- Loose areolar connective tissue (Fig. 6.12A)
- Long wavy collagen fibers
- Short branching elastic fibers
- Different types of connective tissue cells.
- Adipose tissue (Fig. 6.13A)
- Rounded/Oval/Polygonal cells
- Lobules with interlobular septum
- Signet ring appearance.
- Compact bone [Transverse section (TS)] (Fig. 7.2A)
- Presence of haversian system
- Haversian canal containing blood vessels
- Different types of lamellae.
- Compact bone [Longitudinal section (LS)] (Fig. 7.3A)
- Longitudinal sections of haversian canal
- Horizontal sections of Volk mann's canal
- Lamellae parallel to haversian canal.
- Hyaline cartilage (Fig. 7.7A)
- Outermost perichondrium
- Homogeneous matrix
- Chondrocytes forming cell nests.
- Elastic cartilage (Fig. 7.8A)
- Outermost perichondrium
- Matrix rich in elastic fibers
- Numerous chondrocytes in matrix.
- White fibrocartilage (Fig. 7.9A)
- Absence of perichondrium
- Matrix rich in collagen fibers
- Very few chondrocytes arranged in rows.
- Skeletal muscle (LS) (Fig. 8.2A)
- Long cylindrical muscle cells
- Alternative dark and light bands
- Multinuclei at the periphery.
- Skeletal muscle (TS) (Fig. 8.3A)
- Peripherally nucleated muscle bundles or fascicles
- Perimysium around the muscle fascicles
- Epimysium covering the whole muscle tissue.
- Smooth muscle (LS) (Fig. 8.4)
- Long spindle-shaped myocytes in bundle
- Absence of striations
- Central flat oval nucleus.
- Cardiac muscle (LS) (Fig. 8.5A)
- Long cylindrical muscle fibers
- Centrally place nucleus
- Presence of intercalated disks.
- Peripheral nerve (LS) (Fig. 9.3A)
- Long cylindrical nerve fibers
- Central axon with myelin sheath
- Presence of nodes of Ranvier.
- Peripheral nerve (TS) (Fig. 9.4A)
- Nerve fibers arranged in fascicles
- Perineurium covering the fascicles
- Epineurium covering the whole nerve.
- Spinal ganglion (Fig. 9.5)
- Large pseudounipolar neurons
- Neurons with centrally placed nuclei
- Well-described satellite cells.
- Sympathetic ganglion (Fig. 9.6)
- Small multipolar neurons
- Neurons with eccentrically placed nuclei
- Poorly defined satellite cells.
- Lymph node (Fig. 10.1A)
- Subcapsular sinus or space
- Cortex showing lymphatic nodules
- Medulla rich in blood vessels.
- Spleen (Fig. 10.2A)
- Outermost capsule with trabeculae
- White pulp with eccentrically placed arteriole
- Red pulp rich in blood sinusoids.
- Thymus (Fig. 10.3A)
- Outermost capsule with incomplete septae
- Lobules with cortex and medulla
- Hassall's corpuscles in medulla.
- Palatine tonsil (Fig. 10.4A)
- Deep tonsillar crypts
- Stratified squamous non-keratinized epithelium lining the surface
- Lymphatic nodules with germinal center.
- Large artery (Fig. 11.2A)
- Circular lumen
- Thick tunica media rich in elastic fibers
- Vasa vasorum in tunica adventitia.
- Medium size artery (Fig. 11.3A)
- Circular lumen
- Prominent internal elastic lamina
- Tunica media rich in circular smooth muscles.
- Large size vein (Fig. 11.6A)
- Collapsed lumen
- Thin tunica media with circular muscle fibers
- Thick tunica adventitia with longitudinal smooth muscles and vasa vasorum.
- Medium size vein (Fig. 11.7A)
- Collapsed lumen
- Tunica media containing circular smooth muscles
- Tunica adventitia with dense irregular connective tissue.
- Thick skin (Fig. 12.3A)
- Thick epidermis of stratified squamous keratinized epithelium
- Prominent dermal and epidermal papillae
- Absence of hair follicles.
