decreasing maladaptive behavior
Operant conditioning for increasing adaptive behavior
Operant conditioning procedures to teach new behavior
ASSERTIVENESS AND SOCIAL SKILL TRAINING
COGNITIVE THERAPY
Techniques of Cognitive Therapy
Indication
Schedule
ABREACTION THERAPY
Method
AVERSION THERAPY
RELAXATION THERAPY
Jacobson's Progressive Muscular Relaxation
HYPNOSIS
Changes that Occur During Hypnosis
Techniques
MENTAL IMAGERY
USE OF TAPE-RECORDED EXERCISES OR INSTRUCTIONS
YOGA OR MEDITATION
BIOFEEDBACK
CURRENT RESEARCH
INTRODUCTION
HISTORY
DEFINITION
OBJECTIVES
FACTORS
MEASURING HYPNOTIZABILITY
CLASSICAL AND OPERANT CONDITIONING THEORY (FOR HYPNOSIS)
Indications
Contraindications
Changes that Occur During Hypnosis Trance
Techniques
Procedure Used
PROCESS OF HYPNOTHERAPY
Posthypnotic Effects
Posthypnotic Suggestion
Mode of action
Ending Hypnotic Trance
Objections to Hypnosis
Precautions to be Followed in Hypnosis
PSYCHOTHERAPEUTIC APPLICATION OF HYPNOSIS
Advantages
Limitations
ROLE OF THERAPIST IN HYPNOSIS
CONCLUSION
INTRODUCTION
HISTORY
DEFINITION
PURPOSES
USES OF NARCOANALYSIS
TEAM MEMBERS OF NARCOTEST
DRUGS USED IN NARCOANALYSIS
Amobarbital
Sodium Pentothal
Sodium Amytal
Scopolamine (hyoscine)
Truth Serum
Preparation of solution
Complications of drugs
NARCOANALYSIS TEST
Effect of Administration of Drug
Preparation of Report
Other Associated Truth Finding Test
Polygraph or lie detection test
P300 or the brain mapping test
LEGAL ASPECT OF NARCOANALYSIS
Indications
Contraindications
Techniques
Procedure
Administration
Postprocedural Care
SOME NOTABLE EVENTS AND CASES OF NARCOANALYSIS IN INDIA
ROLE OF NURSE IN NARCOANALYSIS
Quality of Nurse
CONCLUSION
INTRODUCTION
PURPOSES
PRINCIPLES OF MILIEU THERAPY
CHARACTERISTICS OF MILIEU THERAPY
COMPONENTS
Maintaining Safe Environment
The Trust Relationship
Building Self-esteem
Limit setting
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF MILIEU THERAPY
Advantages
Disadvantages
ROLE OF A NURSE IN MILIEU THERAPY
RESEARCH REVIEW
INTRODUCTION
DEFINITIONS
GOALS
OBJECTIVES
BASIC ASSUMPTIONS OF THERAPEUTIC COMMUNITY
ELEMENTS OF THERAPEUTIC COMMUNITY
COMPONENTS OF THERAPEUTIC COMMUNITY
Daily Community Meetings
Patient Government or Ward Council
Formal Training, it Provides
Staff Meeting Review
Living and Learning Opportunities
FEATURES OF THERAPEUTIC COMMUNITY
PRINCIPLES OF THERAPEUTIC COMMUNITY
PROCEDURE
TECHNIQUES OF THERAPEUTIC COMMUNITY
ROLE OF STAFF IN THERAPEUTIC COMMUNITY
ROLES OF INTERDISCIPLINARY TEAM IN THERAPEUTIC COMMUNITY
Psychiatrist
Clinical Psychologist
Psychiatric Clinical Nurse Specialist
Mental Health Technician/Psychiatric Aid or Assistant/ Psychiatric Technician
Psychiatric Social Worker
Occupational Therapist
Recreational Therapist
Music Therapist
Art Therapist
Psychodramatist
Chaplain
ROLE OF NURSE IN THERAPEUTIC COMMUNITY IN A PSYCHIATRY SETTING
Authoritarian Role
Social Role
Therapeutic Role
RESIDENT ROLES
Therapeutic Roles
Social Role
Decision-making Roles
INDIVIDUAL RESPONSIBILITIES
INDICATIONS
CONTRAINDICATIONS
PARAMETERS OF THERAPEUTIC COMMUNITY
Size of the Unit
Duration of Treatment
Relations with the Parent's Organizations and Wider Community
PHASES OF TREATMENT FOR THE INDIVIDUAL
Starting Treatment
