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Presbyopia: Therapies and Further Prospects
Alain-Nicolas Gilg
CHAPTER 1:
Accommodation and Presbyopia
1.1 DEFINITIONS AND SYMPTOMATOLOGY
1.1.1 Etymologies
1.1.2 Functional Signs
1.1.3 Physical Signs
1.2 PREVALENCE AND INCIDENCE OF PRESBYOPIA
1.2.1 Compared Ontogeny
1.2.2 Various Enlarger Systems in Vertebrates
1.2.3 Accommodative Involution
1.3 ANATOMICAL PATHWAYS OF ACCOMMODATION
1.3.1 Synkinesis
1.3.2 Miosis
1.3.3 Convergence
1.3.4 Accommodative Insufficiencies
1.4 ACCOMMODATIVE OPTOMETRY
1.4.1 Measures
1.4.2 Ergonomics
1.4.3 Tests
1.4.3.1 Search for Maximal Accommodation
1.4.3.2 Duochrome Test (Fig. 1.8)
1.4.3.3 Jackson's Cross-cylinder Test (Fig. 1.10)
1.4.4 Other Considerations
1.4.5 Accommodative Microfluctuations
1.5 ACCOMMODATIVE ETIOPATHOGENESIS
1.5.1 History
1.5.2 Experimental Modelization
1.5.3 Clinical Approach
1.5.4 Accommodative Structures
1.5.5 Pseudo-accommodation
1.5.6 Compared Imaging of Accommodation
1.5.7 Lens Equator Growth and Accommodative Amplitude
1.5.8 Decrease of Accommodative Amplitude on Intraocular Pressure (IOP)
CHAPTER 2:
Presbyopia and Ametropias
2.1 PRESBYOPIA AND EMMETROPIA (FIG. 2.1)
2.2 PRESBYOPIA AND HYPEROPIA
2.2.1 Hyperopic Compensation
2.2.2 Pediatric Hyperopia
2.2.3 High Hyperopia
2.2.4 Optical Compensation
2.3 PRESBYOPIA AND MYOPIA
2.3.1 Myopias
2.3.2 Childhood Myopia
2.3.3 Maintaining Near Vision
2.4 PRESBYOPIA AND ASTIGMATISMS
2.4.1 Classifications (Fig. 2.5)
2.4.2 Circle of Least Confusion (Fig. 2.6)
2.4.3 Astigmatisms and Accommodation
2.5 PRESBYOPIA AND OPHTHALMOLOGICAL PATHOLOGIES
2.5.1 Cataracts
2.5.2 Glaucomas
2.5.3 Maculopathies
2.5.4 Nystagmus
2.5.5 Dyslacrima
2.5.6 Presbyopia and Ocular Aberrations
2.5.6.1 Aberrometry (Fig. 2.7)
2.5.6.2 Spherical Aberrations
2.5.6.3 Multifocal WF
2.5.6.4 Quality of Vision
2.5.6.5 Corneal Asphericity and OA
CHAPTER 3:
Presbyopia and Optical Compensations
3.1 PRESBYOPIA AND SPECTACLES
3.1.1 Addition Determining
3.1.1.1 With Maximum Accommodation Research
3.1.1.2 With a Duochrome Test (See also Figs 1.8 and 1.9)
3.1.1.3 With a Jackson's Cross-cylinder Test (See also Fig. 1.11)
3.1.2 Customized Spectacles (Fig. 3.1)
3.1.3 Multifocal Lenses
3.2 PRESBYOPIA AND CONTACT LENSES
3.2.1 Soft Lenses (Fig. 3.3)
3.2.2 Hard Contact Lenses
3.2.3 Principles of Contact Lenses Adaptation
3.2.4 Orthokeratology (OK) (Fig. 3.4)
3.3 PRESBYOPIA AND REFRACTIVE SURGERIES
3.3.1 History of Refractive Surgeries
3.3.2 Monovision
3.3.3 Simultaneous Vision
3.3.4 Informed Consent
3.3.5 Preoperative Evaluation
3.3.6 Keratosurgical Lasers
3.3.7 PresbyLASIK (Figs 3.9A and B)
3.3.8 Monovision LASIK
3.3.9 Lenticular Surgeries
3.3.9.1 Phakic IOLs
3.3.9.2 Mastering Corneal Astigmatism
3.3.9.3 IOLs Piggy-backing
3.3.9.4 Multifocal IOLs
3.3.9.5 Surgical Pearls with IOL
3.3.10 Conductive Keratoplasty (CK) (Fig. 3.20)
3.3.11 Intracorneal Rings (ICRs)
3.3.12 Intrastromal Relaxing Femtolaser-mediated Corneal Incisions (IntraCOR) (Fig. 3.24)
3.3.13 Radial Keratotomy (RK) (Fig. 3.26)
3.3.14 Intracorneal Inlays
CHAPTER 4:
Presbyopia and Accommodative Restoration
4.1 PRESBYOPIA AND ACCOMMODATIVE RELAXATION SURGERIES (FIG. 4.2)
4.1.1 Blade Anterior Ciliary Sclerotomy (ACS) (Fig. 4.3)
4.1.2 ACS Implant
4.1.3 ACS Laser
4.2 PRESBYOPIA AND IMPLANT ACCOMMODATIVE SURGERIES
4.2.1 Scleral Expansion Bands (SEBs) (Fig. 4.6)
4.2.2 Accommodative IOLs (Figs 4.8A and B)
4.3 OTHER SURGERIES OF ACCOMMODATION
4.3.1 Phakomodulation
4.3.1.1 Femtosecond (FS) Laser Lentotomy (Fig. 4.15)
4.3.1.2 Other Surgeries
4.3.2 Lentotomy
4.3.3 Ciliary Exploration
4.3.3.1 Ciliary Imaging with OCT
4.3.3.2 Ciliary Imaging with Scheimpflug
4.3.3.3 Ciliary Imaging with MRI
4.3.3.4 Ciliary Imaging with US
4.3.3.5 Results after Ciliary Exploration
4.3.4 Ciliary Muscle Electrotransfer
4.3.5 Techniques of Lenticular Refilling
4.4 ACCOMMODATIVE EXPERIMENTAL SURGERY
4.4.1 Stakes
4.4.2 Concept
4.4.3 Anteriorities
4.4.4 Patent Claims
4.4.5 Patented Invention of Ciliozonular Tension Ring (CZTR) (Fig. 4.36)
4.4.6 Feasibility Study
Epilogue
Notes
[Note 1]
[Note 2]
[Note 3]
[Note 4]
[Note 5]
[Note 6]
[Note 7]
Bibliography
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