- Thin skin (Fig. 12.4A)
- Thin epidermis of stratified squamous non-keratinized epithelium
- Unmarked dermal and epidermal papillae
- Hair follicles with sebaceous glands and arrector pili muscles.
- Circumvallate papilla (Fig. 13.2A)
- Lined by stratified squamous non-keratinized epithelium
- Numerous taste buds in the groove
- Presence of serous glands of von Ebner.
- Filiform papilla (Fig. 13.3A)
- Finger-shaped structure
- Lined by stratified squamous keratinized epithelium
- Skeletal muscle protruding its substance.
- Fungiform papilla (Fig. 13.4A)
- Mushroom-shaped structure
- Lined by stratified squamous non-keratinized epithelium
- Skeletal muscle protruding its substance.
- Parotid salivary gland (Fig. 14.2A)
- Serous acini with narrow lumen
- Centrally placed round nuclei
- Numerous ducts are present.
- Sublingual salivary gland (Fig. 14.3A)
- Mucous acini with a large lumen
- Flat nucleus placed near the base of the cell
- Very few ducts are present.
- Submandibular salivary gland (Fig. 14.4A)
- Both serous and mucous acini are seen
- Serous demilunes of Gianuzzi are present
- Few ducts are present.
- Esophagus (TS) (Fig. 15.1A)
- Mucosa lined by stratified squamous non-keratinized epithelium
- Submucosa containing esophageal glands
- Muscularis externa containing inner circular and outer longitudinal muscle layer.
- Stomach (Fundus) (TS) (Fig. 15.2A)
- Mucosa lined by simple columnar epithelium
- Numerous chief and parietal cells in lamina propria
- Muscularis externa containing inner oblique, middle circular and outer longitudinal muscle layer.
- Stomach (Pylorus) (TS) (Fig. 15.3A)
- Deep gastric pits
- Lamina propria containing pyloric glands
- Thickened middle circular muscle layer forming pyloric sphincter.
- Duodenum (TS) (Fig. 16.2A)
- Numerous villi
- Crypts of Lieberkühn present
- Brunner's glands in submucosa.
- Jejunum (TS) (Fig. 16.3A)
- Tall villi lined by simple columnar epithelium with goblet cells
- Absence of Brunner's glands in submucosa
- Absence of Peyer's patches.
- Ileum (TS) (Fig. 16.4A)
- Small villi rich in goblet cells
- Crypts of Lieberkühn present
- Mucosa containing Peyer's patches.
- Vermiform appendix (TS) (Fig. 16.5A)
- Villi are absent
- Lamina propria containing lymphoid aggregations
- Thick muscular layer.
- Colon (TS) (Fig. 16.6A)
- Mucosa with folds, but no villi
- Numerous goblets cells
- Prominent teniae coli.
- Pancreas (Fig. 16.7A)
- Numerous serous acini
- Islets of Langerhans are present
- Interlobular ducts are seen.
- Liver (Fig. 17.1A)
- Hepatic lobules with central vein
- Radiating hepatic cord cells
- Portal triad is seen.
- Gallbladder (Fig. 17.4A)
- Honeycomb appearance of mucosa
- Absence of submucosa and muscularis mucosa
- Presence of fibromuscular coat.
- Kidney (Fig. 18.2A)
- Outer cortex and inner medulla
- Cortex containing renal corpuscles, proximal and distal convoluted tubules
- Medulla containing Henle's loop and collecting ducts.
- Ureter (TS) (Fig. 18.4A)
- Star-shaped lumen
- Mucosa lined by transitional epithelium
- Inner longitudinal and outer circular muscle coat present.
- Urinary bladder (TS) (Fig. 18.5A)
- Mucosa lined by transitional epithelium
- Submucosa is absent
- Muscular layer containing detrusor muscles.
- Trachea (TS) (Fig. 19.2A)
- Mucosa lined by pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells
- Submucosa containing serous and mucous glands
- Hyaline cartilaginous ring.