Middle Phase
Ending Stage
TYPES OF STAFF INVOLVED IN THERAPEUTIC COMMUNITY
THE THERAPEUTIC TOPICS FOR CLIENT EDUCATION
ADVANTAGES OF THERAPEUTIC COMMUNITY
DISADVANTAGES OF THERAPEUTIC COMMUNITY
ROLE OF THE NURSE IN THERAPEUTIC COMMUNITY
UNIT-3:
Somatic (Physical) Therapies
INTRODUCTION
HISTORY
DEFINITION
TYPES OF ECT
TYPES OF SEIZURES PRODUCED
PROCEDURE
MECHANISM OF ACTION
FREQUENCY AND TOTAL NUMBER OF ECT
INDICATIONS
Other Indications
CONTRAINDICATIONS
RISK ASSOCIATED WITH ECT
COMPLICATION OF ECT
SIDE EFFECTS OF ECT
ECT TEAM
ROLE OF NURSES
Preprocedure
Intraprocedure Care
Postprocedure Care
GUIDELINES FOR TREATMENT
Adverse Effects
Effects on memory
Effects in pregnancy
ADMINISTRATION
MECHANISM OF ACTION
Involuntary ECT
ECT Machines
INTRODUCTION
DEFINITION
INDICATIONS
MECHANISM OF ACTION
PAPEZ CIRCUIT
TECHNIQUES AND TYPES OF OPERATION
THE CURRENTLY EMPLOYED PROCEDURES
SIDE EFFECTS
COMPLICATIONS
ROLE OF NURSES IN PSYCHOSURGERY
ELECTROSLEEP (ELECTRONARCOSIS, CEREBROELECTROTHERAPY—CET)
Indication
MEGA VITAMIN THERAPY
UNIT-4:
Activity Therapy
INTRODUCTION
DEFINITIONS
AIMS
OBJECTIVES
GOALS
SETTINGS
ORGANIZATIONS OF OCCUPATIONAL THERAPY
ORGANIZATIONS OF OCCUPATIONAL THERAPEUTIC TEAM
ADVANTAGES
POINTS TO BE KEPT IN MIND
TYPES OF ACTIVITIES
PURPOSES
PRINCIPLE
PROCESS OF INTERVENTION (FIG. 4.1)
The Quality Assurance Circle of Activity
INDICATIONS
WHEN TO REFER A PATIENT TO PSYCHIATRIC OT
MEDICAL DIAGNOSES WITH POTENTIAL FOR PSYCHOLOGICAL SEQUELAE INCLUDE
Type of Services Planned
ROLE OF NURSE IN OCCUPATIONAL THERAPY
List of Activities Guided by the Nurse in the Hospital Situation
INTRODUCTION
DEFINITION
AIMS OF RECREATIONAL THERAPY
POINTS TO BE KEPT IN MIND
TYPES OF RECREATIONAL ACTIVITIES
SUGGESTED RECREATIONAL ACTIVITIES FOR PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS
ROLE OF NURSES IN RECREATIONAL THERAPY
OVERVIEW
DEEP BREATHING EXERCISES
PROGRESSIVE RELAXATION TECHNIQUE
MODIFIED PROGRESSIVE MUSCLE RELAXATION TECHNIQUE OR PASSIVE MUSCLE RELAXATION TECHNIQUE
MEDITATION
MENTAL IMAGERY
BIOFEEDBACK
PHYSICAL EXERCISES
INTRODUCTION
EDUCATIONAL APPROACH
EDUCATIONAL DIAGNOSIS
Perception/Reactions
Sensory Modality
Memory/Thinking/Verbal Communication
Contact/Nonverbal Communication
Motor Behavior
INTRODUCTION
RESEARCH ABSTRACT
BIBLIOTHERAPY: PATIENT LIBRARIES AND READING PROGRAMS, ONE COMPONENT OF THE MORAL TREATMENT REVOLUTION
Abstract
Objectives
Results and conclusions
INTRODUCTION
CURATIVE FUNCTIONS
DIAGNOSTIC FUNCTIONS
TYPES OF PLAY THERAPY
ROLE OF NURSE IN PLAY THERAPY
INTRODUCTION
DEFINITION
GOALS
TYPES OF MUSIC THERAPY
PURPOSES OF MUSIC THERAPY
Physical Effects
Mental Effects
Emotional Effects
ADVANTAGES
GUIDELINES FOR EFFECTIVE MUSIC THERAPY
ASPECTS OF MUSIC THERAPY
HOW DOES THE MUSIC THERAPY WORKS?
WHERE DO MUSIC THERAPIST WORKS?
NURSES' ROLE IN MUSIC THERAPY
RESEARCH REVIEW
Music Therapy and Depression
INTRODUCTION
ADVANTAGES
HISTORY
First Wave
Second Wave
PRINCIPLES
THE CREATIVE PROCESS
SPECIALIZED TREATMENTS
LOCATIONS
ORGANIZATIONS
American Dance Therapy Association
Association for Dance Movement Therapy, United Kingdom
THERAPIST QUALIFICATIONS
IMPORTANCE
HISTORY
ADVANTAGES
DISADVANTAGES
LIGHT THERAPY USED FOR
HOW DOES LIGHT THERAPY WORKS?
