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A Practical Guide to Hemiplegia Treatment Ipsit Brahmachari

CHAPTER 1:Basic Anatomy and Physiology of Human Brain
- ANATOMY OF THE HEAD
- THE MAJOR REGIONS OF THE BRAIN AND THEIR FUNCTIONS
- THE CEREBRAL CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
- THE NEONATAL BRAIN
- ASPECTS OF NEUROANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
CHAPTER 2:The Development of Nervous System
- INTRODUCTION
- DEVELOPMENT OF MOVEMENT, POSTURE AND DEVELOPMENTAL NEUROLOGY
  - CNS Functions
- NEONATAL REFLEXES
- DISCUSSION OF DEVELOPMENTAL SEQUENCES AND ITS IMPORTANCE IN TREATMENT PLANNING OF THE PATIENT
  - The Mixture of Flexion and Extension Components
    - Example 1
    - Example 2
  - Proximal Fixation and Distal Freedom and Vice Versa
- THE CLINICAL VALUE OF KNOWLEDGE OF DEVELOPMENTAL SEQUENCE
CHAPTER 3:Clinical Aspects of Stroke: A Major Cause of Hemiplegia
- INTRODUCTION
- DEFINITION
- TYPES OF STROKE
- LESS FREQUENT CAUSES OF STROKE
- THE STROKE-PRONE POPULATION
- RISK FACTORS FOR CEREBROVASCULAR DISEASE
- CAUSES OF ISCHEMIC STROKE
- THREATENED STROKE
- STROKE MIMICS
- STROKE IN THE YOUNG INDIAN POPULATION
- OTHER UNUSUAL CAUSES OF STROKE IN CHILDREN
- STROKE WITH ATYPICAL PRESENTATION
CHAPTER 4:Clinical Diagnosis of Neurological Condition
- INTRODUCTION
- BEDSIDE ASSESSMENT OF STROKE
- NEUROLOGICAL CASE HISTORY
- THE NEUROLOGICAL EXAMINATION
- PHYSICAL EXAMINATION
- NEUROLOGICAL EXAMINATION AND STROKE SCALE SCORES
- DIAGNOSTIC TESTS
- FURTHER TESTS
CHAPTER 5:Symptoms of Brain Damage
- CNS DISORDERS AND BRODAL'S PASSAGE
  - Anatomist Brodal (1973)
  - CNS Disorders
    - Spasticity
    - Sensations
  - Preventing Another Stroke
    - Stroke
- SITES OF LESION AND CLINICAL MANIFESTATION (TABLE 5.1)
- SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS AND STRUCTURES INVOLVED
- SEQUENTIAL STAGES
  - Brunnstrom Classification
  - Bobath Classification
- ALTERATIONS IN TONE OF THE MUSCLES
- LOSS OF SELECTIVE MOVEMENT
- SYNERGY PATTERNS
- REFLEXES
  - Tonic Neck Reflexes
  - Tonic Labyrinthine Reflexes
  - Tonic Lumbar Reflexes
  - Positive Supportive Reactions
  - Associated Reactions
- WEAKNESS
- INCOORDINATION
- DYSTONIA
- MOTOR PROGRAMMING DEFICITS
- FUNCTIONAL ABILITIES
- SPEECH AND LANGUAGE DISORDERS
- PERCEPTUAL DEFICITS
- COGNITIVE AND BEHAVIORAL CHANGES
- BLADDER AND BOWEL DYSFUNCTION
- OROFACIAL DYSFUNCTION
- PATTERNS OF BEHAVIOR IN RIGHT AND LEFT BRAIN
- SECONDARY IMPAIRMENTS
  - Psychological Problems
  - Decrease in Range of Movement, Contracture and Deformity
  - Deep Venous Thrombosis
  - Pain
  - Shoulder Dysfunction
