A
Aberrant right subclavian artery, 271
Abscess
brain, 57
cerebellar, 57
masseteric, 197
orbital, 126t
parotid, 197
peritonsillar, 196
postauricular, 55
temporal, 57
Absolute bone conduction (ABC) test, 29
Achalasia, of esophagus, 271
Acinic cell tumor, 186
Acoustic trauma, 70
Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), oral manifestations of, 181
Acute laryngeal edema, in children, 299
Acute mastoiditis, 22
Acute otitis externa, 22
classification of, 45f
course of disease, 283
investigation of, 283
predisposing factors of, 282
source and routes of infection, 46
treatment of, 283
Acute rhinitis/common cold/coryza, 227
clinical features
signs, 118
symptoms, 118
complications, 118t
management, 118
Acute subglottic laryngitis, 299
Adam’s apple, 207
Adenocarcinoma, of nose and sinuses, 144
Adenolymphoma. See Warthin’s tumor
Adhesive otitis media, 46
Aditus, posterior wall, 9
Adjuvant chemotherapy, in ENT and head and neck cancers, 313
Adjuvant radiotherapy, in ENT and head and neck cancers, 311
Alcohol, and carcinoma of oral cavity, 178
Aminoglycosides, 77
Ampullae, 12
Amylase, 164
Anemia, oral manifestations of, 181
Angioma of septum. See Capillary hemangioma
Angioneurotic edema, 249
Angular stomatitis, 168
Anterior ethmoidal syndrome, 154
Anterior recess, 8
AOM. See Acute otitis media (AOM)
Aortic aneurysm, 271
Argon laser, in ENT surgery, 316
Artificial larynx, 242
Aspergillus fumigatus, 123
Atenolol, 77
Atypical facial pain, 156
Audiological investigations
audiometric tests for malingers, 33
brainstem-evoked response audiometry (BERA), 34
special audiometric tests, 33
blood supply, 7
clinical examination of, 25
congenital anomalies of, 275
diseases
congenital anomalies, 38
neoplasms, 39
skin diseases, 39
trauma, 38
lymphatic drainage, 7
venous drainage, 7
Autoimmune diseases, 72
AWO. See Antrum wash out (AWO)
B
Bacterial laryngitis, 235
Bacterial otitis externa
diffuse otitis externa, 40
localized otitis externa (Furunculosis), 40
viral otitis externa, 41
Bacterial pharyngitis, 227
Bacterial sialadenitis, 182
Bacterial thyroiditis, 190
Bacteriology (for nose and sinus), 108
BAHA. See Bone anchored hearing aid (BAHA)
Basal lamella, 90
Behind the ear (BTE), 81
BERA. See Brainstem-evoked response audiometry (BERA)
Bernoulli phenomenon, 210
Betel leaf, and carcinoma of oral cavity, 178
β-Hemolytic Streptococcus, 294
Bifid uvula, 279
Bilateral nasal discharge, 99
Biopsy, 109
Bithermal caloric test, 35
Bleeding polypus. See Capillary hemangioma
Body worn (BW), 81
Bone anchored hearing aid (BAHA), 82
BonebridgeTM implant system, 82
Bony spiral lamina, 12
Bow sign, 219
BPPV. See Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV)
Brachytherapy, in ENT and head and neck cancers, 312
Brain abscess, 57
BTE. See Behind the ear (BTE)
Bull’s eye lamp with head mirror, 3
BW. See Body worn (BW)
C
Caloric test, 35
Capillary hemangioma, 143
Carboplatin, 77
Carcinoma, 22
Cardiovascular drugs, in migraine, 155
Carotid body tumor, 200
Carotid space, infections of, 195
Carotid triangle, swelling in, 169
CAT. See Combined approach tympanoplasty (CAT)
Cautery, 151
Cavernous hemangioma, 143
Cavernous sinus thrombophlebitis, 148
CDP. See Computerized dynamic posturography (CDP)
Central sleep apnea, 230
Cervical lymphadenitis, 166
Cervical spine disorders, 155
CHARGE syndrome, 277
Cheek, 161
Chemical cautery, 151
Chemodectomas. See Carotid body tumor
Chemogustometry, 172
CHL. See Conductive hearing loss (CHL)
Choanal atresia, 277
Cholesteatoma
clinical description, 50
invasion theory, 51
metaplasia theory, 51
negative middle ear pressure, 51
pathology, 50
spread of, 50
types of, 50
Chronic acoustic trauma, 71
Chronic otitis media (COM), 22
mucosal type (tubotympanic type)
prevalence, 46
treatment, 48
squamous type (atticoantral type)
clinical features, 52
complications, 52
treatment, 53
Chronic rhinosinusitis, 157. See also Functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS)