- Lung (Fig. 19.3A)
- Honeycomb appearance of alveoli
- Simple squamous epithelium lining the pulmonary alveoli
- Intrapulmonary bronchi, bronchioles and respiratory bronchioles are seen.
- Pituitary gland (Fig. 20.1A)
- Pars anterior rich in cells and sinusoids
- Interglandular cleft with few colloidal vesicles
- Pars posterior rich in pituicytes and nerve fibers.
- Thyroid gland (Fig. 20.4A)
- Thyroid follicles lined by cuboidal epithelium
- Eosinophilic colloid in follicular cavity
- Parafollicular cells are seen.
- Parathyroid gland (Fig. 20.5A)
- Irregular cords of chief cells
- Large eosinophilic oxyphil cells
- Thyroid gland may be the accompanying structure.
- Suprarenal gland (Fig. 20.7A)
- Outermost capsule with trabeculae
- Cortex showing zona glomerulosa, fasiculata and reticularis
- Medulla showing sinusoids and sympathetic ganglion cells.
- Testis (Fig. 21.2A)
- Numerous seminiferous tubules
- Interstitial cells of Leydig present
- Sertoli cells in seminiferous epithelium.
- Epididymis (TS) (Fig. 21.5A)
- Tubules lined by pseudostratified columnar epithelium
- Sperms in the tubular lumen
- Thin circular muscle layer surrounding the ducts.
- Vas deferens (TS) (Fig. 21.6A)
- Small stellate lumen
- Lined by pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
- Thick muscle coat of inner longitudinal, middle circular and outer longitudinal layer.
- Seminal vesicle (Fig. 21.8A)
- Branching and anastomosing mucosal folds
- Mucosa lined by pseudostratified columnar epithelium
- Muscular coat of inner circular muscle and outer longitudinal muscles.
- Prostate (Fig. 21.9A)
- Prostatic acini, lined by simple columnar epithelium
- Fibromuscular stroma
- Corpora amylacea in the lumen.
- Ovary (Fig. 22.2A)
- Tunica albuginea with germinal epithelium
- Cortex showing ovarian follicles of different stages
- Medulla showing blood vessels.
- Fallopian tube (TS) (Fig. 22.4A)
- Highly folded mucosa
- Mucosa lined by simple ciliated columnar epithelium
- Inner circular and outer longitudinal muscle coat.
- Uterus (Proliferative phase) (Fig. 22.5A)
- Endometrium lined by simple columnar epithelium
- Lamina propria containing uterine glands
- Thick myometrium with numerous blood vessels.
- Cerebrum (Fig. 23.2A)
- Outer pia mater
- Six layered cells are present
- Inner and outer bands of Baillarger are visible.
- Cerebellum (Fig. 23.3A)
- Outer molecular layer
- Middle Purkinje cell layer
- Inner granular layer.
- Spinal cord (Fig. 23.4)
- Outer white matter
- Inner H-shaped gray matter
- Central canal is present.
- Cornea (Fig. 24.1A)
- Outer stratified squamous non-keratinized epithelium
- Intermediate stroma
- Inner endothelial lining.
- Eyeball (Retina) (Fig. 24.2A)
- Outermost pigment cell layer
- Middle plexiform and nuclear layer
- Innermost internal limiting membrane.
- Tooth (LS) (Fig. 13.1)
- Outermost enamel
- Prominent dentin with dentinal tubules
- Dental pulp containing blood vessels and nerve fibers in it.
- Uterus (Secretory phase) (Fig. 22.6)
- Thick endometrium lined by simple columnar epithelium
- Lamina propria containing tortuous glands and coiled arteries
- Myometrium with numerous blood vessels.
- Mammary gland (Lactating) (Fig. 22.7)
- Numerous prominent acinar lobules
- Acinar lobules lined by simple columnar epithelium
- Minimal connective tissue with duct system.
- Umbilical cord (Fig. 22.8)
- Two umbilical arteries
- One umbilical vein
- Wharton's jelly is present.