    - Shoulder subluxation and pain
  - Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy
  - Deconditioning
- RECOVERY FROM STROKE
CHAPTER 6:Essentials of Assessment
- PHYSICAL THERAPY ASSESSMENT
- ASSESSMENT OF NORMAL POSTURAL REFLEX MECHANISM
- SHORT ASSESSMENT AND TREATMENT PLANNING FOR ADULT HEMIPLEGIA (BOBATH ASSESSMENT FORM)
CHAPTER 7:Management and Rehabilitation Medicine
- MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
- PHILOSOPHY OF REHABILITATION MEDICINE
  - Need of Rehabilitation Medicine
  - Principles of Rehabilitation Medicine
- AREAS OF REHABILITATION
- ASPECTS OF REHABILITATION
- IMPAIRMENT, DISABILITY AND HANDICAP
- REHABILITATIVE MANAGEMENT
  - General Considerations
- THE REHABILITATION TEAM
- ETHICAL VALUE SYSTEM IN PATIENT CARE
CHAPTER 8:A Systematic Approach to Treatment
- APPROACH TO TREATMENT
CHAPTER 9:Treatment Program in Acute Stage
- INTRODUCTION
- DURING NICU AND TCU STAY
- PULMONARY OR CHEST PHYSIOTHERAPY
- POSITIONING
- PASSIVE RANGE OF MOTION EXERCISES
- RANGE OF MOTION AND PREVENTION OF LIMB TRAUMA
- START WITH THE MIDLINE
- DO'S AND DON'TS
CHAPTER 10:Activities in Lying
- INTRODUCTION
- BRUSHING
- ICING
- CONNECTIVE TISSUE RELEASE
- NEURAL TISSUE STRETCH
- SUSTAINED STRETCH
- PRESSURE OVER BODY PARTS
- SELECTIVE TRUNK ACTIVITY
- CORRECTION OF ANTERIOR CHEST POSITION IN LYING
- RIB CAGE ALIGNMENT
- MOBILIZATION OF THORAX
- MOBILIZING THE ARM
  - Elevation of the Arm
- PROPRIOCEPTIVE NEUROMUSCULAR FACILITATION (PNF) PATTERN ACTIVITIES
- SIDE-LYING ACTIVITIES
  - To the Affected Side
  - To the Sound Side
- SCAPULAR MOBILIZATION
- ACTIVATION OF LOWER TRUNK
  - Elongation of the Trunk
  - Movement of the Scapula
- LOWER EXTREMITY CONTROL
  - Hip and Knee Flexion over the Side of the Bed
    - Knee Extension with Dorsiflexion
  - Hip Control with the Foot on the Bed
    - Hip Control with the Hip in Extension
    - Independent Movement of the Legs
- ELONGATION OF TRUNK AND PELVIC CLOCK EXERCISES
- USE OF THE BALL IN TRAINING LOWER LIMB AND TRUNK IN LYING
CHAPTER 11:Activities in Sitting
- INTRODUCTION
- TRAINING OF LYING TO SITTING USING TRUNK
- SITTING FROM SIDE-LYING
- SITTING IN THE BED
- MOVING SIDEWAYS IN SITTING
- TRANSFER ACTIVITIES
- UPPER EXTREMITY CONTROL
- CONTROL OF QUADRICEPS IN LONG SITTING
- INHIBITION OF EXTENSOR THRUST
- WEIGHT SHIFTS IN HIGH SITTING
- SIMULTANEOUS ACTIVATION OF UPPER LIMB AND TRUNK
- WEIGHT-BEARING THROUGH UPPER EXTREMITIES
- UPPER EXTREMITY PLACING
- DYNAMIC BALANCE REACTIONS
- MOVING LOWER LIMB
- WEIGHT SHIFT ON ELBOWS, SIDEWAYS
- SITTING IN THE CHAIR
- WEIGHT TRANSFERENCE ON AFFECTED UPPER LIMB WITH REACHOUTS
- MOVING IN SITTING POSITION
