Index

The Spine: Medical and Surgical Management (2 Volumes) S Rajasekaran, Alexander R Vaccaro, Marcel F Dvorak, Luiz R Vialle, Brian W Su, H Michael Mayer, Yan Wang, Kazuhiro Chiba, Magdy Gamal Youssef

SECTION 1: GENERAL
CHAPTER 1:The Aging Lumbar Spine
- INTRODUCTION
  - Development of the Spine
    - Biochemistry of the Intervertebral Disc
  - Biomechanics
    - Macroscopic and Radiographic Changes
- ETIOLOGY OF DISC DEGENERATION
  - Pain Generators
    - Biologic Therapy for Lumbar Degeneration
- SUMMARY
CHAPTER 2:Anatomy of the Cervical, Thoracic, and Lumbar Spine
- INTRODUCTION
- DEVELOPMENT
- MUSCULOSKELETAL ANATOMY
- ANATOMY OF NEUROLOGIC STRUCTURE
- VASCULAR ANATOMY OF THE SPINE
- FUNCTIONAL ANATOMY/STRUCTURAL SPINAL STABILITY
- CONCLUSION
- KEY POINTS
CHAPTER 3:Clinical Biomechanics of the Spine
- HISTORY
- SPINAL ANATOMY
  - Functional Unit of the Spine
- BIOMECHANICS OF THE SPINE
- TRAUMA
- KEY POINTS
CHAPTER 4:Biomechanics of Spinal Fixation
- INTRODUCTION
- OCCIPITOCERVICAL FIXATION
- ATLANTOAXIAL FIXATION
  - Anterior Odontoid Screw Fixation
  - Posterior Atlantoaxial Fusion
- SUBAXIAL CERVICAL SPINE
- THORACOLUMBAR FIXATION
- FIXATION IN THE OSTEOPOROTIC SPINE
- DYNAMIC STABILIZATION
- KEY POINTS
CHAPTER 5:Physical and Neurologic Examination of the Spine
- INTRODUCTION
- GENERAL EVALUATION
- CERVICAL SPINE EVALUATION
- THORACIC SPINE EVALUATION
- LUMBAR SPINE EVALUATION
- WADDELL'S SIGNS
  - The Five Signs
  - Causes
- KEY POINTS
CHAPTER 6:Electrodiagnostic Studies of the Spine
- INTRODUCTION
- FACTORS INFLUENCING ELECTRODIAGNOSTIC STUDIES
- NEEDLE EMG
- H REFLEX
- F-WAVE
- MOTOR-EVOKED POTENTIALS
- CENTRAL MOTOR CONDUCTION TIME
- CLINICAL APPLICATION OF CMCT
- CAUDA EQUINA CONDUCTION TIME
- SPINAL CORD-EVOKED POTENTIALS
- CASE
- KEY POINTS
CHAPTER 7:Interventional Spinal Diagnostics and Therapeutics
- INTRODUCTION
- RELEVANT ANATOMY
  - Pain Generator Concept
- MEDICATION
  - Steroids
    - Mechanism of Action
    - Particulate versus Nonparticulate Steroids
  - Local Anesthetic Medications
- TYPES OF NEEDLE AND NEEDLE MANIPULATION TECHNIQUE
- DIAGNOSTIC SPINAL INTERVENTIONS
  - Discography
- DIAGNOSTIC AND THERAPEUTIC SPINAL INTERVENTIONS
- CONCLUSION
- ACKNOWLEDGMENT
CHAPTER 8:Surgical Considerations in the Obese Patient
- INTRODUCTION
- OBESITY AND THE SPINE
- OBESITY AND OUTCOMES OF SPINE SURGERY
- COMPLICATIONS AND SURGICAL COMORBIDITIES IN THE OBESE PATIENTS
- PRACTICAL TIPS
  - Expectation Management
  - Technical Aspects
- CONCLUSION
- KEY POINTS
CHAPTER 9:Surgical Considerations in the Geriatric Patient
- INTRODUCTION
- PHYSIOLOGIC AND PHARMACOLOGIC EFFECTS OF AGING
- PREOPERATIVE ASSESSMENT
- MEDICATIONS
- ASSESSMENT OF THE HOME AND PREOPERATIVE TEACHING
- NURSING CARE IN THE OPERATING ROOM
- POSTOPERATIVE NURSING CARE IN POSTANESTHESIA CARE UNIT
- POSTOPERATIVE CARE ON THE GENERAL NURSING UNIT
- PERIOPERATIVE SIDE EFFECTS AND COMPLICATIONS
CHAPTER 10:Surgery of the Sympathetic System: Thoracoscopic Sympathectomy
- INTRODUCTION
- ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
- INDICATIONS
- SURGICAL PROCEDURE
- OUTCOMES AND COMPLICATIONS
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 11:Stereotactic Radiosurgery of the Spine
- INTRODUCTION
- RADIOBIOLOGY
- TECHNICAL ELEMENTS OF SRS DELIVERY
- TOXICITY
- CONCLUSION
- KEY POINTS
CHAPTER 12:Intraoperative Neuromonitoring during Spine Surgery
- INTRODUCTION
- DEVELOPING THE IONM PLAN
- TRANSCRANIAL ELECTRIC MOTOR EVOKED POTENTIALS
- SOMATOSENSORY EVOKED POTENTIALS
- ELECTROMYOGRAPHY
- BRAINSTEM AUDITORY EVOKED POTENTIALS
- OTHER NEUROMONITORING MODALITIES
- IMPLEMENTING AND OPTIMIZING IONM
- MECHANISMS OF INJURY AND REVIEW OF INTERVENTION STRATEGIES
- IONM DURING CERVICAL SPINE SURGERY
- IONM DURING ANTERIOR CERVICAL SPINE SURGERY
- IONM DURING POSTERIOR CERVICAL SPINE SURGERY
- ADDITIONAL IONM CONSIDERATIONS DURING HIGH CERVICAL SPINE SURGERY
- IONM DURING POSTERIOR THORACIC SPINE SURGERY
- IONM DURING ANTERIOR THORACIC SPINE SURGERY
- IONM DURING LUMBOSACRAL SPINE SURGERY
- IONM DURING POSTERIOR LUMBOSACRAL SPINE SURGERY
- IONM DURING ANTERIOR LUMBOSACRAL SPINE SURGERY
- CONCLUSION
- KEY POINTS
CHAPTER 13:Anesthesia and Perioperative Care of Patients for Spine Surgery
- INTRODUCTION
- PREOPERATIVE EVALUATION AND OPTIMIZATION OF THE PATIENT FOR ELECTIVE SPINE SURGERY
- KEY POINTS
CHAPTER 14:Spinal Orthoses
- INTRODUCTION
- CERVICAL ORTHOSIS
- SELECTION OF THE APPROPRIATE ORTHOTIC
- THORACOLUMBOSACRAL ORTHOSIS
- THORACOLUMBAR TRAUMA
- DEGENERATIVE CONDITIONS
CHAPTER 15:Measuring Outcomes in Spinal Surgery
- INTRODUCTION
- TIME POINTS FOR DATA COLLECTION
- DATA SOURCES FOR MEASURING OUTCOMES: PHYSICIANS, PROCESSES, AND PATIENTS
- PATIENT-DERIVED OUTCOME INSTRUMENTS: GENERAL HEALTH VERSUS DISEASE SPECIFIC
  - General Health Outcome Measures
  - Disease-specific Outcome Measures
- UTILITY MEASURES
- UTILITY SCORES FOR SPINAL AND NONSPINAL PATHOLOGY
- QUALITY-ASSOCIATED LIFE YEAR
- KEY POINTS
CHAPTER 16:Outpatient Rehabilitation of Lumbar Spine Disorders
- HISTORY
- DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
- TREATMENT
- KEY POINTS
SECTION 2: DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS
CHAPTER 17:Embryology of the Spine
- INTRODUCTION
- EMBRYOLOGIC ORIGIN
- GENETIC INFLUENCE ON SPINAL DEVELOPMENT
  - Dorsoventral Differentiation of the Neuroaxis
- DEVELOPMENT OF THE VERTEBRAL COLUMN
- DEVELOPMENT OF THE SPINAL CORD
- POSTNATAL MATURATION OF THE SPINE
  - Molecular Marker of the Developmental Spine and Spinal Cord
- CONGENITAL MALFORMATIONS OF THE SPINE
  - Neural Tube Defects
  - Failure of Development
- FAILURE OF SPINE DEVELOPMENT
CHAPTER 18:Anatomy and Physiology of Congenital Spinal Lesions
- INTRODUCTION
- EMBRYOLOGY OF THE SPINE AND SPINAL CORD1–3
- CONGENITAL ANOMALIES OF THE CERVICAL SPINE
- BASILAR IMPRESSION AND BASILAR INVAGINATION
- OCCIPITALIZATION OF THE ATLAS
- ARNOLD-CHIARI MALFORMATION
- CONGENITAL ANOMALIES OF THE ATLANTOAXIAL JOINT
- CONGENITAL ANOMALIES OF THE ODONTOID
- KLIPPEL-FEIL SYNDROME
- CONGENITAL STENOSIS OF THE CERVICAL SPINAL CANAL
- SPINAL DYSRAPHISMS
- SPINAL MENINGEAL CYST
- CONGENITAL SPINAL DEFORMITIES
- FAILURE OF FORMATION
- FAILURE OF SEGMENTATION
- CONGENITAL SCOLIOSIS
- CONGENITAL KYPHOSIS
- CONGENITAL LORDOSIS
- CONGENITAL SPONDYLOLISTHESIS
  - Subtype IA
  - Subtype IB
  - Subtype IC
- CONGENITAL SPINAL STENOSIS
- CONCLUSION
- KEY POINTS
CHAPTER 19:Congenital Anomalies of the Cervical Spine
- INTRODUCTION
- EPIDEMIOLOGY OF CONGENITAL DISORDERS
- EMBRYOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE CERVICAL SPINE
- CRANIOVERTEBRAL JUNCTION ABNORMALITIES
- SUBAXIAL SPINE ABNORMALITIES
- SYNDROMES
- SUMMARY
- KEY POINTS
- ACKNOWLEDGMENT
CHAPTER 20:Congenital Anomalies of the Spinal Cord
- INTRODUCTION
- EPIDEMIOLOGY
- PATHOGENESIS
- CLINICAL EVALUATION
- ABNORMALITIES
- SPLIT CORD MALFORMATION
- DERMAL SINUS, DERMOID, AND EPIDERMOID CYSTS
- SACRAL AGENESIS AND CAUDAL REGERSSION SYNDROME
- SYRINGOMYELIA AND CHIARI MALFORMATION
  - Chiari Malformation
  - Syringomyelia
- TETHERED CORD SYNDROME
CHAPTER 21:Occult Spinal Dysraphism and Tethered Spinal Cord
- INTRODUCTION
- LIPOMAS/LIPOMYELOMENINGOCELE
- SPLIT CORD MALFORMATIONS
- DERMAL SINUS
- TETHERED CORD SYNDROME
- KEY POINTS
CHAPTER 22:Surgical and Nonsurgical Treatment of Myelomeningocele and Associated Anomalies
- INTRODUCTION
- MYELOMENINGOCELE (OPEN SPINAL DYSRAPHISM)
CHAPTER 23:Chiari Malformation and Syringomyelia
- INTRODUCTION
- DIAGNOSIS
  - Mechanisms Causing Chiari Malformation
- CLINICAL PRESENTATION
- SYRINGOMYELIA
- PATHOGENESIS
  - Chiari I Malformations
  - Syringomyelia
- TREATMENT
  - Chiari Decompression
- COMPLICATIONS
- RESULTS AND PROGNOSIS
- KEY POINTS
CHAPTER 24:The Spine in Osteogenesis Imperfecta
- INTRODUCTION
- DIAGNOSIS AND MEDICAL THERAPY
- PERIOPERATIVE CONSIDERATIONS
- NATURAL HISTORY OF SPINAL MANIFESTATIONS
- SURGICAL INDICATIONS AND CLINICAL OUTCOMES
- TECHNICAL CONSIDERATIONS
- CONCLUSION
- LEARNING OBJECTIVES
CHAPTER 25:Scheuermann's Disease
- INTRODUCTION
- CLINICAL ASPECTS
- IMAGING
- TREATMENT
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 26:Spinal Deformity in Familial Dysautonomia
- INTRODUCTION
- EPIDEMIOLOGY AND GENETICS
- NEUROPATHOLOGY
- CLINICAL PRESENTATION AND DIAGNOSIS
- ORTHOPEDIC MANIFESTATIONS
  - Spinal Deformity
- MANAGEMENT OF SPINAL DEFORMITY
  - Conservative Management
  - Surgical Management
- POSTOPERATIVE CONCERNS
- PROGNOSIS
SECTION 3: METABOLIC DISORDERS
CHAPTER 27:Nonoperative and Operative Management of Paget's Disease
- EPIDEMIOLOGY
- ETIOLOGY/PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
- CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
- DIAGNOSIS
- TREATMENT
- CASE PRESENTATION
- KEY POINTS
CHAPTER 28:Spinal Disorders Associated with Skeletal Dysplasias and Metabolic Diseases
- INTRODUCTION
- SKELETAL DYSPLASIAS
- SPINAL MANIFESTATIONS OF SPECIFIC SKELETAL DYSPLASIAS
- METABOLIC AND STORAGE DISORDERS
- SUMMARY
- KEY POINTS
CHAPTER 29:Operative and Nonoperative Management of Rheumatoid Arthritis
- INTRODUCTION
- DIAGNOSTIC CHALLENGES
CHAPTER 30:Operative and Nonoperative Management of Ankylosing Spondylitis
- INTRODUCTION
- NONOPERATIVE TREATMENT
  - Exercise Role
  - Biologic Agents
- MEDICAL TREATMENT
  - Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs
  - Antirheumatic Drugs
- SURGICAL TREATMENT
  - Deformity
  - Surgical Planning
- ACUTE SPINAL FRACTURES IN PATIENTS WITH ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS
- SPINAL PSEUDARTHROSIS
- KEY POINTS
SECTION 4: BONE GRAFTING
CHAPTER 31:Techniques and Complications of Bone Graft Harvesting
- INTRODUCTION
- CURRENT GRAFT OPTIONS
  - Autologous Bone Graft
  - Allogenic Bone Graft
- SURGICAL TECHNIQUES
- COMPLICATIONS
  - Iliac Crest
  - Intramedullary
- KEY POINTS
CHAPTER 32:Bone Graft Substitutes
- INTRODUCTION
- BIOLOGY OF SPINAL FUSION
- BONE GRAFT INCORPORATION
- THREE BIOLOGICAL PHASES OF SPINAL FUSION
- CHARACTERISTICS OF BONE GRAFT MATERIAL OPTIONS
- CURRENTLY AVAILABLE BONE GRAFT MATERIALS
- AUTOLOGOUS GRAFT
  - Iliac Crest Bone Graft and Local Bone
  - Bone Marrow Aspirate
- ALLOGRAFT
- DEMINERALIZED BONE MATRIX
- MINERALS
- CEMENTS
- CALCIUM SULFATE
- BIOACTIVE GLASS
- OSTEOPROMOTIVE AGENTS/GROWTH FACTORS
- CELL-BASED THERAPIES
  - Mesenchymal Stem Cells
  - Hormonal/Gene Therapy
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 33:Vascularized Bone Grafts in Spine Surgery
- INTRODUCTION
- INDICATIONS
- SOURCES OF VASCULARIZED AUTOGRAFT
- SUMMARY
CHAPTER 34:Bone Morphogenetic Protein and Lumbar Fusion
- INTRODUCTION
- BONE MORPHOGENETIC PROTEIN STRUCTURE
- HOW BMP WORKS?
- PHYSIOLOGICAL VERSUS PHARMACOLOGICAL BMP
- ROLE OF BMP IN LUMBAR FUSION
- CONCERNS WITH BMP USE
- BONE MORPHOGENETIC PROTEIN IN INFECTION AND TUMORS
- FUTURE APPROACHES FOR BMP IN SPINAL FUSION
SECTION 5: CERVICAL SPINE
CHAPTER 35:Standard and Extended Transoral Approaches to the Upper Cervical Spine
- INTRODUCTION
- STANDARD TRANSORAL APPROACH
- EXTENDED TRANSORAL APPROACH
- COMPLICATIONS
- KEY POINTS
CHAPTER 36:Anterior Cervical Approaches
- INTRODUCTION
- HISTORY
- ANATOMY AND LANDMARKS
- ANTEROLATERAL APPROACH (SMITH-ROBINSON)
- ANATOMIC CONSIDERATIONS AS RELATED TO COMPLICATIONS
- LATERAL RETROPHARYNGEAL (WHITESIDES)
- COMPLICATIONS
- SUMMARY
- KEY POINTS5
CHAPTER 37:Anterior Approaches to the Cervicothoracic Junction
- INTRODUCTION
- PREOPERATIVE PLANNING
- SUPERFICIAL APPROACHES
- DEEP DISSECTION
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 38:Evaluation and Treatment of Axial Neck Pain
- INTRODUCTION
- ETIOLOGY/CLASSIFICATIONS
- EVALUATION
  - History and Physical Examination
  - Radiographic Imaging
- TREATMENT
- CASE EXAMPLES
  - Case 1
  - Case 2
- CONCLUSION
- KEY POINTS
CHAPTER 39:Cervical Spondylotic Radiculopathy: Clinical Evaluation and Nonoperative Treatment
- INTRODUCTION
- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
  - Clinical Presentation
  - Clinical Examination
    - Differential Diagnosis
    - Diagnostic Modalities
- NATURAL HISTORY OF CERVICAL RADICULOPATHY
  - Goals and Treatment Options
  - Patient Education
- INJECTION MANAGEMENT
  - Cervical Epidural Steroid Injection
  - Selective Nerve Root Block
- KEY POINTS
CHAPTER 40:Surgical Treatment of Cervical Spondylotic Radiculopathy including Anteriorly and Posteriorly Based Procedures
- INTRODUCTION
- ANTERIOR CERVICAL DISCECTOMY AND FUSION
- TOTAL DISC REPLACEMENT
- ANTERIOR FORAMINOTOMY WITHOUT DISCECTOMY (UNCOFORAMINOTOMY)
- POSTERIOR FORAMINOTOMY
- ENDOSCOPIC TECHNIQUES
- PERCUTANEOUS TECHNIQUES
- COMPLICATIONS
- POSTOPERATIVE CARE
- PROGNOSIS
- KEY POINTS
CHAPTER 41:Cervical Spondylotic Myelopathy: Clinical Evaluation and Nonoperative Treatment
- BACKGROUND
- CLINICAL EVALUATION
- NATURAL HISTORY AND NONOPERATIVE TREATMENT
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 42:Anteriorly Based Surgical Treatment of Cervical Spondylotic Myelopathy Excluding Ossification of the Posterior Longitudinal Ligament
- SURGICAL RATIONALE
- PREOPERATIVE IMAGING STUDIES
- DECISION-MAKING REGARDING THE SURGICAL APPROACH: ANTERIOR OR POSTERIOR
- PREOPERATIVE PLANNING
- COMPLICATIONS
- KEY POINTS
CHAPTER 43:Posteriorly Based Surgical Treatment of Cervical Spondylotic Myelopathy
- INTRODUCTION
- INDICATIONS
- OUTCOMES
- COMPLICATIONS
- KEY POINTS
CHAPTER 44:Natural History and Surgical Treatment for Ossification of the Posterior Longitudinal Ligament
- INTRODUCTION
- PATHOGENESIS
- NATURAL HISTORY
- CLASSIFICATION
- CLINICAL PRESENTATION
  - Radiological Evaluation
- CONSERVATIVE MANAGEMENT
- SURGICAL TREATMENT OF CERVICAL OPLL
- SURGICAL TREATMENT OF THORACIC OPLL
  - Surgical Decision Making for Thoracic OPLL
- SURGICAL MANAGEMENT OF LUMBAR OPLL
- SURGICAL COMPLICATIONS
- CONCLUSION
- KEY POINTS
CHAPTER 45:Occipitocervical and Atlantoaxial Fusion
- INTRODUCTION
- SURGICAL APPROACH: ANATOMIC AND TECHNICAL CONSIDERATIONS
  - Posterior Upper Cervical
  - Anterior Upper Cervical
- INDICATIONS FOR SURGERY
- ATLANTOAXIAL FIXATION OPTIONS
  - Anterior C1-C2 Transarticular Screw Fixation
- TRANSORAL ATLANTOAXIAL REDUCTION PLATE
- OCCIPITOCERVICAL FIXATION CONSIDERATIONS AND OPTIONS
CHAPTER 46:Instrumentation of the Subaxial Spine
- INTRODUCTION
- POSTERIOR SPINOUS PROCESS AND FACET WIRING
- CERVICAL LAMINAR HOOKS
- LATERAL MASS SCREWS
- CERVICAL PEDICLE SCREW FIXATION
- CERVICAL TRANSARTICULAR SCREW FIXATION
- KEY POINTS
CHAPTER 47:Surgical Treatment of Congenital Foramen Magnum Lesions: Transoral Approach and Foramen Magnum Decompression
- INTRODUCTION
- TREATMENT PARADIGM
- TRANSORAL APPROACH
- POSTOPERATIVE INSTABILITY
- FORAMEN MAGNUM DECOMPRESSION
- KEY POINTS
CHAPTER 48:Kyphotic Cervical Deformity Correction Including Post-traumatic and Post-laminectomy Kyphosis
- BIOMECHANICS AND ETIOLOGY
- CLINICAL PRESENTATION
- INCIDENCE AND EPIDEMIOLOGY
- POST-TRAUMATIC KYPHOSIS
- SURGICAL STRATEGIES FOR CORRECTION
- OUTCOMES OF SURGERY
- CONCLUSION
- KEY POINTS
CHAPTER 49:Osteotomies in the Cervical Spine
- CERVICAL KYPHOSIS
- PREOPERATIVE CONSIDERATIONS AND EVALUATION
- OSTEOTOMY OPTIONS
- POSTOPERATIVE MANAGEMENT
- OUTCOMES
- COMPLICATIONS
- AUTHORS’ PREFERRED METHOD, AVOIDING PITFALLS, AND COMPLICATIONS
- SUMMARY
- KEY POINTS
CHAPTER 50:Management of Soft Tissue Injuries of the Cervical Spine: Whiplash Injury and Associated Disorders
- INTRODUCTION
- MECHANISM OF INJURY AND RISK FACTORS
- TISSUE INJURY
- NATURAL HISTORY
- MANAGEMENT
  - Medial Branch Blocks
  - Radiofrequency Neurotomy
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 51:Closed Management of Cervical Spine Injuries
- METHODS OF CLOSED TREATMENT
- CERVICAL TRACTION AND REDUCTION METHODS
  - Traction
- INJURIES OF THE UPPER CERVICAL SPINE
- SUBAXIAL CERVICAL SPINE FRACTURES
  - Assessing Stability for Closed Treatment
  - Cervical Spine Dislocation/Subluxation
    - Reduction
    - Stabilization and Definitive Treatment
- CERVICAL BURST AND FLEXION TEARDROP FRACTURES
  - Cervical Extension or Extension Teardrop Fractures
  - Spinous Process Avulsion (Clay-Shoveller's Fracture)
- KEY POINTS
CHAPTER 52:Cervical Spine Injuries in the Athlete: Return-to-Play Criteria
- INTRODUCTION
- EPIDEMIOLOGY
- ANATOMY/MECHANISMS OF INJURY
- RETURN-TO-PLAY CRITERIA
- CONCLUSION
- KEY POINTS
CHAPTER 53:Upper Cervical Spine Trauma
- INTRODUCTION
- ANATOMY
- EPIDEMIOLOGY
- EVALUATION
  - Imaging
- OCCIPITAL CONDYLE FRACTURES
- OCCIPITOCERVICAL DISSOCIATION
- ATLAS FRACTURES
- TRANSVERSE LIGAMENT RUPTURE
- TRAUMATIC ROTATORY ATLANTOAXIAL DISLOCATION
- ODONTOID FRACTURES
- TRAUMATIC SPONDYLOLISTHESIS OF THE AXIS
- SUMMARY
- KEY POINTS
CHAPTER 54:Nonoperative and Operative Treatment of Subaxial Cervical Spine Trauma Including Dislocations
- EPIDEMIOLOGY
- ANATOMY
- DIAGNOSIS
- CLASSIFICATION
- MANAGEMENT OF SELECTED INJURIES
- SUMMARY
CHAPTER 55:Revision Anterior and Posterior Cervical Spine Surgery
- INTRODUCTION
- EVALUATION
- CAUSES FOR REVISION SURGERY
- KEY POINTS
SECTION 6: SPINAL CORD INJURY
CHAPTER 56:Acute Management of Spinal Cord Injury
- INTRODUCTION
- EPIDEMIOLOGY AND COSTS
- PROGNOSIS
- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
- INITIAL ASSESSMENT
- RADIOGRAPHIC ASSESSMENT
- GENERAL MEDICAL CARE
- SURGICAL MANAGEMENT OF SCI
- TRACTION/REDUCTION OF CERVICAL SPINE INJURIES
- PHARMACOLOGIC MANAGEMENT
- EMERGING THERAPIES
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 57:Pharmacology and Timing of Surgical Intervention for Spinal Cord Injury
- BACKGROUND
- PHARMACOLOGIC NEUROPROTECTIVE THERAPIES AFTER ACUTE SCI
- CELLULAR THERAPIES FOR ACUTE tSCI
  - Autologous Incubated Macrophages (Proneuron)
- TIMING OF SURGICAL INTERVENTION IN ACUTE SCI
- SUMMARY
CHAPTER 58:Pediatric Spine Trauma and Spinal Cord Injury
- INTRODUCTION AND EPIDEMIOLOGY
- ANATOMICAL CONSIDERATIONS
- PATTERNS OF INJURY AND TREATMENT RECOMMENDATIONS
- KEY POINTS
CHAPTER 59:Penetrating Spinal Cord Injury
- INTRODUCTION
- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
  - Gunshot Wounds
- STABBING AND MISCELLANEOUS (NONMISSILE MECHANISMS)
- PATIENT PRESENTATION
- CONCOMITANT INJURIES OF THE CERVICAL REGION
- CONCOMITANT INJURIES OF THE THORACIC REGION
- CONCOMITANT INJURIES OF THE LUMBAR SPINE
- IMAGING
- SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS
  - Nonoperative Treatment
  - Antibiotic Treatment
- STEROID TREATMENT
  - Nonoperative Spinal Stabilization
- OPERATIVE TREATMENT
  - Surgical Treatment of Gunshots to the Spine
  - Surgical Treatment of Nonmissile Penetrating Spinal Injuries (Stabbing, etc.)
- KEY POINTS
CHAPTER 60:Novel Approaches to Neural Repair and Regeneration after Spinal Cord Injury
- INTRODUCTION
- PRIMARY INJURY
- SECONDARY INJURY
- ASTROGLIAL SCAR
- INTERVENTIONS FOR ACUTE SPINAL CORD INJURY
  - Neuroprotective Agents
  - Neuroregenerative Strategies
- CONCLUSION
- KEY POINTS
CHAPTER 61:Nutrition in Spinal Cord Injury
- INTRODUCTION
- INTRODUCTION TO NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENTS AND ENERGY EXPENDITURE
- PRINCIPLES OF NUTRITIONAL SUPPORT FOR THE ILL OR INJURED PATIENT
- NUTRITIONAL SUPPORT STRATEGIES IN TRAUMA PATIENTS
- NUTRITION IN THE ACUTE SETTING AND THE INTERPLAY BETWEEN ENTERAL AND PARENTERAL NUTRITION
- NUTRITIONAL SUPPORT AND THE SPINE SURGERY PATIENT
- NUTRITIONAL MANAGEMENT OF THE CHRONIC SPINAL CORD INJURY PATIENT
- FUTURE DIRECTIONS
CHAPTER 62:Rehabilitation of the Spinal Cord Injury Patient
- INTRODUCTION
- EPIDEMIOLOGY
- NEUROLOGIC ASSESSMENT IN SCI REHABILITATION
- PROGNOSIS
- LATE DETERIORATION
- PAIN IN SCI
- BLADDER MANAGEMENT
  - Sexual Health
- BOWEL MANAGEMENT
  - Sexual Health
- CARDIOVASCULAR COMPLICATIONS
- KEY POINTS
SECTION 7: LUMBAR SPINE 1
CHAPTER 63:Anterior and Lateral Exposures to the Lumbosacral Spine
- INTRODUCTION
- CLINICALLY RELEVANT REGIONAL ANATOMY
- SURGICAL APPROACHES
- DISCUSSION
- CONCLUSION
  - Anterior Exposure
    - Retroperitoneal Approach
    - Transperitoneal Approach
  - Lateral Exposure
    - Lateral Transpsoas Approach
- KEY POINTS
CHAPTER 64:Posterior Approaches to the Lumbosacral Spine
- INTRODUCTION