HOW IS IT DELIVERED? (FIG. 4.9)
BENEFITS OF LIGHT THERAPY
Early Morning Insomnia
Productivity Enhancement
Night-owl Insomnia
Jet Lag
Late-shift Drowsiness
Bulimia
Lupus
Nonseasonal Depression
Prolonged Menstrual Cycles
INTRODUCTION
BACKGROUND
HEALING POWER OF COLOR THERAPY
TOOLS USED IN COLOR THERAPY
BENEFITS OF COLOR THERAPY
THE MEANING AND POWER OF COLOR
RESEARCH REVIEW
INTRODUCTION
HOW DOES AROMATHERAPY WORK?
WHAT HAPPENS DURING AN AROMATHERAPY SESSION? (FIG. 4.10)
WHAT IS AROMATHERAPY GOOD FOR?
OTHER CONDITIONS FOR WHICH AROMATHERAPY MAY BE HELPFUL INCLUDES
AVOID AROMATHERAPY
CONTRAINDICATION
RESEARCH REVIEW
The Effects of Aromatherapy on Stress and Stress Responses in Adolescents
Purpose
Methods
Results
Conclusion
ABSTRACT
HISTORICAL REVIEW
DEFINITION
MODALITIES OF SPIRITUAL THERAPY
NURSES ROLE IN SPIRITUAL THERAPY
PRAYER THERAPY
Prayer: An Effective Alternative Medicine Therapy
Ways of prayer
Preparation before prayer
Steps of prayer
Prayer practice
UNIT-5:
Complementary and Alternative Therapies in Psychiatry
INTRODUCTION
ALTERNATIVE APPROACHES TO HEALTH CARE
DEFINITION OF ALTERNATIVE THERAPY
COMPLEMENTARY THERAPIES
BASIC CONCEPTS OF ALTERNATIVE HEALTH CARE
CATEGORIES OF ALTERNATIVE THERAPIES
TYPES OF ALTERNATIVE THERAPIES
Diet Management and Nutrition
Animal Assisted Therapies
Ayurveda
Yoga/Meditation
Types of yoga
Yamas (observences)
Massage Therapy
Telemedicine
Herbal Medicine
Siddha
Uses of siddha
Unani
Concept of unani system
Homeopathy
Acupuncture
Electroacupuncture
Acupressure
Chiropractic Medicine
THERAPEUTIC TOUCH
REIKI THERAPY
Reiki History
MASSAGE
Benefits of Massage
Physical benefits (Fig. 5.4)
Mental benefits (Fig. 5.5)
MASSAGE-BASED THERAPIES TO IMPROVE WELL-BEING IN THE WORKPLACE
MUSCLE ENERGY TECHNIQUE (MET)
Techniques
SPORT MASSAGE
INDIAN HEAD MASSAGE
WHO AM I ?
WELL-BEING AT WORK
CONTRAINDICATIONS
UNIT-6:
Counseling
INTRODUCTION
GERIATRIC CARE COUNSELING
What Services does Geriatric Care Counseling Provide?
COUNSELING SERVICES FOR OLDER ADULTS
TYPES OF COUNSELING SERVICES
The professional staff
ROLE OF NURSE IN GERIATRIC COUNSELING
ROLE AND RESPONSIBILITIES IN GERIATRIC NURSING
PHASES OF A THERAPEUTIC RELATIONSHIP OF A NURSE
Therapeutic task accomplished by the psychiatric mental health nurse the initiating phase include:
During the working phase include:
During the termination phase:
UNIT-7:
Psychiatric Rehabilitation
INTRODUCTION
DEFINITION
AIMS
PRINCIPLES OF PSYCHIATRIC REHABILITATION
REHABILITATION TEAM
APPROACHES OF PSYCHIATRIC REHABILITATION
Psychoeducation
Working with Families
Group Therapy
Social Skills
STEPS IN PSYCHIATRIC REHABILITATION
TYPES OF REHABILITATION
Social Rehabilitation
Educational Rehabilitation
Occupational Rehabilitation
Vocational Rehabilitation
AIMS
INDICATIONS
PRINCIPLES
COMPONENTS OF VOCATIONAL REHABILITATION
Open Competitive Job Placement
Indications
Sheltered Employment
Indications
Self-employment
Indications
Home-bound Work Programs
Indications
Follow-up Program and Continuity of Care
Indications
Aims
TIPS TO PROMOTE FOLLOW-UP SERVICES
RE-EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES
PHASES IN VOCATIONAL REHABILITATION
Vocational Assessment
Vocational Counseling
Vocational Training
Job Exploration
Job Placement
Follow-up
VOCATIONAL PROGRAM
DIFFICULTIES IN REHABILITATION
ROLE OF NURSE IN REHABILITATION
Assessment
Assessment of the individual
Assessment of the family
Assessment of the community
Individual interventions
Family interventions
Community interventions
Evaluation
REHABILITATION SERVICES IN INDIA
Rehabilitation Facilities at Hospitals
Rehabilitation facilities at community
Model of psychiatric rehabilitation center
MAIN VOCATIONAL REHABILITATION CENTERS IN INDIA
INDEX
TOC
Index
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