- WEIGHT TRANSFERENCE THROUGH THE ARMS BEHIND
- NECK STRETCHING
- ACTIVATION OF WRIST EXTENSORS
- SHOULDER ACTIVITIES
- PREPARATION FOR HAND ACTIVITY
- FOREARM SUPINATION AND ELBOW FLEXION
- SHOULDER EXTERNAL ROTATION ACTIVITIES
- USE OF ELASTIC BAND IN APPLYING RESISTANCE
- USE OF A BALL IN APPLYING RESISTANCE
- USE OF STRETCH REFLEX
- USE OF BILATERAL UPPER LIMB ACTIVITIES
- MOVING THE HAND
- ACTIVITIES ON VESTIBULAR BALL
- FOOT MOVEMENTS
- ACTIVITIES ON MAT
- TRAINING FOR DORSIFLEXION OF FOOT
- SPECIFIC ACTIVITIES FOR PATIENTS WITH SENSORY INVOLVEMENT
- ACTIVITIES FOR RECOVERING ARM
- FUNCTIONAL TRAINING
CHAPTER 12:Activities in Standing
- INTRODUCTION
- TRAINING FROM SITTING TO STANDING
  - Standing up from High Bed or Plinth
  - Standing from a Chair
- PELVIC ALIGNMENT IN STANDING
- UNILATERAL WEIGHT BEARING
- ASSISTED ACTIVITIES WITH THE HELP OF A TABLE
  - Weight bearing on Extended Arm
- STEP-UP ACTIVITIES
- WEIGHT BEARING ON THE AFFECTED LEG
  - Posterior Pelvic Tilts against the Wall
- TRAINING PLANTAR FLEXION
- TRAINING SELECTIVE KNEE FLEXION IN STANDING
- DYNAMIC ACTIVITIES FOR LOWER LIMB CONTROL AND GAIT
- STAIRS
  - Ascending
  - Descending
- DYNAMIC BALANCE ACTIVITIES
- PNF WOOD CHOPPING
- UPPER LIMB ACTIVATION
- OBSTACLE WALKING
- STRENGTHENING EXERCISES USING RESISTIVE TUBING
  - List of the Muscles which can be Strengthened by Tubing or Elastic Bands Easily
- ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL TRAINING
- GROUP THERAPY
CHAPTER 13:Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation (PNF) Activities
- FLEXION—ABDUCTION—EXTERNAL ROTATION
- FLEXION—ABDUCTION—EXTERNAL ROTATION WITH ELBOW EXTENSION
- FLEXION—ADDUCTION—EXTERNAL ROTATION WITH ELBOW FLEXION
- FLEXION—ADDUCTION—EXTERNAL ROTATION WITH ELBOW EXTENSION
- EXTENSION—ABDUCTION—INTERNAL ROTATION WITH ELBOW EXTENSION
- BILATERAL SYMMETRICAL: FLEXION— ABDUCTION—EXTERNAL ROTATION
- BILATERAL ASYMMETRICAL: FLEXION—ABDUCTION—EXTERNAL ROTATION WITH THE RIGHT ARM; FLEXION—ADDUCTION—EXTERNAL ROTATION WITH THE LEFT ARM
- FLEXION—ABDUCTION—EXTERNAL ROTATION AT END RANGES, LYING PRONE ON ELBOWS
- FLEXION—ABDUCTION—INTERNAL ROTATION
- FLEXION—ABDUCTION—INTERNAL ROTATION WITH KNEE FLEXION
- FLEXION—ABDUCTION—INTERNAL ROTATION WITH KNEE EXTENSION
- EXTENSION—ADDUCTION—EXTERNAL ROTATION
- FLEXION—ADDUCTION—EXTERNAL ROTATION WITH KNEE FLEXION
- FLEXION—ADDUCTION—EXTERNAL ROTATION WITH KNEE EXTENSION
- EXTENSION—ABDUCTION—INTERNAL ROTATION
- EXTENSION—ABDUCTION—INTERNAL ROTATION WITH KNEE EXTENSION
- EXTENSION—ABDUCTION—INTERNAL ROTATION WITH KNEE FLEXION
- BILATERAL SYMMETRICAL LEG PATTERNS: FLEXION—ABDUCTION WITH KNEE EXTENSION IN SITTING
