Sataloff’s Comprehensive Textbook of Otolaryngology: Head & Neck Surgery (Rhinology/Allergy and Immunology) -Volume 2 Robert T Sataloff, Marvin P Fried, Abtin Tabaee
INDEX
Note: Page numbers followed by f and t indicate figures and tables, respectively.
A
Abducens nerve 69f
Aberrant ethmoid cell 57
Accessory meningeal artery 327
Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) 648
Acellular dermis 879
Acoustic rhinograph 93f
Acoustic rhinometry 91, 92
clinical applications 94
equipment and technique 93
interpretation 94
limitations 94
principle 93
rhinomanometry 94
equipment and technique 94
principle 94
Acquired mucociliary dysfunction 371
Actinomycosis 256
Activation of inflammatory cells 301
Acupuncture for tension headache 335f
Acute bacterial rhinosinusitis 365, 428, 507
Acute dacryocystitis 913
Acute exacerbation of chronic rhinosinusitis (AECRS) 366, 372
Acute invasive fungal rhinosinusitis 453, 454
clinical presentation 454
diagnosis 454
prognosis 455
treatment 455
Acute rhinosinusitis 413
classification 413
clinical findings 417
diagnosis 413
differential diagnosis 419
headache 421
odontogenic diseases 421
rhinitis 420
sinus neoplasms 421
temporomandibular joint disease 421
trigeminal neuralgia 421
epidemiology 414
further diagnostic modalities 418
allergy or skin testing 418
laboratory testing 418
nasal cultures 418
imaging 418
computed tomography 419
magnetic resonance imaging 419
radiographs 418
ultrasound 419
medical treatment 422
allergy management 423
analgesics and antipyretics 422
antibiotics 422
decongestants and mucolytics 423
nasal irrigations 423
steroids 422
pathogenesis 415
anatomical 416
environmental 415
systemic disease 417
surgical treatment 424
symptoms 422
Acute viral rhinitis 203t
Acute viral rhinosinusitis (AVRS) 507
Adenomatoid odontogenic tumor 765t, 770
Adenosine monophosphate 265
Adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH) 807
Aerosol preparation 220
Aesthetic rhinoplasty 636
Agger nasi cell 121f
Air-meatography diagnosis 117
Alar batten grafts 638
Allergen-specific immunotherapy 223
efficacy of immunotherapy 225
SCIT efficacy 225
SLIT efficacy 225
long-term efficacy and disease modification with SIT 226
mechanisms 224
safety of specific immunotherapy 224
specific immunotherapy dosing 226
SCIT dosing 226
SLIT dosing 226
subcutaneous versus sublingual immunotherapy 227
unanswered questions regarding SIT 227
Allergic and nonallergic rhinitis 192
Allergic asthma 198
Allergic conjunctivitis 198
Allergic crease 207
Allergic dermatitis 204
Allergic fungal rhinosinusitis 439, 517, 656
Allergic fungal sinusitis 138, 384
Allergic granulomatosis and angiitis 254
Allergic mucin 139
Allergic rhinitis 191, 416, 420
classification 193
comorbidities 195
economic burden 194
epidemiology 192
genetics 191
impact on quality of life 195
pathophysiology 196
risk factors 194
Allergic rhinoconjunctivitis 172
Allergic sinusitis 416
Allergic symptoms 197, 223
Alzheimer's disease 101
Ameloblastic fibrosarcoma 765t
Ameloblastoma fibro-odontoma 765t
American Board of Medical Specialists (ABMS) 647
American College of Asthma, Allergy and Immunology (ACAAI) 208
American College of Radiology 350, 419
American Rhinologic Society (ARS) 10, 413, 671
Amoxicillin-clavulanate 509
Anaerobic bacteria 428, 481
Anatomy of the clivus posterior fossa and CCJ 849
Anatomy of the nasal septum 595f
Ancient Chinese civilizations 4
Andrographis paniculata 538
Anesthesia for rhinological surgery 588
Anesthesiology 577
anesthetic management for rhinological surgery 587
airway management 587
standard monitoring techniques 587
drug interactions 582
historical perspective 577
induction and maintenance 588
mechanisms 578
preoperative evaluation and preparation 582
principles 579
anesthetic agents adjuvants and drug interactions 579
inhaled anesthetics 579
intravenous anesthetics 580
local anesthetics 581
neuromuscular blocking agents 581
opioids 581
post-anesthesia recovery 589
regional anesthesia for rhinological surgery 589
monitored anesthesia care 590
patient positioning and related injuries 590
strategies for emergence from anesthesia 589
total intravenous anesthesia 590
Aneurysmal bone cyst 775
Angiographic embolization 327
Anterior and posterior nasopharyngeal walls 18
Anterior cerebral artery 66, 68
Anterior clinoid process 125
Anterior cranial fossa 712
Anterior ethmoid cells 692
Anterior ethmoidal artery (AEA) 320
Anterior ethmoidal artery ligation 327
Anterior naris 19f
Anterior nasal spine 597
Anterior skull base 61, 66, 678, 821
complications 832
diagnosis 822
indications 824
intraoperative care 827
outcomes 834
postoperative care 832
surgical planning 826
Anteroinferior septal deviation 597
Anterosuperior septum 320
Antibiotic therapy in rhinosinusitis 507
acute rhinosinusitis 507
duration of treatment 510
chronic rhinosinusitis 510
antibiotic irrigations 512
antibiotics 510
antibiotics versus surgery 511
duration of treatment 512
immunocompromised hosts 511
MRSA 511
nebulized therapy 512
parenteral therapy 511
Anticholinergics and psychostimulants 306
Antiepileptic drugs 113
Anti-inflammatory therapy for rhinosinusitis 515
anti-inflammatory antimicrobial therapies 526
macrolides 526
immunomodulation 525
gammaglobulin therapy 525
immunotherapy in CRS 525
monoclonal antibody therapy anti-IgE and anti-IL-5 525
leukotriene modifiers and antihistamines 523
nasal saline irrigations 522
novel anti-inflammatory therapies 526
oral steroids in ARS 516
oral steroids in CRS 517
systemic steroid side effects 518
steroids 516
mechanism of action 516
topical intranasal corticosteroids 519
formulations, safety, and side effects 519
topical corticosteroids for ARS 520
topical steroids in CRS 520
vasoactive decongestant therapy 526
Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCAs) 250
Antineutrophil cytoplasmic bodies 141
Antinuclear antibodies (ANA) 250
Antral–choanal polyp 439, 448f
Antrochoanal polyp 134f
Arachidonic acid 533
Arachidonic acid cascade 235f
Ascending pharyngeal artery 319
Asperger syndrome 109t
Aspirin exacerbated respiratory disease (AERD) 88, 235, 304, 386, 439, 445, 523
ASR graft 607f
Asthma 236
epidemiology 236
pathophysiology 237
prevention and incidence 218
race and socioeconomic status 236
risk factors 236
Asthma and atopy 238
asthma control 240
asthma management 241
diagnosis 238
diagnostic testing 238
severity 239
Asthma control questionnaire (ACQ) 240
Asthma quality of life questionnaire 240
Asthma symptoms 218
Asthma therapy assessment questionnaire 240
Ataxia telangiectasia 393t, 417
Ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) 384
Atelectatic uncinate process 61
Atlantoaxial membrane 855
Atopic dermatitis 432
Atretochoana eiselti 20
Atrophic rhinitis 203t
Australian lungfish 19f
Autoimmune cytopenias 402
Autoimmune disorders 652t
Autoimmune hemolytic anemia 401
Autoimmune hepatitis 400
Autoimmune thyroiditis 401
Autologous tissues 879
Auxiliary airway management devices 586
Auxiliary devices 586
Axial computed tomography 134f
Axial cone beam 782f
Azithromycin 431
B
Bacterial infections of the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts 399
Bacterial rhinosinusitis 366, 427
Balloon catheter dilation 179, 184, 682, 747f, 933
Bardet-Biedl syndrome 109t, 382
Bare lymphocyte syndrome (BLS) 383
Basal lamella 59, 121f
Basic mycology in fungal rhinosinusitis 451
Basilar artery (BA) 809f
Basophils 310
Bathplug technique 879
Batten grafts 641
Bechet’s plexus 136
Beclomethasone dipropionate 220, 519
Bell’s palsy 108
Benign fibro-osseous tumors 150
Benign neoplasms of the nose and paranasal sinuses 273
Benign salivary gland neoplasms 281
Benign sinonasal neoplasms 690692
fibro-osseous lesions 690
inverted papilloma 691
juvenile angiofibroma 691
meningioma 691
salivary gland tumors 691
Benzalkonium chloride 297
Benzylisoquinoline relaxants 581
Benzylisoquinolines 581
Bernoulli’s principle 632
Biofilms in bacterial rhinositis 429, 554
biofilm therapy 431
biofilms and disease 430
role of biofilms in chronic rhinosinusitis 430
Biological enzymes 308t
Birth-cohort study 218
Bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (BRONJ) 780
Blastomyces dermatitidis 258
Blink reflex 345
Blood–brain barrier 218
Bone graft augmentation 780
Bone hyperplasia 470
Bone metastases 782t
Bone morphogenetic factors 471
Bony cartilaginous junction 600
Bony maxillary sinus wall 838f
Bony septal spurs 600
Bony-cartilaginous junction 611
Bowman’s gland 102f
Bozzini’s invention of endoscopy 7
Brain abscess 131
Brain parenchyma 680
Brainstem aura 332
Bronchoconstriction 237
Brudzinski’s sign 500
Bruton’s tyrosine kinase (BTK) gene 395
Buccal expansion of left maxilla 773f
Buccal fat pad (BFP) 777
Buccal mucosa 767
Buccal mucosal grafts 610
Budesonide 519
Bulb press test 791f
Bulla ethmoidalis 710f, 713
Bulls-eye target 673f
Burning mouth syndrome 343t
C
Cadaver training 670
Calcifying odontogenic cyst 765t, 770
ameloblastoma 771
central giant cell tumor 774
nasal palatine cyst 771
odontogenic keratocystic tumor 773
Caldwell Luc approach 7, 8, 482, 557, 756, 757
sublabial 844
trephine 757
Calvarial bone 610
Canine root injury 843
Cardiac arrhythmias 572
Cardiac tamponade 580
Career pathways in rhinology 186
academic 186
ACO development and opportunities 187
private 187
training 186
Carotid cavernous fistula 792f
Cartilaginous dorsum 636
Cartilaginous nasal capsule 47f, 49
Cataract formation 303f
Catastrophic hemorrhage 841
Catastrophic vascular injury 65
Catheter-related complications 512
Caudal septal deviation 604, 605, 635
Cavernous sinus and petrous apex 859
anatomy 859
complications 869
indications and preoperative considerations 862
pathology 861
skull base reconstruction 868
surgical technique 863
Cavernous sinus thrombosis 131, 136
Celiac disease 409
Cellulae ethmoidales 50
Central giant cell lesion 775f
Central giant cell reparative granuloma 774
Central giant cell tumor 765t
Central nervous system structures 107
Cerebral aqueduct 871
Cerebral parenchyma 502
Cerebrospinal fluid 651, 871
clinical evaluation 876
common clinical scenarios 886
CSF leak following endoscopic sinus surgery 886
reconstruction following endoscopic skull base surgery 888
spontaneous CSF leak 887
diagnostic studies 876
etiology 872
accidental trauma 872
endoscopic sinus surgery 873
outcome studies 890
physiology 871
skull base reconstruction 878
intracranial approach 886