Chronic sinusitis
clinical features
signs, 120
symptoms, 120
etiopathogenesis, 120
treatment
medical, 121
surgical, 121
CI. See Cochlear implants (CI)
CIC. See Completely in-the-canal (CIC)
Ciliated epithelium, 11
Cisplatin, 77
Cleft lip, 279
Cleft palate, 279
Closed sinusitis, 120
Cochlear hearing mechanism
frequency localization, 19
mechanical energy of sound to bioelectrical energy, 19
Cochlear sensory epithelium, 13
Coffin corner, 169
CO2 laser, in ENT surgery, 316
Columellar septum, 90
COM. See Chronic otitis media (COM)
Combined approach tympanoplasty (CAT), 60
Computerized dynamic posturography (CDP), 36
Conditioned oriented response audiometry (CORA), 34
Conductive hearing loss (CHL), 23
Congenital anomalies, 38
of auricle, 275
of external auditory canal, 276
of inner ear, 276
of middle ear, 276
Congenital cholesteatoma, 50
Congenital diseases
of esophagus, 280
of hypopharynx, 279
congenital subglottic stenosis, 280
recurrent laryngeal papillomatosis, 279
of nasopharynx, 279
choanal atresia, 277
congenital nasal deformities, 277
congenital nasal masses, 277
cleft lip, 279
cleft palate, 279
dermoid cyst, 278
of pharynx, 279
of trachea, 280
Congenital nasal deformities, 277
Congenital nasal masses, 277
Congenital subglottic stenosis, 280
Contact dermatitis, EAC, 41
Contact ulcer, 238
Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP), 231
Conversation voice test, 27
CORA. See Conditioned oriented response audiometry (CORA)
Corynebacterium diphtheriae, 295
Cottle’s classification (Septal deviations), 130
Cough reflex, 210
Cricoid cartilage, 206. See also Larynx
Cricothyroidotomy, 253t
Crista, 13
Curative radiotherapy, in ENT and head and neck cancers, 311
Cystic hygroma, in child, 278f
Cytotoxic agents, 77
D
detection of deafness, 303
distraction test, 303
objective tests for, 303
play audiometry for, 303
startle reflex test for, 303
management of, 303
sensorineural hearing loss, 302
Decibel, 17
Deep neck spaces, 193
carotid space, 195
infections, 193
masticator space, 197
parotid space, 197
peritonsillar space, 196
Dental disorders, and facial pain, 154
De Quervain’s thyroiditis, 190
Dermoid cyst, 278
Diabetes, oral manifestations of, 181
Difficulty in opening mouth. See Trismus
Difficulty in swallowing. See Dysphagia
Diffuse otitis externa, 40
Digital subtraction angiography, in oral cavity and head and neck diseases, 172
Diode laser, in ENT surgery, 316
Discharging sinus, 167
Distraction test, for deafness, 303
DNS. See Deviated nasal septum (DNS)
Drug-induced rhinitis, 116
Drug reactions, oral manifestations of, 181
acute, 269
cardinal symptoms in, 269f
extrinsic lesions, 271
neuromuscular disorders and, 271
psychosomatic causes of, 271
clinical features of, 270t
investigations of, 269
overview, 269
Dysphonia plicae ventricularis, 250
E
EAC. See External auditory canal (EAC)
Eagle’s syndrome, 212
Ear mould, 81
E. coli, 40
Edema of uvula, 229
Electric cautery, 151
Electric warmer, 3
Electronystagmography (ENG), 35
Endolymphatic sac, 13
ENG. See Electronystagmography (ENG)
ENT
cancers. See ENT cancers
examination of. See ENT, examination of
ENT cancers. See also Head and neck cancers
chemotherapeutic agents in, 314t
ENT, examination of
ear, specific instruments and equipment
otoscope, 3
specula, 3
general instruments and equipment for
Bull’s eye lamp with head mirror, 3
ENT treatment unit with ENT, 3
headlight, 3
mirror warmer, 3
sprit lamp, 3
suction machine, 3
nose, specific instruments and equipment
throat, specific instruments and equipment
Epipharynx. See Nasopharynx
management of, 151
blood loss, assessment of, 151
cause of bleeding, evaluation of, 151
cautery, 151
general measures, 153
initial measures in, 151
septoplasty with bilateral flap elevation, 152
pyrexia and, 150
Epistaxis balloons, 152
Epitympanum (Attic), 9
Epley’s maneuver, 75
Equilibrium, physiology of, 19t
body balance in ear disease, 20