- SIGNIFICANCE OF MUSCULOTENDINOUS ANATOMY OF THE LUMBOSACRAL SPINE
- SIGNIFICANCE OF NEUROSKELETAL ANATOMY OF THE LUMBOSACRAL SPINE
- POSTERIOR LUMBAR INSTRUMENTATION PROCEDURES
- MINIMALLY INVASIVE LUMBOSACRAL SURGERY
  - Endoscopic Disc and Decompression Surgery
  - Choice of Posterior Approaches to the Lumbosacral Spine
CHAPTER 65:Surgical Approaches and Reconstruction of the Sacrum
- INTRODUCTION
- ANATOMY
- CLASSIFICATION OF SACRAL RESECTION
- SURGICAL APPROACH
- WHEN IS RECONSTRUCTION NECESSARY?
- RECONSTRUCTION STRATEGIES
- OUTCOMES
  - Neurological Function
  - Postoperative Care and Complications
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 66:Spinal Pelvic Fixation Techniques
- INTRODUCTION
- PELVIC ANATOMY
- BIOMECHANICS
- TYPES OF LUMBOSACRAL FIXATION
- ILIAC SCREW TECHNIQUE AND PLACEMENT
- EXTENSION OF PRIOR FUSION
- COMPLICATIONS
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 67:Lumbar Pedicle Screw Fixation
- INTRODUCTION
- ANATOMY
- PEDICLE SCREW DESIGN AND BIOMECHANICS
- SURGICAL TECHNIQUE
- COMPLICATIONS
- MINIMALLY INVASIVE TECHNIQUES OF LUMBAR PEDICLE SCREW INSERTION
- KEY CONCEPTS
CHAPTER 68:Transfacet, Translaminar, and Cortical Screw Fixation of the Lumbar Spine
- INTRODUCTION
- TRANSFACET SCREW FIXATION
- ADJUNCTIVE TRANSFACET FIXATION
- TRANSLAMINAR SCREW FIXATION
- ADJUNCTIVE TRANSLAMINAR FIXATION
- CORTICAL SCREW FIXATION
- KEY POINTS
CHAPTER 69:Anterior Lumbar Interbody Fusion
- HISTORY OF ANTERIOR LUMBAR INTERBODY FUSION
- SURGICAL ANATOMY
- INDICATIONS FOR ANTERIOR LUMBAR INTERBODY FUSION
- CONTROVERSIES RELATED TO ANTERIOR LUMBAR INTERBODY FUSION
  - Stand-alone Anterior versus Combined Anterior/Posterior Instrumentation
  - Open versus Minimally Invasive ALIF
- COMPLICATIONS
- APPLICATIONS OF ANERIOR LUMBAR INTERBODY FUSION IN REVISION SURGERY
- INNOVATIONS RELATED TO ANERIOR LUMBAR INTERBODY FUSION
- KEY POINTS
CHAPTER 70:Posterior Lumbar Interbody Fusion
- INTRODUCTION
- MODIFICATIONS TO THE ORIGINAL SURGICAL TECHNIQUE
- PATIENT SELECTION
- OPERATIVE TECHNIQUE
- COMPLICATIONS
- MINIMALLY INVASIVE APPROACHES
- CONCLUSION
- KEY POINTS
CHAPTER 71:Transforaminal Lumbar Interbody Fusion
- INTRODUCTION
- INDICATIONS
- SURGICAL TECHNIQUE
- GRAFT MATERIALS FOR INTERBODY FUSION
- CLINICAL RESULTS
- SUMMARY
- KEY POINTS
CHAPTER 72:Lateral Lumbar Interbody Fusion Techniques: Degenerative and Scoliotic
- INTRODUCTION
- EVOLUTION OF LATERAL LUMBAR INTERBODY FUSION
- INDICATIONS
- PREOPERATIVE WORKUP
- lATERAL LUMBAR INTERBODY FUSION TECHNIQUE
  - Treatment of Specific Spinal Conditions
- CONCLUSION
- KEY POINTS
CHAPTER 73:Nonoperative Treatment of Lumbar Disc Herniation
- INTRODUCTION
- NATURAL HISTORY OF LUMBAR DISC HERNIATION
- INDICATIONS FOR NONOPERATIVE TREATMENT
- OUTCOMES OF NONOPERATIVE TREATMENT
- WHO WILL BENEFIT FROM NONOPERATIVE TREATMENT?
- FAILURE OF NONOPERATIVE TREATMENT
- ARE SOME NONOPERATIVE TREATMENT METHODS MORE EFFECTIVE THAN OTHERS?
- EPIDURAL INJECTIONS
- TARGETED ANTI-INFLAMMATORY THERAPIES
- KEY POINTS
CHAPTER 74:Open Operative Treatment of Lumbar Disc Herniations
- INTRODUCTION
- SURGICAL TECHNIQUES
  - Primary Disc Herniations
  - Recurrent Disc Herniation27,28
- POSTOPERATIVE CARE29
- COMPLICATIONS
- CRITICAL EVALUATION
- KEY POINTS
CHAPTER 75:Cauda Equina and Conus Medullaris Syndrome
- INTRODUCTION
- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
- HISTORY AND PHYSICAL EXAMINATION
- RADIOGRAPHIC EVALUATION
- OTHER DIAGNOSTIC TESTS
- SURGICAL MANAGEMENT
- PROGNOSIS
- KEY POINTS
CHAPTER 76:Lumbar Nucleus Pulposus Replacement
- INTRODUCTION
- ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF THE NORMAL INTERVERTEBRAL DISC
- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY AND NATURAL HISTORY OF THE DEGENERATING INTERVERTEBRAL DISC
- DISC REPLACEMENT STRATEGIES
- CONCLUSION
- KEY POINTS
CHAPTER 77:Annular Disease and Surgical Treatment of the Annulus
- ANNULAR PATHOLOGY AS THE TARGET OF THERAPY
- CLINICAL ASSESSMENT AND DIAGNOSIS
- CASE EXAMPLE
- SUMMARY
- KEY POINTS
CHAPTER 78:Surgical Management of Lumbar Degenerative Disc Disease
- INTRODUCTION
- DIAGNOSTIC WORKUP
- NONOPERATIVE MANAGEMENT
- SURGICAL TREATMENT
- CONCLUSION
SECTION 8: LUMBAR SPINE 2
CHAPTER 79:Nonoperative Treatment of Lumbar Stenosis
- INTRODUCTION
- MAJOR TYPES OF SPINAL STENOSIS
  - Foraminal Stenosis
  - Central Stenosis
- THERAPEUTIC OPTIONS FOR LUMBAR STENOSIS
CHAPTER 80:Lumbar Spinal Stenosis: Open Operative Treatment
- INTRODUCTION
- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
- CLINICAL PRESENTATION AND ENTITIES
- IMAGING
- INDICATIONS
- OPEN OPERATIVE TREATMENT USING LUMBAR STENOSIS: SURGICAL TECHNIQUES
- AUTHORS’ PREFERENCES
- OUTCOMES
- COMPLICATIONS
- RECENT ADVANCES
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 81:Lumbar Interspinous Implants
- INTRODUCTION
- BIOMECHANICAL AND IMAGING STUDIES
- CLINICAL RESULTS
- COMPLICATIONS
- COST-EFFECTIVENESS
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 82:Operative Treatment of Low-grade Lumbar Degenerative Spondylolisthesis
- INTRODUCTION
- ETIOLOGY AND DEMOGRAPHICS
- CLASSIFICATION SYSTEMS
- CLINICAL PRESENTATION/CHARACTERISTICS
- OPERATIVE INDICATIONS
- OPERATIVE APPROACHES
- COSTS
- COMPLICATIONS
- KEY POINTS
CHAPTER 83:Operative Treatment of High-grade Lumbar Spondylolisthesis
- INTRODUCTION
- CLINICAL SYMPTOMS
- TREATMENT
  - In Situ Spinal Fusion
- FUSION WITH REDUCTION
- SURGICAL TECHNIQUES
- CASE PRESENTATION
- KEY POINTS
CHAPTER 84:Nonoperative Treatment of Fractures of the Thoracolumbar Spine
- INTRODUCTION
- DIAGNOSIS
- CLASSIFICATION
- CONSERVATIVE TREATMENT
- FUTURE RESEARCH
- KEY POINTS
CHAPTER 85:Surgical Indications and Management of Thoracolumbar Fractures
- INTRODUCTION
- EPIDEMIOLOGY
- ANATOMIC CONSIDERATIONS
- CLINICAL EVALUATION AND MANAGEMENT
- PHYSICAL EXAMINATION
- IMAGING
- INJURY MECHANISMS AND SPINAL STABILITY
- INDICATIONS FOR SURGERY
- OPERATIVE TREATMENT
- SUMMARY
- KEY POINTS
CHAPTER 86:Thoracolumbar Trauma: Lower Lumbar Fractures
- EPIDEMIOLOGY, BIOMECHANICAL AND ANATOMICAL ASPECTS OF LOWER LUMBAR SPINE FRACTURES
- LITERATURE REVIEW
- CONSERVATIVE TREATMENT
- SURGICAL INDICATIONS
- SURGICAL TECHNIQUES
- POSTOPERATIVE CARE
- PROGNOSIS
- KEY POINTS
CHAPTER 87:Surgical Treatment for Sacral Fractures
- INTRODUCTION
- EPIDEMIOLOGY
- ANATOMY
- ASSESSMENT OF SACRAL FRACTURE
- RADIOGRAPHICAL EVALUATION
- CLASSIFICATION
- SACRAL INSUFFICIENCY FRACTURES
- NONOPERATIVE TREATMENT
- SURGICAL TREATMENT
- TREATMENT OF UNSTABLE PELVIC RING INJURY
- TREATMENT OF SPINOPELVIC INSTABILITY
- FIXATION TECHNIQUE
- DECOMPRESSION SURGERY
CHAPTER 88:Nonoperative and Operative Treatment of Sacroiliac Joint Dysfunction
- INTRODUCTION
- ANATOMY
- BIOMECHANICS
- SACROILIAC JOINT DYSFUNCTION
- PHYSICAL EXAMINATION AND DIAGNOSTIC TECHNIQUES
- IMAGING
- NONOPERATIVE MANAGEMENT
- OPERATIVE MANAGEMENT
- DISCUSSION
CHAPTER 89:Tarlov Cysts
- INTRODUCTION
- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
- CLINICAL PRESENTATION
- DIAGNOSIS
- TREATMENT OPTIONS
- CEREBROSPINAL FLOW DIVERSION
- SURGICAL DECOMPRESSION
- PATIENT SELECTION
- PREOPERATIVE WORK-UP
- TECHNIQUE
- POSITIONING AND ROOM SETUP
- RISKS OF PROCEDURES
- COMPLICATION AVOIDANCE
- PROGNOSIS
- OUTCOMES OF TARLOV'S CYST SPINE SURGERY PROCEDURES
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 90:Failed Back Surgery Syndrome
- INTRODUCTION
- CAUSES
- PATIENT EVALUATION WITH FAILED BACK SYNDROME
  - Physical Examination
  - Imaging
- TREATMENT OPTIONS
SECTION 9: MOTION PRESERVATION
CHAPTER 91:Biomechanics of Motion Preservation Strategies
- INTRODUCTION
- POSTERIOR IMPLANTS
- ANTERIOR IMPLANTS
- CONCLUSION
- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
- KEY POINTS
CHAPTER 92:Posterior Pedicle-Based Dynamic Stabilization of the Lumbar Spine
- DEFINITION
- HISTORY
- OWN EXPERIENCE
- INDICATION FOR SURGERY
- SURGICAL TECHNIQUE
- SUMMARY OF OUR RESULTS
- DISCUSSION
CHAPTER 93:Total Facet Replacement
- INTRODUCTION
- TOTAL FACET REPLACEMENT DEVICES
- CONCLUSION
- KEY POINTS
CHAPTER 94:Lumbar Disc Replacement
- INTRODUCTION
- BIOMECHANICAL CONSIDERATIONS
- CLINICAL PRESENTATION AND DIAGNOSTIC EVALUATION
- SURGICAL TECHNIQUE
- COMPLICATIONS
- POSTOPERATIVE CARE
- DISCUSSION
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 95:Cervical Disc Replacement
- INTRODUCTION
- BIOMECHANICS OF ARTHROPLASTY
- INDICATIONS FOR ARTHROPLASTY
- PREOPERATIVE EVALUATION
- SURGICAL TECHNIQUE
- OUTCOMES
- COMPLICATIONS
- CONCLUSION
- KEY POINTS
- ACKNOWLEDGMENT
SECTION 10: THORACIC SPINE
CHAPTER 96:Thoracic Disc Herniation
- INTRODUCTION
- SYMPTOMS
- DIAGNOSIS
- TREATMENT
- SURGICAL TREATMENT
CHAPTER 97:Thoracoscopic Approach for Spinal Disorders
- INTRODUCTION
- ADVANTAGES OF A THORACOSCOPIC APPROACH VERSUS AN OPEN APPROACH
- DISADVANTAGES OF A THORACOSCOPIC APPROACH
- PATIENT SELECTION
- PREOPERATIVE WORK-UP
- THORACOSCOPIC TECHNIQUE
  - Positioning and Room Setup
  - Technique
- OUTCOMES OF THORACOSCOPIC SPINE SURGERY PROCEDURES
- RISKS OF THORACOSCOPIC PROCEDURES
- COMPLICATION AVOIDANCE
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 98:Thoracic Discectomy and Corpectomy
- INTRODUCTION
- THORACIC DISC DISEASE
- THORACIC DISCECTOMY
- THORACIC CORPECTOMY
  - Indications
  - Operative Treatment
    - Corpectomy
    - Special Considerations
- COMPLICATIONS
- KEY POINTS5
CHAPTER 99:Thoracic Pedicle Screw Fixation
- BACKGROUND
- ANATOMY
- CLINICAL UTILITY
  - Outcomes
  - Complications
- CONCLUSION
- KEY POINTS
CHAPTER 100:Direct Lateral Thoracic Interbody Fusion
- INTRODUCTION
- SURGICAL APPROACHES
- POSITIONING
- APPROACH
- ENTERING THE SPINAL CANAL
- WORKING INSIDE THE CANAL
- RECONSTRUCTION, INSTRUMENTATION, AND CLOSURE
- DISCUSSION
  - Is the Term “Direct Lateral Approach” Appropriate for the Thoracic Spine?
  - Rationale for an Anterior Approach
    - Advantages of Direct Lateral Approach
    - Disadvantages
- CONCLUSION
- KEY POINTS
SECTION 11: PEDIATRICS
CHAPTER 101:Back Pain in Children and Adolescents
- INTRODUCTION
- DEFINITION OF BACK PAIN IN CHILDREN
- HISTORY
- PHYSICAL EXAMINATION
- LABORATORY EVALUATION
- RADIOGRAPHIC EVALUATION
- SPECIAL CLINICAL ENTITIES
- BONE TUMORS
- PSYCHOSOMATIC PAIN
CHAPTER 102:Congenital Scoliosis
- INTRODUCTION
- EVALUATION
  - Clinical and Radiological
    - Therapeutic Considerations
  - Role of Observation
- SURGICAL OPTIONS
- PREOPERATIVE PLANNING
- HEMIVERTEBRA RESECTION
- SPINAL GROWTH FOLLOWING TRANSPEDICULAR INSTRUMENTATION
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 103:Neuromuscular Scoliosis
- INTRODUCTION
- PRINCIPLES AND GOALS
- ETIOLOGY
- NATURAL HISTORY
- PATIENT ASSESSMENT
- PREOPERATIVE CONSIDERATIONS/COMORBIDITIES
- TREATMENT PRINCIPLES
  - Bracing
  - Surgical Treatment
    - Posterior Fixation
- AUTHORS’ RECOMMENDED SURGICAL TREATMENT METHOD
- INTRAOPERATIVE AND POSTOPERATIVE CONSIDERATIONS AND COMPLICATIONS
- SPECIAL NEUROMUSCULAR DISEASE CONSIDERATIONS
- OUTCOMES
CHAPTER 104:Nonoperative Treatment of Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis
- INTRODUCTION
  - Goals of Treatment
  - Assessment of the AIS Patient
- ARGUMENT FOR OBSERVATION
- BRACING
- PHYSICAL THERAPY
- OTHER TREATMENT MODALITIES
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 105:Operative Treatment of Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis
- SURGICAL INDICATIONS
- PREOPERATIVE PLANNING
- OPERATIVE TECHNIQUE
- OUTCOME
- COMPLICATIONS
- KEY POINTS
CHAPTER 106:Anterior Lumbar and Thoracolumbar Correction and Fusion for AIS
- INTRODUCTION
- INDICATIONS
- SELECTION OF FUSION LEVEL
- SURGICAL APPROACH
- POSTOPERATIVE CARE
- DISCUSSION
- CONCLUSION
- KEY POINTS
CHAPTER 107:Short Segment 'Bone-on-Bone' Fusion for Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis
- INTRODUCTION
- BACKGROUND
- PATIENT EVALUATION
- INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS
- SURGICAL TECHNIQUE
- POSTOPERATIVE CARE
- RESULTS
- COMPLICATIONS
- SUMMARY
CHAPTER 108:Spondylolysis and Spondylolisthesis in Children
- INTRODUCTION
- EPIDEMIOLOGY
- PATHOGENESIS
- CLASSIFICATIONS
- CLINICAL PRESENTATION
- TREATMENT
- SUMMARY
- CASE EXAMPLES
- KEY POINTS IN EPIDEMIOLOGY
- KEY POINTS IN PATHOGENESIS
CHAPTER 109:Immature Spine and Athletic Injuries
- INTRODUCTION
- CERVICAL SPINE INJURIES IN PEDIATRIC AND ADOLESCENT ATHLETES
- THORACIC/LUMBAR SPINE INJURIES IN PEDIATRIC AND ADOLESCENT ATHLETES
SECTION 12: ADULT DEFORMITY
CHAPTER 110:Sacropelvic Morphology and Spinopelvic Alignment
- INTRODUCTION
- SACROPELVIC MORPHOLOGY
- SPINOPELVIC ALIGNMENT
- GLOBAL SPINOPELVIC ALIGNMENT RELATIONSHIPS
- IMPORTANCE OF SPINOPELVIC PARAMETERS IN SURGICAL PLANNING
  - Pelvic Obliquity and Scoliosis Correction
- SUMMARY
- KEY POINTS
CHAPTER 111:Nonoperative Treatment of Adult Deformity
- INTRODUCTION
- PATIENT EDUCATION
- SMOKING
- MORBID OBESITY
- OSTEOPOROSIS
- PHYSICAL THERAPY
- BRACING
- CHIROPRACTIC AND PILATES THERAPY
- PHARMACOLOGIC THERAPY
- INJECTIONS
- OTHERS
- OPERATIVE VERSUS NONOPERATIVE TREATMENT
- CONCLUSION
- KEY POINTS
CHAPTER 112:Preoperative Considerations for the Adult Deformity Patient
- INTRODUCTION
- IMAGING
- CARDIAC
- PULMONARY
- COMMUNICATION/PSYCHIATRIC/SOCIAL ISSUES
- NUTRITION
- BONE MINERAL DENSITY
- PAIN MANAGEMENT
- INFECTION
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 113:Surgical Treatment of Adult Thoracolumbar Idiopathic Scoliosis
- NATURAL HISTORY
- CLINICAL PRESENTATION
- SURGICAL PLANNING
- OBTAINING FUSION
- COMPLICATIONS
- SURGICAL TECHNIQUE
- CORRECTION MANEUVERS
- SUMMARY
CHAPTER 114:Surgical Management of Adult Lumbar Degenerative Scoliosis
- INTRODUCTION
- NATURAL HISTORY
- CONSERVATIVE TREATMENT
- INDICATIONS FOR SURGERY
- SURGICAL PLAN
- SURGICAL TECHNIQUE
- RESULTS AND COMPLICATIONS
- POSTOPERATIVE MANAGEMENT
- SUMMARY
CHAPTER 115:Osteotomy Techniques for Coronal and Sagittal Plane Thoracolumbar Deformities
- INTRODUCTION
- TYPES OF OSTEOTOMIES
- APPLICATION OF OSTEOTOMY PROCEDURES AND BONE UNION
- KEY POINTS
CHAPTER 116:Surgical Treatment of Spinal Deformities in the Setting of Osteoporosis
- INTRODUCTION
- EPIDEMIOLOGY OF OSTEOPOROSIS
- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF OSTEOPOROSIS
- DIAGNOSIS OF OSTEOPOROSIS
- MEDICAL TREATMENT OF OSTEOPOROSIS
- COMPLICATIONS OF DEFORMITY SURGERY IN OSTEOPOROTIC PATIENTS
- SALVAGE TECHNIQUES FOR DEFORMITY SURGERY IN OSTEOPOROTIC PATIENTS
- CONCLUSION
- KEY POINTS
SECTION 13: TUMOR, VASCULAR MALFORMATIONS, AND INFECTION
CHAPTER 117:Primary Bony Spinal Lesions
- INTRODUCTION
- PATIENT PRESENTATION
- DIAGNOSIS
- STAGING/TREATMENT PLANNING
- TREATMENT OPTIONS
- BENIGN TUMORS
- MALIGNANT TUMORS
- SUMMARY
- KEY POINTS
CHAPTER 118:Tumors of the Sacrum
- INTRODUCTION
- SACRAL ANATOMY
- EPIDEMIOLOGY AND CLINICAL PRESENTATION
  - Diagnosis
    - Imaging
    - Biopsy
- STAGING
- SURGICAL PLANNING
  - Treatment
- RESECTION TECHNIQUES
- RECONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES
- COMPLICATIONS
- CONCLUSION
- KEY POINTS
CHAPTER 119:Metastatic Tumors of the Spine
- INTRODUCTION
- CLINICAL FINDINGS
- ACKNOWLEDGMENT
- KEY POINTS
CHAPTER 120:Intradural Intramedullary and Extramedullary Tumors
- INTRODUCTION
- EPIDEMIOLOGY
- CLASSIFICATION
- PATHOLOGY
  - Intradural Extramedullary Tumors
  - Intramedullary Tumors
- PERTINENT SPINAL CORD ANATOMY
- CLINICAL PRESENTATION
- SYNDROMES
- DIAGNOSTIC TESTS
- SURGICAL TREATMENT
- CONCLUSION
- KEY POINTS
CHAPTER 121:Spinal Intradural Vascular Malformations
- INTRODUCTION
- ANATOMY
- CLASSIFICATION OF SPINAL ARTERIOVENOUS MALFORMATIONS
- SUMMARY OF EPIDEMIOLOGICAL AND CLINICAL FEATURES
- DIAGNOSIS
- TREATMENT
  - Surgical Treatment
  - Endovascular Treatment
- COMPLICATIONS
- OTHER TREATMENTS
- KEY POINTS
CHAPTER 122:Spinal Infections, Pyogenic Osteomyelitis, and Epidural Abscess
- INTRODUCTION
- PATHOGENESIS
- CLINICAL RISK, PRESENTATION, RADIOGRAPHIC FEATURES, AND DIAGNOSIS
  - Clinical Risk Factors
  - Presentation
- TREATMENT
- POSTOPERATIVE INFECTIONS
  - Evidence for Removal of Hardware in Surgical Site Infections
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 123:Spinal Tuberculosis
- INTRODUCTION
- PATHOGENESIS
  - Microscopic Features
  - Macroscopic Features
- CLINICAL FEATURES
- DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
- INVESTIGATIONS
- TREATMENT
- SURGERY IN HEALED TUBERCULOSIS
- CONCLUSION
SECTION 14: COMPLICATIONS
CHAPTER 124:Medical Complications in the Adult Spinal Patient
- INTRODUCTION
- PULMONARY COMPLICATIONS
- CARDIAC COMPLICATIONS
- VENOUS THROMBOEMBOLISM
- DELIRIUM
- CONCLUSION
- KEY POINTS
CHAPTER 125:Management of Cerebral Spinal Fluid Leaks
- INTRODUCTION
- EPIDEMIOLOGY
  - Traumatic
  - Iatrogenic
- CLINICAL DIAGNOSIS
- TREATMENT
  - Our Treatment Strategies for a Lumbar Dural Tear
  - Management of Dural Tears in the Cervical Spine Differ in the Following Ways
- OUTCOMES
- SUMMARY
- KEY POINTS
CHAPTER 126:Complications of Lumbosacral Spine Surgery
- NEUROLOGIC INJURIES
  - Overview
  - Issues to be Concerned in Each Surgical Procedure
- DURAL INJURIES
- VASCULAR COMPLICATIONS
  - Overview
  - Lumbar Vascular Complications
- INSTRUMENTATION COMPLICATIONS
- POSTOPERATIVE SPINAL INFECTION
- KEY POINTS
CHAPTER 127:Management of Intraoperative Neurologic Loss
- INTRODUCTION
- IDENTIFICATION OF HIGH-RISK FACTORS
- MECHANISMS OF NEUROLOGIC INJURY
- NEUROLOGIC INTRAOPERATIVE MONITORING
- MANAGEMENT OF INTRAOPERATIVE NEUROLOGIC LOSS
  - Preoperative Preparation
  - Postoperative Care and Detection of Deficit
- KEY POINTS
CHAPTER 128:Complications of Anterior and Posterior Cervical Spine Surgery
- OVERVIEW
- GENERAL COMPLICATIONS
- ACCESS RELATED
  - Surgical Exposure in Anterior Surgery: Dysphagia, Dysphonia and Neck Soft Tissues
  - Posterior Surgery
    - Ossified Posterior Longitudinal Ligament
    - Cervical Myelopathy
- DECOMPRESSION RELATED
  - Injury to Spinal Cord and Nerve Roots
  - Dural Tear, Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) Fistula, and Pseudomeningocele
- INSTRUMENTATION/IMPLANT RELATED
- FUSION RELATED
  - Adjacent Segment Degeneration
  - Pseudarthrosis
- DELAYED OR LATE COMPLICATIONS: POSTLAMINECTOMY KYPHOSIS
- KEY POINTS
CHAPTER 129:Complications of Anterior and Posterior Thoracic Spine Surgery
- INTRODUCTION
- COMPLICATIONS OF ANTERIOR SURGERY FOR THE THORACIC SPINE
- COMPLICATIONS OF POSTERIOR SURGERY FOR THE THORACIC SPINE
- KEY POINTS
SECTION 15: MINIMALLY INVASIVE SURGERY AND NAVIGATION
CHAPTER 130:Minimally Invasive Endoscopic Cervical Foraminotomy
- INTRODUCTION
- ANTERIOR APPROACH
  - Minimally Invasive Anterior Cervical Foraminotomy
  - Minimally Invasive Anterior Cervical Corpectomy
- POSTERIOR APPROACH
- KEY POINTS
CHAPTER 131:Minimally Invasive Techniques of the Thoracic Spine
- INTRODUCTION
- INDICATIONS
- PATIENT EVALUATION
- POSITIONING
- TECHNIQUE FOR TRANSTHORACIC THORACOSCOPIC APPROACH
- CONSIDERATIONS AND COMPLICATIONS OF THORACOSCOPY
- TECHNIQUE FOR MINI-OPEN LATERAL RETROPLEURAL APPROACH
  - Discectomy
  - Corpectomy and Fusion
- CONSIDERATIONS AND COMPLICATIONS OF MINI-OPEN LATERAL RETROPLEURAL APPROACH
- OUTCOMES
- CONCLUSION
- KEY POINTS
CHAPTER 132:Minimally Invasive Lumbar Surgery for Disc Herniations and Stenosis
- INTRODUCTION
- EVOLUTION OF MINIMALLY INVASIVE SPINE SURGERY
  - Lumbar Paraspinal Musculature and the MISS Rationale
- TUBULAR RETRACTOR-ASSISTED MINIMALLY INVASIVE SPINE SURGERY
- KEY POINTS
CHAPTER 133:Minimally Invasive Transforaminal Lumbar Interbody Fusion
- TECHNIQUE
- COMPLICATIONS
- OUTCOMES
- SUMMARY
CHAPTER 134:Minimally Invasive Deformity Surgery
- CONTEXT
- LATERAL INTERBODY FUSION WITH PERCUTANEOUS SCREWS
- MULTILEVEL MINIMALLY INVASIVE SURGERY TRANSFORAMINAL LUMBAR INTERBODY FUSION
  - Surgical Technique
  - Initial Clinical and Radiographic Results
- MINI-OPEN PEDICLE SUBTRACTION OSTEOTOMY
- SURGICAL TECHNIQUE
- FUTURE DIRECTIONS
- KEY POINTS
CHAPTER 135:Use of Navigation in Spine Surgery
- INTRODUCTION
- EVOLUTION OF SPINAL NAVIGATION
- PRINCIPLES OF SPINAL NAVIGATION
- DEFORMITY SURGERY
- SUMMARY

INDEX

ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ

Page numbers followed by f refer to figure, fc refer to flowchart, and t refer to table.