nonvascularized techniques 879
reconstruction materials 879
surgical adjuncts 885
vascularized techniques 883
Cerebrospinal fluid leak 55, 87
Cervical spinal cord 161
CFTR carriers 381
Chagas disease 109t
Charcot-Leyden crystals 440, 460
Chimpanzee cranium 25f
Chinese acupuncture groups 541
Chlorhexidine digluconate 113
Chloride ions 417
Choanae 17
Choanal atresia 146
Choanal morphology 18
Cholesterol granulomas 253
Chondroid matrix 156
Chondrovomeral junction 119
Chorda tympani 105
Chrome plating 609
Chronic (perennial) disease 201
Chronic bacterial rhinosinusitis 427, 428
chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyposis 429
nosocomial rhinosinusitis 429
Chronic cluster headache 337t
Chronic hyperplastic eosinophilic sinusitis (CHES) 379
Chronic invasive fungal rhinosinusitis 451, 457
Chronic lung disease 405
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia 408
Chronic nonallergic rhinosinusitis 203t
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) 306
Chronic periodontal abscess 770
Chronic polypoid rhinosinusitis 203t
Chronic rhinosinusitis 84, 107, 368, 925
Chronic sinusitis survey (CSS) 173
Churg-Strauss syndrome 3, 25, 88, 141, 383, 439
Ciliary beat frequency (CBF) 431
Ciliary dysfunction 706
Ciliary dyskinesia 84
Circle of Willis 68
Circular sinus 69
Circumferential scar 635
Circumvallate papillae 105
Cirrhotic liver disease 407t
Cisternography 877
Classic ostiomeatal complex disease 706
Classic skull base tumor 822
Classification of migraine 340
Classification of office procedures 647
Classification of rhinosinusitis 359, 365
acute rhinosimusitis 359
chronic rhinosinusitis 360
recurrent acute rhinosinus 360
subacute rhinosinusitis 360
Clinical evaluation of allergic rhinitis 202
differential diagnosis 202
patient history 202
Clinical evaluation of the nose and paranasal sinuses 83
diagnosis of sinonasal neoplasms 87
imaging studies 88
history 83
chief complaint 83
history of present illness 83
disease-specific quality-of-life questionnaires 85
past medical and surgical history 84
laboratory evaluation 87
physical examination 85
general examination 85
nasal endoscopy 86
nasal examination 86
Clivus chordoma 853f
Closed-angle glaucoma 221
Cluster headaches 336
Cluster immunotherapy 226
Cocaine’s systemic pharmacological effects 588
Cochrane database 539
Cochrane Review 304
Cockroach allergen 216
Coding in rhinology 181
coding basics 181
future challenges 186
CMS/medicare reimbursement issues 186
office-based coding 181
office notes 181
office procedures 182
office visit and procedure on same day 182
office-based imaging 183
postoperative debridement 182
operative coding 183
balloon sinus dilation 184
cosmetic procedures 185
endoscopic sinus surgery 184
epistaxis 185
image guidance 183
inferior turbinate surgery 184
middle turbinate surgery 185
operative note 183
skull base 185
Cold steel instrumentation 679
Collapse of the alar rim 633
Cologne questionnaire 175
Columellar incision 604f
Comminuted skull base fractures 886
Common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) 391
Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) 531
Complementary nucleic acid 379
Complementary therapy and integrative medicine in sinonasal disease 532
anti-allergy, mast cell stabilizers, leukotriene inhibitors 539
antiasthma herbal medicine intervention 539
butterbur 539
nettles 540
quercetin 540
tinospora cordifolia 540
dietary manipulations 532
immune enhancement 534
herbal immune enhancers 537
management of the microflora 534
immune modulation with CAM therapies 534
integrative modalities for sinusitis 532
issues of liability 532
issues with CAM research 532
mucolytics 540
bromelain 540
N-acetylcysteine 540
volatile oils 540
nasal irrigants 542
dead sea salt spray (Lavi) 542
xylitol 543
other modalities 541
acupuncture 541
homeopathy 542
vitamins, minerals and supplements 543
omega-3-fatty acids 543
selenium 543
vitamin D 543
zinc 544
Complex sinus anatomy 10
Complication in ESS and their management 792
cranial complications 795
brain injury 796
cerebrospinal fluid leak 795
orbital complications 792
blindness 793
double vision 794
nasolacrimal duct injury 795
orbital hematoma 792
subcutaneous emphysema 795
other complications of ESS 798
open (empty) nose syndrome 799
vascular complications 796
carotid artery injury 797
Complication of endoscopic sinus surgery 913
Complications of posterior nasal packing 326
Complications of rhinologic disorders 493
evaluation 493
history and physical examination 493
laboratory studies 494
radiographic imaging 494
intracranial infections 500
CS thrombosis 503
epidural abscess 501
intracerebral/brain abscess 502
meningitis 500
subdural abscess/empyema 502
venous sinus thrombosis 503
mucocele 499
orbital complications 494
intraconal orbital cellulitis or abscess 498
postseptal orbital cellulitis 495
postseptal subperiosteal abscess 496
preseptal abscess 495
preseptal cellulitis 494
osteomyelitis 498
Composite graft 880
Concha bullosa 49, 57, 123, 485, 639, 700, 712
Conchal cartilage grafts 640
Concomitant immunosuppressive medications 408
Congenital agammaglobulinemia 395
Congenital hypothyroidism 146
Congenital midline nasal lesions 143
choanal atresia 145
congenital hypothyroidism 146
congenital paranasal sinus hypoplasia 146
Down's syndrome 147
encephalocele 144
hemolytic anemia 147
hypoplasia of the paranasal sinuses 146
nasal dermoid 143
nasal glioma 144
primary ciliary dyskinesia and Kartagener’s syndrome 147
Congenital rubella 407t
Context of osteitis 475
Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) 94
Contralateral access 600
Contralateral flap dissection 600
Contralateral pterygopalatine fossa 152
Contralateral submucoperichondrial space 600
Conventional radiography 126
Coronal aspect foreign body 769f
Corporonasal reflex 75
Corrosive rhinitis 308
Corticosteroid-induced menstrual disorders 519
Cortisol secretion 518
Cosmetic deformity 843
Cottle courses 10
Cottle elevator 842
Cottle maneuver 86, 637
Cracked tooth syndrome 343t
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease 109t
Cribriform plate 17, 124, 692
Crista galli 66, 119
Crohn's disease 400, 608
Cromolyn 221
Cronbach’s alpha score 173
Crooked nasal dorsum 636
Cross-sectional Swiss study 192
CRS and asthma 234
aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease 235
Cryptococcus neoformans 258
Cushing syndrome 109t, 561
Cushing’s disease 806
Cushingoid features 517
Cystic fibrosis 109t, 417, 439
Cytopenia 525
D
Dacryocystorhinostomy (DCR) 681, 913
da Vinci system 685
Dead sea salt (DSS) solutions 522, 542
Deep vein thrombosis 798
Degenerative ataxias 109t
Degranulation of eosinophils 310
Dendritic cells 399
Denker’s anterior maxillotomy 844
Denker’s approach 843
Denker’s procedure 555
Dental implant 780f
Dental lamina 766
Dental occlusion 349
Dentigerous cyst 765t, 767
Deoxycholate amphotericin B 456
Dermatomyositis 608
Destruction of osteocartilaginous nasal structures 305
Development of frameless stereotactic systems 701
Development of the vomeronasal organ 44
Deviated nasal septum 94
Devor’s ignition hypothesis 342
Diabetes insipidus 312t
Diagnosis of CVID 397
Diagnosis of meningitis 501
Diagnosis of rhinosinusitis 361
imaging 362
nasal and paranasal sinus cultures 362
nasal endoscopy 362
Diagnostic imaging in rhinology 117
Diagnostic testing in allergic rhinitis 207
allergy blood testing 211
inhalation challenge 212
intradermal (intracutaneous) skin testing 211
nasal cytology 212
skin testing 208
Diaphragma sella 813
Diffuse B-cell lymphoma 158
Diffuse panbronchiolitis (DPB) 526
Diffusing capacity (DC) 239
Dimorphic fungus 257
Discovery of the X-ray and application to the paranasal sinuses 117
computed tomography 118
contrast administration 118
magnetic resonance imaging 119
positron emission tomography 118
Discriminant validity 170
Disorders of the innate immune system 391
Dorello’s canal 863
Dorsal nasal septal deviation 633, 640
Dorsum sellae 849
Double nasoseptal flap 883t
Double-blinded placebo-controlled study 511
Down's syndrome 109t, 146, 147, 407t, 777
Doxycycline 517
Draf frontal sinusotomies 740
Draf I frontal sinusotomy 736. 737
Draf IIA procedure 737, 737f
Draf IIB procedure 739f
Draf III frontal sinusotomy 681, 739f
Drug–herb interactions 531
Drug-induced hypogammaglobulinemia 408
Drug-induced nasal septal perforation 305
Drug-induced rhinitis 304
Duct of Bowman’s gland 102f
Dysbiosis 79
Dysfunctional sinonasal epithelium 307
Dysgeusia 113
E
Eagle syndrome 345
Electro-acupuncture 541
Embryologic development of the nasal cavity and the paranasal sinuses 43
Embryologic fusion plane 67
Empirical data 108
Encyclopedia, De Medicina 4
Endonasal septoplasty 598
indications 598
surgical technique 598
approach 598
fixation 602
mobilization 599
resection, reposition, and reconstruction 600
Endoscope scrubbing devices 841
Endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy 913
complications 921
operative technique 915
anesthesia 916
endoscopic conjunctivodacryo- cysto-rhinostomy (CDCR) 919
endoscopic DCR 917
instrumentation 916
revision endoscopic DCR 918
role of mitomycin C 919
surgical anatomy 915
postoperative care 919
preoperative evaluation 913
assessment of nasolacrimal patency 914
contraindications 914
indications 913
nasal endoscopy 914
ophthalmologic examination 914
radiologic evaluation 914
surgical results 920
Endoscopic endonasal surgery (EES) 821, 849
Endoscopic modified Lothrop procedure 472
Endoscopic modified mega-antrostomy (EMMA) 556
Endoscopic septoplasty 602
indications 602
surgical technique 603
Endoscopic sinus surgery 10, 50, 57, 169, 447, 651, 787
complication 787
general principles 657
historical evolution 651
indications 654
preoperative counseling 656
Endoscopic skull base surgery 677, 678
reconstruction 883
surgery era 878
Endoscopic surgery of clivus, craniocervical junction, and posterior fossa 849
anatomy 849
tumor types 850
complications 856
advantages 857
limitations 857
prevention and management 856
diagnostic testing 851
equipment and instruments 851
endoscopic surgical technique 851
reconstruction 855
Endoscopic surgery of the sella and suprasellar region 805
clinical presentation 806
common pathologies 807
acromegaly 808
craniopharyngiomas 809
Cushing’s disease 808
meningiomas 810
nonfunctioning adenomas 808
pituitary neoplasms 807
prolactinomas 807