saccule role, 20
semicircular canals role, 20
utricle role, 20
Ergotamine, 155
Erysipelas, 111
Erythema migrans linguae, 175
Erythroplakia, 178
Esophageal manometry, 221
Esophageal stricture, 270
achalasia of, 271
anatomy of, 261
blood supply in, 261
congenital diseases of, 280
constrictions in, 261
clinical features of, 266
complications of, 267
esophagoscopy, 267
treatment of, 267
lymphatic drainage, 261
nerve supply in, 261
physiology of
swallowing phase, 262
wall of, 261
ET. See Eustachian tube (ET)
Ethmoid sinusitis, and eye pain, 155
Eustachian tube (ET)
acute otitis media and, 282
anatomy of, 282
extent, 10
in infants and young children, 10
parts, 10
Exostosis, 41
External and middle ear hearing mechanism
collection of sound, 17
middle ear transformer mechanism, 18
sound pressure differential, 19
blood supply, 8
clinical examination of, 25
congenital anomalies of, 276
lymphatic supply, 8
nerve supply, 8
skin, 8
External ethmoidectomy, 122
External nose and nasal vestibule, disease of
congenital anomalies, 112
infections
chronic, 111
injuries to external nose, 112
nasal deformities, 112
stenosis of nasal vestibule, 112
Extradural abscess, 56
Extrinsic lesions, 271
Eye disorders, and facial pain, 155
F
Facial asymmetry, 167
Facial cellulitis, 125
branches of
within facial canal, 16
geniculate ganglion, 16
in neck, 16
from parotid plexus, 16
fibers within, 15t
intracranial part, 15
intratympanic part
mastoid portion, 15
petrous portion, 15
pyramidal portion, 15
tympanic portion, 15
topography of, 15f
atypical, 156
local causes of
cervical spine disorders, 155
dental disorders, 154
eye disorders, 155
facial trauma and fractures, 154
salivary gland disorders, 155
septal deviation, 154
sinusitis, 154
TM joint disorders, 154
glossopharyngeal neuralgia, 156
secondary neuralgia and, 156
head and neck pathology, 156
intracranial pathology, 156
skull base pathology, 156
tension headache, 156
of vascular origin
giant cell arteries, 155
migraine, 155
cavernous sinus thrombophlebitis, 148
CSF rhinorrhea, 148
inhalation injuries, 148
meningitis, 148
respiratory obstruction, 148
severe hemorrhage, 148
and facial pain, 154
zygomaticomaxillary complex fracture, 147
False vocal cords, 207
FESS. See Functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS)
Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC), 173
in parapharyngeal space tumors, 196
of pharynx and larynx, 220
Fissures of Santorini, 8
Fistula test, 29
Fitzgerald-Hallpike test, 35
Flat nonciliated epithelium, 11
Flaves, 123
FNAC. See Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC)
Follicular carcinoma, of thyroid, 188
Food-induced rhinitis, 116
Foreign bodies
pharynx, 266
Foreign body, 140
Foul-smelling breath. See Halitosis
Frenulum, 162
Frequency (Sound), 17
Frontoethmoidectomy, 122
Functional aphonia, 250
Functional voice disorders, 250
Fungal granulomas, 140
Fungal infections, of oral cavity, 174
G
Gag reflex, assessment of, 215
Gastrografin, 220
Gaze nystagmus, 30
Giant cell arteries, 155
Gingivitis, 181
Glaucoma, and eye pain, 155
Glomus jugulare, 67
Glomus tumors, middle ear
clinical features, 67
management, 67
types
glomus jugulare, 67
glomus tympanicus, 67
Glomus tympanicus, 67
Glossopharyngeal neuralgia, 156
Goblet cells, 11
Gradenigo’s syndrome, 56
Granular myringitis, 45
Granulation tissue, 51
Granulomatous thyroiditis, 190
H
Head and neck
mid-line neck swellings, 169
other neck swellings, 169
symptoms of diseases of
discharging sinus, 167
facial asymmetry, 167
neck swellings, 166
pain and tenderness, 166
Head and neck cancers. See also ENT cancers
chemotherapeutic agents in, 314t
Headlights, 3
Head mirrors, 3
Head turning test, 34
Hearing aids
fitting of, 82
limitation and problems of, 82
types of, 20f
behind the ear (BTE), 81
body worn (BW), 81
bone anchored hearing aid (BAHA), 82
BonebridgeTM implant system, 82
in the ear (ITE), 81
Hearing loss. See also Deaf child