- BILATERAL ASYMMETRICAL PATTERNS: FLEXION—ABDUCTION WITH KNEE EXTENSION ON THE LEFT; EXTENSION—ABDUCTION WITH KNEE FLEXION ON THE RIGHT
- BILATERAL SYMMETRICAL PATTERN IN SUPINE—FLEXION—ABDUCTION
- LEG PATTERNS IN SITTING: EXTENSION—ADDUCTION WITH KNEE FLEXION
- LEG PATTERNS IN SITTING: EXTENSION— ABDUCTION WITH KNEE FLEXION
- FLEXION—ADDUCTION WITH KNEE EXTENSION
- PATTERNS OF TRUNK
  - Chopping in Lying
  - Chopping in Sitting
- BILATERAL LEG PATTERNS FOR TRUNK IN LYING
- BILATERAL LEG PATTERNS FOR TRUNK IN SITTING
- COMBINING PATTERNS FOR THE TRUNK
- RESISTIVE PATTERNS ON MAT
CHAPTER 14:Orofacial Rehabilitation
- RESPIRATORY AND OROMOTOR ACTIVITIES
- MUSCLES OF FACIAL EXPRESSIONS
- STIMULATION OF LIPS AND ORAL CAVITY (VIBRATION AND ICING)
- RESISTED TONGUE MOVEMENTS
- CHEWING AND DEGLUTITION
- ACTIVITIES FOR COORDINATION OF EYE MOVEMENTS
CHAPTER 15:Perceptual Dysfunctions and Treatment
- SOMATOSENSORY DYSFUNCTION
  - Common Dysfunctions
- PERCEPTUAL DISABILITIES: SITE AND SIDE OF LESION
- BODY SCHEME AND BODY IMAGE DISORDERS
  - Somatagnosia
    - Assessment
    - Treatment
- UNILATERAL VISUAL OR SPATIAL NEGLECT
- RIGHT-LEFT DISCRIMINATION
  - Treatment
- FINGER AGNOSIA
  - Treatment
- ANOSOGNOSIA
- SPATIAL RELATIONS DEFICITS
- AGNOSIA
- APRAXIA
- COGNITIVE DYSFUNCTION
- STRATEGIES TO IMPROVE COMMUNICATION IN A PATIENT HAVING SPEECH DISORDER
- THERAPEUTIC GUIDING TECHNIQUES
  - Criteria for Optimal Learning
CHAPTER 16:Complications and their Management
- SHOULDER PAIN
- THE SUBLUXATED SHOULDER
- SHOULDER HAND SYNDROME (REFLEX SYMPATHETIC DYSTROPHY)
- FRACTURES
- THALAMIC PAIN SYNDROME
- OUTBURST OF LAUGHING AND CRYING
- TIGHTNESS-CONTRACTURES-DEFORMITY
- PUSHER'S SYNDROME
  - Associated Problems
CHAPTER 17:Adjunct Therapies
- BIOFEEDBACK
- ELECTRICAL STIMULATION
- ISOKINETICS
- MUSIC AS THERAPY
- EXERCISE CONDITIONING
- ROBOTICS AND COMPUTER-AIDED THERAPY
- CONSTRAINT-INDUCED THERAPY
  - Limitations
- MOTOR RELEARNING
- HYDROTHERAPY
- ORTHOSIS IN HEMIPLEGIA
- BOTULINUM INJECTIONS FOR SPASTICITY
- OTHER ALLIED THERAPIES
  - List of Therapies
CHAPTER 18:Hemiplegia Care at Home
- INTRODUCTION
- MERITS OF HOME TREATMENT
- DEMERITS OF HOME TREATMENT
- TREATMENT PLAN
- PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH HOME-BASED TREATMENT
- SUGGESTED SOLUTIONS
- PHYSIOTHERAPIST
CHAPTER 19:Orthopedic Management of Stroke
- INTRODUCTION
- EVALUATION
- MANAGEMENT OF SPASTICITY DURING THE PERIOD OF PHYSIOLOGIC RECOVERY
- MANAGEMENT OF RESIDUAL DEFORMITIES
  - Rationale of Orthopedic Surgery
  - Timing and Realistic Expectations of Orthopedic Surgery
- COMMONLY SEEN RESIDUAL DEFORMITIES AND THEIR MANAGEMENT