diagnostic evaluation 806
historical perspectives 805
indications for surgery 810
skull base repair 813
surgical approaches 810
postoperative management considerations 814
bleeding 815
role of adjuvant therapy 815
Endoscopic tower 678f
Endoscopic transnasal approach 482
Endoscopic-directed middle meatal (EDMM) cultures 363
Endothelial postsynaptic alpha-2
receptors 573
Entellus XprESS system 749f
Environmental exposures 310
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay 254
Eosinophil influx 384
Eosinophil survival 516
Eosinophilic mucin 720
Eosinophilic mucin rhinosinusitis 443
Episodic blurry vision 875
Episodic cluster headache 337t
Episodic paroxysmal hemicranias 338t
Epistaxis 319
anatomy 319
epidemiology 319
etiology 321
hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia 321, 322
initial management 323
intermittent 321
intervention 325
cautery 325
general measures 325
packing 325
surgical intervention 326
management 185, 323
Epithelial cells of the nasal mucosa 76
Epithelial desquamation 470
Epithelial sinonasal cancers 309
Erectile dysfunction 305
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) 250
Esberitox 537
Esbs instruments 680
Esthesioneuroblastoma 156
Estrogen receptor modifiers 323
Ethmoid air cells 119, 121f, 693
Ethmoid and sphenoid sinuses 48, 455
Ethmoid bone 66, 124
Ethmoid bulla 47, 50, 63, 87, 121f, 123
Ethmoid bulla lamella 123
Ethmoid cavity 58
Ethmoid frontal recess surgery 788
Ethmoid infundibulum 47, 50, 122
Ethmoid sinus 149, 678, 761
Ethmoid skull base 788
Etiology of facial pain 342
European Academy of Allergology and Clinical Immunology (EAACI) Societies 393
European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology Task Force 308t
Eustachian tube 5
Evolution of nasal complex from early human ancestors to homo- erectus 26
evolutionary relationship between the nasal complex and climate 29
Neanderthals 33
Evolution of the human nasal respiratory tract 17
Ewing sarcoma 823
Extended endonasal approach (EEA) 685
Extended length endoscope 678f
External beam radiation therapy (EBRT) 815
External carotid artery (ECA) 55, 319, 596
External nasal valve (ENV) 631
External nasal valve collapse 641
External nasal vestibule 17
External rhinoplasty 604
External septoplasty 604
indications 604
surgical technique 604
extracorporeal septoplasty 606
Extracorporeal septoplasty 604
Extradural image guidance 183
Extraoral fistula 783
Eyelid retraction 902
F
Facial cellulitis 417
Facial pain 342
glossopharyngeal neuralgia 345
postherpetic neuralgia 346
trigeminal neuralgia 342
Facial paralysis 109t
Facial pressure 422
Fairley’s symptom questionnaire 175
Falx cerebri 828
Fatal hepatic necrosis 577
Fibroblast growth factor 301, 471
Fibro-osseous lesions of the paranasal sinuses 263
considerations 263
fibrous dysplasia 265
ossifying fibroma 266
osteitis deformans 266
osteoma 263
surgical techniques 268
Fibrous dysplasia 780
Fish and seafood proteins 308t
Flavor sensations 107
Flexible quartz fiber 625
Flu prevention 312t
Flunisolide 519
Fluorescence in situ hybridization 79, 430
Fluorodeoxyglucose PET 159
Fluticasone furoate 519
Fluticasone propionate 519
Food and Drug Administration (FDA) 301
Foramen of Magendie 871
Foramen of Monro 871
Foramen ovale 691
Foramen rotundum 691
Foramina of Luschka 871
Forced vital capacity (FVC) 239
Formation of middle meatal structures 47
Fossa of Rosenmüller 87
Foster Kennedy syndrome 108, 110
Four-handed techniques 678
Freer and Kilian work 8
Frontal lobes 828
Frontal osteomyelitis 499, 654
Frontal recess 711, 735
Frontal sinus 678, 735, 757, 821
boundaries 735
DRAF I drainage 736
indications 736
perioperative considerations 737
technique 737
DRAF IIA drainage 737
indications 737
perioperative considerations 738
technique 738
DRAF IIB drainage 738
indications 738
perioperative considerations 739
technique 739
DRAF III drainage 739
complications 740
indications 739
perioperative considerations 740
postoperative care 740
technique 740
historical perspective 736
outcomes of DRAF procedures 740
frontal sinus rescue 741
technique 741
Frontal sinus mucocele 135f
Frontal sinus ostium 712f
Frontoethmoidal cephaloceles 144
Frontonasal prominence 43
Frontotemporal lobe degeneration 109t
Functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS) 486, 549, 651, 682
Functional rhinoplasty 631
anatomy 631
pathology 632
causes of ENV compromise 633
nasal sidewall collapse 633
patient evaluation 636
medical history 636
objective measurements 638
patient counseling 638
physical examination 636
subjective measurements 639
physiology 632
treatment options 639
INV collapse 639
nonsurgical options 639
surgical options 639
Fungal allergy 459
Fungal culture 79
Fungal invasion of sinonasal tissue 453
Fungal rhinosinusitis 452
Fungal species 452
Fungus and chronic rhinosinusitis 463
Fungus in paranasal sinus disease 451
Furstenberg test 144
Future of rhinology: next frontiers 925
allergy and immunology 928
antimicrobial photodynamic therapy 928
balloon ostial dilation 932
CT imaging 933
drug eluting implants 928
evolving endoscope technology 934
evolving techniques in precision radiation delivery 934
genetic testing and individualized therapy pharmacogenetics 927
robotic skull base surgery 931
sinus microbiome alteration, molecular diagnostics, and wound healing 929
skull base resection limits 931
skull base surgery 930
surgical training and competency 934
topical therapy 925
G
Gabapentin 347
Gadolinium-based contrast media (GBCM) 119, 130, 139
Galeopericranial flap 885
Gamma knife radiosurgery 816
Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) 579
Gasserian ganglion 345
Gastric irritation 524
Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) 485, 486
Gastrointestinal bleeding 303t
Gastrointestinal lesions 322
Gastrointestinal tract 321, 404
Gastrointestinal tumors 154
Gene–environment interactions 192
General anesthesia 571
Generalized metabolic disturbance 107
Genes associated with individual phenotypes of rhinosinusitis 384
allergic fungal sinusitis 385
aspirin exacerbated respiratory disease 386
chronic rhinosinusitis without nasal polyposis 385
CRS with nasal polyposis 384
genes associated with therapeutic effects of steroids 386
Genetic basis of rhinosinusitis 377
basic mechanisms 377
challenges in genetic research 380
evidence 377
familial inheritance patterns 380
Genetic syndromes 381, 407t
Geniculate ganglion 149
Geniculate neuralgia 343t
Genu of the internal capsule 68
Giant cell arteritis 341
Giant cell lesion 775f
Gingivobuccal sulcus 839
Global osteitis scale (GOS) 473
Globus pallidus 68
Glossopharyngeal nerve 105
Glossopharyngeal neuralgia 343t, 345, 346t
Glucocorticoid potency 516
Glucocorticoids (GCS) 516
Goblet cell hyperplasia 297, 310, 470
Good syndrome 399, 393t
Gower’s stages to Neanderthal nasal morphology 36
G-protein-coupled receptors 106
Gram stain 501
Granulocyte-macrophage 516
Granulomatous diseases 249
Granulomatous diseases of the nose and paranasal sinuses 137
idiopathic causes of sinonasal granulomatous disease 143
sarcoidosis 143
infectious granulomatous diseases: bacterial 137
mycobacterium tuberculae 137
nontuberculous mycobacterium 138
rhinoscleroma 138
infectious granulomatous diseases: fungal 138
invasive fungal sinusitis 140
noninvasive fungal sinusitis 138
neoplastic causes of sinonasal granulomatous disease 142
Langerhans cell histiocytosis 142
Rosai-Dorfman disease 142
noninfectious sinonasal granulomatous diseases 141
Churg-Strauss syndrome 141
granulomatosis with polyangiitis 141
traumatic causes of sinonasal granulomatous disease 141
cholesterol granuloma 142
cocaine-induced midline destructive lesions 141
giant cell reparative granuloma 141
Granulomatous fungal sinusitis 458
Granulomatous intranasal lesions 256
Granulomatous invasive fungal rhinosinusitis 451, 458
Graves disease 899902
Greenhouse gases 310
Greenhouse workers 307
Grocott’s methenamine silver (GMS) 455
Growth hormone 520
Guillain-Barré syndrome 108
Gutta-percha 767
Gyrus rectus 63, 66
H
Hamartomas 281
Hasner’s valve 57, 556, 916
Haversian canal systems 469
Head trauma 107
Headache and facial pain 348
history 348
imaging 350
physical examination 349
Headache syndrome 336
Health impact of vehicle emissions 310
Healthcare workers 308t
Health-related QOL 170
Hemangioma 280
Hemangiopericytomas 862
Hematopoietic tissue 147
Hemicrania continua 338
Hemiplegic migraine 332
Hemitransfixion incision 599f, 602
Hemitransfixion septal incision 852
Hemoglobin production 147
Hemolysis 525
Hemolytic anemia 147, 404
Herbal immune enhancers 532
Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT) 321
Herpes simplex encephalitis 109t
Hertel exophthalmometer 902
Heterogeneous nodes 138
Hiatus semilunaris 47, 50, 122, 693
High molecular weight 307, 308t
High-fidelity virtual reality (VR) 672
History of rhinology—from ancient times to the 21st century 3
20th century 8
ancient Greece and Rome 4
ancient history 3
Europe 17th–19th centuries 5
Italian Renaissance 5
Homograft 879
Hopkins rod endoscope 677
Hopkins rod system 669
Hormonal therapy 323
Hormone replacement therapy 311
House dust mites (HDMs) 215
Human conchal crest 36
Human growth hormone 312t
Human immunodeficiency virus 406
Human nasal mucosa 78
Humphrey visual field testing 806f
Huntington disease 109t
Hydrogen protons 130
Hydrophilic porous 311
Hyper IGM syndrome 393t
Hyperostosis 470
Hyperplasia of the seromucinous glands 447
Hypertonic saline 304, 446, 542
Hypertrophied turbinates 349
Hyperviscosity of blood 302t
Hypogammaglobulinemia 417
Hypoglossal nerve 855
Hypothalamic pituitary suppression 220
Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) 518
I
Idiopathic dysgeusia 113
Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura 401
IgE-mediated inflammation and rhinitis 192, 197
Image guidance in endoscopic sinus and skull base surgery 701
clinical evidence 703
history 701
practical uses 702
recent and future advances 703
registration process 702
technological basis 701
Imaging in inflammatory disease 690
mucoceles 690
sinusitis 690
Imaging in sinonasal pathology 689
computed tomography 689
magnetic resonance 690
standard roentgenographs 689
Imaging of benign paranasal sinus disease 131
acute and chronic sinusitis 132
air–fluid levels 132
mucosal thickening 132
sclerosis 133
sinus opacification 133
complications of sinusitis 133
atelectatic sinus 136