age of onset, 23
degree of, 23
duration of, 23
family history, 23
onset, 23
progression, 23
severity, 23
types
conductive, 23
mixed, 23
sensorineural, 23
Helicotrema, 12
Hematomas, 38
Herpangina, 174
Herpes simplex, 111
Hiatus semilunaris, 91
Hormonal rhinitis, 116
Horner’s syndrome, 195
Hydraulic ratio, 18
Hypernasal voice, 166
Hypertension, 99
Hypoglossal nerve, 162
congenital diseases of, 279
postcricoid region, 204
posterior pharyngeal wall, 204
pyriform fossae, 204
Hypothyroidism, 191
clinical features, 191
and hoarseness, 249
primary, 191
secondary, 191
treatment, 191
Hypotympanum, 9
Hysterical voice disorders, 250
I
Impetigo, 111
Incisura terminalis, 7
Incus ossicle, 10
Induced nystagmus, 30
Infectious mononucleosis, 295
Inflammatory lymph nodes, in children, 300
Inhalation injuries, facial trauma and, 148
Inspection and palpation (external nose, orbit and face), 101
Intensity (Sound), 17
In the ear (ITE), 81
Intraluminal esophageal pH monitoring, 221
Intranasal antrostomy, 121
Intranasal avulsion, 136
Intranasal ethmoidectomy, 122
Invasive fungal rhinosinusitis, 123
Inverted papilloma, 142
Iodine-based radioisotopes, 310
Iodine supplementation, in physiological goiter, 191
Isotope scanning/scintigraphy, 172
Itching/irritation, ear disease symptom, 24
ITE. See In the ear (ITE)
K
Kartagener’s syndrome, 123
Keratosis obturans, 43
Keratosis pharyngis, 229
Klebsiella rhinoscleromatis, 139
KTP 532 laser, in ENT surgery, 316
L
Lacerations, 38
Laryngeal crepitus, 169
Laryngeal papillomatosis, recurrent, 298
Laryngocele, 200
Laryngopharynx. See Hypopharynx
clinical features of, 248
management of, 248
laryngotracheal trauma, acute, 247
clinical features of, 247
management of, 247
types of, 247t
Laryngotracheobronchitis, 235
Larynx
blood supply of, 209
congenital subglottic stenosis, 280
recurrent laryngeal papillomatosis, 279
emergencies in, 308
treatment, 264
acute laryngotracheobronchitis, 235
acute subglottic laryngitis, 235
chronic nonspecific laryngitis, 236
granulomatous laryngitis, 236
laser surgery in, 317
lymphatic drainage, 209
papillomas, 239
nerve supply, 208
sensory, 208
contact ulcer, 238
retention cyst, 238
closure of larynx, 210
cough reflex, 210
lower airway, protection of, 210
respiration, 211
thoracic fixation, 211
aspiration, 214
cough, 214
hoarseness, 213
stridor, 213
Laser assisted uvulopalatoplasty (LAUP), 231
Lateral sinus thrombosis, 56
Lethal midline granuloma, 140
Leukemias, oral manifestations of, 181
Lichen planus, 176
Lingual nerve, 163
Localized otitis externa (furunculosis), 40
Loop diuretics, 77
LPR. See Laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR)
Lupus vulgaris, 111
M
Malignant lymphoma, of thyroid, 189
Mandibular-responding splints (MRS), 231
Masseteric abscess, 197
Masticator space, 197
Mastoidectomy operation
canal down mastoidectomy
modified radical mastoidectomy, 59
canal up mastoidectomy
combined approach tympanoplasty (CAT), 60
complications of, 60
Mastoiditis, 22
Meatoplasty, 44
Meatuses, 91
Medullary carcinoma, of thyroid, 188
Membranous cochlea, 13
Meningitis, facial trauma and, 148
Meningocele, 277
Merocel nasal pack, 152
Mesotympanum, 9
Middle ear cleft, 8f
eustachian tube (ET), 10
infections of
adhesive otitis media, 46
otitis media with effusion (OME), 46
mastoid antrum, 11
mucosa of, 11
tympanic cavity (Middle ear cavity), 9
Middle ear, congenital anomalies of, 276
Mid-line lethal granuloma, 133
Middle ear transformer mechanism, 18
Migraine, 155
signs and symptoms of, 155
treatment of, 155
pain-relieving medications, 155
preventive medications, 155
Mixed hearing loss, 23
Modiolus, 12
Mondini malformation, 276
Mononucleosis, infectious, 295
Mucocele, 126
Mucormycosis, 123
Mucosal candidiasis of oral cavity, 175
Mucosa, middle ear cleft, 11
Mucous glands, 11
Musculoskeletal tension disorders, 250
Mycobacterium bacilli, 236
Mycobacterium leprae, 139
Myoepithelial sialadenitis. See Sjögren’s syndrome