Abdominal cavity 787

Abdominal corsets 908

Abdominal injuries, concomitant 682

Abdominal muscle

closure of 1195f

layers 788, 791

Abdominal reflexes 66, 1140

abnormal 1121

Abdominal wall 733, 736f, 791

morbidity 818

Abdominis muscles 788

Abdominus myocutaneous flap 1352

Abducens 1507

Abductor digiti minimi 79, 80

Abductor hallucis 79, 80

Aberrant vertebral artery anatomy 1530

Abscess

epidural 191, 431, 856, 879, 1409, 1423f, 1440f, 1461, 1496, 1502

resolution of 1423f

Abundant cytoplasm 1418

Acadia facet replacement system 1039, 1039f

Acetaminophen 187

Acetylsalicylic acid 153

Achondroplasia 208, 210, 216, 338, 346

syndromes 230

Achondroplastic dwarf 232f

Acupuncture 910

massage 910

Adalimumab 359, 836

Adam's forward bending test 65, 1114

Adaptive spinal mechanism 1246

Adenoviral transfection 12

Adequate decompression 577

Adhesions, abdominal 1289

Adipocytes 242

Adipositas, severe 468

Adjacent segment

degeneration 638, 893, 1046, 1509

disease 466, 797, 1266

fracture 1309, 1318

pathology 48

Adjuvant radiation therapy 1346

Adolescence develop progressive spinal deformity 1154

Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis 103, 387, 767, 1100, 1163, 1164, 1181, 1186, 1254

nonoperative treatment of 1160

operative treatment of 1174

surgery for 104

treatment of 795, 1199

Adrenal suppression 116

Adriamycin-cisplatin, combinations of 1338

Adult deformity

management of 1265

nonoperative treatment of 1254

surgical treatment of 1261

Adult degenerative scoliosis 1254

Adult lumbar degenerative scoliosis 1285

surgical management of 1285

Adult scoliosis surgery 1280

Adult spinal deformity 766, 805, 1254, 1272, 1562

treatment of 1262

Adult thoracolumbar idiopathic scoliosis 1275

Advanced trauma life support 662, 949

Aggrecan 6, 10

molecules 5f, 6

production 6

Aggressive posterior osteotomy techniques 824

Air embolism 159, 1152

Airway 117

Alacrima 322

Alagille syndrome 202, 213

Alar ligaments 611

Albeit variable osteoinductive capability 388

Albumin 711, 1269

Aldosterone 708

Alendronate 1308

Alfacalcidol 1308

Alkaline phosphatase 509

Allen-Ferguson

classification 564, 651

system 628, 629

Allodynia 157

Allogeneic cell transplantation 394

Allogenic bone graft 372

Allograft 383, 386, 886

bone 924

matrix 893

structural 363

tricortical iliac crest 1410

Alpha fetoprotein 271

Alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole propionate 692

Alprostadil 697

Alveolar concentration, minimum 160

Ambulation 113, 474

observation of 185

status 273

American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons 179, 1163

American Academy of Pediatrics 338, 1163

American Association of Anesthesiologists 105

American Association of Neurological Surgeons 153, 650

American Board of Orthopaedic Surgeons 177

American College of Cardiology 151, 152, 1267, 1449

American College of Chest Physicians 157, 1450

American College of Physicians Guidelines 154

American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program 154, 1268

American Heart Association 151, 152, 1267, 1449

American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition 709

American Society of Anesthesiologists 114, 114t, 710, 1009, 1266, 1267

classification 154

American Spinal Injury Association 695, 717, 949, 960, 1410

Amino terminal sequence 411

Aminoglycoside 1431

Aminosteroid 656

Amniotic fluid 271

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, treatment of 696

Anal atresia 203

Analgesia

management 158

patient-controlled 115, 159

Analgesic medication 458

Anatomic facet replacement system 1039

Andersson lesion 359

Anesthesia 151

epidural 181, 856

transoral decompression, single 553

Anesthetic agents 118

Anesthetic equipment 1500

Anesthetic fade 160

Anesthetic regimen 160

Anesthetic technique 160

choice of 115

Aneurysmal bone cysts 1122, 1325, 1329, 1334, 1344, 1349, 1364, 1366

Angiogenesis 380, 1329

Angiographic procedure 1366

Angio-seal device 1403

Anhidrosis, severe 124

Ankylosing spondylitis 111, 358, 363, 364f, 571f, 572f, 856, 961, 962, 1114

Ankylosis 897, 951

severe 805

Annular disease 875

Annular tears 877

propagation of 876

types of 876, 876f

Annulectomy 1192f

Annuloplasty, types of 880

Annulotomy, small 869

Annulus

fibrosus 3, 18, 836, 879, 1476

margins of 877

ossification 897

peripheral lamellae of 876

preserving design 871

sealing 1031

methods of 1030

surgical treatment of 875

Anticatabolics 12

Anticholinergics 154

Anticonvulsant medications 188, 458

Antidepressant 458, 911

Antiepileptic drugs 833

Antiepileptic medications, use of 1151

Antiepileptic treatment 267

Antifibrinolytic medications 156

Anti-inflammatory drugs 113

nonsteroidal 118, 187, 359, 446, 477, 696, 726, 833, 863, 910, 1232, 1255, 1259, 1331

Anti-inflammatory therapies 836

Antilordotic bracing 1118

Antineuropathic medications 332

Anti-Nogo antibodies 665, 698

Antiperspirants, use of 122

Antiplatelet

agents 153

drugs 116

Antirheumatic drugs 359

Antirheumatoid drugs, disease-modifying 350

Antisclerostin antibody 714

Antiseizure medication 187

Antitubercular treatment 1423f, 1429

Antituberculous drugs 1430

Anular fiber strains 1041

Anxiety 1271

Aorta, abdominal 734, 787, 1469, 1470f

Aortic bifurcation 790

Aortitis 358

Aortogram 1403

Aperius 924

Apical ligament 611

Apical thoracic kyphosis 1482

Apnea 338

Apofix 537

Apophyseal endplate lesions, posterior 1232

Apophyseal ring fracture, posterior 1232

Apophyseal stage 1228f

Apophysis 1228

Apoptosis 139, 656, 664

Apoptotic pathways 664

Appendicitis 722, 1420

Appendicular musculoskeletal tumors 1326

Appendicular skeleton, tumor of 757

Arachnoid cysts

extradural 997

intradural 997

Arachnoidal prolongations, long 999

Arachnoiditis 1429, 1461

adhesive 805

Arcuate ligaments 787

Argon beam coagulation 1348

Arm abduction relief sign 62, 62f

Arm pain 453

anterior 453

superolateral 454

Arnold-Chiari deformity 1153

Arnold-Chiari malformation 208, 216, 239, 251, 268, 408, 528, 1153

classification of 209t

Arteria radicularis magna 96

Arterial embolization, selective 1366

Arterial pressure

maintenance of mean 663

mean 650

monitoring 154

Arterial vertebrospinal vascular unit 27

Arteriovenous

fistulas, dural 1393

malformations 128, 1379, 1392, 1402

Artery

Adamkiewicz 28, 96, 141, 1207, 1392, 1393

disease, peripheral 917, 918

peroneal 404f

radicular 27

radiculomedullary 1403

segmental 27

vertebromedullary 1392

Arthritis 1114

degenerative 42

juvenile idiopathic 1114

signs of 58

Arthrodesis 619, 817, 1218

single level anterior 633

Arthroplasty 863, 872, 1060

biomechanics of 1059

multilevel 1509

single level 1064, 1065, 1509

technology, uses of 1047

total posterior 1031

two-level 1055

Articular pillar, safe quadrant of 547f

Articular processes

inferior 30

superior and inferior 3

Artificial disc 1060

device 1064

implantation 1060

replacement 463, 469, 1065

Arylsulfatase B 343

Asdourian classification 1368

Asia impairment scale 717

Asia motor score 648

Aspiration pneumonia 1140

Aspirin 116, 153, 1271, 1330

Astrocytes 698

Astrocytoma 1379, 1389, 1532

genetic hallmark of 1379

Astroglial scar 694

Astrogliosis 648

Asymmetrical radiculomedullary signs, progressive 1395

Atelectasis 118, 710

Athletic injuries 1228

Atlantal arch defects, types of posterior 224f

Atlantal facets, superior 30

Atlantoaxial arthrodesis, anterior 423

Atlantoaxial disease 354

Atlantoaxial dislocation 553f

fixed 553f

Atlantoaxial fixation 43, 528

Atlantoaxial fusion 525

Harm's technique of 353

posterior 44

Atlantoaxial instability 111, 209f, 210, 346, 674

isolated 594

Atlantoaxial joint 19, 45, 528

bilateral anterior 423

congenital anomalies of 209, 216

Atlantoaxial junction 337

Atlantoaxial motion segment 52

Atlantoaxial pathology 353

Atlantoaxial rotatory fixation 421

fixed 428

Atlantoaxial spine 525

Atlantoaxial stabilization, pseudoarthrosis of 42

Atlantoaxial subluxation 352, 1507

irreducible 428

Atlanto-dens interval 616

Atlanto-occipital articulation 208, 613

Atlanto-occipital dissociation 614f, 670

Atlanto-occipital instability 613

Atlanto-occipital synostosis 1134f

Atlas

anterior arch of 614

embryology of 221

fractures 616

fractures of 170, 673

Atlas-dens interval 209

Atorvastatin 696

Atresia, esophageal 203

Atrophy 562

Auditory click stimuli 138

Auditory nerve, distal 138

Autocrine 395

Autograft bone chips grafted 1303f

Autologous macrophages, activated 657

Autonomic dysreflexia, causes of 722t

Autonomic nervous system function 112

Autosomal recessive disease 1154

Avascular necrosis 191, 1006

Axial neck pain 449, 450

classification of 443, 444

etiology 443

evaluation 443

physical examination 444

radiographic imaging 445

treatment 443, 445

injection therapy 446

nonoperative 445

Axial pain syndromes, source of 86

Azygos vein 1516

Babinski's reflex 65, 445

Babinski's signs 918

Back pain 822f, 974f, 1254, 1113, 1257, 1286, 1419

acute 1259

atypical 1482

chronic 1259

discogenic 99, 793, 1260

natural history of 1275

nocturnal 1360f

nonspecific 1113

sudden 1363f

Baclofen 188, 723

cessation of 1271

pump, intrathecal 1271

Bacteremia 1009

Bacteria, anaerobic 10

Bacterial infections 155

Bacteroides 1473, 1503

Ballistics 688

Balloon kyphoplasty 1592

procedure 1592

Bandemia 708

Bariatric surgery 1258, 1270, 1307

beneficial effect of 107

Barnet's classified syringomyelia 251

Barricaid implant 1030, 1031f

Basal metabolic rate 111

Basal plate 200

Basilar impression 207, 208

Basilar invagination 42, 111, 207, 225, 251, 557

Basilar venous sinuses 29

Basion plumbline 643

Basion-axis interval 614

Basion-dens interval 614

Basivertebral vein 29

Bath ankylosing spondylitis disease activity index 359

Batson's plexus 28, 29, 1518

Bauer classification 1368

Baxter health care corporation 1525

Bazedoxifene 1308

Bechterew's syndrome 358

Becker's muscular dystrophy 1155

Beevor's sign 66

Benzethonium chloride 422

Benzodiazepines 112, 113, 323, 723, 833, 1271, 1451, 1452

use of 911

Benzothiazole

anticonvulsant 664

sodium channel blocker 656

Beta blockade, perioperative 1449

Betamethasone 88

acetate 88

compounded 88

use of 461

Beta-tricalcium phosphate 404

Biceps function 61

Biceps reflex 61

Bicoxofemoral axis 1241

center of 1244

Biglycan 6

Bilaminar embryo 266

Bilaminotomy 748, 748f

Bioactive glass 383, 391

Bioengineered artificial disks 753

Biomechanical functional unit, part of 35

Biopsy 1365

Bioresorbable screws 44

Bipedicular fractures, angulated 619

Biphosphonates 1308

Bipolar cautery 1525

Bipolar radiofrequency energy 99

Biportal access, bilateral 878

Bisegmental fusion 1127

Bisphosphonate 305, 313, 1271, 1308, 1339, 1353

administration of 1472

several 725

therapy 313, 395, 714, 1142

use of 713

Bladder

distension 722

dysfunction 474, 918, 1002

functions 763

management 719

Blastic lesions 1330, 1360

Bleeding

hemorrhoidal 1338

intraoperative 1519

Blind dermal sinus 208

Blindness, cortical 160

Blood

clot 380

cultures 1474

flow, hepatic 112

loss 1411

management 155

pressure, elevation of 721

Blount's disease 1119

Blunt dissection 791

Blunt micronerve hook 1525

Body

casts 955

compression, anterior 961

lamina extension 1370

mass index 103, 468, 872, 1009, 1256

low 1309

Bohlman triple-wire technique 536

Bone

autologous 385, 394

biopsy 1365

debris 1418

deformation of 1418

diseases, infectious 1114, 1358

dysplastic disorders 915

dysregulated remodeling of 1359

healing 393

heterotopic 722

image quality 1579

implant interface integrity 1471

island 1329

loss, mechanism of 714

matrix, demineralized 382, 387, 388, 412

metastases 1369, 1372

mineral density 43, 1265, 1270, 1306, 1307

neoplasms 1334

on-bone technique 1196, 1202

removal 559, 1080f

resorption 725

scan 1214, 1429

scintigraphs 405, 993

sialoprotein 395

transplantation 538f, 1075f

union 1302

wax 375, 1492

Bone density 48, 1142

loss of 725

Bone formation

endochondral 380

essentials of 379

intramembranous 380

Bone graft 528, 538f, 1074, 1107, 1501

autologous 371, 736

donor site complications 408

extrusion 807

harvesting 371

intramedullary 373

incorporation 380

local 382, 1302

material 383

characteristics of 382

options 381

placement of 813

replacement 821

substitutes 379

technique 779

posterior lateral 275

types of 1303f

vascularized 400

Bone marrow

aspirate 383–385

depletion of 1257

normal 1361

stromal cells 657, 697

transplantation 345

Bone morphogenetic protein 12, 381, 411, 485, 492, 638, 797, 994, 1311, 1510

recombinant 809

Bone tumor 537, 1121

benign 1330, 1331, 1593

of spine, primary 1358

primary 111, 1334, 1343

Bone-on-bone fusion, short segment 1199

Bony anatomy 19

Bony ankylosis 358

Bony development 17

Bony endplate 806, 864

injuries 897

Bony fusion 773, 779

solid 400, 943

Bony healing 1234

Bony resection, minimal 1107

Bony spike lies, median 245

Bony spinal

lesions, primary 1325

tumors

malignant primary 1325

primary 1327, 1339

Bony surfaces 21, 286

anterior surface 21

lateral surfaces 22

posterior surface 21

Bony tissue, removal of 745

Boston brace 172, 1165, 1165f, 1166, 1166f, 1167

Botox injection 122

Botulinum toxin 723

Bowel dysfunction 263, 474, 720

Bowel incontinence 764

Bowel injury 819, 1051

Bowel management 720

Bowel sounds 1152

Bowstring sign 69

Brace therapy 1235

Brace types 1165, 1167t

Brachial compression test 63f

Brachial plexopathy 638

Brachial plexus

compression 63f

test 63

neuritis, acute 456

sheath 1420

Brachioradialis 474

reflex tests 61

tendon 61

Bracing

complications of 172

spinal deformity, biomechanics of 172

Braden scale 725

Bradycardia 154, 691

Brain

derived neurotrophic factor 697, 698

suite intraoperative computed tomography 1578f

Brainstem 142, 190, 423, 719

auditory evoked potentials 138

compression 251, 269, 338

deformity 251

dysfunction syndrome, severe 269

herniation 295

infarct 138f

injury 670

lie 209

malfunction 251

nuclei changes 269

Branch blocks, medial 585

Breast

cancer, multiple metastases from 1361f

tumors, advanced 1364

Breathing 117

deep 154

positive pressure 154

Broken screw 539

Bronchoalveolar lavage 1448

Bronchoscope 1517

Bronchoscopy, fiberoptic 155

Brooks-Jenkins technique 44

Brown-Sequard syndrome 683, 1382

Brush-like border 1330

Buckled ligamentum flavum 818

Bulbocavernosus reflex 139, 960

Bupivacaine 89, 115

hydrochloride 95

Burners injuries 604, 606

Burst fracture 49f, 605, 950, 954, 954f, 955, 964f, 971

complete 975f

outcomes of 955

proper treatment of 954

stable 629

Buttock claudication, triad of 918

C1-C2 arthrodesis, technique for 528

Cadaveric allograft 386

Cadaveric models 1040, 1059

Cadaveric study 44

Café-au-lait spots 57

Cage 1192

device, intervertebral 886

insertion 1197

placement 1410

subsidence 1560

Calcium 1269, 1308

channel blockers 695

concentration activates destructive enzymes 693

phosphate ceramics 382

sulfate 383, 384, 391, 392

Calciuria 713

Canadian C-spine rule 627, 649

Canadian surgeons, majority of 664

Canal stenosis 1552

central 750

Cancellous bone graft, transplanted 385

Cancer, breast 1308, 1361f

Candida albicans 1503

Cannabinoids 719, 723

Cantilever correction 1146

Capillary hemangioma, flat 262

Capsulitis, adhesive 65

Captopril 722

Carbamazepine 1260

Carbon monoxide poisoning 203

Carbon table and carbon head clamp fixation 1579

Carcinoma

breast 1364

hepatocellular 1363f

Cardiac

arrest 1152

arrhythmias 113

biomarker 1448

death 151

disease 1140

function, impaired 1269

index 1449

risk index, revised 152

Cardiopulmonary disease, severe 122

Cardiovascular complications, management of 153

Cardiovascular disease 152fc, 153, 1258

Cardiovascular function 112

Cardiovascular instability 650

Cardiovascular surgeon 1519

Cardiovascular system 151

Cardioverter defibrillator 1060

Carisoprodol carries 911

Carotid artery

external 404, 526

injuries 92, 1503

internal 525

Carotid puncture 91

Carotid sheath 433, 1434

Carotid tubercle 431, 432f

Carpal tunnel syndrome 345, 456, 472

Cartilage capped bony growths 1333

Cartilage fails, ventral 18

Cartilaginous

debris 1050

endplates 483f

focus develops 380

joint 98

stage 197

synchondrosis 221

tumor, malignant 1336

Caspar-distractor 464

Catastrophic neurologic complications 1422

Catastrophic neurologic injury 592

Catastrophic spinal instability 1477

Catecholamines 708

Cauda equina 128, 132, 688, 1382, 1461

conduction 80f

conduction time 77, 80

level 1387

paragangliomas 1378

syndrome 855, 857, 857t, 860, 943, 1382

causes of 856t

complete 978

Caudad lamina 920

Caudal agenesis 212

Caudal axis 18

Caudal domains 18

Caudal endplate 876

Caudal ends, implantation of 537f

Caudal epidural block 1313

Caudal housings 1039

Caudal lumbar spine 3f

Caudal medulla 1486

Caudal neural tube 266

Caudal regression 240

syndrome 248, 249f

Caudal vertebra 1233

body 1546

Cavernomas 1379

Cavernous malformations 1392

Cavus foot deformity 1121

Cecin's sign 69

Cefazolin 844, 1476, 1478

Celecoxib 187

Celiac disease 1307

Cell

biphasic pattern of 1379

chondrocyte-like 876

density of 12

dorsolateral 220

engraftment 697

fibroblast like 875

genetic modification of 395

lung, small 130

salvage 156

signaling 17, 200

standing of 197

transfections of 12

transplantation 697

Cellular damage 693

Cellular death 1052

Cellular grafts 697

Cellular membrane lipid fatty acids, oxidation of 692

Cellular therapies 665

Cement augmentation 51, 1310

Central nervous system 25, 157, 665, 692

demyelinating disorders 476

dysfunction 322

Central stenosis 907, 916, 924, 1286

Central venous pressure 159

Cephal ends, implantation of 537f

Cephalad vertebra 1236

Cephalosporin 1476, 1478

Cephazolin 844

Ceramic 46, 390

Cerebellar

infarction 809

slump 300

tonsils 296f, 297f, 299f

herniation of 209

Cerebral

atrophy 112

effects 112

palsy 1140, 1152, 1153

spinal fluid leaks, management of 1456

Cerebrospinal fluid 269, 296, 647, 655, 686, 1378, 1458f, 1468, 1506, 1516

diversion 1083

drainage 657, 851

iatrogenic 511

leakage 518, 555, 809

outflow 208

Cerebrovascular accident 1091, 1451

Cerebrovascular disease 152

Cervical

alignment 627

anatomy 548

anomalies, congenital 233

approaches, anterior 430, 433, 527f, 1059

burst 599

collar 168

cord neurapraxia 674

curve 31

deformity, correction of 544

degenerative disc disease 430

dermatomal distribution 454f

dermatomes 474

discectomy 46, 387, 463, 465f, 469, 480, 495, 513, 1059, 1060, 1509, 1510, 1523

disconnection syndromes, congenital multilevel 232

dislocations, subaxial 597

dorsal pain 1361f

drill 544

encephalocele 250

epidural steroid injection 460

esophagus 1503

extension 600

facet cyst 493

fascia, deep 434f

fractures 605, 607, 682

hard collar 590f

hooks 537

injuries, upper 600

instability 1420f

instrumentation 536, 678

interbody fusion 390

interlaminar epidural injection 460

Kerrison rongeurs 1525

kyphotic deformity 1060

lamina, levels of 299f

laminar hooks 537

laminectomy, minimally invasive 1531

laminoforaminotomy, posterior 1525

lesion 1420

levels 576

lordosis 448f, 490f, 491, 637, 1246, 1247f

manipulation 477

neurology 61t

ossification 510f

periradicular injection 97

plating, anterior dynamic 52

procedures, anterior 1457f

roots 454f

sagittal balance 491

sclerotomes fuses 207

scoliosis 1134f

segmental motion 1060

selective nerve root block 89

spondylolysis 1229, 1229f

sympathetic chain injury 1505

syringomyelia 295, 554f

teardrop fractures, management of 630

total disc replacement 468t

transarticular screw fixation 546

transforaminal epidural technique 460

trauma classification methods 628

vertebral body 1525

wound, posterior 638f

Cervical arthroplasty 466, 1064, 1065

devices 1060

placement of 1062f

Cervical corpectomy

anterior 513, 515, 1506

minimally invasive anterior 1525

Cervical decompression

anterior 140

for spinal stenosis, microendoscopic 1529

multilevel anterior 1500

Cervical disc

arthroplasty 47, 608, 1059, 1509

disease 111, 1523

herniation 606, 607, 1523

replacement 1059

complications 1064

preoperative evaluation 1060

surgical technique 1061

Cervical fixation

anterior 46

posterior 47

Cervical foraminotomy

anterior 1523, 1533

minimally invasive 1524

posterior 1533

minimally invasive 1525

Cervical fusion 203

anterior 431, 1059

posterior 141

Cervical kyphosis 337, 338, 340, 570, 572f, 643, 1483, 1506

etiology of 570

iatrogenic 641

Cervical laminoplasty 1505

minimally invasive 1531

Cervical microendoscopic

decompression 1524, 1529

foraminotomy 1526

laminoforaminotomy 1526

Cervical myelopathy 64f, 345, 454, 468, 1505

compressive 80

Cervical nerve root

block 461f

compression, pathophysiology of 453f

Cervical orthoses 167, 168, 590, 629

role of 477

Cervical osteotomy 570, 578

complications 576

correction 571

postoperative management 575

technique 363

Cervical pedicle 1589f

screw 543, 543f, 1585

fixation 539

placement, complications of 548

subtraction osteotomy 362f

Cervical radiculopathy 452, 453t, 458, 459, 460, 463, 1064, 1524, 1526

differential diagnosis of 456t

natural history of 456

Cervical region 30

concomitant injuries of 682

Cervical spinal

canal, congenital stenosis of 210

cord 64f, 670, 1061f

radiculopathy 1060

stenosis, congenital 675f

Cervical spine 7, 27, 38, 404f, 430, 478, 483f, 493f, 555f, 557f, 570, 604, 1089, 1132, 1229f, 1409, 1420, 1421, 1508f