central venous thrombosis 136
intracranial infection 136
mucoceles 135
orbital infection 136
osteomyelitis 136
polyposis 133
retention cysts 133
inflammatory and infectious disease 131
computed tomography 131
imaging and clinical correlation 132
magnetic resonance imaging 132
radiography 131
Imaging of normal and variant paranasal sinus anatomy 119
agger nasi 124
basal lamella of the middle turbinate 123
basal lamella of the superior and supreme turbinate 124
ethmoid bulla 123
ethmoid infundibulum 122
ethmoid sinus 121
fovea ethmoidalis 124
frontal sinus and frontal recess 124
hiatus semilunaris 122
maxillary sinus 119
nasal septum 119
ostiomeatal unit 124
posterior ethmoid and sphenoid sinus 125
sinus development 119
suprabullar and retrobullar recess 123
uncinate process 121
Imaging of sinonasal disease 126
modalities, protocols, and practice 126
computed tomography 127
conventional radiography 126
magnetic resonance imaging 130
positron emission tomography 130
Imaging sinonasal neoplasms 147
benign neoplasms 150
benign fibro-osseous lesions 150
inverted papilloma 150
juvenile nasal angiofibroma 150
bone destruction in tumor imaging 149
carotid blowout 149
cerebrospinal fluid leaks 149
malignant neoplasms 152
malignant bony and cartilaginous tumors 156
nasal lymphoma 154
neuroectodermal tumors 156
nonepithelial sinonasal malignancies 154
squamous cell carcinoma 152
orbital invasion: implications for treatment planning and prognosis 149
patterns of tumor spread 148
direct extension 148
perineural spread 148
radiologist’s role 147
radiology versus pathology 148
Immune defects of HIV 406
Immune disorders 652t
Immune system 249
Immune-complex 372
Immunologic aspects of rhinosinusitis 391
infections 406
malignancies 408
medications 408
systemic diseases and other underlying host factors 409
primary immunodeficiencies 391
ataxia-telangiectasia 405
common variable immunodeficiency 397
congenital agammaglobulinemia 395
hyper IgM syndrome 399
IgG subclass deficiency 401
selective IgA deficiency 400
specific antibody deficiency with normal immunoglobulins 402
thymoma with immunodeficiency 399
transient hypogammaglobulinemia of infancy 403
Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome 404
X-linked lymphoproliferative disease 405
secondary immunodeficiencies 406
Immunologic impairment 391
Immunologic milieu 314
Immunomodulatory biologics 407t
Impair mucociliary motion 717
Incidence of complications of ESS 800
Incisive canal cyst 771
Industrial irritants 609
Inferior petrosal sinus 504
Inferior petrosal sinus sampling (IPSS) 808
Inferior turbinate 94, 322, 631
Inferior turbinate coding 185
Inferior turbinate hypertrophy 633
Inferior turbinate surgery 185
Inferomedial orbital floor 136
Inflammatory arthritis of TMJ 348
Inflammatory bowel disease 401
Influenza vaccine 312t
Influenza vaccine innoculations 108
Infraorbital foramen 59
Infraorbital nerve 70
Infraorbital vessels 70
Infratemporal fossa (ITF) 152, 685, 837, 855
Inhalational anesthetic induction 580
Inhalent allergens 717
Inlay dural repair grafts 880
Innate immune dysfunction 444
Integrative East-West medicine (IEWM) 564
Intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) 934
Interaction of X-ray photons 130
Intercavernous sinuses 69
Interhemispheric fissure 68
Internal and external nasal valve 597
Internal cardioartery (ICA) 809f
Internal carotid artery system 320
Internal jugular vein 504
Internal maxillary artery 55, 838f
Internal nasal cavity 23
Internal nasal valve (INV) 73, 91, 598, 631
International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP) 342
International Committee on Standardization of Rhinomanometry (ICSR) 95
International Headache Society 331
Interpeduncular cistern 70
Interpositional graft 610
Intestinal type adenocarcinoma (ITAC) 309
Intra-axial abscess 502
Intracellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1 544
Intracerebral abscesses 502
Intracranial abscess 417
Intracavernous ICA 69f
Intradural collagen graft 829
Intraepithelial inflammatory infiltrates 310
Intrahepatic shunting 322
Intralamellar cells 49
Intranasal cocaine 597
Intranasal corticosteroids (INCS) 222, 301, 519
Intranasal cromolyn 299t
Intranasal drug delivery 311
Intranasal illicit drug use 305
Intranasal local anesthetic injections 589
Intranasal sprays 657
Intranasal steroid sprays 220
Intranasal vaccine 313, 314
Intraocular pressure 301
Intraosseous bacteria 429
Intraperitoneal surgery 584
Intravenous methylprednisolone 341
Invading the skull base 157
benign sinus tumors 157
infectious and inflammatory invasion 157
malignant tumors 158
secondary extension of tumor originating outside the sinuses 158
Invasive fungal rhinosinusitis 368, 452, 458
Invasive fungal sinusitis 368
Inverted papilloma 150, 273, 837
malignancy risk 274
management 275
pathophysiology 274
staging 274
Ionizable zinc 304
Ipsilateral eyelid edema 337t, 338
Ipsilateral naso-septal flap 842
J
Japanese archipelago 33
Japanese snow monkey 33
John Mackenty’s technique 8
Joint Commission on Accreditation of Health Care Organization (JCAHCO) 935
Jones I test 914
Juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma (JNA) 150, 152, 278, 321, 691, 837, 930
Juxtaglomerular cell 103f
K
Kallmann syndrome 109t
Kartagener syndrome 146, 381t, 417, 440, 739
Kawasaki disease 432
Kennedy osteitis score (KOS) 472
Kernig’s signs 500
Keros classification 59, 695, 696
Kiesselbach’s plexus 56f, 596f
Killian incision 599f
Korsakoff psychosis 109t
Kronlein’s approach 905
Kuhn type 1
frontal cell 697
Kuhn type 2
configuration 697
Kuhn type 3
cell 697
L
Lactoferrin synthesis 432
Lamellar bone formation 470
Lamina papyracea 55, 57, 123
Lamina terminalis 67
Lamorier’s transalveolar technique 7
Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) 252
Langerhans cell morphology 252
Larix occidentalis 538
Laryngeal mask airway (LMA) 586
Laryngopharyngeal reflux 417, 485
Lateral buccal flap 779f
Lateral buccal surface 480
Lateral nasal wall 44, 58, 119, 611
Lateral orbital rim 905
Lateral osteotomy of the left antrum 773f
Lateral retropharyngeal nodes 159
Lateral wall of antrum 768f
Layers of the olfactory bulb 103f
Left maxillary prominences 43
Letterer-Siwe disease 252
Leukocytic infiltration 250
Leukotriene inhibitors 298t
Leukotriene modifier 222
Leukotriene receptor antagonists 221
Liesegang rings 776
Life-threatening hemorrhages 404
Light acupuncture 541
Lipid-based formulations of amphotericin B 456
Liposomal amphotericin B 456
Little’s area 320
Local allergic rhinitis 212
Local anesthesia 571
anesthesia and sinus surgery 571
application techniques for in-office sinus surgery 574
complications 574
injection locations 573
greater palatine block 573
sphenopalatine block 573
local anesthetics and vasoconstrictors 572
Local vascularized flaps 883
Long-acting bronchodilators (LABA) 241
Loss of consciousness 525
Lothrop procedure 558f, 739
Low molecular weight (LMW) 307, 308t
Lower and upper conchae 17
Low-grade perichondritis 608
Lumbar drainage 885
Lund-MacKay score 472, 474, 572, 683
Lungfish choanae 19
Lusk seeker 842
Lymphatic metastasis 159
Lymphoid malignancies 398
Lymphoproliferative disease 406
Lynch frontoethmoidectomy 9
Lynch incision 762
Lysozyme resistance 553
M
Macrosmatic strepsirhines 22
Major histocompatibility complex 196
Major symptoms score utility index (MSSUI) 175
Malignant ameloblastoma 765t
Mallampati airway classification 585
Mammalian nasal cavity 20
Management of
acute rhinosinusitis 422
chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) 683
CVID 398
epistaxis 319
odontogenic pathology 766
skull base defects 871
cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea 871
endoscopic skull base surgery 871
meningoencephalocele 871
Mandibular osteonecrosis 161
Manipulation of the brain tissue 828
Manual balloon pump 748f
Marcus Gunn pupil 793
Margin reflex distance (MRD) 902
Marginal incision 604f
Marrow fat cells 302t
Masseteric space 839
Mast cells 218, 310, 516
Matrix metalloproteinases 471, 517
Maxillary (v2) branch of the trigeminal nerve 148
Maxillary antrostomy 61, 662
Maxillary antrostomy stenosis 555
Maxillary antrum 417
Maxillary infundibulum 693, 694
Maxillary nerve 69f
Maxillary sinus 119, 480, 755
Maxillary sinus antrostomy tubes (MAST) 560
Maxillary sinus hypoplasia 146
Maxillary sinus lumen 136
Maxillary sinus mucosa 662, 838f
Maxillary sinus ostium 59, 120, 121f
Maxillary sinus puncture 424
Maxillary sinus suppuration 7
McCune-Albright syndrome 265
Measuring quality of life and outcomes in rhinology 169
CRS disease-specific QOL instruments 172
additional instruments 175
allergy outcomes survey 174
chronic sinusitis survey 173
major symptom score utility index 175
nasal obstruction symptom evaluation scale 174
rhinitis outcomes questionnaire 173
rhinitis symptom utility index 174
rhinoconjunctivities quality-of-life questionnaire 172
rhinosinusitis disability index 174
rhinosinusitis outcome measure 173
rhinosinusitis quality-of-life survey 175
rhinosinusitis symptom inventory 174
sinonasal assessment questionnaire 174
sinusitis outcomes questionnaire 175
SN-5 174
SNOT-16 173
SNOT-20 173
SNOT-22 173
limitations of HRQOL instruments 176
minimal clinically significant difference 172
need for instruments 169
psychometric characteristics of QOL instruments 170
ease of use 172
reliability 170
responsiveness 170
validity 170
use of rhinologic HRQOL instruments 175
Meckel’s cave 149, 821, 861
Medial frontonasal prominence 43
Medial maxillectomy 932
Medication overuse headache 341
Medication-induced hypogammaglobulinemia 407t
Medications for rhinitis and rhinosinusitis 297
corticosteroids 301
decongestants 297
topical therapies 301
saline 301
Mega-antrostomy 661f
Meningoencephaloceles 144
Meningohypophyseal artery 327
Menstrual cycles 238t
Merocel nasal tampons 831
Merocel packing 602
Mesenchymal stem cells 472
Messerklinger technique 50
Messerklinger’s description 479
Messerklinger’s functional concepts 745
Messerklinger’s theory 469
Metabolic diseases 407t
Metabolic equivalents 584
Metachronous squamous cell carcinoma 150
Metastatic paranasal sinus disease 159
complications of treatment 160
cranial neuropathy 161
radiation-induced neoplasms 161
rodiation therapy necrosis 160
distant metastasis 159
role of FDG PET 160
tumor recurrence versus treatment changes 160
Methylglyoxal (MGO) 431
Microbial communities 719