Myringitis bullosa, 45
N
Nasal bleeding, 99
clinical features, 146
Nasal deformity, 100
Nasal dermoid cyst, 277
Nasal myiasis, 141
Nasal polyps
characteristic features, 134t
etiology, 134
and functional endoscopic sinus surgery, 158
investigations, 136
treatment, 136
types
Nasal regurgitation, 166
Nasal syphilis, 139
Nasal turbinates, 90
Nasal valve, 91
Nasopharynx, congenital diseases of, 279
Nd:YAG laser, in ENT surgery, 316
Neck, deep neck spaces of, 193. See also Deep neck spaces
congenital conditions, 300
inflammatory conditions, 300
leukemia, 301
metastatic lymph node, 301
rhabdomyosarcoma, 301
ranula, 301
classification of, 198
examination in, 169
carotid body tumor, 200
HIV infection and, 200
laryngocele, 200
lymphomas, 199
mumps (acute parotitis), 198
neurogenic tumors, 200
occult primary, 200
rhabdomyosarcoma, 199
thyroid and salivary glands, neoplasms of, 199
chondroma of laryngeal cartilages, 200
enlarged lymph nodes and, 200
Ludwig’s angina, 200
pyramidal lobe of thyroid as, 200
thyroglossal cyst/fistula, 200
thyroid swellings, 200
Necrotizing otitis externa, 41
Neoplasms
basal cell carcinoma, 39
benign neoplasms, 41
benign, 239
malignant neoplasms, 41
of middle ear
glomus tumor, 67
langerhans cell histiocytosis, 67
malignant tumors, 67
osteomas, 68
benign neoplasms, 177
hypopharynx, 233
benign, 185
malignant, 186
squamous cell carcinoma, 39
Nervus intermedius, 15
Neurogenic tumors, 200
Neurological lesions of pharynx, 229
Nonallergic rhinitis
drug-induced rhinitis, 116
food-induced rhinitis, 116
hormonal rhinitis, 116
occupational rhinitis, 116
physical and chemical factors, 116
rhinitis medicamentosa, 116
Nonchromaffin paraganglioma, 67
Nonhealing mid-line granulomas, 140
Noninvasive fungal rhinosinusitis, 123
Non-purulent thyroiditis, 190
Nose
choanal atresia, 277
congenital nasal deformities, 277
congenital nasal masses, 277
emergencies in, 308
external nose
blood supply, 89
lymphatic drainage, 89
nerve supply, 89
nasal valve, 91
swellings of, 102t
Nose and paranasal sinuses
adenoma, 143
chondroma, 143
fibroma, 143
hemangiomas, 143
inverted papilloma, 142
neurofibroma, 143
adenocarcinoma, 144
adenoid cystic carcinoma, 144
lymphoepithelioma, 144
rhabdomyosarcoma, 145
Nosebleed. See Epistaxis
Notch of Rivinus, 8
O
OAE. See Otoacoustic emission (OAE)
Occupational rhinitis, 116
Odynophagia, 165
Oesophageal voice, 242
OME. See Otitis media with effusion (OME)
Open biopsy, in head and neck diseases, 173
Optokinetic test, 35
Oral candidiasis, 168
Oral cavity
applied anatomy of, 161
alveolar ridge, 161
cheek, 161
floor of mouth, 162
gums, 161
lips, 161
oral vestibule, 161
retromolar trigone, 161
tongue, 162
diseases of tongue, 175
embryology of, 161
lips, development of, 161
tongue, development of, 161
angle of mouth, 168
buccal mucosa, 168
coffin corner, 169
floor of mouth, 169
lips, 168
mucosa, 168
palate, 169
parotid gland duct, opening of, 168
teeth and gum, 168
aphthous ulcer, 175
lichen planus, 176
pemphigus vulgaris, 176
herpangina, 174
herpes simplex, 174
syphilis, 174
thrush, 175
tuberculosis, 174
chemogustometry, 172
color Doppler ultrasound, 172
CT and MRI scan, 171
digital subtraction angiography, 172
endoscopy, 172
fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC), 173
isotope scanning/scintigraphy, 172
open biopsy, 173
pathological tests, 173
PETscan, 172
plain X-ray, 171
sialendoscopy, 172
thyroid hormone assay, 172
lymphatic drainage of, 162
buccal mucosa, 162
floor of mouth, 162
hard palate, 162
lips, 162
tongue, 162
erythroplakia, 178
mucous retention cyst, 177
oral submucous fibrosis, 178
papilloma, 177
swallowing mechanism, 164
change in tone of voice, 166
difficulty in opening mouth, 166
difficulty in swallowing, 165
earache, 166
foul breath, 166
pain, 165
painful swallowing (odynophagia), 165
taste disturbances, 166
ulcers, 166
Oral cavity, head and neck
cleft lip, 279
cleft palate, 279
dermoid cyst, 278