anatomy of 17

anterior exposure of high 142

congenital anomalies of 207, 219

deformities 1587

degenerative disease of 639

development of 220

different regions of 219

dislocation 597

embryology of 220

evaluation 59

flexion osteotomy of 575

fracture 171, 627, 1229

management of 171fc

subaxial 596

injury 651

closed management of 590

severity score 628

subaxial 600, 633, 651t, 674

instability 344

laminectomy, multilevel 1510

ligamentous structures of 23f

movement of 155

osteotomy of 573

pathologies of 140

radiographs 649

straightening of 491f

subaxial 19, 45, 47, 546, 1060

subluxation 344, 597

surgery 1510

anterior 46, 1500

general complications 1500

IONM during 140

posterior 1500

revision 636

single level 608

surgical complications of 469t

trauma

subaxial 626

upper 610

tumor of 468

upper 20f, 421, 526, 610, 1584

Cervical spondylosis 443

single level 1063

Cervical spondylotic myelopathy 472, 478, 490, 515, 1525

treatment of 480

Cervical stenosis

congenital 472

multilevel 476f

Cervical traction 459, 592, 600, 1507

local complications of 1507

Cervical tumor 1532

upper 1381

Cervical vertebrae 22, 35

anterior 435f

Cervicomedullary junction 552, 555

compression of 557f, 558f

Cervico-occipital region 430

Cervicothoracic

brace 169f

junction 439, 570, 584, 627, 1135f, 1147

deep dissection 441

preoperative planning 439

superficial approaches 440

X-ray of 245f

orthoses 168, 590, 619

spinal cord 209, 249

spine 1361f

Cethrin 647, 655–657

Chance injuries 962

Charité disc 1045

Charite prostheses 897

Charleston bending brace 1166, 1166f

Charleston brace 172, 173f, 1167

Charlson comorbidity score 1567

Chemiadsorption 1115

Chemokines 876

Chemotherapy 1329

antitubercular 1422, 1431

Chest

pain 115, 453, 1448

anterior 453

tube placement 1541

wall 1420

development of 288

indrawing 155

muscles 1194

Chevron-shaped osteotomy 1296, 1296f, 1297

modification of 1297f

posterior 1295, 1296

Chiari decompression 298, 300

Chiari malformation 200, 249, 250, 250f, 251, 252, 252f, 269, 272, 295, 296, 553, 557, 1524

clinical presentation 250, 296

complications 300

decompression 299f

diagnosis 295

embryogenesis of 267

pathogenesis 297

prognosis 300

severe 269

treatment 250, 298

types of 249

Chiari syndrome 251

Child abuse 669

Chin brow 571

Chin-on-chest deformity 572f

Chin-on-pubis deformity 361f

Chiropractic care 863, 1259

Chiropractic manipulation 856, 1171

Chlorhexidine 1272

gluconate 1272

solution 422

Choanal stenosis 202

Cholecystitis 1420

Chondrification centers 197

Chondroblastoma 1329, 1334

Chondrocytes

exogenous 12

migration of 4f

proliferation of 508

Chondrodysplasia punctata 342, 346

Chondroitin sulfate 6, 696, 1271

Chondroitinase 696

Chondrosarcoma 421, 1336, 1344, 1364, 1517

Chordin 412

Chordoma 132, 421, 429, 1329, 1338, 1344, 1346, 1364

Chromaffin cells 121

Chromosome 321, 508

Chylorrhea 1504

Chylothorax 1518, 1520

Chylous fistula 1504

Circumspinal decompression 517

Cisplatin 1329, 1336

Claustrophobia 1060

Clavicle osteotomy 440

Clay-Shoveller's fracture 600

Cleft palate 202

Clivus, hypoplasia of 232f

Cloacal artesian 248

Cloacal folds 248

Clonus 64, 918, 1060

Clopidogrel 116, 153, 1271

Closed loop technique 762

Cobalt chromium 870

Cobb's angle 277, 1151, 1157, 1170, 1286, 1288, 1483, 1564, 1567

correction 1564

larger 1160

lumbar 1256

magnitude of 1285

measurement 961

Cobb's elevator 788, 821

Coblation technology 99

Coccyx 725

apex of 21

Cochlear

implants 1266

nucleus 138

Coconut condyle 223f

Cold abscess 1418

location of 1421t

Collagen 5, 412, 875

fibers 35, 1378

fibrils 4

resist tensile 875

matrix 1460

production of 6

sponges 526

synthesis 12

disorder of 313

Colliculus, inferior 138

Colloid administration 160

Colorectal tumor

invasive 1344

primary 1345

Colpocephaly 209

Column osteotomies, posterior 1282

Compartment syndrome 408

Complex deformities 823, 1126

Compound muscle action potential 77, 138, 1486

Compression

axial 962

cervicogenic 338

extradural 1429

fractures 111, 605

anterior 953, 957

Compressive thoracic myelopathy 80

Condylar emissary vein, posterior 534

Condyles, bilateral 610

Condyloid fossae 30

Congenital foramen magnum lesions, surgical treatment of 552

Congenital kyphosis, type of 215f

Congenital scoliosis, treatment of 1135

Congenital spinal

anomalies, types of 216

lesions

anatomy of 206

physiology of 206

Congenital spondylolisthesis, congenital 215, 216f

Connective tissue 197

Continuous positive airway pressure 154

Conus medullaris 25, 28, 139, 142, 143, 240, 652, 855, 970, 1382

complete 652

incomplete 652

injury 966f

lipoma of 242

syndrome 855, 857, 857t, 1382

terminates 1492

Conventional foraminotomy 748

Coralline hydroxyapatite 389

Cord atrophy 1429

Cord compression 344

kyphosis causing 1434f

Cord edema 1429

Cord injury 593

Cord signal change 445

Cord split 246

Cord syndrome

anterior 1381

central 111, 474, 1381

posterior 1381

tethered 252, 258, 262

Coronal

slices 843, 846

veins

anterior 28

posterior 28

Coronary artery disease 1266, 1308

Corpectomy 480, 483, 972, 1085, 1089, 1413, 1435, 1509, 1525, 1538, 1541

anterior 408, 1530

decompression 1492

defect, partial 1107

grafts 565

model 50

multilevel 566

anterior 516

multiple level 400

open-window 513

partial 1087

require access 737

technique

oblique 516

open-window 516

Correctable kyphosis, passively 565

Corridor, superior 441

Cortical screw fixation 779, 783, 784

Corticocancellous

allograft 46

use of 525

bone grafts, use of 525

graft 807

Corticospinal tract 1486

fibers 141

Corticosteroid 89, 187, 654, 831

injections, intramuscular 833

toxicity of 459

use of 647

Cortisol 708, 1152

Corynebacterium 1411

Cosmetic deformity, progressive 1254

Cosmic posterior dynamic system 1034

Costal bone 1073f

Costal head resection 1109

Costocervical trunk 27

Costopelvic impingement 1441

Costotransverse articulations 1288

Costotransversectomy 1089, 1436, 1535

Cotrel-Dubousset

hooks 1094

instrumentation 311, 766, 887, 1177f

set 557

Cottonoid patty 486

Cottonoid pledget 1460

Cox inhibitor 158, 446, 458

Cox pathway 458

Cox receptors 187

Cranial caudal plane 1530

Cranial endplate 876

Cranial nerve

injuries 1507

palsies 671

Cranial radiosurgery 126

Craniectomy 299f, 559

Craniocaudal axis 266

Craniocaudal exposure 554

Craniocaudal height, loss of 629

Craniocervical

deformity 310

dissociation, unstable 615f

junction 19, 306, 313, 338, 557, 559, 649

anomalies 233

dural surface of 559

settling 421, 428

stabilizers 594

Craniospinal pressure dissociation 297

Craniovertebral anomalies, classification of 208t

Craniovertebral junction 220, 297, 421, 552

malformations 555f

C-reactive protein 1011, 1409, 1474, 1518

Cricoid cartilage 431, 432f

Cricopharyngeal region 1503

Crockard retractors 422

Crockard transoral instruments 554

Crossed straight leg raise sign 69

Cruciate ligaments 594

Cruciform ligament 611

Crutchfield traction 477

Cryoablation 1348

Cryoneurolysis 94

Crystalloid 663

Culprits 1451, 1502

Cumbersome biplanar fluoroscopy 1585

Curettes 1107, 1301

Curve progression, predictors of 252

Cyclic loading test 1030f

Cyclical crisis patterns 325

Cyclooxygenase

receptors 187

selective agents 910

Cyclosporine 696

Cylindrical tubular retractor 841

Cyst

formation 694f

neck ligation 1001

Cysto-subarachnoid shunts 1000

Cytokine 395, 693, 876

inhibitors 877

leakage of 877

production of 708

Dandy-Walker syndrome 209, 251

Dantrolene 723

Davidson's shoulder abduction sign 455f

Debulking 1359, 1371, 1372

Decision tree 319fc

Decompression 932, 933, 1035, 1464

anterior 513

dural 559

foraminal 1559f

lumbar 1452

surgery 752

anterior 1516f

Decompressive procedures 1552

Decubitus position, lateral 122f, 1087, 1109

Decubitus ulcers 719

Deep tendon reflexes, asymmetric 1121

Deep vein thrombosis 118, 710, 721, 797, 973, 1156, 1449

risk of 352

Deformity 359

congenital 200, 201, 212

correction 439, 1193, 1194, 1465

pediatric 135

surgery 1291

degenerative 793

disorders 111

high grade 1288

post-traumatic 1589f

progression of 1288

surgery 1586

minimally invasive 1562

Degenerative cervical

disc disease 1060

spondylosis 1059

Degenerative diagnosis, spectrum of 1457

Degenerative disc disease 7, 85, 86f, 100, 737, 813, 821, 863, 882, 1044, 1060, 1257

management of 86

multilevel 822

treatment of 787

Degenerative disorders 111

Degenerative spinal stenosis, surgery for 104

Dehydration, chronic 324

Delirium 1451, 1451t

causes of 1451

risk of perioperative 116

Deltoids 459

Dementia 1381

Demyelinating diseases 1379

Demyelination 691

axonal 1396

Denervation techniques 94

Denis fractures 983

Denis zone III fracture, subclassification of 980

Denosumab 1351, 1353

Dens

anomalies of 226

hypoplasia of 232f

nerve fibers 876

quadriparesis 605

Dentinogenesis imperfecta 302

Dentocentral synchondrosis 221

Deoxyribonucleic acid 126

Depression 1010, 1271

cardiorespiratory 113

Dermal sinus 212, 240, 241f, 247, 261

congenital 248f

tract 247, 261-263

Dermatome 197, 454

Dermoid 1379

cysts 247

tumors 270

Dermomyotome 18, 220

Detrusor sphincter dyssynergia 722

Dexamethasone 88, 89, 1339, 1379

Diabetes mellitus 136, 1270, 1307

history of 1009

Diabetic peripheral neuropathy 917

Diamond burr 484f

Diaphragm, closure of 1195f

Diaphragmatic irritation 115

Diarthrodial synovial joint 990

Diastematomyelia 211, 212, 246, 270

Diazepam 113

Diclofenac 188

Digastric muscle 526

Dilators, serial 809

Diphtheroids 1502

Diplomyelia 212, 260

Dipyridamole 1271

Direct vertebral derotation techniques 1465

Directly observed treatment short course 1430

Disc 21, 35

arthroplasty 1047, 1053

partial 873

biomechanical function 1028

degeneration

adjacent level 1306

classification of 8t, 1116t

etiology of 8

grading 8f

multilevel 447

stages of 91t

dynamics 869f

erosion 1358

fragments 632, 1496

height, collapse of 882

herniation 85, 464f, 477, 608, 856, 1006, 1541, 1545

acute 1087

primary 842

single level 1552

level 454

nucleus 817

operations 1087

replacement 872

partial 863, 865, 872

strategies 865

surgery 1590

space

collapse, severe 805

narrowing 445

preparation 792

Discectomy 483f, 806, 841, 863, 1107, 1191, 1413, 1464, 1496, 1538, 1541, 1545

anterior 465, 1140

complete 1087

minimally invasive 1536, 1552

mini-open 1541

multilevel 566

open 1230, 1231

use of microscopy for 841

Discitis 793, 805, 879, 1120

clinical features of 1120

clinical presentation of 1121

diagnosis of 1120

early stages of 1121

treatments of 1121

Discogenic pain

chronic 879, 898

diagnosis of 92

Discogram, types of 91t

Discography 89, 878

contraindications 90

diagnostic tool 883

indications 90

Discoligamentous complex 628, 629

injury 596

Discovertebral junction 365

Disk osteophyte complexes, anterior 493

Dislocation, signs of 58

Displacement, minimal anterior 595f

Dissection, superficial 432

Disseminated intravascular coagulation 1152

Distal fixation 1279

Distraction 72

Dizocilpine 695

Dizziness 1259, 1260

Dobutamine stress echocardiography 152

Dominant anterior radicular artery 960

Dorsal annulus 100

Dorsal column

fibers 1381

mapping 137

Dorsal dermal appendage 262

Dorsal enteric fistula 212

Dorsal hypertrophic bone 245

Dorsal iliac crest 733

Dorsal lesions 1393

Dorsal midline defect 259

Dorsal ramus 25

Dorsal rhizotomy 719

Dorsal root

entry zone 719

ganglion 10, 76, 87, 876, 999

Dorsal sacral foramina 98

Dorsal spinal

column 562

dysraphism 241

Dorsiflexes 186

Double layer sign 511

Down's syndrome 209, 216, 230, 231f

Doxorubicin 1336

Drosophila melanogaster 17

Drug-resistant strains, suspicion of 1427

Dual therapy 153

Dual-energy radiograph absorptiometry 1270

Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry 819, 1142, 1258

Dual-iliac screws technique 761f

Duchenne muscular dystrophy 1141, 1155, 1156, 1477

Dumbbell schwannoma 1384f

Dunn McCarthy presacral rods 285

Duodenal switch 108

Dural defect, repair of anterior 1518

Dural injuries, iatrogenic 1456

Dural tears 797, 809, 818, 973, 1009, 1461, 1494, 1502, 1506, 1541, 1551

intraoperative 1461

Dural tension signs 68

Durotomy

repair 1465

risk of 1506

Dynamic stabilization 51, 1290

systems 1023

Dynesys sleeves 1035

Dynesys spinal system 1024

Dynesys system 894, 1034, 1035, 1290

Dysautonomia, familial 321, 322

Dysesthesia 408

Dysphagia 485, 1502, 1523

iatrogenic 1503

incidence of 485

scores 1063

Dysphonia 1502, 1523

Dysplasia 1222t

campomelic 342, 343f

craniometaphyseal 208

diastrophic 337, 340, 346

disorder 337

fibrous 303, 1334

Dysplastic posterior elements, severely 279f

Dysplastic segment 1225

Dysraphic lesions, prevalence of 212

Dysraphism, manifestations of 261

Dysreflexia, autonomic 719, 721

Dysrhythmia 151

Dystrophin gene 1155

Dystrophin protein 1155

Dysuria 720

Ecchymoses 57, 627

Eccrine glands, idiopathic overproduction of 121

Ectodermal asymptomatic anomalies, minor 208

Ectodermal cells, mass of 17

Ectodermal symptomatic anomalies, minor 208

Ectopic bone formation 414

Edema 961

peripheral 1505

Edwin Smith surgical papyrus 951

Elastomeric devices, solid 870

Elastomeric nucleus replacement 869f

Elbow flexion 62

Electrical stimulation, functional 725

Electroacupuncture 910

Electrocardiogram 1448

monitoring 1579

Electromyographic

monitoring 1490f

technique 1489

Electromyography 137

Electrophysiological monitoring 272

Element replacement system, total posterior 1026

Embryo, rostral end of 220

Embryogenesis 203

Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy 1155

Empty sac sign 1009

En bloc

excision 1330, 1335

resection 1371, 1372

spondylectomy 744

total 1519

vertebrectomy 1366

Endochondral bone formation, defective 338

Endochondral ossification 380

Endoderm 240

Endodermal-ectodermal adhesion 246

Endoneurial-perineurial junction 997

Endoscopic cervical foraminotomy

minimally invasive 1523

anterior approach 1524

posterior approach 1525

Endoscopic clip placement 123f

Endoscopic disc 752

Endoscopic foraminotomy, posterior 1526f

Endoscopic lumbar discectomy, posterolateral 1546

Endoscopic techniques 468, 790

Endoscopic visualization, under direct 1537

Endoscopy, fiberoptic 1500

Endothelin 509

Endotracheal tube 425f, 485, 1485, 1503

Endovascular

procedures 1400

treatment, risk of 1403

Endplate 807

chondroepiphyseal portions of 1228

curettage of 850

fragments 597

margin 749

remodeling 898

sclerosis 186, 882

Energy 688

loss of 1260

Enneking classification 757

Enneking principles 757

Enneking staging system 1326, 1326f, 1345

Enneking tumors 1335

Enostosis 1329

Enteral feeding 709

routes 1270

Enteral formulas 710

Enterobacter cloacae 1473

Ependymal cells 1379

Ependymoma 132, 1379, 1387, 1532

Epidermidis 1151

Epidermoid 262, 1379

cysts 247

Epidural

abscess, posterior 1419f

bleeding, control of 1516

hematoma

delayed 1519

postoperative 1519

Epinephrine 554, 708

Epithelial-mesenchymal transformation 18

Epithelioid cells 1417, 1418

Epsilon-aminocaproic acid 156

Erb's point 605

Erector spinae 734, 1343

aponeurosis 745

musculature 820

Erlotinib 1329, 1338

Erythrocyte sedimentation rate 1011, 1409, 1474

Erythropoietin 664, 696

Escherichia coli 1151, 1473, 1502

Esophageal

injury 436, 685, 1503, 1505

perforation 486, 1503

reflux 1448

retraction 485

Esophagitis 126

Esophagus 132

Estrogen agonists 1308

partial 1308

Estrogen antagonists, partial 1308

Estrogen receptors modulators, selective 1308

Etanercept 359, 836

Ethambutol 1430

Ethyl pyruvate 696

Etomidate 160

Euro-qol group index 104

Ewing's lymphoma 1349

Ewing's sarcoma 1122, 1329, 1338, 1344, 1349

Ewing's tumors 1325

Expedium system 1035

Extension osteotomy, posterior 573

Extensor hallucis longus 67, 68, 944

Extracavitary approach, lateral 1439, 1535

Extracavitary exposure, lateral 1087

Extracellular matrices 4, 508, 1337

Extraspinal bone metastases, number of 1369

Faces pain rating scale 1113

Facet arthritis 331

Facet arthrosis 882

Facet capsules 562, 950

Facet denervation 94

Facet disease 85

Facet dislocation 631

Facet hypertrophy 935

Facet joint 24, 40, 60, 216, 444, 468f, 817, 848, 907, 915, 1432f, 1530

adjoining 1235f

arthritis 1026, 1038

arthroplasty 52

articulating 806

bony ankylosis of 358

capsule 24, 562

dysfunction 187

hypertrophied 452

hypertrophy 331

injections 1260

pain 187

removal of bilateral 1038

separation of 1432f

sparing laminotomy 749

Facet replacement

system, posterior 1041f

total posterior 1041

Facet sparing decompression technique 922

Facet subluxation 631

bilateral 631, 632

unilateral 631

Facet syndrome 924

Facet violations 539

Facetectomy 382, 746, 1038, 1299f

complete 813

lateral 748f

medial 748f

unilateral 814

Facial dysmorphism 202

Facial trauma 600

Failed back surgery syndrome 794, 805, 1005, 1006

Fanconi anemia 201

Far lateral disc herniations 844

Fascia

endopleural 1106

endothoracic 1440

lumbodorsal 259, 1548

Fast motor testing 64

Fast-growing tumors, treatment of 1329

Fat tissue

epidural 847f

extraforaminal 846

Fatal bleeding 1504

Fatal pulmonary embolism 721

Fat-free body 712

Fatty

filum 244

mass 242

tumor 244

Fawn's tail 261

Fecal impaction 720

Feingold syndrome 201

Femoral artery 1519

Femoral cutaneous nerve

injury, lateral 1091

lateral 374

Femoral nerve 787

injury 1556

stretch test 69, 70f

Fetal surgery 270

Fever, low grade 725

Fiberoptic endoscopy, flexible 1503

Fibers bulging, peripheral 865

Fibrillar molecules 13

Fibrinogen 845

Fibrinolytic system 156

Fibroblast 321, 1378

growth factor

basic 381

receptor-3 338

Fibrocartilaginous tissue 944

Fibrolipoma 242

Fibromodulin 6

Fibromyalgia 910, 1086

Fibrosis 562, 1457

epidural 809, 1005

Fibrous histiocytoma, malignant 1336

Fibrovascular

invasion 390

tissue 1330

Fibula 371

graft, vascularized 1352f

Fibular allograft 47

Fibular autografts 482

Fick equation application 708

Figure-of-8 repair 1460

Filar lipoma 212

Filum

abnormal 240

ependymomas 1532

terminale 242, 248, 253, 254

lipoma of 240, 244

myxopapillary ependymoma 1384f

Finger

dissection 1189f

escape sign 64, 64f, 454

flexors hand intrinsics 61

Fistulas, arteriovenous 1392, 1395, 1398, 1400

Fixation

failure 775

loss of 771

technique 42, 539, 984

type of 44

Flatback deformity 1199

Flatback syndrome 1008, 1015

postoperative 1008, 1008f

Flavectomy, lateral 845

Flexible cable anterior implants 1199

Flexion distraction injuries 49f, 605

Flexion extension

films 627

Flexion teardrop fracture 599, 630, 630f

Flexor digitorum

profundus 474

superficialis 61

Flexor hallucis longus 403

Fludrocortisone 722

Fluid retention 191

Fluoroscopic C-arm 96, 1536

Fluoroscopic time, total 1582

Fluoroscopically guided pedicle screw placement 1096

Fluoroscopy 530, 544, 741, 768, 788, 792, 945f

intraoperative 1572

lateral 792, 1536

Foley catheter 960

Folic acid 268

Follistatin 412

Food, thermic effect of 712

Foot

deformities 253

dorsiflexion weakness 843f

Footprint

cage, larger 818

surgical 752

Foramen magnum 27, 209, 225f, 249, 298, 526, 959

decompression 253f, 552

severe stenosis of 232f

small 338

stenosis 337, 338

Foramen transversarium 47, 1591

Foramina, intertransverse 430

Foraminal disc pathology 87

Foraminal entrapment, secondary 985

Foraminal height 1024

Foraminal patency 886

Foraminal slice 843

Foraminal space 945, 1550

Foraminal stenosis 186, 445, 447, 638, 748, 750, 813, 817, 907, 1007, 1287, 1306, 1525