Microdebrider 627, 680
Microdebrider partial turbinectomy 623f
Microdebrider-assisted turbinate reduction (MATR) 616t
Micrometer table 97
Microsmatic haplorhines 22
Middle ethmoidal artery 55
Middle meatal antrostomy stenosis 721
Middle turbinate pneumatization and maturation of prenatal structures 49
Migraine and cluster headaches 312f
Migraine generator 334f
Migraine headaches 331
Migraine with typical aura 332t
Migraine without aura 332t
Minimal alveolar concentration (MAC) 580
Minimal biofilm eradication concentration (MBEC) 431
Minimally invasive sinus surgery 743
Minimally invasive surgical skills 673
Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) Calgary biofilm device 431
Mite allergy study 218
Moderate-to-severe eczema 404
Modern navigation technologies 10
Modified medial maxillectomy (MEMM) 726
Moffitt position 112
Molecular weight (MW) 311
Mometasone furoate (MF) 519
Moraxella catarrhalis 407, 552
Morton’s ether 578
Mucociliary transport system 77f, 123, 301, 628, 653, 720, 926
Mucoperichondrial flaps 596, 602, 610612
Mucosal disease 717
disease pathogenesis 717
local microbial community 717
mucociliary dysfunction 718
mucosal inflammation 717
treatment 718
propagating factors 718
Mucosal flaps and stents 9
Mucosal grafts 879
Mucosal inflammation 651, 718
Mucositis of the nasal cavity 85
Müller’s muscles 69
Multichannel intraluminal impedance
(MII) 489
Multifactorial etiology of chronic rhinosinusitis 652t
Multinucleated giant cell 249
Multiple autoimmune disorders 402
Multiple migraine syndromes 332
Multiple myeloma 408
Muscle contraction 234
Mushrooms 538
Mycotic aneurysms 141
Myelokathexis syndrome 417
Myocardial infarction 525
N
Nasal airway obstruction 91
Nasal airway resistance 91, 95
Nasal and paranasal sinus cultures 362
Nasal applicator tip 520
Nasal bone 23
Nasal cavity 53
lateral nasal wall and nasal turbinates 57
inferior turbinate and inferior meatus 57
middle turbinate and middle meatus 57
superior turbinate and superior meatus 58
nasal cavity vascular supply, innervation, and lymphatics 55
nasal septum 54
Nasal cavity floor 17
Nasal cell proliferation 311
Nasal congestion 91, 201, 220
Nasal corticosteroids 461
Nasal cycle 91
history and physical examination 92
objective assessment of the nasal airway 92
subjective assessment 91
Nasal cytology 212
Nasal decongestants 220
Nasal dermoids 143
Nasal dryness 221
Nasal fontanelles 120
Nasal fossa 118
Nasal index 30
Nasal irrigations 731
Nasal mucosa 48, 212
Nasal mucosal absorption 311
Nasal mucosal biopsies 309
Nasal mucosal enzymes 313
Nasal mucous production 76
Nasal obstruction 597, 637
Nasal obstruction symptom evaluation (NOSE) 607, 626, 639
Nasal passage 673f
Nasal peak flowmetry 95
clinical applications 96
equipment and technique 95
interpretation 96
limitations 96
Nasal polyps 755
Nasal polyp tissue 459
Nasal polyposis 138, 439
clinical presentation 440
epidemiology 439
etiology 441
antral-choanal polyps 447
cystic fibrosis 445
EMRS pathophysiology 443
eosinophilic polyposis 441
respiratory epithelial adenomatoid hamartoma 447
genetics 440
pathology 440
terminology 439
Nasal provocation testing 308t
Nasal saline 301
Nasal saline irrigations (NSIS) 522
Nasal septal cartilage 879
Nasal septal perforations 607, 610
Nasal septum 119, 322
Nasal skeleton 597
Nasal syphilis 5
Nasal turbinates 615
comparative outcomes 627
lateralization 627
mucosal ablation 624
electrocauterization 624
lasers 624
submucosal reduction 625
microdebrider-assisted submucosal turbinate reduction 627
radiofrequency ablation 626
submucosal electrocautery 625
turbinectomy 615
partial turbinate resection 616
total turbinate resection 615
turbinoplasty 623
Nasal valve 632, 637
Nasal valve collapse 632, 633
Nasal vestibule 29, 756f
Nasalization procedure 555
Nasogastric tube placement 321, 608t
Nasolacrimal duct (NLD) 119, 556, 708
Nasolacrimal duct obstruction 920
Nasolaryngobronchial reflex 75
Nasopalatine duct cyst 771
Nasopalatine nerve 74
Nasopharyngal duct 20
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma 158, 159, 161
Nasopharyngeal reflux (NPR) 486
Nasopharynx mucosa 855
Nasopulmonary reflex 75
Nasoseptal flap 846, 883
National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) 531
National health interview survey 194
Native strut 607f
Natural immunity 314
Natural ostium of the sphenoid sinus 58
Nausea and vomiting 589
Neo-osteogenesis 470
Nephrotic syndrome 407t, 409
Nerve of the pterygoid canal 56
Nerve sheath tumors 862
Nervous system 349
Neural crest cells 18
Neuralgia of the nervus intermedius 343t
Neurodegenerative diseases 108
Neurogenic drug-induced rhinitis 305
Neurovascular bundle 864
Neutrophilic modulator 718
Nickel exposure 309
Ninth cranial nerve 346
Nitric oxide system 579
Nocturnal enuresis 312t
Nodular lymphoid hyperplasia 401
Nonacupuncture group 541
Nonallergic rhinitis 420
Nonallergic vasomotor rhinitis 221
Nonantibiotic antimicrobial 560
Nonflammable inhalational agents 577
Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma 158, 251
Nonimmunologic mechanisms 307
Noninvasive fungal rhinosinusitis 458
allergic fungal rhinosinusitis 458
clinical presentation 459
diagnosis 460
epidemiology 459
medical treatment 461
pathophysiology 458
surgical treatment 461
Nonoperative management of nasal septal perforation 609
Nonpathogenic bacteria 507
Nonspecific nasal symptoms 191
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs 304
Nontraumatic scraping 212
Nose and paranasal sinuses 249
infectious granulomatous and inflammatory diseases 255
bacterial diseases 255
fungal diseases 257
parasitic diseases 258
nongranulomatous inflammatory disorders 259
lobular capillary hemangioma 260
relapsing polychondritis 259
noninfectious granulomatous and inflammatory diseases 249
autoimmune granulomatous diseases 253
cholesterol granuloma 252
idiopathic midline destructive disease 251
Langerhans cell histiocytosis 252
sarcoidosis 249
traumatic causes of granulomatous and inflammatory diseases 258
cocaine-induced midline destructive disease 259
giant cell reparative granuloma 258
Nose and sleep disorders 285
craniofacial anatomy and nasal physiology 285
turbinate anatomy and physiology 286
diagnostic tests 292
options for nasal airflow and resistance 292
radiologic imaging 293
management strategies for nasal congestion and obstructive sleep apnea 293
medical treatment and outcomes 289
anti-inflammatory agents 290
decongestants 289
nasal dilator strips 290
nasal anatomy and flow dynamics 287
nasal obstruction and facial growth in children 289
nasal obstruction and obstructive sleep apnea 288
nasal obstruction and snoring 288
nasal obstruction and upper airway resistance syndrome 289
physical examination of the nose and upper airway 292
examination of the internal nasal cavity 292
mirror test 292
surgical treatment and outcomes 290
nasal surgery and nasal CPAP adherence 291
nasal surgery and obstructive sleep apnea 290
nasal surgery and oral appliance therapy 291
nasal surgery and snoring 290
Nospecs classification 902
Nummular eczema 204
O
Obsessive compulsive disorder 109t
Obstructed lacrimal sac 913
Obstruction of the maxillary sinus outflow 695
Obstructive pulmonary disease 109t
Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) 585
Occipital neuralgia 343t
Occupational exposures 609
Occupational rhinitis 307
occupational sinonasal toxins 308
sinonasal cancer 309
Oculomotor nerve 69f
Odiosoft rhino 96
limitations 97
Odontogenesis 765
clinical evaluation 766
Odontogenic
carcinoma 765t
etiology 765
fibroma 765t
keratocystic tumor 765t, 770, 774
maxillary sinusitis (OMS) 479
pathology 765
sinusitis 479
clinical presentation 481
imaging 481
incidence 479
management 482
microbiology 481
pathophysiology 479
Odor identification test 112
Odorant molecules 102
Office-based rhinologic procedures 647
Olfactory
agnosia 108
bulb 311, 828
dysfunction 112
epithelium 102, 111, 311
fossa of the cribriform plate 59
groove meningioma 108
hallucination 106
nerve fibers 53f
neuroblastoma 156, 421
neurons 110
receptor neuron axon 103f
Onlay grafts 880
Onodi cell 62, 724
Ophthalmic nerve 69f
Ophthalmic vein 70
Opioid receptors 579
Opportunistic infections 399
Optic chiasm 67, 69f
Optic nerves 67
Optic neuritis 143
Opticocarotid recess (OCR) 809
Optics 677
Optimal local anesthesia 574
Oral antifungals 300t
Oral antihistamines 220, 298t
Oral corticosteroids 298t, 657
Oral decongestants 298t
Oral zinc 304
Oral-antral communication 777
Oral-antral fistula 777, 779f
Orbital abscesses 503
Orbital apex 839
Orbital apex syndrome 498
Orbital cellulitis 496
Orbital decompression 899
adjunct surgical procedures 910
clinical features 900
complications 910
epidemiology 899
management 902
balanced decompression 907
combined approaches 907
evaluation 902
lateral canthotomy 905
lateral wall 905
medial/inferior wall 906
medical therapy 903
orbital fat decompression 908
radiation therapy 903
superior wall 907
surgical approaches 905
surgical indications 904
natural course of disease 901
ophthalmopathy classification 901
pathophysiology 899
predisposing factors 900
surgical algorithm 909
surgical outcomes 908
Orbital fissures 691
Orbital floor 61
Orbital gyrus 66
Orbital inflammatory pseudotumor 141
Organic and inorganic gaseous and particle compounds 310
Oronasal fistula 613
Oronasal membrane 45f
Osler-Rendu-Weber syndrome 321
Ossiculum of Bertini 48
Ossification of sinonasal structures 48
Ossified ethmoid bulla 49
Osteitic bone 471
Osteitis 469, 727
clinical significance 474
baseline characteristics 474
management 475
outcomes 475
imaging 472
radiography 472
nuclear medicine 473
pathophysiology 470
bacteriology 472
eosinophilic remodeling 471
histopathology 470
molecular mechanisms 471
traumatic remodeling 471
Osteitis of the sphenoid sinuses 554f
Osteoclastic proton pumps 490
Osteogenesis imperfecta 780
Osteomeatal complex 118
Osteomyelitis 469, 862
Ostiomeatal complex 692
Ostiomeatal unit 124, 692
Otolaryngologic emergency 319
Otolaryngology training 671
Oxcarbazepine 345
Oxymetazoline 572
Ozena with silver nitrate 5
P
Packing and septal splints 832
Paget disease 263, 266, 782t, 862
Pain management 312t
Palatal erosion 305
Palatal flap 780f
Palatal itching 204
Pansinusitis 714
Paranasal sinus box boundaries 724
Paranasal sinus fungus ball 462
clinical presentation 462
diagnosis 462
pathophysiology 462
treatment 463