clinical features of, 277
treatment of, 278
emergencies in, 308
Oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF), 178
Oral vestibule, 161
Orbital cellulitis, 127
Oropharynx, 204
OSA. See Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA)
Ossicular chain fixation, 276
Ossicular deformity, 276
Otitis media, complications of, 54t
extracranial
facial nerve paralysis, 56
other abscesses, 55
intracranial
brain abscess, 57
extradural/subdural abscess, 56
lateral sinus thrombosis, 56
pyogenic meningitis, 56
routes of spread, 54
differential diagnosis, 285
etiology, 284
investigation of, 285
natural history of, 285
sequelae of, 285
synonyms of, 284
medical, 286
spontaneous resolution, 285
Otomycosis, 40
Otosclerosis
characteristic features, 65
clinical features
symptoms, 65
definition, 65
investigations, 66
treatment
hearing aid, 66
medical treatment, 66
surgical, 66
types
histological, 65
Ototoxicity
clinical features, 77
common drugs
aminoglycosides, 77
atenolol, 77
cytotoxic agents, 77
loop diuretics, 77
phenytoin, 77
quinine, 77
treatment, 77
Ozaenae, 137
P
Pachydermia, 238
Painful swallowing. See Odynophagia
Pain-relieving drugs, in migraine, 155
Palliative chemotherapy, in ENT and head and neck cancers, 313
Panendoscopy, 220
Papillary carcinoma, of thyroid, 188
Papilloma, of oral cavity, 177
Paranasal sinuses, 92f
anterior group, 92t
frontal sinus, 92
maxillary sinus (antrum), 92
venous drainage, 93
emergencies in, 308
lymphatic drainage, 94
nerve supply, 94
posterior group
sphenoid sinus, 93
venous drainage, 93
Parasympathetic fibers, 94
Pars flaccida, 8
Pars tensa, 8
Patterson-Brown Kelly syndrome, 233
Pemphigus vulgaris, 176
Pendred syndrome, 276
Perilymph, 11
Perilymphatic fistula, 71
Persistent lymphadenopathy syndrome (PLS), 200
Persistent stapedial artery, 276
Pharyngeal space. See Parapharyngeal space
Pharyngo-maxillary space. See Parapharyngeal space
Pharynx
blood supply and venous drainage, 204
lymphatic drainage, 204
nasopharynx, 203
nerve supply, 204
oropharynx, 204
nasopharynx, 215
oropharynx, 215
congenital diseases of, 279
emergencies in, 308
foreign bodies in, 266
complications, 267
bacterial pharyngitis, 227
nonspecific chronic pharyngitis, 228
tuberculous pharyngitis, 228
viral pharyngitis, 227
angiography, 220
biopsy, 220
contrast esophagogram, 220
CT scans, 219
fine needle aspiration cytology, 220
MRI, 219
plain X-rays, 219
supravital staining and biopsy, 220
ultrasonogram (USG), 219
laser surgery in, 317
lymphoepithelioma, 232
minor salivary gland tumors, 233
non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, 232
non-infective diseases of, 228
edema of uvula, 229
globus pharyngeus, 228
keratosis pharyngeus, 229
laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR), 228
neurological lesions, 229
physiology of, 210
snoring, 230
airway obstruction, 213
feeling of lump in throat, 213
hoarseness, 213
irritation, 213
itching/dryness, 213
odynophagia/dysphagia, 212
pain, 212
swelling/ulcers, 212
Phenytoin, 16
Physical trauma, 62t
fractures of temporal bone, 62
longitudinal, 63
transverse, 63
laceration of skin of EAC, 62
traumatic perforation of TM, 62
Physiological goiter, 191
Pituitary diseases, oral manifestations of, 181
Plain radiographs, in oral cavity and head and neck diseases, 171
Play audiometry, for deafness, 303
Plummer’s disease, 192
Plummer-Vinson syndrome, 233
Positron emission tomography (PET), 310
Postcricoid region, 203
Posterior cricoarytenoid muscle, 208
Pott’s puffy tumor, 126
Prednisolone, 84
Proof puncture, 109
Pseudocyst, 39
Puberphonia, 250
Pyocele, 126
Pyogenic meningitis, 56
Pyramid, posterior wall, 9
R
Radiation mucositis, 165
Radiological investigations
for ear
CT and MRI Scans, 37
plain X-rays of mastoids, 36
for nose and sinus
angiography, 108
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), 108
adjuvant, 311
brachytherapy, 312
conventional fractionation of, 312
curative, 311