iatrogenic 539, 638, 641

Foraminotomy 497, 641, 748–750, 920, 1563

anterior 463, 466

endoscopic 1524

images of 1559f

minimally invasive 1533

posterior 466, 641

Forced vital capacity 1155, 1207, 1276

Forces, types of 36

Forearm

dorsum of 454

supination 604

Fossa

masses, posterior 296

tumors, posterior 251

Four-rod lumbopelvic reconstruction technique 762

Fractures 34

apophyseal ring 1232

development, iatrogenic 48

dislocation, type C 950f

intraoperative iatrogenic 1052

patterns 38

reduction of 955f

signs of 58

type B 950f

U-shaped 981

Fragmentation, axonal 691

Fragmentectomy 841

Frank myelopathy 509

Frankel B neurologic injuries 1101

Frankel grading system 1541

Frankel impairment scale 960

Free fatty acids 708

Free fibula graft 402

Free radical formation 648

Freehand technique 1178f

Friction massage 910

Friedreich ataxia 1141

Froin syndrome 1382

Fusion 499, 863, 1538

levels 277

posterolateral 384, 750, 884, 1222, 1235

procedures, posterior 1591

surgery, posterolateral 1475f

techniques, modern 794

Gaba aminobutyric acid 188

Gabapentin 158, 458

Gabapentinoids 719, 723

Gacyclidine 654, 695

Gadolinium 186, 850, 877

enhanced slices 843

Gaenslen's test 71, 71f, 992

Gaines procedure 1221

Gait

analysis studies 1248

disturbance 1381

instability 1060

Gallie fusion 525

Gallie technique 44

Galveston extension 1143

Galveston iliac rods 767

Galveston L-rod technique 760f

Galveston rods 49

Galveston technique 282, 766, 767, 768

modified 760, 761, 761f

Gangliogliomas 1379

Ganglion cyst 1330

Gangliosides 695

Gardner segmental deformity angle 961

Gardner-Wells

tongs 432, 591, 593, 654, 1501

traction 593f, 1524

Gastrocnemius 68

Gastroenteritis, infectious 710

Gastroesophageal reflux 324, 1139, 1140

rate of 324

Gastrointestinal

disorders 1309

malabsorption syndrome 1307

toxicity 1259

tract 688

tumors 128

Gastrojejunostomy 1152

Gastrostomy tube 1141

Gastrulation 197, 240

Gefitinib 1329, 1338

Gelfoam powder 1525

Gelfoam soaked thrombin 638

Gene 508, 657

expression 197

notable 508t

silencing 197

therapy 395, 415

Genetic hereditary lesions 1393

Genitofemoral

injury 819

nerve 735, 1207

injury 1556

Gentle intraoperative techniques 1469

Genu valgum 345

Gestational diabetes 248

Giant cell tumor 421, 424, 426f, 429, 1325, 1344, 1347

Gill laminectomy 1222

Gilles Dubois developed Dynesys system 1034

Gillet test 70, 70f

Ginkgo biloba 1271

Glasgow coma

scale 949

score 627

Glial cells 199, 1379

Glial fibrillary acidic protein, synthesis of 648

Glial scar 694f

Glial tumors 1532

Gliosis 694

process of 698

Global kyphotic deformities 286

Global spinal malalignment 1247

Global spinopelvic alignment relationships 1245, 1251

Globular radiodense shadow 1427

Glomus, intramedullary 1392

Glucagon, circulating levels of 708

Glucocorticoids 88, 1307

prolonged use of 1307

use of 1309

Glucosamine 1271

Glucose production, hepatic 708

Gluing annulus defect 1030

Glutamate 692

antagonists 695

intracellular 692

mediated excitotoxicity 648, 656

Gluteal arteries, superior 1469, 1501

Gluteus maximus 1343, 1420, 1501

Gluteus medius 68

Glycerin 189

Glycocalyx 1477

biofilm layer 1412

Glycosaminoglycans 4, 13, 864

Glycosphingolipids 656

Goldenhar's syndrome 231

Golgi tendon organs 322

Gore sign 877f

Gore-tex pericardial patch 1203

Graft

dislodgement of 427, 1509

harvesting 863

insertion 404

junction, lower 1509

material 384, 485, 814

migration, rate of 805

subsidence 1309

Gram stain 1447

Gram-negative

bacilli 1448

organisms 1408

Granuloma, eosinophilic 1335

Gravity pulls 570

Great distal fixation 286

Great vessels 132

Greater occipital nerve 525

Greater posterior cord drift 504

Greater trochanter 185

Gross tumor volume 127, 128

Growing cartilaginous endplates 1510

Growth cone 698

Growth deficit, minimal 1134

Growth factors 198, 698

alpha, transforming 698

autogenous 383

beta, transforming 12, 18

Growth guiding techniques 1132

Growth hormone deficiency 270

Growth plate, complete loss of 202

Guaiacol 189

Guidance reduces fluoroscopy, use of 1592

Guidewire, use of 1527

Gunshot

injuries 685, 963

to spine, surgical treatment of 686

wounds 680

Hair follicles 247

Hairy patch 262

Halifax clamps 537

Halo device 170

Halo ring 654, 1501

Halofemoral traction 1219

Halothoracic immobilization 674, 675

Halothoracic vest 590, 591, 591f, 598, 599

Halt inflammatory process 1216

Halter traction 477

Hand

clumsiness, tingling to 509

dysesthesia 509

intrinsics 61

Hangman's fracture 171, 596f, 621f, 1585f

Hard collar 169f, 590, 600

Hard disc prolapse, posterolateral 457f

Hardware complications 503

Hardware failure 973

Harm's technique 44, 449f

Harrington basic concept 277

Harrington classification 1367

Harrington instrumentation 311, 766, 1177f

distraction 1008

Harris classification 651

Harris-Benedict

equations, original 707

formulas 707

Hartshill-Ransford loop 557

Head injury 664

Headache 453, 1380, 1482

cervicogenic 1260

Headlamps, use of 736

Healed disease 1426

Health-related quality of life 1220, 1246, 1256

Heart

defective 202

disease, ischemic 113

failure, congestive 113, 152, 180

Hellum's study 896

Hemangioblastoma 132, 1379, 1383, 1386, 1387, 1532

Hemangioendothelioma 1364

Hemangioma 1327, 1335, 1364

capillary 241f

cutaneous 254

Hemangiopericytoma 1377, 1378

Hematocrit

levels 1151

low 277

Hematogenous seeding 1473

Hematologic diseases 1114

Hematoma 380, 383, 637, 797

epidural 191, 637, 856, 1506, 1519

expansile 682

extraosseous 1233

formation 1550

extradural 648

small amount of 1062

Hematopoietic stem cells 394

Hematoprogenitor cell populations 394

Hemicord 246

Hemicorporectomy 762

Hemiepiphysiodesis, convex anteroposterior 1127

Hemilamina 214

segmented 214

Hemilaminectomy 805, 889, 920

Hemimetameric segmental displacement 214

Hemimyelocele 212

Hemimyelomeningocele 212

Hemisacrectomy 1346

Hemivertebra 201, 203, 215, 1130, 1132, 1481

congenital 272

posterior 1126

resection 1127, 1132, 1135

surgical technique 1128

single 1130, 1135

types of 213f

Hemodynamic

instability, exacerbation of 652

state, unstable 116

Hemoglobin

levels 1448

recovery 156

Hemolytic reaction 155

Hemorrhage 139, 1395

epidural 717

subarachnoid 1395

Hemorrhagic complications, risk of 1403

Hemorrhoids 720

Hemostasis 637, 1062, 1387, 1470, 1551

Hemostat, use of 639

Hemostatic agent 486, 1386, 1387

collagen based 415

Hemothorax 973

Hernia

diaphragmatic 202

incisional 1051, 1091, 1289

Herniated lumbar

disc 747

intervertebral disc 1232

Herniated nucleus pulposus 1046

Herniations 885

Heterotopic ossification 725, 753, 897, 1064

development 1062

incidence of 1064

long-term complications 725

Hiccups 191

High cervical spine surgery, IONM during 142

High energy lower lumbar spinal traumas 971

Hindbrain herniation 554f

Hinge fracture after laminoplasty 1506f

Hinge joints 1026f

Hip

adductors 67, 68

arthritis 918

severe bilateral 333f

dysplasia 345

extension, maximum 944f

flexor weakness 1556

fractures, risk of 1269

joint

deformity 360

test 1114

osteoarthritis 917

Hippocrates’ traction 1164

Histone deacetylase 1337

Hitching sutures 1386

Hla-b27 test 1114

Hoarseness 1502

Hodgkin lymphoma 1339

Hoffman's reflex 82

Hoffman's sign 63f, 63, 454, 918, 1060

Holt-Oram syndrome 201

Homografts, use of 792

Honeycombed appearance 1335

Hooke's law 36

Hormonal therapy 395

Horn cells, anterior 1486

Horner's syndrome 122, 124

Hospital-acquired pneumonia 155

Host cells 415

Human

body, biomechanical properties of 36

embryology 17

embryonic stem cells 657, 697

lifespan, typical 112

sacrum 758

Hunter syndrome 343, 345

Huntington disease 476

Hurler's syndrome 343, 344, 345f

Hyaline cartilage 864

Hyaluronidase, infusion of 1012

Hybrid graft 391

Hybrid procedures 483, 480, 484

Hydrocephalus 209, 239, 268, 270

severity of 272

Hydrocephaly 1153

Hydrogels, injectable 899

Hydrogen peroxide 696

Hydromyelia 200, 270

Hydrostatic pressure 1030

Hydrostatic theory 297

Hydrosyringomyelia 1153

Hydroxyapatite 383, 389, 485

tricalcium phosphate 412

Hydroxyprolinuria 713

Hygiene-dietary rules 318

Hyoid bone 431, 432f

Hyperalgesia 157

Hyperalimentation 1152

Hyperextension injury comprises 363

Hyperglycemia 191, 708

Hyperhidrosis 121

Hyperintensity 1429

Hyperkyphosis 318, 1138, 1139, 1147, 1153, 1207, 1483

Hyperlordosis 185, 273, 311, 338, 1148, 1153

accentuate 1207

concurrent 1139

isolated 1138

lumbosacral 337, 340

severe 1139

Hyperlordotic cages 826

Hyperlumbar lordosis 276

Hypernephroma 1362f

Hyperosmolar dextrose 189

Hyperparathyroidism, primary 1307

Hyperplasia, erythroid 208

Hyperplastic unilateral occipital condyle 223f

Hyperreflexia

lower extremity 918

multiple areas of 72

Hypertension 113

Hypertrichosis 254

Hypertrophic degenerative disc disease 804

Hypesthesia lasting 1560

Hypnosis 113, 719

Hypoalbuminemia 724

Hypocaloric feeding 709

Hypochondroplasia 216

Hypodense mass 511

central 511

Hypofractionated stereotactic body radiotherapy 125

Hypogastric plexus, superior 735f, 736, 792, 797

Hypoglossal canal 534

Hypoglossal nerve 534

Hypoglycemia, risk of perioperative 116

Hypointensity, heterogeneous 1429

Hypokalemia, post-traumatic 650

Hypopharyngeal injury 683

Hypoplastic

atlas 208

posterior arches 226

Hyporeflexia 59

Hypotension 663

intraspinal 296

severe 722

Hypothesis 876

Hypovolemia 708

Iatrogenic problems, treatment of 794

Idiopathic curves, surgical management of 1276

Idiopathic scoliosis, treatment of 172

Ifosfamide-adriamycin-platinum 1338

Ileus 797, 1196

Iliac artery 404

external 1469

internal 1469

thrombosis 1469

Iliac circumflex artery, deep 1469

Iliac crest 97, 185, 373, 395, 736

arterial injury 373

autograft 400, 482, 892, 896

strips of 557

bone graft 371, 383, 415

anterior 375f, 389, 448f, 1501

autologous 821

harvest, posterior 1501

procedures 1501

nerve injury 374

pain 373

Iliac screw

safe placement of 768

technique and placement 768

Iliac spine

anterior inferior 767

anterior superior 49, 281, 374, 791, 1501

posterior superior 50f, 70f, 185, 767, 1144, 1145f, 1312, 1501

Iliac vein 404, 787, 797

Iliac vessels 789

Iliac wings, osteotomy of 1154

Iliopsoas 788

Ilium 978

anterior 372

posterior 373

posterolateral cortex of 1317

Imatinib 1329, 1338

Immune

diseases 1395

stimulant muramyl tripeptide phosphati-dylethanolamine 1336

Immunomodulation, transfusion-related 155

Implants

anterior 1027

posterior 1023

In situ arthrodesis 1218, 1219

In situ spinal fusion 943

In vitro studies 414

In vivo animal studies 835

In vivo resorption 384

Inadvertent durotomies

small 1529

treatment of 1531

Incidental durotomy

management of 1518

prevention of 1518

Incision

retroperitoneal approach, midline 789

single 284f

Incubated macrophages, autologous 665

Index finger proximal interphalangeal joint 63f

Indocyanine green, intraoperative 1396

Indwelling catheters 720

Infantile idiopathic scoliosis 1482

Infection 1310

acute 1502

chronic 1418

low grade 10

signs of 58

surgical site 106

Inflammation, attenuation of 663

Inflammatory cells, number of 1448

Inflammatory cytokines 876

Inflammatory disease 42

Inflammatory disorders 111

Infliximab 359

Inguinal ligament 375f

Injection

epidural 834, 835, 1260

techniques, host of 446

Insomnia 191

Instrumented pedicle screw trial 934

Instrumented vertebra, upper 1287

Insulin 708

growth factor-1 12

pumps 1266

requiring diabetes 152

Integrated rehabilitation program 727

Integrated scoliosis rehabilitation 1169

Integrity, structural 382

Interbody cage 46, 414, 795, 818, 943, 946

development of 795

insertion 1561

placement 52

Interbody correction, anterior 1199

Interbody fusion 393, 737, 814, 819, 884, 935, 1281

anterior 365, 792, 886, 892

cages 751

rest, lateral 826

lateral 742, 936, 1290, 1291, 1563

minimally invasive lateral 1570

multilevel 885

posterior 894

approach 1469

procedures, revision 1494

solid 805

technique 1465

anterior 792

lateral 825

types of anterior 792

Interbody graft 382, 565–567, 1222

adjacent level 1247

device 809

use of 1291

Interbody implant placement, segmental 823

Intercostal muscles, closure of 1195f

Interdisciplinary rehabilitation team 716

Interlaminar

fusion 1570

route 94

scar tissue 850

space 844, 1502, 1527, 1548, 1550

window 746

International Standards for Neurological Classification of Spinal Cord Injury 649, 717

Interosseous nerve entrapment, anterior 456

Interphalangeal joint, distal 63f

Interspinous

distraction techniques 923

implant 1024, 1026f, 1031

ligament 24, 358, 950

process

devices 51

distance 51

distraction of 924

stabilization, use of 924

Interstitial lamellae 381

Interventional pain management 1012, 1260

procedures 1260

role of 1260

Interventional Pain Societies 94

Intervertebral disc 21f, 35, 86, 87, 188, 198, 206, 863, 876, 915, 1228, 1537

anterior 3

biochemistry of 5

bulging, cadaveric evaluation of 1041

degenerating 864, 876

development 18

disease 331

injury 581

innervation of 11f

lesions 885

physiology of normal 863

spaces 1346

Intervertebral wedge, osteotomy types of 1299

Intestinal dysfunction 907

Intestine, small 685

Intracellular messengers, secondary 692

Intracellular signaling mechanisms 693f

Intracranial tumors, benign 128

Intradiscal electrothermal therapy 99, 879, 879f

procedure 99

Intradiscal hydraulic pumping mechanism 898

Intradural

intramedullary tumors 1375, 1385t

lesions, benign 131t

tumor, asymptomatic 1384

Intralesional curettage 1333–1335

Intralesional excision 1327, 1328, 1369, 1371, 1372

Intramembranous ossification, process of 380

Intraoperative monitoring techniques 160

Intraoperative neurologic loss, management of 1481, 1492

Intraoperative systemic anaphylaxis, severe 270

Intraoperative wake-up test 160, 161

Intraosseous screw placement 1096

Intraspinous ligament 562

Intravenous anesthesia, total 139

Intubation, fiberoptic 140

Iohexol 461

Ion channel blockers 695

Ionotropic receptors 692

Iridocyclitis 358

Iris hamartomas 1382

Ischemia 142

management of 153

temporary period of 692

Ischemic heart disease, stable 152

Ischemic optic neuropathy, posterior 160

Ischiorectal fossa 1421

Ischium 725, 978

Isler system classify sacral fracture 981

Isoniazid 1430, 1431

Isotonic saline 1012

Isthmic spondylolisthesis, treatment of 794

Jackson table 1565, 1569

Jamshidi needle 775, 780, 1566

Japanese Orthopaedic Association 477, 493

Japanese Orthopaedic Association Cervical Myelopathy Evaluation Questionnaire 179

Japanese Orthopaedic Association Scale 179

Jaw-jerk reflex 475

Jeanneret and Hacker's technique 543f

Jefferson fracture 616, 617f

Jejunal feeding tube 709

Jewett brace 174f, 952, 953f

Jewett hyperextension brace 590

Joint

anatomy 19

iliosacral 1471

Jugular vein 404

Junctional kyphosis, progressive 1306

Juxta-articular fluid 99

Juxtapedicular screw position 1098

Kainate 692

Kambin's triangle 95, 878, 1546, 1546f, 1557, 1557f, 1558, 1560, 1561

dimensions of 1560

Karnofsky performance status scale 1369t

Karnofsky score 1367

Katagiri classification 1368

Keratin sulfate 6

side chains 6

Kerrison bites injury 1468

Kerrison punch 464, 850, 921

image-guided 1591

Kerrison rongeur 361, 423, 559, 1296, 1301, 1351, 1457, 1506, 1527, 1529

Ketamine 158, 160, 719

potentiates 159

Keyhole hemilaminectomy technique 920

Kidney

injury, perioperative acute 155

lie beside 736

stones 722

Kinesiophobia 583

Kinetic energy 688

King classification 1174

Kirschner wire 740, 782, 1567

technique of placing 1178f

Klebsiella 1502

pneumonia 1473

Klippel-Feil

abnormalities 605, 606

anomaly 212, 250

classification 210

deformity 251

syndrome 201, 202, 208, 210, 228, 229f, 297

incidence of 220

Klopfenstein 822

Knee

jerk reflex 58

osteoarthritis 1249

Kniest dysplasia 346

Kniest syndrome 342

Knutsson, clinical signs of 317

Kocher camps 422

Kostuik's series 1562

Krebs cycle 696

Kurz's study 933

Kyphectomy 286

Kyphoplasty 332, 1591

technique 308, 1310

use of 309

Kyphoscoliosis

poses 1483

progressive 287

Kyphoscoliotic deformity, severe 285

Kyphosis 273, 641, 924, 955

acute 627

congenital 215

correction 1095

development of 1441

distal junctional 501, 643

flexible 1492

global rounded 1422

juvenile 316, 319

measurement of 961

pathological 316

postlaminectomy 563

postoperative 493

post-traumatic 564

progressive 973, 1306, 1318

Kyphotic alignment 493f

Kyphotic deformity 361f, 364f, 513, 970, 1422, 1442f

fracture 1413f

postoperative 514

post-tubercular 1442f

severe 279f, 359

Kyphotic segments 1108

Kyphotic spine 493f

Kyphus correction surgery 1441

Labiomandibuloglossotomy 423

Labral tears 1006

Laceration, dural 1456, 1457

Lactic acid 864

Laden macrophages, lipid 1448

Lambdoid synotosis types 297

Lamellar bone 1330

Lamina 3, 747, 845

contralateral 1529f

facet junction 497

removal of 493, 818

screws 45

Laminar defect 200

Laminar hooks 775

Laminectomy 332, 382, 493, 499, 638, 746, 848f, 920, 935, 1023, 1087, 1230, 1299f, 1365, 1435, 1545, 1563

bilateral 1398

defect 1302

multilevel 1532

procedures 430

total 748f

unilateral 745, 746

Laminoforaminotomy 467, 1590

endoscopic 1529f

lateral 1523

posterior 463, 1523

Laminoplasty 493

caudal end of 498

double door 1505

minimally invasive 1531

open-door 514, 1505

procedure 495

technique 514

Laminotomy 748, 748f, 1545

ipsilateral 750

modern unilateral 751f

multiple 748

Langdown's case series 1000

Langenbeck hooks 791

modified 791

Langer's lines, 432

Langerhans

cell histiocytosis 1335

giant cells 1418

Large lumbar lordosis 1247f

Larsen's syndromes 231

Laryngeal nerve

injury

recurrent superior 1502

superior 1503

recurrent 140

superior 435, 526, 639

Lasègue's sign 69, 69f

crossed 69

Lasegue's test 1114

Laser denervation 94

Latissimus dorsi 22, 122, 459, 733, 788, 1439

division of 1187

muscle 733

Le Fort osteotomy 552

Leg pain 822f

bilateral 9f, 1222

progressive 1286

Leg raise, straight 68, 1114

Lemniscus, lateral 138

Lenke classification 1175f, 1181

system 1200

Lenke curve 1095, 1280

pattern 1280

Leriche's syndrome 917, 918

Leucocyte cell adhesion molecule, activated 395

Leukopenia 708

Lhermitte's sign 64, 64f, 477, 1388

Lidocaine 89, 115, 188, 719

Ligament

anatomy of 22

intertransverse 24

ossified yellow 1483

structure, posterior 805

Ligamental laxity 1507

Ligamentoplasty 894, 1023

Ligamentous complex

integrity, posterior 963

posterior 651, 960, 970

Ligamentum flavum 24, 87, 358, 472, 493, 503, 508, 513, 562, 611, 749, 818, 915, 920, 924, 950, 1035, 1071, 1313, 1457, 1519, 1529, 1550

ossified 1464

resection of 632

Ligamentum nuchae 611

Light-emitting diodes 1573

Lignocaine 98

Limb

contractures, lower 270

girdle muscular dystrophy 1155

salvage 113

Linea alba 792

Lipid peroxidation 139, 648, 692

Lipid peroxidation inhibiting properties 656

Lipoma 241, 247, 258, 262, 1379

intradural 212, 242

intramedullary 243f

subcutaneous portion of 259

Lipomyelocele 212

Lipomyelomeningocele 201, 212, 240, 241f, 242, 243f, 244, 248, 258, 259, 262

type of 259

Lipomyeloschisis 240, 241

Lipoxygenases 693

Liquefied collagen 526

Liquid gelfoam 503, 539

Liquid polyurethane, prepared 869

Listhesis 963, 1277

Locomotor functions 697

Longissimus 747

thoracis muscles 745

Longitudinal ligament

anterior 433, 554, 818

ossification of

anterior 358

posterior 492, 507, 513, 1071, 1482, 1515, 1524

posterior 480, 510f, 512f, 818, 962, 1090, 1186, 1517f, 1525, 1538

Longus capitis 29

Longus colli 61, 435, 1524

muscle 22, 423f, 468f, 483f, 554, 639, 1061, 1435, 1502, 1524

medial part of 466

Loperoxidase levels 696

Lordosis 638, 641, 886

congenital 215

corrective 46

loss of 185

Lordotic 490, 870

cervical spine 1492

segments 963

Loupe magnification 464

Low back pain 5, 108, 190, 806f, 863, 910, 946, 946f, 1347f

acute 188, 189

axial 86, 882

causes of 331t

chronic 189–191

discogenic 99, 813, 924

etiologies of 1114t

mild 843f

nonspecific 1114

Low grade lumbar degenerative spondylolisthesis

classification systems 931

clinical presentation 931

complications 938

costs 938

etiology 930

operative

approaches 932

indications 932

Low growth hormone levels 710

Low molecular weight heparin 157, 1449

Lowest cord-mediated reflex 960

Lucencies across interbody endplate 1510

Lumbar 25

Lumbar alignment 1244

Lumbar arthroplasty device, unconstrained 1045f

Lumbar burst fractures, lower 971

Lumbar canal stenosis 915

Lumbar curve 31, 1275

idiopathic like 273

progressive 275

secondary 1133f

Lumbar deformity correction places 144

Lumbar degenerative disc disease 886

diagnostic workup 882

nonoperative management 883

surgical management of 882

surgical treatment 884

Lumbar degenerative spondylolisthesis, operative treatment of 930

Lumbar disc

arthroplasty 52

prostheses 1590

disease 111

herniation 72, 452, 829, 830f, 1116, 1230

complications 851

critical evaluation 851

diagnosis of 1116

juvenile 1117

natural history of 829

nonoperative treatment of 829

open operative treatment of 841

postoperative care 851

surgical treatment of 841

replacement 1043

complications 1051

diagnostic evaluation 1046

postoperative care 1052

surgical technique 1048

surgery 1461, 844f

Lumbar discectomy 1010, 1469, 1549

laparoscopic 786

Lumbar dural tear, treatment strategies for 1460

Lumbar fractures, lower 970

Lumbar fusion 105, 412

anteroposterior 787

posterior 896, 935, 1556

surgeries 1588

Lumbar hyperextension 10

Lumbar hyperlordosis 338, 1153

Lumbar hypolordosis 365

Lumbar injuries, lower 970, 972, 975

Lumbar instrumentation procedures, posterior 750

Lumbar interbody

devices 1471

fusion 892

anterior 50, 781, 786, 793–795, 798, 818, 885, 887f, 921, 935, 1007f, 1043, 1054, 1222, 1235, 1280, 1289

axial 752, 1290

lateral 818, 821, 822

posterior 50, 277, 750, 751f, 804, 809f, 810, 813, 888, 935, 1235, 1289, 1441, 1482

technique, lateral 819, 1556

Lumbar internal fixation, technique for posterior 775

Lumbar lordosis 31, 185, 972, 1143, 1241, 1245f, 1249

loss of 1285, 1286

maximum 1249

Lumbar lordotic curvature 1248

Lumbar neurology 68

Lumbar nucleus pulposus replacement 863

Lumbar osteotomy 360, 573

Lumbar pain

chronic 192

subacute 192

Lumbar paraspinal

muscles 1009

musculature 1547

Lumbar pedicle

insertion 777

screw 776

and iliac screw 984

insertion of 777

screw fixation 771

anatomy 771

complications 774

design and biomechanics 772

minimally invasive techniques of 775

surgical technique 773

subtraction osteotomy 360

Lumbar periradicular injection 96

Lumbar plexus 27

injury 822

representation of 735f

Lumbar posterior dynamic stabilization devices 1038

Lumbar preoperative pathology 1006

Lumbar psoas abscesses 1420

Lumbar puncture 697

Lumbar radiculitis 191

symptoms 191

Lumbar radiculopathy 458

Lumbar region 30, 908

Lumbar sacral junction 1249

Lumbar schwannoma 1381

Lumbar scoliosis 1330f

degenerative 739

Lumbar scoliotic stenosis 1260

Lumbar segmental

arteries 404, 1469

vessels, ligation of 1191f

Lumbar spinal

injections 190

pathology, evaluation of 68

stenosis 80, 907, 921, 1475f

clinical presentation 916

complications 922

decompression of 1550

degenerative 1545

imaging 918

indications 919

open operative treatment 915

pathophysiology 915

surgery for 922

treatment of 924

Lumbar spine 21, 38, 42, 188, 190f, 258f, 736f, 788, 831, 917f, 1044, 1048f, 1089, 1588