Paranasal sinuses 49, 58, 118, 755
ethmoid sinus 59
agger nasi, uncinate process, infundibulum, and hiatus semilunaris 61
infraorbital (Haller), sphenoethmoid (Onodi), and supraorbital cells 61
frontal sinus, frontal recess, and frontal cells 62
maxillary sinus 58
sphenoid bone, sphenoid sinus 63
Parasagittal nasal cavity 54f
Paratrigeminal oculosympathetic 343t
Parenteral vaccinations 314
Parkinson's disease 109t, 312t
Paroxysmal hemicranias 337, 338t
Partial anterior turbinectomy 623f
Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) 552
Pathogenesis of rhinosinusitis 365, 373
Pathogenic CFTR mutations 381
Pathophysiology of chronic sinusitis 11
Pathophysiology of migraines 333
Pathophysiology of sinonasal inflammation 515
Patient response score (PRS) 555
Peak expiratory flow (PEF) 239
Pearson’s correlation 170
Pediatric ESS complications 799
balloon sinuplasty dilation 799
Pelargonium sidoides 539
Penicillin allergy 509
Perforating basal lamella 713f
Periantral soft tissue infiltration 155
Perichondrial layer 596f
Perineural spread of tumor 862
Periodic acid-schiff (PAS) 460
Periorbital vasculature 921
Periosteal layer 596f
Peripheral nerve 74
Perpendicular plate 643
Persistent idiopathic facial pain 343t
Persistent lymphadenopathy 406
Persistent sinonasal mucosal inflammation 651
Petrous apex 860
Petrous apicitis 862
Peyer’s patch 535
Pharmacotherapy and immunotherapy 215
Pharyngeal canal 71
Pharyngeal portion of the carotid artery 855
Phenotypic misclassification 380
Phenylephrine 573
Physical examination of allergic rhinitis 206
chest 207
eyes 207
general appearance 206
nose 207
throat 207
Physiology of the nose and paranasal sinuses 73
innervation 74
microbiology 78
nasal reflexes 75
regulation of airflow 73
warming, humidification, and filtration 76
nasal immunity 78
nitric oxide (NO) 77
Physiology of the sinuses 366
Phytocort 539
Pick disease 109t
Pindborg tumor 776
Piriform aperture 30, 32
Piriform aperture stenosis 44
Pituitary tumors 834
Placebo-controlled clinical trials 560, 564, 649
Planktonic bacteria 370
Planktonic microbial community 717
Planum sphenoidale 63, 148
Platinum refinery workers 308t
Pleomorphic adenomas 154
Poiseuile’s law 73f
Pollen season 202
Polyclonal lymphocytic infiltration 398
Polycystic kidney disease 382
Polyethylene glycol 927
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) 378
Polypoid chronic rhinosinusitis 886
Polypoid edema 554
Polysaccharide matrix 443
Polysaccharide-specific immunodeficiency 552
Polyvinyl alcohol microparticles 327
Positive allergy skin test 193f
Posterior communicating artery 69f
Posterior ethmoid disease 713
Posterior ethmoidal air sinuses 320
Posterior ethmoidal arteries (PEA) 320, 696
Posterior ethmoidal artery ligation 329
Posterior pharyngeal lymphoid tissues 207
Postganglionic sympathetic fibers 70
Postherpetic neuralgia 343t
Postherpetic trigeminal neuralgia (PHN) 346
Postherpetic trigeminal neuropathy 347t
Postmenopausal osteoporosis 312t
Postradiation spinal cord 161
Post-traumatic deviated noses 633
Pott’s puffy tumor 136
Powered ESS 799
Practice management in rhinology 179
ancillary services 180
audiology 180
cosmetics 181
physician assistants and nurse practitioners 181
sleep medicine 181
speech pathology/ videostroboscopy/transnasal esophagoscopy 181
development of practice 180
networking 180
web site and social media 180
practice setup 179
equipment 179
real estate and office space 179
staffing 180
Practitioner’s professional organization 648
Preclinical phase 108
Prednisolone ophthalmic drops 521
Preganglionic parasympathetic fibers 70
Preoperative checklist for surgery 692
anterior ethmoid artery 696
anterior ethmoid cells 693
concha bullosa 700
ethmoid roof height 694
frontal cell types 697
frontal recess 696
infraorbital recess cells 700
lateral nasal wall 692
maxillary infundibulam and hiatus semilunaris 694
nasal septal deviation 700
ostiomeatal unit 692
sphenoethmoidal air cells 700
sphenoid sinus 697
uncinate process 693
Primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) 382, 439
Primary headaches 331
cluster 336
hemicrania continua 338
migraines 331
short-lasting unilateral neuralgiform headache attacks 336
tension-type headache 334
trigeminal autonomic cephalgias 335
Primary immunodeficiency 393
Primary sinonasal malignant melanoma 159
Primordial maxillary sinus 49
Primordial nasal cavities 43
Progesterone 312t
Progressive cricoid cartilage sclerosis 161
Proinflammatory cytokines 307
Propylene glycol 580
Prostate surgery 584
Proton pump therapy 490
Psychiatric symptoms 111
Psychophysiological tests 111
Pterygomaxillary fissure 71
Pterygopalatine and infratemporal fossae 837
complications 847
contraindications 839
diagnostics 840
clinical evaluation 840
imaging studies 840
indications 837
outcomes 847
postoperative care 847
repair and reconstruction 846
surgical techniques and approaches 841
instrumentation 841
operative setup 841
surgical preparation 842
Pterygopalatine fossa 691, 864
Pterygopalatine ganglion 56, 70, 333f
Pulmonary arteriovenous malformations 322
Pulmonary vasculature 751
Purulent and foul-smelling discharge 321
Purulent nasal discharge 340, 349, 360, 496
Pyogenic granuloma 280
Q
Quadrangular cartilage 55, 605
Quality-of-life instrument 85, 363, 834
Quantitative testing 113
Quercetin 540
R
Rabbit sinuses 470
Radicular cyst 766
Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) 616t
Radiofrequency volumetric turbinate reduction 626
Radiographic Lund-MacKay scores 555
Raeder syndrome 343t
Rapid eye movement 108
Rapid plasma regain (RPR) 250
Rathke’s cleft cyst 807
Recalcitrant disease 472
Recombinant tissue factor 927
Recurrent acute rhinosinusitis (RARS) 655
Recurrent chest tightness 238t
Recurrent protracted diarrhea 399
Recurrent respiratory tract infections 147
Recurrent viral infections 394
Recurrent wheezing 238
Redundant immunoprotective mechanisms 401
Reflux and sinusitis 485
clinical findings 488
current evidence 486
medical management 489
pathophysiology 485
testing 488
Reflux disease 417
Reflux symptoms inventory 488
Refractory chronic rhinosinusitis 549
pathophysiology 549
biofilms 553
immune defects 551
osteitis 553
systemic disease and CRS imitators 550
surgical therapy 554
full-house functional endoscopic sinus surgery 554
radical FESS procedures 555
revision frontal sinus surgery 557
revision maxillary sinus surgery 555
surgical precautions 558
systemic medical therapy 562
antifungals 563
long-term low-dose antibiotics 563
new horizons 564
pneumococcal vaccine 563
topical medical therapy 559
surfactants 562
topical and injectable steroids 561
topical antibiotics 559
topical antifungals 561
Refractory sinusitis 409
Refsum disease 109t
Relapsing polychondritis 203t
Repair of oral-antral defects
using buccal fat pad 777
using buccal sliding flap 778
using palatal flaps 778
Reptilian nasal embryology 20
Residual cyst 770
Residual volume (RV) 239
Respiratory depression 585
Restless leg syndrome 109t
Retinal artery occlusion 141
Retinal migraines 332
Retronasal olfaction 101
Revision sinus surgery 717
Rheumatoid arthritis 203t, 608
Rhinitis and asthma 233
epidemiology 233
inflammatory cross-talk 234
nasal-bronchial reflex 234
prevalence 234
Rhinitis medicamentosa 297, 423, 636
Rhinitis outcomes questionnaire (ROQ) 173
Rhinitis quality-of-life questionnaire 172
Rhinitis symptoms 193f, 307
Rhinitis symptoms utility index 174
Rhinoconjunctivitis quality-of-life questionnaire (RQLQ) 172
Rhinoconjunctivitis symptoms 226
Rhinologic office-based procedures 648
anesthesia selection 649
patient selection 648
procedure selection 649
Rhinorrhea 201
Rhinorrhea fluid 878
Rhinoscleroma 138, 256
Rhinosinusitis disability index 173, 474
Rhinosinusitis outcome measurement 91
Rhinosinusitis QOL survey 175
Rhinostereometry 97
clinical applications 97
equipment and technique 97
limitations 97
Risk of bone loss 302t
Risk of myocardial infarction 303t
Robotic skull base surgery 685
Roof of the ethmoid cavity 59
Roof of the nasal cavity 124
Rosai-Dorfman disease 142
Rotational flaps 879
S
Saddle nose deformity 633
Safe endoscopic sinus surgery 787
ethmoid skull base 788
image guidance 791
maneuvers and instrumentation and planning 788
operative planning and complication prevention 790
perioperative planning 788
maxillary antrostomy 787
middle turbinate and uncinate process 787
postoperative considerations 791
sphenoid sinus 787
vascular anatomy of concern 788
Sagittal and coronal planes 821
Sagittal sinus thrombosis 504
Saline irrigations 301, 731
Samter’s triad 431, 715, 739
Sanskrit Atharvaveda 3
Saprophytic fungal colonization 462
Schneiderian membrane 780
Scrubbing floors 584
Seasonal allergic rhinitis 201
Seasonal disease 201
Second-generation medications 220
Second-generation oral antihistamines 220
Second-hand smoke (SHS) 306
Segmentation and the beginnings of the preotic head 17
Sekhet' enanch 3
Seldinger technique 682
Sella turcica 67, 849
Sella turcica and pituitary gland 860f
Septal buttons 610
Septal cartilage 596f
Septal perforation 607
causes 608
chemical irritants 609
drugs 608
systemic disease 608
traumatic 608
history and physical examination 609
Septal reconstruction 601
Septoplasty 597
history and physical examination 597
Serologic testing 254
Seromucinous glands 74
Serum eosinophilic cationic protein 539
Sewall-Boyden modification 762
Sham acupuncture 541
Short acting bronchodilators (SABAS) 241
Sialyltransferase genes 430
Sickle cell disease 147
Sigmoid sinus 860
Silastic intranasal splints 610, 612
Silastic tubing 918
Silent sinus syndrome 61, 136f
Simulators 672
Single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) 378
Sinonasal anatomy 416, 669
Sinonasal assessment questionnaire 91
Sinonasal epithelial cells 444
Sinonasal lymphoma 155
Sinonasal malignancy 834
Sinonasal mucocele 135f
Sinonasal mucosa 53f, 515
Sinonasal neoplasms 690
Sinonasal neuroendocrine carcinoma 159
Sinonasal outcome test 414
Sinonasal pathology 181
Sinonasal sarcoid 143
Sinonasal squamous cell carcinoma 691
Sinonasal symptoms 85, 658
Sinonasal undifferentiated carcinoma 421
Sinopulmonary infections 393
Sinus balloons 748
Sinus cavities 314
Sinus disease 417
Sinus headache 339
Sinus inflammation 515
Sinus irrigation pooling 926f
Sinus lateralis 121f
Sinus mycetoma 140
Sinus ostia 427
SinuSys Vent-Os system 750f
Sjögren’s syndrome 109t , 203t, 402