postoperative, 311
preoperative, 311
sources of, 312
units of measurement, 312
unsealed radionuclide therapy, 312
Ramsay Hunt Syndrome, 70
RAST. See Radioallergosorbent test (RAST)
Reactive airway, 214
Recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS), 175
Recurrent laryngeal papillomatosis, 298
Recurrent respiratory papillomatosis, 239
Reflex action, 164
Reinke’s edema, 237
Respiratory obstruction, facial trauma and, 148
Retention cyst, 238
Retrocochlear analysis, 19
Retropharyngeal space, 194
Reverse smoking, and carcinoma of hard palate, 178
Rhabdomyosarcoma, in children, 301
Rheumatoid arthritis, and hoarseness, 249
Rhinitis medicamentosa, 116
Rhinitis sicca, 138
Rhinolith, 140
Rhinomanometry, 109
Rhinoscleroma (scleroma), 139
Rhinosinusitis
acute rhinitis/common cold/coryza, 118
complications of
distant, 128
laryngeal, 128
orbital, 127
pharyngeal, 128
pulmonary, 128
fungal rhinosinusitis, 123
management of associated nasal conditions, 123
obliteration procedures for sinuses, 122
Rhinosporidium seeberi, 138
Riedel’s thyroiditis, 191
Rima glottis, 207
Rotation chair test, 35
Rotatory vertigo, 78
S
Salicylate, 77
Salivary duct calculus, 155
Salivary gland disorders, and facial pain, 155
Salivary glands
Sjögren’s syndrome, 183
tuberculosis, 183
acinic cell tumor, 186
adenocarcinomas, 186
adenoid cystic carcinoma, 186
hemangiomas, 185
lymphangiomas, 185
malignant pleomorphic adenoma, 186
non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, 186
squamous cell carcinoma, 186
Warthin’s tumor, 185
saliva from, 164
submandibular, 182
SCC. See Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC)
Schwabach’s test, 29
SDS. See Speech discrimination score (SDS)
Seasonal allergic rhinitis (Hay fever), 113
Seborrheic dermatitis, EAC, 41
Secondary neuralgia, 156
Semicircular ducts, 14
Sensory (olfactory) nerve fibers, 94
Septal deviation, and facial pain, 154
Septal neoplasms, 133
Septal trauma, 129
Septoplasty with bilateral flap elevation, 152
Sialendoscopy, 172
Sinusitis, and facial pain, 154
Sjögren’s syndrome, 183
Skin diseases, auricle, 39
Skin infections, auricle, 39
Skin prick test, 108
treatment, 231
Sluder’s neuralgia, 131
Sluder’s syndrome, 154
Smell, sense of, 163
Smell test, 109
SMR. See Submucous resection (SMR)
Sneezing, 99
SNHL. See Sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL)
Social deafness, 73
Soft palate implants, 231
Somnoplasty, 231
Sound pressure differential, 19
Speech discrimination score (SDS), 33
Speech reception threshold (SRT), 33
Sphenopalatine artery, clipping of, 152
Spirit lamps, 3
Spontaneous nystagmus, 30
of hypopharynx, 233
classification of, 239
prognosis of, 241
subglottic SCC, 240
of nasal cavity, 143
of oropharynx, 232
Squamous papilloma, 177
SRT. See Speech reception threshold (SRT)
Stapedius, 10
Stapes ossicle, 10f
Startle reflex test, for deafness, 303
Stenger’s and Chimani-Moos tests, 33
Stenson’s duct, 161
Stomodeum, 161
Strap muscles of neck, 208
Streptococcal acute pharyngitis, 227
Streptococcus pyogenes, 108
defined, 252
Subacute thyroiditis, 190
Submandibular lymph node, 169
Submandibular sialadenitis, 165
Submucous fibrosis, 178
Submucous resection (SMR), 132
Suction machines, 3
Supraglottic vocal tract, 211
Surgical emphysema, 247
Surgical trauma, 71
Swelling, in neck, 166
Sympathetic fibers, 94
Synechiae in nasal cavity, functional endoscopic sinus surgery and, 158
T
Taste buds, 163
Taste disturbances, 166
Technetium-based radioisotopes, 310
Tectorial membrane, 13
Teeth, examination of, 168
Tegmen tympani, 9
Temporal artery arteritis. See Giant cell arteries
Tension headache, 156
Tensor tympani, 10
Thornwaldt’s disease, 287
Thrombocytopenic purpura, oral manifestations of, 181
Thyroglossal duct, 187
Thyroglossal fistula, 167
Thyroid cartilage, 206. See also Larynx
Thyroid diseases, oral manifestations of, 181
Thyroid enlargement, 271
anatomy of, 187
blood supply of, 187