- AUTHOR'S PERSPECTIVE
CHAPTER 20:Conclusion
- INTRODUCTION
- PLACE WHERE INITIAL PHYSIOTHERAPY WAS CARRIED OUT
- PHYSIOTHERAPY TO BE CARRIED OUT BY QUALIFIED PHYSIOTHERAPIST
- INVOLVEMENT OF REHABILITATION PROFESSIONALS OTHER THAN PHYSIOTHERAPIST
- AWARENESS ABOUT HELPFULNESS OF REHABILITATION PROFESSIONALS
- SATISFACTION WITH REHABILITATION
- AWARENESS ABOUT DIFFERENT PHYSIOTHERAPY TECHNIQUES AMONGST PATIENTS
- SEXUAL FUNCTIONS IN HEMIPLEGICS
- PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF HEMIPLEGIA
- SOCIAL FUNCTIONS
- SPIRITUALITY AND FAITH
- WORK AND PROFESSION
- FUNCTIONAL RECOVERY
- AN IDEAL REHABILITATION OF A PERSON SUFFERING FROM HEMIPLEGIA
CHAPTER 21:Assessment Scores and Scales
- ABCD SCORE
- THE BARTHEL INDEX
  - The Barthel ADL Index: Guidelines
    - References
- BECK'S DEPRESSION INVENTORY
  - Interpreting the Beck's Depression Inventory
- BERG BALANCE SCALE
  - Balance item
  - Interpretation
    - References
  - CANADIAN NEUROLOGICAL SCALE
  - Mentation Score
    - References
- CINCINNATI PREHOSPITAL STROKE SCALE
  - Facial Drop
  - Arm Drift
  - Speech
    - References
- THE EUROPEAN STROKE SCALE
  - Overview
  - Parameters
    - Reference
- FAMILY ASSESSMENT DEVICE
  - Instructions
  - Suggested Terminology for Objective Data (Evaluation Criteria)
    - References
- THE FRENCHAY ACTIVITIES INDEX
- GERIATRIC DEPRESSION SCALE (SHORT FORM)
  - Scoring
    - References
- GLASGOW COMA SCALE
- HEMISPHERIC STROKE SCALE
  - Language
  - Fluency
  - Other Cortical Functions and Cranial Nerves
  - Motor Fuction
  - Sensory
- HUNT AND HESS SCALE
- MATHEW STROKE SCALE
  - Activity Score
    - Mentation
    - Cranial nerves
  - Motor Power
  - Performance, or disability status scale
  - Reflexes
  - Sensation
    - Reference
- MINI-MENTAL STATE EXAMINATION (MMSE)
- MODIFIED RANKIN SCALE (MRS)
- MOTOR ASSESSMENT SCALE
  - Supine to Side-lying onto Intact Side (Starting position: Supine with knees straight)
  - Supine to Sitting over side of bed
  - Balance Sitting
  - Walking
  - Upper Arm Function
  - Hand Movements
  - Advanced Hand Activities
- MOTRICITY INDEX
  - The Motricity Index for motor Impairment after Stroke
    - References
- NIH STROKE SCALE
- ORGOGOZO STROKE SCALE
- RIVERMEAD MOBILITY INDEX
- SCANDINAVIAN STROKE SCALE
  - Function
    - Reference
- TINETTI BALANCE ASSESSMENT TOOL
  - Balance Section
  - Gait Section
- THE TRUNK CONTROL TEST FOR MOTOR IMPAIRMENT AFTER STROKE
  - Overview
- STROKE IMPACT SCALE
- FUNCTIONAL INDEPENDENCE MEASURE (FIM)
- BERG BALANCE
- THE REHABILITATION INDEX
Bibliography

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