aging 3

anatomy of 17, 26f

anterior 788, 790, 888

concomitant injuries of 683

cortical screw fixation of 779

disorders 185

differential diagnosis 187

treatment 187

evaluation 66

failure of 38t

flexion 918

fractures 959, 1229

lower 970

fusion 106, 893

posterior 105

injury 675, 1229

levels of 1048f

ligamentous structures of 24f

lower 791, 813

mobile 1417

osteoblastoma of 1333f

surgery 1005

upper 788, 1189

Lumbar spondylolisthesis, operative treatment of 942

Lumbar spondylolysis 1232–1234

prevalence of 1232

Lumbar spondylosis 917

Lumbar stenosis 475, 917t, 918, 920

nonoperative treatment of 907

therapeutic options for 908

Lumbar surgery, minimally invasive 1545

Lumbar sympathectomy 121

Lumbar transfacet screw, ipsilateral 779

Lumbar tuberculosis, type of 1418f

Lumbar vascular complications 1469

Lumbar veins 28

Lumbar vertebra 35, 734, 787

Lumbar vertebral body 358

lower 1154f

Lumbar Z-joint 191

Lumbopelvic reconstruction techniques, multiple 760

Lumboperitoneal shunt 1000

Lumbosacral

angles 1225

deformity 943

fixation, types of 768

fractional curve 1282

fusion 1312

rates 767

junction 1132, 1312

orthotics 1259

plexus 25, 98

injury 820

lies 818

region 253, 259f

screws 1317

segment 1465

spinal lesion 753

Lumbosacral spine 244f, 737, 738f, 741, 744, 753, 1469

musculotendinous anatomy of 744

neuroskeletal anatomy of 745

posterior 747t

surgery

complications of 1464

surgery, IONM during 143

Lumbosacral surgery, minimally invasive 752

Lumbosacral transitional vertebra 1466

Lumbosacral trunk 27, 767

brace 1232

Lunatic fringe 202

Lung

cancer 1360f, 1364

function 1196

injury

acute 1448

transfusion-related acute 155, 1448

parenchyma 1082

ventilation, single 1109, 1535, 1537

Luque improved spinal fixation 766

Luque instrumentation 311, 1177f

Luque rectangle fixed 557

Luque rod instrumentation 1143

Luque system Galveston pelvic fixation 1156

Luque technique 767

Luque wires 1094

Luque-Galveston construct 281

Lymphatic system 734

Lymphocytes 1418

Lymphocytopenia, peripheral 1505

Lymphoma 130, 1339, 1344, 1364

Lysosomal enzyme iduronate-2-sulfatase 345

Lytic 1364

lesion 1364, 1365

tumors 1328

Macrofistulas 1393

Macrophage

autologous 665

transplantation 698

Macrosurgical exposure surgery 752

Magerl transarticular screw, posterior 529

Magerl's classification 951

Magerl's fixation 1507

Magerl's fusion 353

Magerl's screws 47, 1507

Magerl's technique 47

Magnesium 664, 708

Magnetic cortical stimulation 78

Magnetic neck stimulation 78

Magnetic resonance imaging 572, 845, 1115, 1121t, 1266, 1372, 1580

Malalignment, type of 642

Maldevelopment, partial unilateral 214

Malignancy

grade of 1369

hematologic 1339

Malignant tumor, primary 421, 1122, 1336, 1344

Mandibuloglossotomy 424

Mandibulotomy visualizes 423

Mantoux test 1426

Marchetti classification 1212t

Marchetti-Bartolozzi spondylolysis classification 1212

Marie-Strumpell disease 358

Maroteaux-Lamy syndrome 343, 345

Marrow infiltration 331

Mass fixation, lateral 538

Mass fracture, lateral 47, 633

Mass lesions, intracranial 296

Mass screw

fixation, lateral 538

lateral 47

Massage therapy 459

Massive edema 641

Matrix degrading enzymes 817

Matrix metalloproteinases 6

Matrix synthesis, rate of 10

Maxillotomy 423, 553

approach, open-door 552

Mayfield clamps 432

Mayfield skull clamp secures 1386

Mayfield tongs 496, 503, 1501

McCormack developed load 653

McGregor's line 208

Mechanistic classification scheme 628

Medial facetectomy, unilateral 805

Medulla spinalis 25

Membrane lipid peroxidation produces 692

Menigiomas 1382

Meningeal cysts 997

extradural 997

Meningeal diverticula 999

Meningioma 131, 1377, 1388, 1532

Meningitis 1461

Meningocele 212, 219, 239, 240, 254

intrasacral 240

Mental

disorders, statistical manual of 1451

planning 853

Meralgia paraesthetica 1556

Mesenchymal

cells 197, 892

pluripotential stem cells 394

somitocoele 18f

stem cells 394, 412, 893

stromal cells 386

Mesenteric artery

superior 1469

syndrome, superior 360

Mesoblastic cells 220

Mesoderm 240

Mesodermal asymptomatic anomalies, minor 208

Mesodermal defects 297

Mesodermal symptomatic anomalies, minor 208

Metabolic

derangements 647

diseases 337

equivalent task 152

terms of 152

syndrome 103, 105, 722

Metal artifact 1266, 1579

Metal endplates 1052

Metallic spacers 498

Metalloproteinases, tissue inhibitors of 6

Metastasis 1344, 1378

Metastatic cord compression 1361f

Metastatic disease 111, 132, 1089, 1348, 1370t

treatment of 126

Metastatic melanoma 129f

Metastatic neoplasm 1541

Metastatic tumors 130t, 544, 1364, 1535, 1592

of spine 1358

Metatropic dysplasia 342

Metaxalone 188

Methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus 1009, 1151, 1272

Methotrexate 359, 1336, 1379

Methylene blue 1503

Methylprednisolone 88, 663, 694, 695

acetate 88

bolus 695

sodium succinate 654, 655, 663

treatment 695

Meticulous hemostasis 788, 1080, 1525, 1550

Metzenbaum scissors 1187

Miaspas mini ALIF retractor 792

Microarchitecture of bone 1309

Microblade shaving system, flexible 922

Microbone saw 425f

Microcervical curette 1527

Microcysts 1379

Microdiscectomy 176, 1230

Microendoscopic cervical procedures 1523

Microendoscopic decompressive laminotomy 1550

Microendoscopic discectomy 1230, 1546

technique 841

Microendoscopic procedures 1526

Microendoscopic techniques 1524

minimally invasive 1552

Microfractures 331

Micrometastatic deposits, growth of 1358

Micronerve hook 497

Microsomal cytochrome p-450 system 692

Microsurgical discectomy 851, 1230, 1545

Microsurgical techniques 841

consist of 752

Midazolam 160

infusion 160

Midcervical pedicle screws 544

Midface hypoplasia 338

Midjugular veins 433

Midlumbar

curve 1563

spine 1563

Midodrine 722

Mid-thoracic back pain 1090f

Mifamurtide 1336

Migration, implant 1561

Milwaukee brace 172, 318f, 1165, 1165f

Mimic cervical radiculopathy 65

Minerals 389

Minerva casting 674

Minerva jackets 630

Minerva-type orthosis 309, 310

Miniaturized speculum-counter-retractor system 844

Minimally invasive

options, several 1570

spine surgery, evolution of 1546

techniques

goals of 775

posterior 889

Minneapolis 869

Minnesota multiphasic personality inventory, mean 1010

Minocycline 647, 655, 656, 664, 696

Miscarriage 271

Mitochondrial swelling 696

Mitogenic signaling 1334

Mitogens 12

Mitosis 1379

Monitoring corticospinal tract function, technique for 136

Mono radiculopathies, incomplete 978

Monoaxial screw systems 973

Monocyte coincubation 665

Monopolar cautery 789, 1083

Monopolar electrocautery 1579

Monopolar electrocoagulation, use of 797

Monosegmental fusion 946, 947

Monosegmental segmentation defect 1127

Monosialotetrahexosylganglioside 695

Mood 726

Morbid obesity 1060, 1258

Morel-Lavallee syndrome 979

Morphogens, chondrogenic 12

Morquio's mucopolysaccharidosis 216

Morquio's syndrome 232, 343, 344, 915

Morquio-Brailsford syndrome 208

Motion 29

preservation strategies, biomechanics of 1023

sparing technologies 925

Motion-tracking techniques 870

Motor axons 76

Motor column, median 199

Motor conduction time, central 77, 78

Motor deficits 453

distal 819

Motor denervation level 268

Motor evoked potential 945, 1396

Motor function 763, 960, 1541

Motor incomplete 717

Motor nerve emeres 1380

Motor neuron

gene 1154

lower 720

pathology, upper 57, 65

upper 720, 918

Motor testing grading 58t

Motor unit potential 77

Motor vehicle

accidents 678, 970

collision patients 582

crash 612

Motor weakness 454, 518, 1560

Motorcycle accident 617f

Motor-evoked potentials 78, 160, 360, 1483, 1486, 1490, 1487f

Mouth retractor 425f

Movement disorders 476

Mucin 1364

Mucolipidosis 345

Mucopolysaccharides 864, 1119

Mucopolysaccharidosis 343t, 344–346

Multicenter spine fracture 952

Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis 1430

Multifidus 734, 747

lumborum fans 745

Multilevel injuries 1229

Multilevel laminoplasty, minimally invasive 1531

Multilocular cysts 1122

Multinucleated osteoclast-like giant cells 1334

Multiorgan disorder 213

Multiplanar fixation 1281

Multisegmentation defects 1132

Multivitamins 1271

Mupirocin 1272

Muscle 136

anatomy of 22

cells, death of 1155

deep 734

iliacus 375f, 734

iliocostal 788

imbalance 1139

injury 581

iatrogenic 1556

intercostal 1188f

proteins 1155

relaxants 187, 458, 833, 911, 1271

spasm 834

splitting techniques 745

sprain 911

strength, enhancement of 1216

stripping 1532

weakness 191, 351

Muscular avulsions 600

Muscular dystrophy 1152, 1155

congenital 1155

distal 1155

facioscapulohumeral 1155

Muscular fatigue, chronic 444

Muscular instability 744

Muscular pain 444

Muscular testing 58

Musculature development 18

Musculoligamentous element stretching 1507

Musculoskeletal pain, chronic 189

Musculoskeletal system 351

Musculoskeletal Tumor Society 1345

Mycobacterium

bacilli 1418

tuberculosis 1417

Mycosis 1395

Myelin proteins, leakage of 698

Myelin-associated protein 698

Myelocele 212, 240

Myelocystocele 212, 219, 248

terminal 212

Myelodysplasia 295

Myeloma 130, 1365

multiple 1339, 1344

Myelomalacia 1429

Myelomeningocele 17, 200, 212, 239, 240, 247, 254, 255f, 266, 269, 277, 1153

closure of 272

guiding principle of management of 271

incidence of 268

nonsurgical treatment of 266

pathogenesis 266

postnatal management 271

prenatal diagnosis 270

presentation 268

sac 254

spinal deformities 271

management of 272

surgical treatment of 266

treatment protocols of 266

Myelopathic symptoms 63

Myelopathy 447, 495f, 502f, 1064, 1483

grading 351

hand 473

manifestation of 1381

mild 1060

Myeloradiculopathy 472

Myelotomy 1386

Myocardial infarction 352, 1448, 1451

nonfatal 151

Myocardial ischemia, incidence of 1267

Myofascial pain 187

Myogenic motor responses 1487

Myogenic TCE-MEPs, loss of 142

Myotomal distribution 77, 82, 604

Myotomal weakness 1060

Myotomes 18, 197, 474

Myotonic muscular dystrophy 1155

Myxopapillary ependymoma 1344, 1378

N-acetyl-galactosamine-6-sulfate sulfatase 343

Naked facet sign 962f

Naloxone 654

Napoleon hat sign 1214f

Narcotic analgesics 1259

Nasojejunostomy tubes 1152

Nasotracheal intubation, fiberoptic 553

National Acute Spinal Cord Injury Studies 655, 663, 695

National Emergency X-Radiography Utilization Study 627, 649

National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1562

National Health Policies and Screening Programs 271

Navigated pedicle screw fixation, technique of 1580

Neck

disability index 48, 179, 1062

neutral fiberoptic intubation 432

pain 453, 473, 597

axial 444t

reveals pulsatile bleeding 682

soft tissues 1502

Necrotic tissue, Debridement of 1476

Needle

manipulation technique 89

types of 89

Nelaton's soft catheters 422, 425f

Neoadjuvant chemotherapy 1338

consist of 1349

Neoplasm 42

primary 1114

secondary 1114

Neoplastic disorders 1114

Nerve 735

coccygeal 25

compression syndromes 473

conduction

studies 76

velocity 1011

fibers 76

combinations of 1378

distribution of 877

nociceptive 865, 877

iliohypogastric 735

ilioinguinal 735, 1501

injury 191

permanent 797

risk of 805

intercostal 1439

irritation, signs of 1409

median 107f

plexus, hypogastric 1492

proximal auditory 138

pudendal 1317

root 128, 145, 430, 454, 875, 1359, 1464, 1506

block, selective 94, 460, 477

canal stenosis 748

damage, bilateral 805

diverticula 997

entrapment 1461

impairment 60

injection, selective 191, 460, 835f

injuries 140, 539, 879, 1551

irritation 638

lie 1465

selective 477

sleeve dilations 997

sacral 25

sheath tumors 1349, 1387

sinuvertebral 10, 11f, 876, 877

stimulation, median 80

zygomaticotemporal 592

Nervous system 25, 712

Nervus furcalis 27

Neural arches

absence of 18

duplicated 245, 245f

Neural crest 203

cells 197

Neural decompression, indirect 1556, 1563

Neural elements 39, 262, 475, 1493

decompression of 972

Neural foramen 87

encroachment 452

inferior 96

size of 924

Neural foraminal decompression 1496

Neural growth 877

Neural stem 692

Neural tube 203

closure 259

defect 200, 203, 266, 268

embryogenesis of 267

etiology of 267

prevention of 268

repair of 269

types of 266

fusion of 207

Neuralgia

ilioinguinal 1501

intercostal 973, 1083, 1535, 1541

Neuraxial analgesia, use of 159

Neurenteric cyst 212, 219, 240

Neuroaxis, dorsoventral differentiation of 199

Neuroblastoma 1122

Neurocentral synchodrosis 675

Neurodegenerative diseases 136

multiple 656

Neurodegenerative disorders 477

Neuroendocrine tumor 1378

Neurofibroma 131, 1344, 1378, 1532

Neurofibromatosis 208, 1383, 1483

Neuroforamen, posterior aspect of 921

Neuroforaminal compression 916

Neuroforaminal decompression 464

Neuroforaminal stenosis 805, 808, 916

causes of 916

Neurogenic bowel dysfunction 720

Neurogenic claudication 817, 916, 974f, 1254, 1261, 1285, 1306

symptoms of 916

Neurogenic D-wave 136

Neurogenic motor-evoked potential 1488

Neurogenic shock 691

Neurologic complications

incidence of 797

risks of 1482t

Neurologic compromise

absent 1371

present 1370

Neurologic decompression 565

Neurologic deficit 259, 518, 818, 938, 981, 1152, 1257, 1261, 1456

severity of 664

etiology of 638

Neurologic disturbances, majority of 1451

Neurologic dysfunction, mechanism of 1409

Neurologic impairment, severity of 1138

Neurologic injury 160, 605, 1464, 1477, 1492

mechanisms of 1484

secondary 597

Neurologic intraoperative monitoring 1484

Neurologic irritative signs 1222

Neurologic loss, intraoperative 1495fc

Neurologic signs 1046

Neurologic structure, anatomy of 25

Neurological complications 503, 939, 956

Neurological deficit 267, 633, 764, 1388, 1424, 1425, 1440f

progressive 351

Neurological examination 241, 1381

Neurological injury 1152

incomplete 686

risk of 631

Neurological signs 1381

Neurological success 1054

Neurological surgeons guidelines, congress of 650

Neurological symptoms 480, 1359

Neurolysis 850

Neuromonitoring

intraoperative 135, 575, 1177, 1494

modalities 139

techniques 135, 1465

Neuromuscular blockade 160, 1489

degree of 139

Neuromuscular disease 1138, 1140, 1141

consideration 1152

Neuromuscular disorder, prevalent 1152

Neuromuscular junction 59, 160

blockade 1489

Neuromuscular paralysis 709

Neuromuscular region 72

Neuromuscular scoliosis 172, 273, 1138, 1142, 1143, 1151, 1157

instrumentation 1143f

treatment of 1143

Neuronal apoptosis 698

inhibitory gene 1154

Neuronal cell 695

membranes 695

Neuronal necrosis 139

Neuronal plasticity 695, 697

Neuronal regeneration 698

Neurons synapse 121

Neuronspecific enolase 1379

Neurophysiologic monitoring, routine intraoperative 774

Neurophysiological monitoring 1386, 1500

intraoperative 135, 141

Neuropraxia 606, 827

injury 1507

stretch-induced 1502

Neuroprotection 657

agents 647, 656, 664, 694

Neuroprotective agents, numerous 654

Neuroprotective pharmacologic therapy 657

Neuroradiologists, armamentarium of 1396

Neuroskeletal anatomy 746

Neurotrophins 877

Neurovascular structures, adjacent 1465

Neurulation

primary 240, 266, 267

secondary 240, 259, 266

Neutral vertebra 1280

Neutropenia 708

Neutrophils 693

immature 708

Newton's first law 36

Newton's second law 36

Newton's third law 36

NEXUS clinical criteria 445t

NEXUS low-risk criteria 627t

Nicotine 1258

Nidus, angioarchitecture of 1399

Nifedipine 722

Night-time bracing 1166

Nimodipine 654, 695, 1403

treatment 696

Nitrous oxide 160

N-methyl D-aspartate 692

receptor antagonist 664

Noncardiac surgery 151

Noncardiogenic pulmonary edema 1448

Noncellular components 693

Nonclosure theory 267

Noncollagenous protein 863

carriers 412

Nondermatomal pain 253

Nonforaminotomy group 504

Nonfusion strategies 937

Nonfusion technique 1127, 1290

Non-Hodgkin lymphoma 1339

Nonincapacitating systemic disease, severe 114

Noninstrumented fusion 1221, 1235

Noninvasive orthoses 590

Nonkyphotic upper thoracic spine 517

Nonlethal congenital anomaly 271

Nonmicrosurgical techniques 841

Nonmissile mechanisms 681

Nonmissile penetrating injuries 687

Nonmissile penetrating spinal injuries, surgical treatment of 687

Non-narcotic analgesics 477

Nonopioid analgesics 158, 910

Nonpainful stimuli 157

Nonselective N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist 158

Nonsmall cell lung 130

carcinoma 128

Nonspinal pathology

treatment of 178

utility scores for 180

Nonsyndromic vertebral malformations 202

Nontraumatic origin 85

Nonvertebroplasty specimens 1271

Norepinephrine reuptake 1259

inhibitor, selective 187

Normal intervertebral disc, anatomy of 863

Normovolemic hemodilution, acute 156

North American Clinical Trials Network 655

North American Spine Society 190, 1062

Nortriptyline 911

Nosocomial pneumonia 1447, 1448

Notochord 17, 203

Notochordal cells proliferate 4

Notochordal induction 266

N-telopeptide 713

N-terminal propeptide 332

Nuchal lines, superior and inferior 559

Nuclear medicine studies 1474

Nucleoannular junction 99

Nucleoplasty 99

Nucleotide polymorphism, single 508

Nucleotide pyrophosphatase 508

Nucleus implant

concepts 1029f

extrusion 1030f

Nucleus pulposus 3, 21, 188, 197, 198, 836, 863, 876

extracellular matrix component of 5f

Nucleus replacement 872, 898, 1031

implant 1028, 1030f

Nucleus, removal of 872

Numeric pain score 1568

Numeric rating score 1261

Nurick's scale 496

Nursing care, postoperative 117

Nutrition 710, 1269

O-arm navigation system 1576, 1577f

Ober's test 1114

Obesity 103–105, 187, 1258, 1551

prevalence of 103

related cancers 1258

Obstipation 1338

Obstructive pulmonary disease, chronic 154, 1267

Obstructive sleep apnea 154

development of 723

Occipital cervical

complex 669

instability 300

junction 610

Occipital condyle

embryology of 221

fractures 594, 613

malformations of 222

Occipital fixation points 534

Occipital headaches, posterior 454

Occipital plate 52

Occipital screw placement 42

Occipital vein 29

Occipital vertebrae 208

Occipitoaxial angle 534

Occipitocervical

alar ligaments 580

dislocation 592, 594, 613, 621f, 1507

Harborview classification of 614

fixation 42, 533, 555

fusion 309, 525, 672f

instability stems 42

instrumentation 1509

joint 532f

junction 614f

spine 206, 525

synostosis 208

Occlusal disharmony 427

Occult spinal dysraphism 258, 263

Oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy 1155

Odontoid

agenesis 208

congenital anomalies of 210

dysplasia, congenital 528

fracture 44f, 595, 595f, 618, 619, 1507

nondisplaced type 2 fractures 595

old 528

pediatric 674

range 1510

hypoplasia 208, 345

process 19

fractures 674

screw fixation, anterior 43

Odontoideum 210

Olfactory ensheathing cells 657, 697

Olfactory system, glial cells of 697

Oligodendrocyte 698, 1379

progenitor cells 697

development of 199

Oliogendrogliomas 1379

Olisthesis 915

Olisthetic segment 1225

Olivary complex, superior 138

Omega-3 fatty acids 1271

Omni retractor system 788

Omphalocele 248

Ondra's technique 1247

Onlay local autologous bone 557

Opioid 113, 118, 160, 187, 446, 458, 911, 1259

analgesics 112, 113, 187, 833

antagonists 695

endogenous 190

medications 159

Oppenheim's sign 65

Optic nerve gliomas 1382

Optic neuropathy, anterior ischemic 160

Optimal annulus function in vivo 866

Optimize neuromonitoring 1493

Oral mucosa 424

Organ failure 415

Organic acid 696

Original surgical technique 804

Orthobiologics 863

Orthopedic

abnormalities 260

deformities 254, 259

deterioration 263

manifestations 323

procedures 119

surgery, computer-assisted 1572

Orthosis, lumbosacral 953f

Orthostatic hypotension 722

Os odontoideum 208, 210, 228, 674

Osmotics 189

Osseocartilaginous 245

Osseoligamentous injuries 676

Osseous

pathology 187

structures, posterior 528

tumors 186

union 863

Ossification

development, adjacent level 639

dural 511, 1519

stage 198

Ossified posterior longitudinal ligament, surgery for 1505

Osteoarthritis 114, 448f

Osteoarthrosis 1006

Osteobiologics 886, 892, 1570

Osteoblast 412

dysfunction 1307

Osteoblastoma 1120, 1121, 1329, 1331, 1344, 1364, 1573

Osteocalcin 509, 713

Osteocel plus 893

Osteochondrodysplasias 309, 310

Osteochondroma 1122, 1329, 1333

Osteochondrosis, juvenile 316

Osteoclast 412

activation of 1359

giant cells 1334

uncontrolled production of 1334

Osteoconduction 382, 383

Osteocutaneous flap 402

monitoring of 405

Osteodural craniocervical decompression, posterior 552

Osteogenesis 382

imperfecta 208, 302, 306f

spinal manifestations of 303f, 313

Osteogenic growth factors 395

Osteogenic protein-1 12

Osteogenic sarcoma 1122

exception of 1329

Osteogenin 411

Osteoid mineralization 302

Osteoid osteoma 1120, 1121, 1329, 1330, 1332f, 1344, 1573, 1593f

Osteoid tissue 1334

Osteoinduction 382, 383, 415

Osteoligamentous injury 584

Osteolysis 641

Osteolytic lesion, expansile 1334

Osteomalacia 1148, 1306

Osteomyelitis 1060, 1344, 1503, 1535

granulomatous vertebral 111

Osteopathic manipulation 1171

Osteopenia 8, 48, 351

Osteopenic bone 577

Osteopetrosis 208

Osteophyte 186, 472, 638, 817, 1059

compressive 1464

formation 3, 37, 882

upper vertebrae 484f

Osteopontin 509

Osteoporosis 114, 351, 468, 725, 898, 972, 1258, 1318

diagnosis of 1307

epidemiology of 1306

idiopathic juvenile 303

long-term complications 725

medical treatment of 1308

pathophysiological mechanism of 1307

pathophysiology of 1307

preoperative treatment of 1271

severe 805

Osteoporotic bone 1148

Osteoporotic spine 51

Osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures 959

Osteoprogenitor cells 637, 893

Osteopromotion 382, 383

Osteopromotive agents 383, 392

Osteopromotive growth factors 392

Osteoprotegerin levels 714

Osteosarcoma 1336, 1344, 1517

Osteotomes 1107

Osteotomized gap 1298

Osteotomy 360, 570

closure 576

correct level of 576

intravertebral wedge 1303f

involuntary 498f

levels of 577f

location of 1248

options 573

posterior 1149

procedures, applications of 1302

technique 363, 1295

types of 575, 1295

Oswestry disability 953

index 104, 178, 388, 815, 860, 887, 925, 934, 1009, 1041, 1044, 1054, 1255, 1286, 1311, 1541, 1568