embryology of, 187
endocrine disorders of
hypothyroidism, 191
bacterial thyroiditis, 190
Riedel’s thyroiditis, 191
viral thyroiditis, 190
lymphatic drainage of, 187
follicular carcinoma, 188
malignant lymphoma, 189
medullary carcinoma, 188
papillary carcinoma, 188
Thyroid hormone assay, 172
Thyroid lobectomy, 188
Thyroid swelling, 169
Timber, 17
Tinnitus, 24
Tinnitus maskers, 83
TM. See Tympanic membrane (TM)
TM joint disorders, and facial pain, 154
TM perforation, 27
Tobacco, and carcinoma of oral cavity, 178
Tongue
anatomy of, 162
development of, 161
diseases of, 175
dorsum of, 162
functions of, 162
lymphatic drainage of, 162
undersurface of, 162
Tongue depressors, 4
Tonsillitis
causative organisms, 292
clinical features of, 292
infectious mononucleosis and, 295
investigation of, 292
with pus point, 292f
treatment of, 292
chronic, 294
surgical procedure, 294
techniques of, 294
bed of, 291
acute tonsillitis, 222
tonsillar cyst and tonsollith, 222
unilateral tonsillar enlargement, 222
grading of, 291
lingual, 205
overview, 291
palatine, 205
palatine, surgical anatomy of, 291
lateral surface, 291
medial surface, 291
size of, 291
pharyngeal, 205
tubal, 205
Tonsollith, 222
Total laryngectomy
artificial larynx, 242
esophageal voice, 242
neoglottis and use of prosthesis, 242
Total radical parotidectomy, 186
Total thyroidectomy, 188
Tracheoesophageal puncture (TEP), 242
Trauma
acoustic trauma
chronic, 71
barotrauma, 71
hematomas
clinical features, 38
treatment, 38
lacerations
treatment, 38
perilymphatic fistula, 71
physical trauma, 71
surgical trauma, 71
Tripod fracture. See Zygomaticomaxillary complex fracture
Trismus, 166
Trotter’s method, 151
Tuberculous laryngitis, 236
Tuberculous pharyngitis, 228
Tuning fork tests, 27
Turban epiglottis, 236
Tympanic annulus, 8
Tympanic cavity (middle ear cavity), 9
acute otitis media and, 282
clinical examination of
appearance/texture, 27
color, 27
mobility, 27
perforation, 27
infection of
granular myringitis, 45
herpes zoster, 45
myringitis bullosa, 45
nerve supply, 9
OME and, 285
Tympanic plexus, 10
Tympanic sulcus, 8
Tympanomeatal flap, 49
Tympanosclerosis, 27
U
Ultimobranchial bodies, 187
Umbo, 26
Unilateral nasal discharge, 99
Unsealed radionuclide therapy, in ENT and head and neck cancers, 312
emergency methods for, 253f
pediatric
differential diagnosis, 297
management of, 299
potential sites and causes of, 289f
Upper respiratory tract infection (URTI), 22
URTI. See Upper respiratory tract infection (URTI)
Uvulopalatopharyngoplasty (U3P), 231
V
Valecullae, 203
Varicella zoster virus, 174
Ventricular folds, 207
classification, 79t
diagnosis of common causes, 79t
examination, 79
investigations, 79
tests for
standing test, 30
Vestibular investigations
caloric test, 35
electronystagmography (ENG), 35
optokinetic test, 35
rotation chair test, 35
Vestibulitis, 110
Viral labyrinthitis, 70
Viral laryngitis, 235
Viral otitis externa, 41
Viral parotitis (mumps), 155
Viral pharyngitis, 227
Viral thyroiditis, 190
Vision loss, functional endoscopic sinus surgery and, 158
Vitamin B deficiency, 181
Vitamin C deficiency, 181
Vitamin deficiencies, oral manifestations of, 181
Vocal cord nodules, 237
Vocal cord paralysis, 217
Vocal cords nodules/cysts, 217
Vocalis muscle, 207
Voice disorders. See Hoarseness
Voice tone, change in, 166
Von Recklinghausen’s neurofibromatosis, 72
W
Waardenburg syndrome, 276
Walls of middle ear cavity
anterior wall, 9
contents
muscles, 10
nerves, 10
ossicles, 10
inferior wall (floor), 9
lateral wall, 9
medial wall
bony fallopian canal of facial nerve, 9
labyrinthine windows, 9
lateral semicircular canal, 9
promontory, 9
posterior wall
aditus, 9
pyramid, 9
superior wall (roof), 9
Warthin’s tumor, 185
Water’s view, 107
Wegener’s granuloma, 140
Wharton’s duct, 162
Whispered voice test, 27
WHO. See World Health Organization (WHO)
Wisher voice test, 27
Woodruff’s plexus, 151
World Health Organization (WHO), 23