Skeletonization of the lamina papyracea 475
Skin prick test 191
Skin symptoms 207
Skull base 66
anterior skull base 66
cavernous sinus 68
clivus and paraclival region 69
infratemporal fossa 71
pterygopalatine fossa 70
sella and suprasellar regions 66
vascular anatomy sellar/suprasellar region 68
Skull-base neural foramina 149
Sleep apnea 431
Sleep medicine 181
Sluder’s intent 339
Small anterior skull base defect 888t
Small-vessel vasculitis 383
Smell and taste disorders 101
anatomy and physiology 101
gustation 104
olfaction 101
chemosensory dysfunction in health and disease 106
chemosensory testing 110
olfactory tests 111
clinical evaluation 109
patient management and treatment 112
taste tests 112
Smell function 106
Smell identification test 111f
Smoke exposure 307
Sneezing 201
Sneezing and nasal obstruction 310
Snellen chart 806
Soluble inflammatory mediators 220
Somatosensory cortex 106
Spearman’s correlation coefficient 170
Spectrum of chronic rhinitis 192
Sphenoethmoid recess 87, 124
Sphenoethmoidal cell 125
Sphenoid intersinus septum 699
Sphenoid sinus 48, 69f, 119, 146, 595f, 678, 722
Sphenoid sinus and the optic nerve 699
Sphenoid sinus hypoplasia 146
Sphenoid sinus involvement 134
Sphenoid sinus landmarks 714
Sphenoid sinus ostium 121f
Sphenoid sinus pathology 183
Sphenoid skull base 148
Sphenoid wings 65
Sphenoidotomy 714
Sphenopalatine artery 10, 55, 320, 627, 714, 722, 792t, 838
Sphenopalatine artery ligation 326
Sphenopalatine fossae 855
Sphenopalatine ganglion 338
Spontaneous ventilation 577
Spreader grafts 639
Squamous cell carcinoma 309, 862
Squamous metaplasia 310
Squamous odontogenic tumor 765t
Square graft of cartilage 643
Starry sky appearance 139
Stemberg’s canal 874
Stent placement in the frontal sinus 684
Stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) 815
Sternberg’s canal 67
Straight microdebrider blade 680
Strut graft 640f
Subcutaneous emphysema 795
Subcutaneous immunotherapy 223
Subdural abscess 502
Subdural empyema 131, 690
Sublabial incision 613
Submucoperichondrial plane of dissection 599
Submucosal edema 132
Submucosal electrocautery 616t
Submucosal ring 132
Submucous resection (SMR) 598
Subperiosteal abscess 497f
Subperiosteal bone invasion 154
Subperiosteal orbital abscess 655f
Subphylum chordata 18
Succinylcholine 588
Suction-capable guide catheter 747f
SUNCT syndrome 343t
Superantigens in bacterial rhinosinusitis 432
Superficial petrosal branch of the facial nerve 148
Superior alveolar nerve 843
Superior laryngeal nerve neuralgia 343t
Superior meatus 124
Superior tunnels 600
Superior turbinate 58
Superolateral orbital rim 905
Suprabullar recess 61, 63, 123
Supracavernous internal carotid artery 699
Supraorbital neurovascular bundle 760
Supreme meatus 124
Supreme turbinate 124
Surgical radiology 688
Surgical technique in revision sinus surgery 724
maxillary sinus salvage 726
sphenoid sinus salvage 727
surgical technique 727
salvage operation 725
fontal sinus salvage 725
surgical technique 725
sinus anatomy 724
Surgical techniques for septal deviation 598
Surgical techniques of nasal septum 610
alternative techniques 612
endonasal approach 610
external approach 610
Sushruta Samhita 3, 5
Sympathetic alpha receptors 221
Sympathetic and parasympathetic tone to the nasal mucosa 305
Sympathetic innervation 56
Synchronous tumors 159
Syndromes associated with rhinosinusitis 381
ataxia telangiectasia 384
bare lymphocyte syndrome 383
Churg-Strauss syndrome 383
cystic fibrosis and rhinosinusitis 381
primary ciliary dyskinesia 382
Young syndrome 383
Synechiae 633
Synthesis of cytokines 516
Synthetic steroid 518
Systemic antibiotics 299t
Systemic corticosteroids 297
Systemic delivery 732
Systemic immunity 314
T
Takahashi forceps 600
Taste dysfunction 107
Temporal bone dissection 670
Temporomandibular joint disorders 347
intracapsular disorders 347
temporomandibular disorders and chronic orofacial pain 348
Temporomandibular pain 783
Tension-type headaches 334
Terrestrial tetrapod 19
Testosterone 312t
Textile factory workers 308t
Thicker cell walls 553
Three-dimensional endoscopy 684
Thrombophlebitis 690
Thrombosis 525
Thrombosis of the superior sagittal sinus 504
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) 806
T-lymphocytes 516
Tobacco manufacturing workers 308t
Tobacco smoke 306
Toll-like receptors 444
Tolosa-Hunt syndrome 343t
Topical antibiotics 299t
Topical antifungals 300t
Topical antihistamines 297
Topical corticosteroids 657
Topical decongestants 298t
Topical intranasal antihistamine sprays 220
Topical intranasal dexamethasone 520
Topical leukotriene D4 (LTD4) 523
Topical medications 301
Topical steroids 561
Total and partial turbinate resection 615
Total intravenous anesthesia (TIVA) 572, 590
Total lung capacity (TLC) 239
Total turbinectomy 623f
Towne’s view 688
Toxic shock syndrome 602
Trabecular bone 302t
Training for sinonasal surgery 669
barriers to simulator adoption 674
cadavers 670
credentialing competency in residency and beyond 671
endoscopic sinus surgery 669
future of surgical simulation 674
need for training 670
simulator training and approximating real surgery 672
training courses 671
Transconjunctival approach 641
Transethmoidal approach 714
Transient hypogammaglobulinemia of infancy (THI) 403
Transnasal endoscopic approaches 482
Transseptal approaches 932
Transseptal suturing 602
Transsphenoidal corridor 812f
Transsphenoidal procedure 69
Treatment considerations in unified
airway 242
Treatment of acute viral rhinosinusitis 422
Treatment of allergic rhinitis 215
environmental controls 215
animal dander 216
cockroach 216
dust mite 215
environmental controls in primary prevention of sensitization 217
mold 217
other environmental exposures 217
pollens 217
medical therapy 218
anticholinergics 221
antihistamines 218
corticosteroids 220
cromolyns 221
decongestants 220
emerging therapies 223
expectorants 221
leukotriene modifiers 221
selecting a medication regimen 222
Treatment of rhinitis and rhinosinusitis 297, 422
Treaty on rhinoplasty 5
Tree (birch) pollen 206t
Tree pollen season 191
Trendelenburg position 826
Triamcinolone acetonide (TAA) 519
Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAS) 334
Trigeminal autonomic cephalalgia 335, 336f
Trigeminal ganglion 333f
Trigeminal nerve stimulation 75
Trigeminal neuralgia 420
Trigeminovascular input 333f
Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole 509
Trochlear nerve 69f
Tuberculum sella 806
Tunneled pericranial flap 883t
Tunneled temporoparietal flap 883t
Turbinate hypertrophy 615
Turbinectomy 615
Turner syndrome 109t, 407t
Type I frontal cell 735
Type II frontal cells 736f
Type III frontal cell 736f
Type IV frontal cell 736
U
Ulcerative nasal lesions 251
Ulnar nerve compression 590
Uncinate process 121f, 692
Unified airway 233
Unilateral endoscopic maxillary antrostomy 932
Unilateral headache 349
Unilateral temporal headache 349
Upper cervical spine 821
Upper esophageal sphincter (UES) 485
Upper respiratory infections 107
Ureaplasma urealyticum 397
Urinary leukotriene E4 523
Urinary retention 221
Usher syndrome 109t
V
Vagus nerve reflex 486
Valsalva maneuvers 814, 880
Vascular decompression 346
Vascular disorders 109t
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) 303, 323
Vascular target cells 218
Vascularized tissue 891
Vaseline gauze 326
Vasomotor rhinitis 97
Vein of Galen 68
Velar and pharyngeal constrictor muscles 21
Ventral posterior nuclei of the thalamus 106
Ventricular fibrillation 577
Ventricular tachycardia 582
Vertebrate skull 18
Vertical lamella 123
Vessel musculature 77
Vestibular aperture 641
Vestibular stenosis 73
Vidian canal 70
Vidian nerve 70, 149
Vinyl chloride 306t
Vinyl glove 212
Viral rhinosinusitis 83
Virginia Commonwealth University Study 101
Virtual surgery 673f
Visible mucosal inflammation 609
Visual acuity 417
Visual analog scales (VAS) 626
Visual analog scores (VAS) 543, 560
Vitamin B12 deficiency 312t
Vomeronasal cartilage 595f
Vomeronasal primordium 44
Von Willebrand disease 321
W
Waldeyer’s ring 131
Waters’ view 688
Wegener’s granulomatosis 88, 141, 155, 203t, 251, 253, 550, 597, 609, 913
Weimert epistaxis packing 325f
Wings of the sphenoid 125
Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome 393t, 417
Wood and leather dust 309
Woodruff’s plexus 321
World Trade Center exposure 309
X
Xenograft 879
Xerolube 112
Xiong’s group 750
X-linked lymphoproliferative disease 393t
Xylitol 297, 300t, 543
Y
Young’s procedure 323
Z
Zileuton therapy 524
Zinc gluconate 113
Zinc ions 304
Zinc lozenges 304
Zinc oxide 462
Zinc sulfate 102
Zippered allergy impermeable 216
Zoledronic acid 782t
Zygomatic nerve 70
Zygomatic process 58
Zygomycetes organisms 454
×
Chapter Notes

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1
SATALOFF'S COMPREHENSIVE TEXTBOOK OF OTOLARYNGOLOGY HEAD AND NECK SURGERY
Series Editor Robert T Sataloff md dma facs
RHINOLOGY/ALLERGY AND IMMUNOLOGY2
3
SATALOFF'S COMPREHENSIVE TEXTBOOK OF OTOLARYNGOLOGY HEAD AND NECK SURGERY
Series Editor Robert T Sataloff md dma facs
RHINOLOGY/ALLERGY AND IMMUNOLOGY
Vol. 2
Volume Editors Marvin P Fried MD FACS Professor and University Chairman Department of Otorhinolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery Montefiore Medical Center The University Hospital for Albert Einstein College of Medicine Bronx, New York, USA Abtin Tabaee MD FARS FACS Associate Professor of Otolaryngology Department of Otolaryngology Weill Cornell Medical College New York, New York, USA
4
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© 2016, Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers
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Medical knowledge and practice change constantly. This book is designed to provide accurate, authoritative information about the subject matter in question. However, readers are advised to check the most current information available on procedures included and check information from the manufacturer of each product to be administered, to verify the recommended dose, formula, method and duration of administration, adverse effects and contraindications. It is the responsibility of the practitioner to take all appropriate safety precautions. Neither the publisher nor the author(s)/editor(s) assume any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property arising from or related to use of material in this book.