scores 1280

questionnaire scores 447, 1041

Oswestry score 898

Otorhinolaryngologists 422

Ovarian carcinoma 1364

Overt fractures 331

Oxidative stress 664, 692

Oxygen

carrying capacity 663

concentrations 112

deficit 692

saturation 789

Oxygenated hemoglobin plus deoxygenated hemoglobin 1483

Pacemakers 1266

Paget's disease 329, 333f, 334f, 915

Pain 1380, 1388

arthrogenic 98

chronic 876

claudication type 1545

discogenic 10, 185, 873

disorders, management of 88

dysesthetic 251

exacerbation 459

facetogenic 992, 1038

generator 10, 87f

inflammatory type of 1114

management 157, 350, 1271

provocation 1011

signs of 57

syndrome, chronic 883, 1009

Painless neck range of motion 606

Pain-related peptides, synthesis of 877

Palatotomy 423

Palliative procedures 1372

Palm beach gardens 1525

Pamidronate 1142, 1148

Pancreatitis 708, 721, 1420

Panhypopituitarism 1141

Panvertebral disease 1433

Paracervical muscle tenderness 60

Paracetamol, use of 350

Paracoxib 158

Paracrine stimuli 395

Paradiscal rami 87

Paradoxical motion 592

Paraganglioma 1378

Paralumbar muscle spasm 1046

Paralympic sports 279

Paralytic agents 1489

Paralytic kyphotic deformities 275

Paramedial incisions 280

Paramedian muscle-splitting approach 853

Paraparesis 576

Paraplegia 34, 691, 712

incomplete 1064

Paraspinal mass 1011

Paraspinal muscle 841, 842

attachments, stripping of 1545

fibers 1548, 1548f

function 1552

groups 775

posterior 580

spasm 458

splitting 841

Paraspinal musculature 786, 1436

Paraspinal tissue damage 752

Paraspinal veins 28

Paraspinous muscle atrophy 1524f

Parasurgical techniques 1359

Parathyroid hormone 395, 1308

Paravertebral ganglia 121

Paravertebral muscles 836

paramedian retraction of 844

Paravertebral psoas abscesses 1423f

Paraxial presomitic mesoderm 197

division of 198f

Paraxis deficient embryos 18

Parenteral nutrition 710

total 1518

Paresthesias 1121

Parietal pleura 1438

closure of 1195f

Parkinson disease 476

Pars defect 1235

Pars interarticularis 1233

defects 843

Pars lateralis 1313

Parsonage-Turner syndrome 456

Patellar height 185

Pathologic disc 885

Patrick test 71

Pectoralis stretching 324

Pedestrian accident 615f

Pediatric

and adolescent athletes 1229

cervical spine, hyperflexion of 673f

disc herniation, incidence of 1116

Orthopaedic Society of North America 1163

spine, disc of 670

Pedicle 3

based dynamic stabilization

of lumbar spine, posterior 1034

systems 894, 1035

breach, medial 1494

extension 1370

fractures 1318

instrumentation 897

unilateral 890

medial breach of 138

medial wall of 1464

morphology, abnormal 1464

screw 105, 771, 1024

based dynamic stabilization devices, posterior 1034

fixation 48, 538, 779, 784, 795, 821, 1302

instrumentation 813, 939, 1177f, 1586

malplacement 809

placement 1178f, 1592

rod systems 884

safe placement of 543

use, complications of 1519

subtraction osteotomy 567f, 573, 1247, 1249, 1298f, 1300f, 1442, 1568

extended 1299f

mini-open 1568, 1570

surgical technique of 361

types of 1297

use of 573

Pediculectomies 1301

Pediculofacetectomy 1087

Pelvic

alignment 1250, 1251

arches, bilateral 978

clamps 979

coronal malalignment 1251

curve 31

deformity 1242

fixation 281, 1154, 1282, 1312

biomechanics of 1313

types of 283f

fracture 987f

open book 979

growth-sparing fixation 286

incidence 31, 762, 1241, 1249

junction, lumbosacral 1314f

obliquity 282, 284, 1242, 1249, 1251

correct 1143

parameters 31, 288

retroversion 1247

ring 980

fracture, right anterior 985f

injury, treatment of unstable 982

stabilization of 978

tilt 31, 1222, 1241, 1242f

Pelvis 280, 734, 1143

ganglia 121

Penfield dissector 820, 1202, 1203

Penfield retractor 531

Penrose drains 638

Peptic ulcers 721

Percutaneous

ablations 1353

biopsy 1011

discectomies 1546

endoscopic discectomy 1117, 1230, 1231f

fixation 1359

interbody fixation 1592

intralesional injection 1329

lumbar pedicle 776f

pedicle screws 810f

polymethyl-metacrylate 973

sacroplasty 1348

screws 1566

stabilization 973

techniques 468, 777, 1340

therapy 1329

vertebroplasty 1329

Perianal numbness 1347f

Periapical multiple Chevron-shaped osteotomies 1301

Periconceptional supplementation 268

Peridural fibrosis 1010

Perimedullary arteries network 1392

Perimedullary veins 1393

Perineurial cerebrospinal fluid cyst 997

Perineurial cysts 999

Periodic neurologic evaluation 338

Periosteal stretching 331

Peripheral entrapment syndromes 476

Peripheral limb, compression of 1485

Peripheral nerve 59, 1486

blocks 112

distribution 473

functions 139

injury 143, 145, 1464

lesions 187

sheath tumors 1378, 1382, 1532

stimulation 80, 137

Peripheral nervous system 25, 197

tissue 665

Peripheral neural compromise, risk of 143

Peripheral neuropathy

idiopathic 918

treatment for 98

Peripheral nociceptors, activation of 157

Peripheral tear 876

Peripheral vascular disease 1006

Periradicular space 98

Periradicular spinal injections 95

Periscapular region 491

Peritoneal dialysis 180

Peritoneal sac 789

Perivertebral abscess formation 1428f

Peroneal nerve 107f

Peroneal veins 404f

Peroxidation inhibitor 695

Persistent terminal ventricle 212

Petechial hemorrhages 648

Petit's triangle 1421

Pfannenstiel incision 789

Phalen's maneuver 65

Pharmacologic neuroprotective therapies 662

Pharyngeal muscles 554

Pharyngocutaneous fistula 1505

Phenol 189, 723

Pheochromocytoma 122

Philadelphia collar 169f

Phosphate mixture 88

Phospholipases 693

Photometric image registration 1573

Photon emission computed tomography, single 1010, 1115, 1215, 1312

Physaliferous cells 1338

Physician's thumb 63f

Pilocytic astrocytomas 1379

Pilonidal sinus 240

Piriformis muscle 1317

Piriformis syndrome 1006

diagnostic of 1007

Placebo 159

Plane deformity, severe sagittal 825

Plantar hyperhidrosis 121

Plasma alkaline phosphatase 329

Plasma cell tumors 1339

Plasmacytoma 1325, 1339

Plasmin 156

Plasminogen, activation of 156

Platelet

concentrate, autologous 393

derived growth factor 382

rich plasma 382, 393, 880

Pleural cavity infection 1518

Pleural effusion 973, 1196, 1541

Plexiform neurofibromas 1382

Plexus of Batson 1089

Plumbline 642

Pluripotent mesenchymal cells 381

Pluripotent stem cells 657

Pneumatic compression

devices 979

intermittent 1449

Pneumonia 648, 1447, 1448

ventilator-associated 155

Pneumothorax 1152

iatrogenic 1541

Poikilothermia develops, partial 650

Poisson's ratio 866

Polyacrylamide core 870

Polyacrylonitrile, composed of 870

Polyaxial reduction screws 1146

Polyaxial screw, closed 1144

Polycarbonate urethane 869

spacers 1024

Polyetheretherketone 44, 485, 498, 641, 809, 870, 871, 924, 946

cages 47, 807f

spacer 641

Polyethylene terephthalate 866

cords 1024, 1026f

Polylactic acid polymer 412

Polymerase chain reaction 1427

Polymethylmethacrylate 485, 1028, 1090, 1100, 1310, 1334, 1348, 1366, 1411

augmentation 1310

bone cement 312

use of 465

Polymorphonuclear

cells 1417

leukocyte lysosomal enzyme release 89

Polysynaptic response 139

Polytrauma 591, 706, 951, 972

victims of 673

Polyurethane sleeves 1035

Ponte and Smith-Peterson osteotomies 1015

Ponte osteotomy 319f, 1296, 1296f, 1301

Pontomedullary junction 338

Popliteal fossae 1489

Positron emission tomography 1364

Postanesthesia care unit 117

Poster brace 170, 170f

Posterior cervical spine surgery, IONM during 141

Posterior lumbosacral spine surgery, IONM during 144

Posterior thoracic spine surgery, IONM during 142

Postganglionic axon lesions 82

Postganglionic neurons 121

Postinfectious deformity 570

Postlaminectomy kyphosis 494, 563, 568, 1510, 1510f

ankylosed 566

complications of 1500

hallmarks of 564

mild 565f

setting of 566

treatment of 495, 568

Postlumbar puncture syndrome, lower risk of 909

Postmenopausal osteoporosis 981

Postpartial discectomy 865

Postpyloric feeding tubes 155

Post-thoracotomy pain syndrome 1086, 1535

Post-tubercular kyphosis, correct severe 1442

Potassium 708

Pott's disease 430

Pott's spine 1419f

Prazosin 722

Prealbumin 711, 1269

Prebent rods 534

Precontoured rods 43

Predominant vertebral body destruction 1418

Pregabalin 158, 458, 1260

Preperitoneal fat 1187

Prerenal azotemia 324

Pressure

controlled manometric discography 91

hydrocephalus, normal 1381

intradiscal 7, 100, 1059

ulcers 724

long-term complications 724

Pretracheal fascia 433, 1434

Prevertebral

abscess 1438

cervical fascia overlying 482

fascia 1435

soft tissue 1427

Proatlantal sclerotome 221

Prodisc device 1045

Prodisc implant 1043

Progenitor cell 692, 697

Progressive action short brace 174

Proinflammatory cytokines 836, 877

levels of 836

Proinflammatory mediators, levels of 1257

Prolotherapy 189

Promote platelet aggregation 694

Prophylactic ceftriaxone 553

Propionibacterium 1502

acnes 10, 1411, 1473

Propofol 113, 160

Prostaglandin 693, 694

synthesis, inhibition of 187

Prostate

cancer 1330, 1359

carcinoma 1360f

Prosthetic disc

intervertebral 871

nucleus 870, 870f, 898

Prosthetic replacement 1038

Prosthetic titanium rib, vertical expandable 343f

Protein 508, 711

concomitant leakage of 876

enteral 709

intracellular 415

metabolism 708

Proteoglycans 4, 6, 344, 817, 864, 875, 876

attract 6

complex made of 875

content 6

hydrophilic 864

synthesis 12

Proteosome inhibitor bortezomib 1339

Proteus 1151, 1476

Prothrombin mutations 1449

Provocative cervical discography, technique of 91

Provocative lumbar discography, technique of 90

Provocative thoracic discography, technique of 91

Proximal junctional kyphosis 1095, 1258

Proximal tumors, eccentric 1348

Pseudarthrosis 365, 639, 766, 769, 795, 938, 1010, 1157, 1196, 1291, 1306, 1309, 1312, 1471

causes of 1309

development of 1008

high prevalence of 943

incidence of 576, 1510

posterior 819

postoperative 1310

surgical treatment of 365

Pseudoachondroplasia 337, 341, 346

Pseudoarthrosis 145, 325, 539, 886, 1005, 1010, 1015, 1266, 1570

rate of 46

Pseudoclaudication 908

Pseudogout granulation mass 1524

Pseudomeningocele 253f, 1005, 1009, 1506

formation of 1461, 1494

late 1458f

prevent formation of 1459

Pseudomonas 1502, 1503

aeruginosa 1151, 1473

Pseudospondylolisthesis 930

Pseudotumor 421, 422, 428

Psoas 787

abscess 1420, 1422f

bilateral 1421f

major 29

muscle 734, 734f, 735, 745f, 788, 818, 820, 821, 1189, 1280, 1556

Psychiatric disease 1269

Psychological testing, preoperative 1005

Psychosomatic pain 1123

Pubis 733, 978

Pudendal plexuses 25

Pudendal vessels, internal 1317

Pulley system 593

Pulmonary complications

majority of 1447

postoperative 154

Pulmonary disease 1267, 1448

Pulmonary dysfunction 647, 1160

Pulmonary edema 112

Pulmonary function test 1267

preoperative 1200

Pulmonary hypertension 154

Pure facet dislocation 593

Pyknotic nuclei of notochordal cells 4f

Pyogenic disc infection 1408, 1409

Pyogenic discitis pathogenesis 1408

Pyogenic spondylitis 421, 428, 1419

Pyogenic verterbral osteomyelitis 111

Pyrazinamide 1430

Pyrolytic carbon coat 871f

Quadraplegia 691

Quadratus lumborum 25, 29, 734, 787, 788, 1189

Quadriceps weakness 819, 891

Quadriparesis 576, 605, 1425

Quadriplegia 92, 153

Quadriplegic cerebral palsy 1140f

Quality adjusted life year 938

Quality-associated life year 180

Rabbit intervertebral disc 4f

Rades classification 1368

Radial tears 876f

Radiation 1582

exposure 544, 1583

reduced 1577

induced meningiomas 1377

therapy 136, 1329

tolerance of normal tissues 126

Radical anterior excision 1432

Radicular artery, dural branch of 1394

Radicular injury 1502

Radicular pain 65, 96, 186, 808, 829, 1015, 1086, 1306, 1420

component of 472

severe 832

Radiculopathic pain, acute episode of 458

Radiculopathy 186, 187, 576, 637, 838, 1254, 1285

clinical symptoms of 1064

pathogenesis of 443

severe 1257

symptoms, severe 1261

unilateral 503

Radiobiology 126

Radiofrequency 1366

ablation 99, 191, 994, 1329, 1349, 1359

denervation techniques 192

neurotomy 585

Radionucleotide scan 1266

Radionuclide

bone scanning 1115

myocardial perfusion 152

scan images, functional 1115

Radioresistant tumors 128

Radiosensitive 130

structures 128

tumors 128

Radiotherapy

conventional 125

role of 125

types of 125t

Raloxifene 1308

Range of motion 29, 37, 496, 782, 795, 1040, 1055, 1220

Rapid cooling therapy, acute 655

Reactive airway disease 1140

Reamer-irrigator-aspirator system 372

Recess stenosis, lateral 817, 916

Rectus abdominis 29, 189, 733, 888, 1187

muscle 733, 787, 789

Rectus capitis 61

Rectus muscle denervation, risk of 789

Rectus sheath 792

Recurrent disc

herniation 737, 819, 848, 1014f

surgery 852f

Recurrent hypoglossal nerve injuries 1502

Recurrent laryngeal nerve 433, 485

injuries 1502

Recurrent lumbar disc herniation 813, 924

Red blood cell, intraoperative 156

Reed-Sternberg cells 1339

Reference system 1577

Reflex

arcs 77

deficits 453

disorders 454t

ileus 721

triceps 61

Regain lumbar implant 871f

Regional nervous sensory 58f

Regional spinal

disease 352

segments 1251

Remifentanil 160

infusion 161

Remyelination 697

Renal artery, segmental 404

Renal cell carcinoma 128, 1348

Renal defects 201

Renal diseases 1420

Renal dysplasias 213

Renal failure 719

aminoglycoside-induced 1259

Renal function

declines 114

impaired 1307

Renal insufficiency 152

Renal tubular acidosis 1307

Renal vein, segmental 404

Reoxygenation injury 203

Reproductive function 726

Rescue 1403

Resection technique 1386

Residual cosmetic deformity 943

Respiratory distress

syndrome, acute 1448

treatment of 657

Respiratory system 154

Restore trunk balance 1143, 1146

Restrictive lung disease, preoperative 1152

Restrictive pulmonary disease 1174

Resuscitation, cardiopulmonary 626

Retinal artery occlusion, central 160

Retractors 842

Retrograde ejaculation 789, 885

Retroperitoneal approach

anterior 742

anterolateral 787, 872

endoscopic 790

laparoscopic 790

mini-open 791

Retroperitoneal

space 737, 787, 820

structures 736

technique 737

veins 404

Retroperitoneum 888

Retropharyngeal

abscess 1420, 1422

hematoma 637, 1062

mucosa 423, 423f

space 436, 638

surgical field 422

tissue edema 485

wall 422, 424, 423f, 428

Retropleural approach 1106

lateral 1542t

Retropleural discectomy, lateral 1541

Retropulsed bony canal fragments 607

Rett syndrome 1156, 1157

Revision surgery 1505, 1552

Rhabdomyolysis 725

Rheumatoid

arthritis 111, 349, 421, 528, 856, 1473

spondylitis 358

Rhinolalia and nasal regurgitation 556

Rhizomelic limb shortening 338

Rhombencephalic anomalies 295

Rhomboids 459

Rhythmic oscillation 64

Rib 27

autograft 372

fractures 1086

graft 401

vascularized 401

head

complex 1098

excision of 1202f

removal 1107

interspaces 788

Rib-to-pelvis fixation, bilateral 288

Rifampicin 1430, 1431

Righting reflex 1140, 1145

Rigid pediatric cervical collar 671

Rigid scoliosis, severe 1301f

Rigid skeletal deformity 1562

Rigid spinal deformities, severe 285

Rigo Chêneau style brace 1166, 1166f, 1167

Riluzole 647, 655, 656, 664, 696

Rim of ilium 736

Ring apophysis 818, 823, 1228

Risser jacket 1164

Risser sign 1162f, 1169

Robust fixation, biomechanically 1313

Rodded connector, fixed lateral 1145

Roland Morris disability questionnaire scores 955, 956

Roof plate 203

Rosenthal fibers 1379

Rostral axis 18

Rostral vertebrae 1527

Rotator cuff tear 456

Rotatory atlantoaxial subluxation 618

Rotatory listhesis 1276, 1286

Roux-en-Y gastric bypass, laparoscopic 108

Rudimentary spinous process 1313

Rule of Spence 594

Ruptured tension band 950f

Sacral agenesis 248

Sacral alar

iliac 1312, 1313, 1315, 1317

fixation 1314f

screws 1312, 1314f, 1315, 1317, 1318

stress fractures 1352

Sacral aneurysmal bone cyst 1344, 1350f

Sacral anomaly, congenital 943

Sacral artery

lateral 28

median 28

Sacral chordoma 1347f

Sacral cornua 1313

Sacral crest

intermediate 1313

median 1313

Sacral cysts 240

Sacral foramina, posterior 1313

Sacral fractures 985

anatomy 978

assessment of 979

classification 980

Denis classification system of 980

epidemiology 978

nonoperative treatment 982

optimal management of 978

radiographical evaluation 980

surgical treatment for 978, 982

Sacral insufficiency fractures 981

Sacral metastases 1348

Sacral myelomeningocele, closure of 274f

Sacral neoplasm, primary 1344

Sacral osteoid osteoma, excision of 1593f

Sacral regions 25, 1229

benign tumor 757

malignant tumors 757

Sacral resection 764, 1345

bilateral 763

classification of 758

Sacral root 763

resection, unilateral 763

Sacral slope 31, 1222, 1241, 1242f

Sacral tumors 758, 1343, 1346, 1353

anatomy of 1343

benign 1350

clinical presentation 1343

complications 1352

diagnosis

biopsy 1344

imaging 1344

differential diagnosis of 1344t

epidemiology 1343

management of 757

primary 757, 1325, 1343, 1344

reconstruction techniques 1351

resection 763

techniques 1351

staging 1345

surgical planning 1345

treatment 1346

Sacral vertebral bodies 767

Sacrectomies, low 763

Sacrococcygeal area 1338

Sacroiliac 1006

dysfunction 70f

joint 86, 87, 98, 187, 190, 192f, 358, 990, 1344, 1346

anatomy 990

arthrodesis 994

biomechanics 991

block 98

diagnostic techniques 992

dysfunction 187, 990, 991, 994

imaging 992

injections 98, 192, 1260

nonoperative management 993

operative management 994

pain 192

physical examination 992

ligaments, posterior 978

pain 71f

screw 985

Sacroiliitis 358, 993

Sacropelvic

deformity 1242

dysmorphism 306

fixation 282, 769, 1309

morphology 1241

osteotomies, accurate 1351

Sacroplasty 982

Sacrospinalis muscle splitting

method 745

technique 749

Sacrovertebral

angle 31

articulation 31

Sacrum 21, 725, 733, 1282

anatomy 758

center of 1244

reconstruction of 757, 759, 760

rostral part of 981

surgical approach 758

tumor of 757, 1343

Salvage 156, 1403

techniques 1310

Sarcoma 132, 331

Scalp

hemorrhage 594

trauma 600

Scapular pain 453

Scapulohumeral reflex 475

Scar formation 691, 1505

Scar tissue 1552

epidural 852f

formation 879

Scarce bile ducts 202

Scheuermann's disease 316, 316f, 317f, 319fc, 1086, 1296

clinical aspects 316

etiology of 1119

imaging 317

treatment of 318, 319

Scheuermann's kyphosis 172, 1095, 1118, 1119, 1483

Schisis 1116

Schober's test 71

Schroth method 1169

Schroth program 1170

Schroth-based therapy 1169

Schwann cells 657, 697, 1378

Schwannoma 131, 1344, 1378, 1387, 1532

Sciatic nerve 1006, 1317

injury 192

Sciatic notch 185

Sclerosis, X-ray reveals 1431

Sclerotic metastasis 1360f

Sclerotic reactive bone formation 1360

Sclerotomal cells 18, 18f

migration of 18

Sclerotomal proliferation 197

Sclerotome 18, 197, 203, 207, 220

Scoliosis 202, 251, 252, 323, 337, 340, 678, 793, 872, 1120, 1151, 1169, 1276, 1483, 1588f

congenital 172, 202, 214, 1120, 1126, 1131f, 1483

correction 49, 1249

curve pattern 1153

deformity 338

degenerative 111, 819, 822, 823, 1291

forms of 172

idiopathic 202, 203, 1120, 1138, 1151

juvenile idiopathic 1482

natural history of 252, 1138

Orthopaedic and Rehabilitation Treatment, Society on 1164

pediatric 1157

prevalence of 1152

progression of 253

research society 1100, 1163, 1221, 1255, 1411, 1572

segment fusion for 1205t

specific exercises 1169

surgery 1187, 1482

Scoliotic deformity, progressive 284

Scoring system 1367

Scottish Dog's collar sign 1233f

Screw

avulsion 539

breakage 771

fixation 1026f, 1507

insertion technique 783

loosening 539

Scrotal compression 722

Sebaceous glands 247

Sebum, secretes 247

Sedative-hypnotics 113

Segmental deformity, treatment of 794

Segmentation

defect 214

failure of 201, 202, 214

Seizure disorders 1141

Seldinger technique, modified 1403

Self-illuminating retractors 736

Semen retrieval methods 726

Semicircular incision 792, 844

Semiconstrained plates, dynamic 485

Semiconstrained prostheses 47, 1028

Semicrystalline polymer 871

Seminoma 130

Semirigid system 884

Semisegmented hemilamina 214

Semispinalis cervicis 530

Sensory

axons 25

deficits 253, 453, 1060, 1451

evoked potential 945, 1485

examination of cervical spine 60

function, levels of 268

loss 251, 454

nerve action potentials 76

pathways, monitoring 1489

Sepsis 710

Septicemia 648

Serological tests 1426

Seroma formation 1501

Serotonergic systems 911

Serotonin reuptake inhibitor, selective 187

Serratus dorsalis caudalis muscle 733

Serum C-reactive protein 1114

Sevoflurane 160

Sexual dysfunction, history of 254

Sexually transmitted infections 722

Sharpy's fibers 436

Sheufler's series 1541

Shock 708

hemorrhagic 708

hypovolemic 1470f

Shockwave 688

lithotripsy 722

Short segment fusion, anterior 1201t

Shoulder clavicular complex 1109

Side-bending test 1140f

Sigmoid mesentary 791

Sigmoidoscopy 892

Signet ring cells 1338

Silicate-substituted calcium phosphates 384, 390

Simultaneous biplane fluoroscopic control 1403

Single endplate, fractures of 952f

Single layer

sign 511

tissue flap 554

SINS classification 1368t

Sioutos classification 1368

Skeletal dysplasia 337, 1483

spinal manifestations of 338

Skeletal hyperostosis, diffuse idiopathic 962

Skeletal immaturity 1160

Skeletal maturity 1138, 1275

Skeletal muscles 1486

Skeletal stabilization, satisfactory 987

Skeletal traction 592

Skeletogenesis, process of 380

Skin

appendages 247, 259, 263

flushing 191

hypopigmentation 191

incision, longitudinal 433f

lesions 1121

tags 57

Skip corpectomy 513

technique 516

Slipped capital femoral epiphysis 103

Smith-Petersen osteotomy 744, 1296, 1296f, 1301f

multiple 276

reverse 1299

surgical technique of 360

Smith-Robinson approach 433f, 574

Snaking phenomenon 598

Sodium channel

blocker 696

excessive activation of 696

Sodium morrhuate 189

Soft braces 1167

Soft collar 168f

Soft palate, retraction of 554f

Soft tissue

approach 844, 845, 848

dissection 557, 779

extraosseous 1345

injuries of cervical spine, management of 579

structure 724

tumors 1378

Solitary metastases 1362f

Somatic cells 18

Somatic mesoderm 19

Somatosensory-evoked potentials 136, 160, 360, 482, 544, 575, 966, 1181, 1351, 1483, 1485, 1486, 1493

cortical 1490

Somatotopy 1380

Somites 201, 203

formation of 1126

Somitocoele 18

Sonntag techniques 525

Spasm 188

Spastic diplegic cerebral palsy 1138

Spasticity 723, 724

Spatial information, accurate translation of 1577

Spear Tackler's spine 605

Spectacular success 1431

Spetzler's classification 1393, 1400

Sphenoid dysplasia 1382

Sphincter function 763

Spina bifida 200, 210, 214, 243f, 843

closed form of 239

history of 253

occulta 200, 239

Spinal accessory nerve 142

Spinal adhesiolysis 1012

Spinal alignment 1248

Spinal anatomy 34, 35

abnormal 1562

Spinal anesthesia 118

Spinal aneurysms 1393, 1395, 1400

Spinal ankylosis 358

Spinal arteriovenous malformations, classification of 1393

Spinal artery

anterior 81, 1392

posterior 1398

Spinal arthrodesis 385, 1015

Spinal balance 31, 1225

abnormal 1295

Spinal bifida cystica 200

Spinal bone tumor 1300

Spinal canal 3, 3f, 24, 211f, 630f, 1064, 1107, 1517

degenerative 1524

duplicate 245

growth of 675

portion of 510f

stenosis 344, 541f, 748

degenerative 915, 918

Spinal cavernous malformations 1395

Spinal claudication 1036f

Spinal column 96, 1114

anterior 430

dynamic instability of 648

ligaments, structure of 36f

pediatric 670

Spinal conditions, treatment of specific 821

Spinal cord 25, 28, 34, 112, 132, 139, 200, 695–697, 1114, 1380f, 1392, 1395, 1398, 1506

anatomy of 26f

anomalies 240

arteriovenous malformations 1395, 1398

astrocytic glioma of 1376

atrophy 1483

blood volume 1483

cavernous malformations 1400

compression 82, 345, 663, 1477

direct 1493

congenital anomalies of 239

contusion 675f

defect impacts, levels of 1153

development of 199

drift 504

dysfunction, type of 473

embryology of 206

evoked potential 80, 1488f, 1490

method of recording 80

gliomas 1379

hemodynamics 1398

hemorrhage 961

iatrogenic 140

infarction 717

injury 122, 153, 539, 604, 655, 662, 669, 678, 682f, 691, 706, 711, 879, 956, 960, 1138, 1269, 1449, 1493, 1517, 1518

acute management of 647, 651t

diagnosis of 716

incidence of 662

management of acute 654t

medical complications of 151

nutritional management of chronic 711

penetrating 680, 688

professionals, multi-disciplinary association of 720

rehabilitation of 716

surgical timing in acute 652, 666

intermediolateral column of 121

interneurons 1486

ischemia 1493

lipomas 242, 260, 263

types of 258

malformations of 239

manipulation 1484

mediated function 960

monitoring 1152, 1484

intraoperative 1295

paralysis 1156

perfusion of 695

regeneration 692

signal hyperintensity of 511

stimulation 81, 1012

stroke 1395

symptoms, severity of 1369

terminates 855

tethered 258, 268

tissue of 27

trauma 70

tumors 141, 1375

dumbbell-shaped 1519

vascular malformation, endovascular treatment of 1400, 1404

ventricular zone of 199

Spinal coronal malalignment 1251

Spinal corrective surgery 1155

Spinal cutaneous fistulas, formation of 1459

Spinal cysts 999t

Spinal decompression, completion of 1074

Spinal deformity 171, 212, 288, 321, 323, 1140, 1279, 1282f

angular 1300

correction 1078

principles of 1143

surgeries 275

magnitude of 1295

orthotic treatment of ensuing 272

post-traumatic 676

prevalence of 1138

progressive 296

stiffness of 1142

study group 943, 1118, 1562

surgery 1151, 1265, 1482

surgical

intervention of 1141

management of 273, 324, 1272, 1465

treatment for 1295, 1306

Spinal development 198

Spinal disease 1417

Spinal disorder 111t, 337, 345

in common dysplasias 337t

management of 72, 338

treatment of 1523

Spinal dural arteriovenous fistula 1392, 1394, 1397

Spinal dysgenesis, segmental 212

Spinal dysraphism 200, 208, 211, 212, 212t, 239, 251, 266, 286

classification of 200, 240t

complex 267

form of 201, 260

incidence of 239

open 212, 266

repair of 254

segment of 275

Spinal elements, posterolateral involvement of 1368

Spinal epidural abscesses 1408

Spinal evoked potential 1488

Spinal exposure, open 544

Spinal fixation

biomechanics of 42

types of 281

Spinal focus, primary 1421t

Spinal fractures 978

incidence of 957, 959, 970

Spinal functional unit and curvature 35f

Spinal fusion 921, 1230

anterior 1196

phases of 381

posterior 306f, 307f, 516, 964f, 966f, 1153, 1181, 1186, 1196

single anterior 284

surgery 406t

Spinal headache 191

Spinal hemangioma 1335

Spinal image guidance systems 1573

Spinal imbalance 275, 277

Spinal immobilization 657

Spinal implants, cost of 182

Spinal infection 1089

classifications of postoperative 1472

postoperative 1472, 1477

prevention, pediatric 1272

risk factors for postoperative 1473t

Spinal injury 684, 687fc

category 39

causes of 970

pediatric 1228, 1229

Spinal instability 1359, 1433

Spinal instrumentation 766, 1151, 1386, 1477, 1481, 1584

complications 1471

evolution of 1177f

minimally invasive 752

posterior 287, 1410

single anterior 282

use of 933

Spinal integrity, loss of 1367

Spinal intradural

meningeal cysts 212, 997

tumor 1376f

Spinal intradural vascular malformations 1392, 1395

anatomy 1392

clinical features 1394

complications 1404

diagnosis 1395

epidemiological 1394

treatment 1396

Spinal intramedullary lipoma 243f

Spinal laminectomy 934

Spinal lesions, congenital 206

Spinal ligaments 24

Spinal line, posterior 490, 492f

Spinal lipoma 243f, 263

history of 260

intradural 240

Spinal malalignment, risk of 1241

Spinal manifestations 349

natural history of 306

Spinal manipulative therapy 189, 190

Spinal meningeal cyst 211, 1003

classification of 997

Spinal meningioma 1383f, 1387f

Spinal metastases

embolization of 1348

majority of 1359

treatment of 1365, 1371fc

Spinal misalignment, sagittal 1242

Spinal motor tracts 1489

Spinal muscular atrophy 1141, 1154

Spinal navigation 1580

evolution of 1573

operative time, use of 1581

principles of 1573

surgery, concerns of 1580

technique 1583

Spinal nerve 25

anatomy of 26f

root 139, 142

dermatomes 58

fibers 997

typical 25

Spinal neurological compressive symptoms 332

Spinal oncologic procedures 766

Spinal orthoses 167

Spinal osseoligamentous integrity, posterior 1552

Spinal osteoid osteomas, complete excision of 1593

Spinal osteosarcoma 1336

Spinal osteotomy 360

posterior surgical technique 1130

Spinal pain, biopsychosocial model of 188

Spinal pathology

accurate diagnosis of 57

utility scores for 180

Spinal pelvic fixation techniques 766

Spinal pelvic harmony 1248

Spinal procedure 805

interventional 85

Spinal pseudarthrosis 365

Spinal pseudomeningocele 1519f

Spinal reconstructive procedures 1247

Spinal segment 1250

instability of 932, 1552

operative 790

superimposed 25

Spinal shock 960

Spinal somatosensory-evoked potential 1490

Spinal stability 30, 962, 963, 1385

assessment of 684

structural 29

Spinal stabilization, nonoperative 685

Spinal stenosis 105, 108, 338, 339, 717, 856, 907, 910, 921f, 1452

acquired 605

congenital 215, 216, 468, 915

decompression of 1037f

treatment of 910

types of 907

Spinal stereotactic radiosurgery 130t, 131t

Spinal surgery 176, 182, 353, 1469t, 1552

minimally invasive 744, 747, 1105, 1546, 1579, 1583

revision 1590

step in image-guided 1574

technologies in 1024f

Spinal trauma 40

patterns of 676

Spinal treatment 1154

Spinal tuberculosis 1417, 1426f, 1426t

surgery in 1433t

Spinal tumor 400, 1089, 1518, 1532

benign primary 1325, 1327, 1329

malignant 1519

management of 1339

surgery 1592

treatment for 1350

Spinal unit, functional 29, 865, 1038, 1044

Spinal vascular malformations 1392, 1394

diagnosis of 1395

intradural 1404

Spinal vein, anterior median 28

Spinal vertebra, anatomy of 35f

Spine 103

advanced imaging of 831t

alignment of 490

anatomy 32, 34

functional 32

ankylosed 961f, 1507

ankylotic 972

biomechanical properties of 37

bony part of 35

center, tertiary 1256

chondrosarcoma of 1337f

clinical biomechanics of 34

congenital malformation of 200, 1127

development 4, 32, 198

failure of 201

dislocation, types of 215

disorders, treating 1088

dynamic 871f

electrodiagnostic studies of 76

embryology of 197, 206

extensors of 29

functional unit of 35, 40

immature 1228

infections, primary 1451

lower segments of 1392

malformations of 1126

maturation, failure of 202

multisegmental nature of 167

pain, management of 1260

pathologies, degenerative 106

pediatric 670f

physical examination of 57

posterior fixation of 766

postnatal maturation of 200

segments, adjacent 962

stability of neoplastic lesions 1367

stereotactic radiosurgery of 125

structure 35

surgeons 1520

surgery 135, 141, 151, 157, 159, 161, 182, 400, 1258, 1482

advantages of minimally invasive 107

computer-assisted 1572

elective 151

modern 1469f

outcomes of 104

procedures, minimally invasive 1551

type of minimally invasive 888

trauma 669

pediatric 669

study group 629, 951

tumor staging systems 1345t

vascular anatomy of 27

Spinopelvic alignment 1241, 1242

normal values of 1245

Spinopelvic balance 1221

Spinopelvic chain 1241

Spinopelvic dissociations 981

Spinopelvic fixation 281

Spinopelvic harmony, assessment of 1247

Spinopelvic instability 978, 980

treatment of 984

Spinopelvic integrity 978

Spinopelvic parameters 32f, 1241, 1246

Spinopelvic reconstruction

method of 761

techniques, multiple 764

Spinopelvic stability 762

Spinous process 20, 58, 600, 747, 920

avulsion 600

fractures 605

posterior 536

tuberculosis of 1419f

Spiral computed tomography 949, 957

angiography 1450

Split cord malformations 240, 245, 246, 246f, 258, 260, 261

types of 246t

Split fracture

anterior 952

of vertebral body 950

Spondylarthrosis, degenerative 782

Spondylectomy 1327

Spondyloarthritis International Society, assessment of 359

Spondyloarthropathies 570, 993

Spondylocostal dysostosis 202, 213

Spondylodiscitis 359, 365, 1535

diagnosis of 1364

Spondyloepimetaphyseal dysplasia 342

Spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia 210, 341

congenital 346

tarda 337, 341

Spondylolisthesis 58, 85, 180, 186, 737, 750, 793, 809f, 817, 822, 822f, 872, 907, 936, 1006, 1117, 1235, 1457

after surgery, progression of 943

degenerative 105, 111, 187, 815, 921, 930, 934, 939, 1034, 1035, 1277, 1290

develop isthmic 1235

diagnosis of 885

forms of 1235

high dysplastic developmental 1118

high grade 737, 819, 943f, 946f, 1118f, 1236

isthmic 942, 1236

isthmic 882, 1235

low grade 813, 821, 822, 942, 1118t, 1235

severe 1465

treatment of 1118

Spondylolisthetic segment 1035

Spondylolysis 331, 1006, 1117, 1232

bilateral 872

incidence of 1225

pain of 1117

suspected 1215t

terminal-stage 1234

Spondylometaphyseal dysplasia 346, 342

Spondyloptosis treatment 1221

Spondylosis 750, 1300

degenerative 570

Spondylotic

foraminal stenosis 463, 464f

motion segment 481

myelopathy 1060

Sponge retractors 122

Spontaneous curve correction 1120

Spontaneous electromyography 136

Sports injuries 970

Sprengel deformity 203, 210

Spring-back closure 1505

Spurling's test 61, 62, 455f

Sputum culture 1447

Stable internal fixators, angular 973

Stagnara wake-up test 1491, 1494

Stairmaster machine 459

Standard transoral approach 421

Staphylococcus 1473

aureus 247, 793, 1009, 1151, 1408, 1448, 1473, 1502

epidermidis 1473, 1502

Steinman pin 809

Stem cell 394

matrix 386

therapy 657

type of 697

Stenosis 605, 607, 920, 1545

adjacent multilevel 1551

anatomic areas of 915

congenital 216

extraforaminal 1285

multilevel 493

patterns with scoliosis 1277

source of 1277

Stenotic segments, decompression of 1035

Stereotactic body 1353

radiation therapy 1349, 1350

Stereotactic radiosurgery 125, 128t, 132

Sternal incision 440

Sternal occipital-mandibular immobilizer 168, 169f, 613

Sternal osteotomy 441

Sternocleidomastoid muscle 60, 1434

Sternotomy, median 440

Sternum-splitting approach 1516, 1516f

Steroid 834, 1012

dosage of 834

injection 477

epidural 88, 94, 1260

nonparticulate 88

particulate 88

treatment 685

Stigmata, cutaneous 259, 261, 263

Stimulate nerve fiber growth 656

Stingers injuries 604, 606

Stomach perforations 685

Streptomycin 1432

Stress

biomechanical 34, 894

disorder, post-traumatic 583

strain curve 36

Stroke 136

history of 152

Subarachnoid drainage 428

Subarachnoid lumbar catheter 719

Subarticular decompression 935

Subarticular stenosis 916

Subaxial cervical

injuries, management of 600

spine, embryology of 221

Subaxial disease 353, 354

Subaxial injury 598

Subaxial instability 111

Subaxial lateral mass screws 1507

Subaxial spine 536

abnormalities 228

secondary 432

Subaxial subluxation 353

Subcervical spine disease 353

Subchondral sclerosis 3, 805

Subcrestal window technique 372

Subcutaneous emphysema 124

Subcutaneous fat necrosis 191

Subcutaneous tissue 272

Subdental synchondrosis 210

Subdural hematoma 296, 856, 1461

Subependymal giant cell tumors 1345

Subfascial drain 1460

use of 1459

Subhyoid musculature 440

Sublaminar fixation 1271

Sublaminar wire 281, 312, 1094, 1142, 1143, 1146–1148, 1156, 1314

constructs 1095

fixation 1147, 1148

passage 1149

Sublesional osteoporosis 725

Subligamentous disc fragment 846

Sublingual nitrates 722

Suboccipital bony decompression 250

Subperiosteal dissection 1106f

Subsegmental clots 1450

Subtherapeutic levels 1269

Subtle foot deformities 268

Suction irrigation 122

Sulcus limitans 200

Sulfapyridine 359

Sulfasalazine 359

Sunitinib 1329

Supra-acetabular location 49

Supraclavicular fossa 60

Supraphysiologic translation 871

Suprascapular nerve entrapment 456

Supraspinous ligament 24, 562, 580

Swedish Spinal Stenosis Study 934

Swimming 908

Sympathectomy, bilateral 122

Sympathetic chain 121, 435

endoscopic exposure of 123f

Sympathetic nervous system, surgery to 121

Symptomatic disc degeneration 873

Symptomatic sacroiliac dysfunction 992

Symptomatic spinal vascular lesions 1400

Symptomatic thoracic disc herniations 1541

Syndromes spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia 232

Synostosis, congenital 208

Synovial joint, heterogeneous 990

Synthetic folic acid 268

Syringomyelia 209, 212, 249, 251, 252, 253f, 295, 719, 1429, 1481

development of 297

resolution of 252

Systematic disorders 208

Systemic congenital anomalies 267

Systemic disease, mild 114

Systemic hypotension 1464

Systemic inflammatory response syndrome 708

System-wide muscle atrophy 1154

Systolic blood pressure 153

Tachosil 851

Tacrolimus 696

Tanner-Whitehouse scale 1162

Tannic acid 189

Tantalum 46

Tanycytic variant 1379

Target sign 1344

Tarlov's cysts 212, 997

Tarlov's theory 997

Tarlov's classification 999t

Teardrop fractures, extension 600

Teardrop fragment 605

Technetium-99 982, 1362

Tectal beaking 209, 269

Tectorial membrane 611

Telangiectasia, hereditary hemorrhagic 1393

Temporomandibular

jaw mobility 553

joint dysfunction 351

Tenaculum 530

Tendon reflex

deep 474, 1163

latency 78

Tension band 950f, 951

Tensor fasciae latae 375f, 1501

Teratomas 262, 1379

Terminal spinal cord, formation of 259

Tetracycline antibiotic 664

Tetraplegia 712

Thalamic massa polimicrogyria 269

Thalidomide 1339

Thanatophoric dysplasia 342

Thecal sac 200, 813, 1108

Therapeutic hypothermia 655, 657

Thermocoagulation, intradiscal radiofrequency 879

Thermoluminescent dosimeter 1096

Thigh pain 946f

Thomas’ test 1114

Thoracic approaches, anterior 1105

Thoracic artery, internal 404

Thoracic cavity 1188f

Thoracic corpectomy 1085, 1089

indications 1089

operative treatment 1089

Thoracic curve 31, 1165f, 1275

right primary 1203f

Thoracic deformities 571

Thoracic disc

disease 1085

herniation 1071, 1078, 1086f, 1591

management of acute 1087

Thoracic discectomy 1085, 1087, 1202, 1541, 1591

anterior approaches 1087

complications 1090

contraindications 1087

indications 1087

minimally invasive techniques 1089

posterior approaches 1087

posterolateral approaches 1088

surgical approach 1087

transpedicular approach 1088

Thoracic duct injury 1504

Thoracic enlargement, artery of 27

Thoracic fusion, selective 1179f

Thoracic hyperkyphosis 337, 1153

Thoracic injury 675, 1229

Thoracic insufficiency syndrome 1153

Thoracic interbody fusion, direct lateral 890, 1105

Thoracic kyphosis 31, 57, 276, 341, 491, 1143, 1147, 1149f, 1241, 1245f, 1247f, 1249, 1282

maximum 1249

Thoracic kyphotic curvature 1248

Thoracic laminoplasty 517

Thoracic level, upper 1109

Thoracic longissimus muscle 849f, 850f

Thoracic myelopathy 1086

Thoracic nerve roots 323

Thoracic outlet syndrome 65, 456

Thoracic pedicle 1097, 1587

anatomy 1098

classification of 1099f

screw 52, 1101t, 1520f

placemen, technique for 1096–1098

Thoracic radiculopathy 1086

Thoracic reciprocal changes 1248

Thoracic region 30, 1260

concomitant injuries of 683

Thoracic scoliosis 1135f, 1148f

Thoracic spinal

cord 142

fractures, pediatric 675

roots 1519

tuberculosis 1428f

tumors, epidural 143

Thoracic spine 20, 38, 142, 1087, 1088f, 1089, 1097f, 1108, 1332f, 1409, 1419f, 1515, 1518

anatomy of 17

ankylosed 964

anterior 143, 1535

deformities 1586

development of 288

disease 1535

evaluation 65

sensation 65

fractures of 959, 1229

indications, minimally invasive techniques of 1535

instrumentation 1586

ligamentous structures of 23f

minimally invasive

surgery of 1543

techniques of 1535

positioning, minimally invasive techniques of 1536

stable 1417

surgery 142

anterior 1515

IONM during anterior 143

posterior 1515

Thoracic transpedicular approach 1089

Thoracic tubercular spondylosis 1440f

Thoracic vertebra 35, 1075f, 1288

anterior 1541

lower 1071, 1073f

middle 1073f

multiple 1439f

third 22

Thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm 657

Thoracoabdominal approach, long anterior 1197

Thoracoabdominal musculature 734f

Thoracodorsal fascia 733

Thoracolumbar burst fractures 956, 1541

nonoperative management of 956

Thoracolumbar constructs 1312

Thoracolumbar correction, anterior 1197

Thoracolumbar curves 1165f, 1275

Thoracolumbar deformity 312, 1295

post-traumatic 1589f

sagittal plane 1295

Thoracolumbar fascia 950

Thoracolumbar fixation 48

Thoracolumbar fracture 953

concomitant 979

management of 959

surgical indications of 959

treatment 964, 968

Thoracolumbar fusion 1180f, 1197, 1309

Thoracolumbar injury 675

classification 652t-964t

management of 959

Thoracolumbar junction 279f, 610, 787, 788, 954, 959, 1517f

Thoracolumbar kyphoscoliosis 307f

Thoracolumbar kyphosis 337–339, 344, 345, 1244

Thoracolumbar orthosis 955

Thoracolumbar scoliosis 1108, 1276f, 1332f

Thoracolumbar segment 365

kyphosis of 1119f

Thoracolumbar spine 1330f, 1421, 1425f

fusions, multilevel 1448

nonoperative treatment of fractures of 949

Thoracolumbar trauma 174, 970

Thoracolumbar tuberculosis 1421f

Thoracolumbar vertebral collapse 1591

Thoracolumbosacral orthosis 171, 172, 1142, 1165, 1230, 1234

Thoraco-osteotomy 360

Thoracoscopic approach

advantages of 1077

anterolateral 1535

for spinal disorders 1077

Thoracoscopic discectomy 1078, 1592

Thoracoscopic instruments 1538

Thoracoscopic ports, placement of 1083

Thoracoscopic single-level discectomy 1541

Thoracoscopic spine surgery

image-guided 1592

procedures 1080

Thoracoscopic surgery 124, 1079f

video-assisted 1330

Thoracoscopic sympathectomy 121, 122

Thoracoscopic technique 1078

Thoracoscopy

complications of 1537

considerations of 1537

Thoracotomy 122

anterolateral 143

double 284f

Thorny radiations 1329

Threshold technique 144

Thromboembolism, risk of 1308

Thrombophlebitis 1051

Thromboxanes 694

Thumb interphalangeal joint 63f

Thyroid

artery, superior 404

cartilage 60, 431, 432f

gland 1434

stimulating hormone 1307

Thyrotropin releasing hormone 654, 655, 695

Tibial nerve-innervated muscles 77

Tibial torsion 323

Tibial vessels, anterior 403

Tibialis anterior 68, 944

Tight filum terminale 212, 240

Tinel's sign 65

Tirilazad mesylate 654, 656, 695

Tissue 203

damage 688

amount of 38

death of 1155

derived adult neural stem cells 657

destruction 688

grafts, ex vivo adenoviral transduction of 395

hypoxia 708

injury 580

deep 724

massage, deep 910

tolerance, adjacent 132t

Titanium mesh cage 813

Titanium, cage composed of 886

Tizanidine 188, 723

T-myelotomy 719

Tokuhashi classification 1368

Tongue 425f

maceration, self-injury 322

Tonsillar ectopia 209

Tonsillar herniation 1461

Tonsillar ptosis 553

Tonsils 250f

Torque wrenches 1507

Torticollis, congenital 170

Total disc arthroplasty 895, 1027, 1031, 1062

Total disc prostheses 1027

classification of 1028f

Total disc replacement 466, 863, 872, 895, 1038, 1043, 1054

Total facet

arthroplasty system 1039, 1040f

replacement 1038, 1039

Total facetectomy, bilateral 1041

Toxicity 131, 415

Trabecular thickening 331

Tracheal injury 1504

Tracheoesophageal

fascia inferior 433

fistula 201, 203, 213, 248

groove 1502

Tracheostomy 287, 425f

Tracking system 1579

Tramadol 187

Tranexamic acid 156, 1151

Transarticular facet fixation 546

Transarticular screw 547, 674

fixation 547

use of 546

placement 547, 618

Transarticular technique, posterior 529

Transcranial electric motor 138f, 142

evoked potential 136, 145f

Transcranial electrical

stimulation 136

stimulus, high voltage 1486

Transcranial magnetic stimulation 78

Transcranial motor-evoked potentials 573, 1181, 1486

spinal monitoring of 482

Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation 459, 910

Transexamic acid 1151

Transfacet 779, 784

fixation

adjunctive 781

ipsilateral 779

Transferrin 711, 1269

Transforaminal cage insertion 1471

Transforaminal endoscopic treatment 879

Transforaminal epidural injections 192, 460

Transforaminal interbody fusion 921, 1411

Transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion 50, 277, 414, 747, 775, 782, 795, 813, 815, 818, 885, 935, 1235, 1289, 1441, 1482, 1492, 1563, 1591

minimally invasive 745, 1556

technique, minimally invasive 1557

Transforaminal nerve block, selective 1260

Transforaminal route 94, 835

Transforaminal steroid injections 191, 817

Transforaminal surgery 878

Transforaminal technique, endoscopic 752

Transgastrointestinal gunshot wounds 685

Transient hip flexor weakness 819

Transient hypoxia 203

Transient inflammatory reaction 1334

Transient intraoperative hypotension 308

Transient ischemic attack 152

Transient neuropraxia, episode of 606

Transient paraplegia 1091

Transient quadriparesis 605, 606, 609

episode of 606, 607

Transient ulnar neuropathy 638

Transitional lipomas 259

Translaminar facet

fixation 779

screws, percutaneous placement of 1591

Translaminar fixation, adjunctive 782

Translaminar hole 845

Translaminar injection 909

Translaminar screw 52, 787

fixation 782

placement of 782

Transmaxillary procedure 553

Transmembrane metalloenzyme 508

Transmuscular route 848

Transnasal endoscopy 422

Transoral approach 421, 552, 1502

Transoral atlantoaxial reduction 528

Transoral decompression 557, 559

Transoral decortication 528

Transoral intubation 422

Transoral surgery 553, 557

Transoral-transpalatopharyngeal exposures 309

Transpedicular approach 965, 1436, 1533

bilateral 1436

unilateral 1436

Transpedicular biopsy 332

Transpedicular decancellation osteotomy 1297, 1298f

Transpedicular fixation 774, 775, 1565

Transpedicular instrumentation 807, 810

Transpedicular screw

fixation 1572

placement 675

Transperitoneal access approach 872

Transperitoneal approach 733

endoscopic 791

laparoscopic 791, 797, 889

Transperitoneal technique 738

Transpleural dissection 1435

Transpleural technique splits 1106

Transpsoas approach 741

Transpsoas technique 739

Trans-sacral arthrodesis, computer-aided 1592

Transthoracic approach 818

Transversalis muscles 733

Transverse abdominis 29, 733, 737

muscles 1190f, 1194

Transverse apophyses 430

Transverse atlantal ligament 611

Transverse atlantoaxial 580

Transverse ligament rupture 616

Transvertebral approach 513

Trapdoor technique 372

Trapezius 58, 459, 1439

Trauma 38

acute 39

cumulative 39

disorders 111

induced canal compromise 607

instability 40

mechanical 40

signs of 57

Traumatic atlanto-axial instability 674

Traumatic brain injury 153, 648

Traumatic cord edema 630f

Traumatic delivery system 1556

Traumatic facet subluxation, operative management of 631

Traumatic nerve root cysts 997

Traumatic pain 90

Traumatic rotatory atlantoaxial dislocation 618

Traumatic spinal cord injury 662

Traumatic spondylolisthesis of axis 619

Traumatic spondylolysis 633, 633f

Trendelenburg gait 1502

Trendelenburg test 1114

Trephine

curettage 372

method 372

Triamcinolone 88, 98

acetonide 88, 95

diacetate 88

Triangular osteosynthesis technique 984

Triaxial potentiometric systems 66

Tricortical graft 372

Tricortical interbody bone grafts 311

Tricortical purchase 944, 1471

Tricyclic antidepressants 187, 833, 911

Trigeminal neuralgia 128

Trigger point injections 1260

Triggered electromyography 819

Trilogy system, treatment on 127f

Tripod sign 1420

Trochanters 725

True radiculopathy 447

Truebeam linear accelerators 127

Tubercle

adjacent 1418

bacilli 1418

Tubercular kyphosis 1422

Tubercular spondylodiscitis 1423f

Tuberculin skin test, role of 1426

Tuberculosis

antigens 1426

first-line drug regime 1430

multidrug-resistant 1431

posterior element 1419f

Tuberculous bacilli 1418

Tuberculous infection, extrapulmonary 1427

Tuberculous paraplegia, stages of 1425t

Tuberculous sinus, healing of 1424f

Tuberculous spondylitis 421

Tubular retractors 752, 1549

Tumors 1089

ablation 1366

benign 1326f, 1329

border 1328

cell

access of 1358

death 132

classification of 1377fc

disorders 111

dissemination 1358

encapsulated 1326f

excision 1592

extradural 1376f

extramedullary 1375, 1376f, 1377, 1381t, 1383t, 1387, 1532

free survival 757

high grade 1336

histotype 1371

incidence of 1376f

infiltration 1359

intramedullary 143, 1376f, 1379, 1382, 1385, 1389, 1532

intraspinal 212

localization 1385

low grade 1336

malignant 1329, 1336, 1346

markers 1364

mass 1359

necrosis factor 350, 359

alpha antagonists 358

pathology 1376

pseudocapsule 1338

replacing bone, mechanism of 1359

resection 400, 421

completion of 424

intramedullary 1386

minimally invasive 1532

surgery 1593

with radiosurgery 131

Tuohy needle 191

Tyrosine kinase inhibitors 1329

Ulnar fingers, adduction of 64f

Ulnar nerve 107f, 473

entrapment 456

stimulation 79f

Uncinate process 1524

Uncovertebral joint 20, 466, 468f

bilateral 482, 483f

hypertrophy 452, 1062

Unicortical grafts 1501

Unicortical screws 47

Universal donor blood group 663

Universal spine system, posterior 392

Upper cervical spine

injuries of 594

ligamentous anatomy of 611f

Ureter injury 1051

Uribe's series 1564

Urinary dysfunction 1121

Urinary incontinence 1347f, 1381

Urinary metanephrine, measurement of 712

Urinary retention 1060

Urinary tract infection 710, 720, 726, 1121, 1451

Urogenital sinus 248

Urological dysfunction 254, 259

Uvula 425f

Vacterl/vater association 201

Vacuum devices 726

Valgus deformity, risk of 408

Valproic acid 203, 267

Valsalva maneuver 62, 249, 1002, 1387, 1459, 1460, 1495

Vancomycin

powder 641

resistant enterococci 1476

Vascular and neurological anatomy 32

Vascular claudication 917, 918, 1005

Vascular complication 1469, 1477, 1516

Vascular damage 691

Vascular disease 918

Vascular endothelial growth factor 381

Vascular engorgement 331

Vascular injuries 678, 1470

life-threatening 683

major 1207, 1520

spectrum of 1469f

Vascular lesions 1379

Vascular stiffening 112

Vascularized fibrous tissue ingrowth 882

Vasculitis 1395

Vasculogenesis result 380

Vasoactive drugs, use of 153

Vasoconstriction, distraction induced 1493

Vasogenic edema 657

Vasopressin 708

Vasopressors, administration of 140

Vasospasm 139

Vein

azygos system of 29

brachiocephalic 1516f

iliolumbar 789, 1469

intraosseous 28

Vena cava, inferior 734, 1516, 1536

Venous air embolism 159

Venous hematogenous spread 1089

Venous thromboembolism 1449

prophylaxis 156, 721

risk of 1308

Ventral debridement 1410

Ventral somites 198

Ventral spine surgery 1591

Ventral tumors 431

Ventricular hypertrophy 112

Ventriculoatrial shunt treatment 269

Ventriculoperitoneal shunt 201, 269, 298, 310

Ventromedial extradural lesions 421

Ventromedial somite cells 220

Versican 6

Vertebra

coccygeal 35

superior 597

venous system of 28f

wedge-shaped 214

Vertebral apophyseal ring fracture 1228

Vertebral artery 29f, 430, 526f, 527f, 529f, 534, 539, 570, 1505, 1524, 1530

anomalous 45f

course, abnormal 528

injury 142, 469, 539, 682, 1523

ranges 1503

Vertebral axis, sagittal 1249

Vertebral body 3, 27, 221, 286, 395, 574, 738, 771, 774, 871, 962, 973, 1119, 1228, 1327, 1359, 1370, 1427, 1536

anomalies 260, 261

anteroinferior 605

biopsy of 431

burst fracture 629

chondrification centers 216

collapse 1368, 1418

expansion 331

formation of 198f

fractures of 954f

growth of 1136f

listhesis 963

loss 1433

maturity stage of 1228f

paradiscalmargin of 1427

posterior 1050f

resection 1494

resorption 414

small 1195

Vertebral bone window 871

Vertebral collapse 1359, 1427

Vertebral column 17, 19, 22, 25, 31

development of 199

fractures 1114

lower 203

malalignment 1477

posterior margins of 1536

resection 286, 1295, 1300, 1483

osteotomy types of 1300

stability 1477

Vertebral disc, removal of 1074f

Vertebral dysmorphology, types of 212

Vertebral endplate 316, 814, 815, 864

deficient 1471

Vertebral foramina from c6 to c1 27

Vertebral formation 202

Vertebral fracture 40, 713

Vertebral growth 1135

Vertebral infection 1417, 1516

Vertebral interbody cages 50

Vertebral level 1536

Vertebral metastases, incidence of 1358

Vertebral osteomyelitis 1408

Vertebral osteotomies 1302, 1303f

types of 1295

Vertebral plexus, external 28

Vertebral subluxation, degrees of 219

Vertebral tumors, classification of 1327f

Vertebral wedge osteotomies 1302

Vertebrectomy 382, 752, 1327, 1328f

Vertebrobasilar ischemia 1504

Vertebroplasty 1366, 1372

specimen 1271

Vertebrospinal arterial system 27

Vessel

injury, large 1289

intercostal 1439

Vicryl stitches 272

Vimentin 1379

Viral infections 155

Virgin translaminar route 850

Virtual fluoroscopy 1574

Visceral metastases 1369

Visceral organs 439

Visceral pain 187

Viscoelastic biomechanical properties 12

Viscoelastic matrix 876

Viscoelastic properties 864

Viscous semi-fluid 7

Vision impairment 1451

Visual analog scale 815, 953, 1044, 1054, 1062

Visual analog score 130, 934, 1561

Visual imagery 719

Visual loss, postoperative 160

Volatile agents 113, 160

Volatile anesthesia 160

Volkmann canals 381

von Hippel-Lindau disease 1379

von Hippel-Lindau syndrome 1383

von Mises stress distribution 1233f

Wackenheim clival line 614, 614f

Waddell's signs 72

Water-Laden glycosaminoglycans 35

Wedge fractures, anterior 952

Wedge osteotomy

osteotomy types of 1297

posterior 1302

Wedge vertebra 201, 203

Weinstein-Boriani-Biagini system 1345

Whiplash injury 444, 579

transition from acute 582

Whiplash-associated disorder 444, 579, 582

White blood

cell 1518

count 1474

Wilmington brace 1165

Wiltse-Newman anatomic classification 1211t

Wiltse-Newman spondylolysis classification 1211

Winkling owl sign 1362f

Wisconsin segmental spinal instrumentation 1177f

Woodsen elevator 497

Wound

closure 1187

multilayer 851

complications 1352

dehiscence and sepsis 555

healing, poor 408

hematoma 485, 637, 643

infection 108, 277, 973, 1502

Wrist flexors, triceps 61

Wrong level surgery 1465, 1515

Xenopus 266

Xylocaine 98

Yeoman's test 71

Young myelomeningocele patient 286

Zellballen cells 1378

Zimmer spine 869, 1043

Zinc 708

sulfate 189

Zoledronic acid 332

Zozulya's classification 1394

Zozulya's paper 1394

Zurich claudication

questionnaire 925

scale 179

Zygapophyseal joint 20, 86, 87, 188, 444, 749, 992

articular surfaces 30

capsular ligaments 580

damage 581

denervation 94

injury 581

innervation of 87f

pain 188, 585, 586, 990, 1012

TOC
Index

Chapter Notes