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Sataloff's Comprehensive Textbook of Otolaryngology: Head and Neck Surgery: Rhinology/Allergy and Immunology (Vol. 2)
First Edition: 2016
9789351524564
Printed at
5Dedication
This book is dedicated to my wife, Rita, and my daughters, Jaimie and Karen, and their families who have always been there for me. They are my foundation. To those who have taught me and have been and are my colleagues, I am truly grateful.
Marvin P Fried
It is with eternal gratitude that I dedicate this book to the nurturing guidance of my mentors, the love and support of my wife, family and friends, and most of all, to the wisdom, sacrifice and dedication of my parents. It is through their collective words and deeds that the foundations of my career and life are based.
Abtin Tabaee
6
7Contributors 13Foreword
Sataloff's Comprehensive Textbook of Otolaryngology: Head and Neck Surgery is a component of the most extensive compilation of information in otolaryngology—head and neck surgery to date. The six volumes of the comprehensive textbook are part of a 12-volume, encyclopedic compendium that also includes a six-volume set of detailed, extensively illustrated atlases of otolaryngologic surgical techniques. The vision for the Comprehensive Textbook was realized with the invaluable, expert collaboration of eight world-class volume editors. Chapter authors include many of the most prominent otolaryngologists in the world, and coverage of each subspecialty is extensive, detailed and scholarly.
Anil K Lalwani, md edited the volume on otology/neurotology/skull base surgery. Like all six of the volumes in the Comprehensive Textbook, the otology/neurotology/skull base surgery volume is designed not only as part of the multivolume book, but also to stand alone or in combination with the atlas of otological surgery. Dr Lalwani's volume covers anatomy and physiology of hearing and balance, temporal bone radiology, medical and surgical treatment of common and rare disorders of the ear and related structures, occupational hearing loss, aural rehabilitation, cochlear and brainstem implantation, disorders of the facial nerve, and other topics. Each chapter is not only replete with the latest scientific information, but also accessible and practical for clinicians.
The rhinology/allergy and immunology volume by Marvin P Fried and Abtin Tabaee is the most elegant and inclusive book on the topic to date. Drs Fried and Tabaee start with a history of rhinology beginning in ancient times. The chapters on evolution of the nose and sinuses, embryology, sinonasal anatomy and physiology, and rhinological assessment are exceptional. The volume includes discussions of virtually all sinonasal disorders and allergy, including not only traditional medical and surgical therapy but also complementary and integrative medicine. The information is state-of-the-art.
Anthony P Sclafani's volume on facial plastic and reconstructive surgery is unique in its thoroughness and practicality. The volume covers skin anatomy and physiology, principles of wound healing, physiology of grafts and flaps, lasers in facial plastic surgery, aesthetic analysis of the face and other basic topics. There are extensive discussions on essentially all problems and procedures in facial plastic and reconstructive surgery contributed by many of the most respected experts in the field. The volume includes not only cosmetic and reconstructive surgery, but also information on diagnosis and treatment of facial trauma.
The volume on laryngology edited by Dr Michael S Benninger incorporates the most current information on virtually every aspect of laryngology. The authors constitute a who's who of world experts in voice and swallowing. After extensive and practical discussions of science and genetics, the volume reviews diagnosis and treatment (traditional and complementary) of laryngological disorders. Chapters on laser physics and use, voice therapy, laryngeal dystonia, cough, vocal aging and many other topics provide invaluable “pearls” for clinicians. The volume also includes extensive discussion of surgery for airway disorders, office-based laryngeal surgery, laryngeal transplantation and other topics.
For the volume on head and neck surgery, Drs Patrick J Gullane and David P Goldstein have recruited an extraordinary group of contributors who have compiled the latest information on molecular biology of head and neck cancer, principles of radiation, immunobiology, medical oncology, common and rare head and neck malignancies, endocrine neoplasms, lymphoma, deep neck space infections and other maladies. The surgical discussions are thorough and richly illustrated, and they include definitive discussions of free flap surgery, facial transplantation and other subjects.
Dr Christopher J Hartnick's vision for the volume on pediatric otolaryngology was expansive, elegantly scholarly and invaluable clinically. The volume begins with information on embryology, anatomy, genetics, syndromes and other complex topics. Dr Hartnick's contributors include basic discussions of otolaryngologic examination in a pediatric patient, imaging, hearing screening and aural rehabilitation, and diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the ear, nose, larynx, oral cavity, neck and airway. Congenital, syndromic and acquired disorders are covered in detail, as are special, particularly vexing problems such as chronic cough in pediatric patients, breathing and obstructive sleep apnea in children, pediatric voice disorders, and many other subjects. This volume will be invaluable to any otolaryngologist who treats children.14
All of us who have been involved with the creation of the six-volume Sataloff's Comprehensive Textbook of Otolaryngology: Head and Neck Surgery and its companion six-volume set of surgical atlases hope and believe that our colleagues will find this new offering to be not only the most extensive and convenient compilation of information in our field, but also the most clinically practical and up-to-date resource in otolaryngology. We are indebted to Mr Jitendar P Vij (Group Chairman) and Mr Ankit Vij (Group President) of M/s Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd., New Delhi, India, for their commitment to this project, and for their promise to keep this work available not only online but also in print. We are indebted also to the many otolaryngologists who have contributed to this work not only by editing volumes and writing chapters, but also by asking questions that inspired many of us to seek the answers found on these pages. We also thank especially the great academic otolaryngologists who trained us and inspired us to spend our nights, weekends and vacations writing chapters and books. We hope that our colleagues and their patients find this book useful.
Robert T Sataloff md dma facs
Professor and Chairman
Department of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery
Senior Associate Dean for Clinical Academic Specialties
Drexel University College of Medicine
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
15Preface
The field of rhinology has undergone a dramatic evolution in the past two decades. Landmark events that have occurred during this period include the widespread adoption of advanced technologies, the expansion of endoscopic techniques to complex skull base pathologies, and a dedicated focus on clinical and basic science research. This process has been, in large part, fueled by the increasing sub-specialization of the field, including the continued growth of fellowship programs and clinician-scientists dedicated to rhinology.
As the breadth of the field has expanded, so too have our horizons. It is interesting that the trends in rhinology have moved in different directions for various aspects of the field. For example, the indications and capabilities of endoscopic approaches for skull base tumors have increasingly expanded; at the same time, there has been a greater interest in minimally invasive techniques for inflammatory sinusitis, including balloon dilation technology. Integral to the development of novel surgical techniques and technology is a greater emphasis on a more holistic approach to surgical outcome analysis, including an emphasis on patient-scored quality-of-life measures. In parallel, the striking increase in the number and quality of basic science research articles is beginning to address fundamental questions, including the pathophysiologic basis of inflammatory sinusitis. This is an exciting time in rhinology as the field collectively looks back on its recent advances and towards the future to the remaining unanswered questions.
In creating this volume, our primary goal has been to provide a comprehensive reference for the field of rhinology, including the fundamental underpinnings of anatomy, physiology, and radiology; a practical approach to the evaluation of patient with sinonasal disorders; a description of the full spectrum of rhinologic disorders, including the different subtypes of rhinitis and sinusitis; and a comprehensive approach to medical and surgical management of sinonasal disorders. Sections reviewing sinonasal malignancy, trauma, and cosmetic rhinoplasty can be found in the volumes dedicated to these disorders. Advanced surgical techniques are discussed in detail, including indications, techniques, and outcomes. We have also included thought-provoking chapters on the history and future of rhinology, current models of rhinology training, and practical aspects of practice management.
We are fortunate to have a dynamic and storied list of authors, each with an exceptional level of expertise and wisdom. Their individual contributions to this volume have helped to create a seminal reference for the field of rhinology.
Marvin P Fried md facs
Abtin Tabaee md fars facs
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17Acknowledgments
The editors would like to thank Joseph Rusko, Marco Ulloa, Carol Rogers Field, Bridget Meyer, Thomas Gibbons and the rest of the Jaypee Brothers team. Without their perseverance and hard work, this volume would not have been possible. Special thanks are offered to the authors, who have shared their expertise and experience in order to improve the care of rhinology/allergy and immunology patients.
We would also like to thank Mr Jitendar P Vij (Group Chairman), Mr Ankit Vij (Group President), Ms Chetna Malhotra Vohra (Associate Director), Mr Umar Rashid (Development Editor) and Production team of Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd., New Delhi, India.
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Video Legends
Video 19.1 Nasal endoscopy during upper airway examination.
Video 50.1: Modified medial maxillectomy.
Video 50.2: Salvage bilateral sphenoidotomy.