- History of Medicine
- Concepts of Health and Disease
- Epidemiology and Vaccines
- Screening of Disease
- Communicable and Non-communicable Diseases
- National Health Programmes, Policies and Legislations in India
- Demography, Family Planning and Contraception
- Preventive Obstetrics, Paediatrics and Geriatrics
- Nutrition and Health
- Social Sciences and Health
- Environment and Health
- Biomedical Waste Management, Disaster Management, Occupational Health, Genetics and Health, Mental Health
- Health Education and Communication
- Health Care in India, Health Planning and Management
- International Health
PRIMITIVE MEDICINE
Homeopathy System of Medicine
- Principles of Homeopathy system of medicine:
- First principle – ‘similia similibus curenter’Q: Homeopathy is system of pharmaco-dynamics based on treatment of disease by use of small amounts of a drug that, in healthy persons, produces symptoms similar to those of the disease being treated (known as ‘Human drug pathogenicity study’)
- Second principle: Single medicine at the time of treatment
- Third principle: Minimum dose to be used
- Founding Father of Homeopathy: Samuel HahnemannQ (GermanyQ)
Ayurveda System of Medicine
- Ayurveda means the ‘science of life’
- Tridosha theory of diseaseQ: Disease occurs when there is disequilibrium in three doshas (humors), namely, Vata (wind), Pitta (gall) and Kapha (mucus)
Siddha System of Medicine
- Siddha means ‘achievement’
- Is practiced in Tamil speaking parts in India and abroad
- Based on notion that medical treatment has to take into account the patient's environment, age, sex, race, physiological constitution, etc.
Unani System of Medicine
- Originated from GreeceQ
- ‘Based on the humoral theory’Q: Blood, phlegm, yellow bile and black bile
- Patient's character: Sanguine, phlegmatic, choleric and malancholic
Profounders of Theories in Public Health
- Germ theory of diseaseQ: Louis Pasteur
- Multi-factorial causation of disease: PattenkofferQ
- Spontaneous generation theory: AristotleQ
Discoveries, Inventions and Developments
- First vaccine developedQ: Small pox (Edward Jenner)
- Term ‘Vaccination’Q: Edward Jenner
- Term ‘Vaccine’Q: Louis Pasteur
- Vaccines- Anthrax, Rabies: Louis Pasteur
- First Polio Vaccine: Jonas Salk
- Penicillin (First antibiotic): Alexander FlemingQ
- Growth Chart: David MorleyQ
- Homeopathy: Samuel Hahnemann
- Blood group types: Karl Landsteiner
- Citrus fruits in prevention of Scurvy: James Lind
- Transmission of Yellow fever: Walter Reed
- Life cycle of Plasmodium: Ronald RossQ
Authors of Important Books in Public Health
- The Canon of Medicine: AvicennaQ
- The Book on Healing: Avicenna
- Antiseptic Principle of the Practice of Surgery: Joseph ListerQ
- Air, Water and Places: HippocratesQ
- Ayurvedic Text Nidana: Madhav
- Charaka Samhita: Charaka
- Susruta Samhita: Susruta
Important Contributors in Public Health Hippocrates
- Also known as: Father of Medicine, First True EpidemiologistQ
- Wrote book: Air, Water and PlacesQ
- First physician to reject superstitions, legends and beliefs that credited supernatural or divine forces with causing illness
- Hippocratic school held that all illness was the result of an imbalance in the body of the four humors, blood, black bile, yellow bile and phlegm
- First to describe clubbing
Sushruta
- Wrote ‘Sushruta Samhita’
- Is also known as ‘Father of Plastic Surgery and Cosmetic Surgery’
- Is regarded as ‘Father of Indian Surgery’Q
SCIENTIFIC MEDICINE
John Snow
- John Snow, an English epidemiologist, studied CholeraQ (1848-54) and established the role of drinking water in its spread (Causative agent was identified much later)
- John Snow is also known as,
- Father of Epidemiology/Modern EpidemiologyQ
- Greatest doctor
- John Snow studied and calculated dosages for use of ether and chloroform as surgical anesthesia
History of Cholera
- John Snow (1813-1858): Found the link between cholera and contaminated drinking water (1854 using Spot mapsQ)
- William Budd concluded that spread of typhoid was by drinking water
- Robert Koch microscopically identified V. cholerae as bacillus causing the disease (1885)
- Father of Public Health: Cholera (Father of PH is a disease, not a person)
Some Important Honours
- Father of (Modern) Medicine: HippocratesQ
- Father of Indian Medicine: CharakaQ
- Hindu God of Medicine: Dhanvantari
- Father of (Modern) Surgery: Ambroise Pare
- Father of Indian Surgery: SushrutaQ
- Father of Epidemiology/Modern Epidemiology: John SnowQ
- Father of Bacteriology: Louis PasteurQ
- Father of Biology: Aristotle
- Father of (Modern) Anatomy: VesaliusQ
- Father of Physiology: Claude Bernard
- Father of Psychoanalysis: Sigmund FreudQ
- Father of Homeopathy: Samuel HahnemanQ
Edward Jenner
- Discovered Small Pox vaccine in 1796
- Small pox vaccine was the ‘First Vaccine’ to be discoveredQ
- Small Pox is the ‘First and Only’ disease to be eradicated [Poliovirus 2 eradicated on 20 Sep 2015]
- Term ‘Vaccination’ was coined by Edward Jenner
Louis Pasteur
- Gave the ‘Germ theory of disease’
- Coined term ‘Vaccine’
- Developed ‘Vaccines for Rabies and Chicken Cholera’
- Techniques of ‘Sterilization’ and ‘Pasteurization’
MODERN MEDICINE
AYUSHQ
- ISM&H (Indigenous Systems of Medicine and Homeopathy) have been now re-designated as ‘AYUSH system’ of medicine
- Ayurveda
- Yoga and Naturopathy
- Unani
- Siddha
- Homeopathy
- Mainstreaming of AYUSH is a key component of National Rural Health Mission (NRHM) 2005-12
REVOLUTION IN MEDICINE
Types of Medicine
- State Medicine: Provision of free medical services to the people at government expense
- Socialized MedicineQ: Provision of medical service and professional education by the State (as in state medicine), but the programme is operated and regulated by professional groups rather than by government
- Prevents competition between practitioners and clients
- Provision of medical services supported by state government
- Ensures social equity that is universally operated by professional health services
- Social medicine: Study of the social, economical, environmental, cultural, psychological and genetic factors, which have a bearing on health
First Country Honours
- First country to socialize medicine completelyQ: Russia
- First country to introduce compulsory sickness insuranceQ: Germany
- First country to start family planning programme: India
- First country to start blindness control programme: India
- First country to establish finger printing bureauQ: India (Calcutta, 1897)
MISCELLANEOUS
Isolation & Quarantine
- Isolation’ is the separation for the period of communicability, of infected persons from others in such places/conditions as to prevent/limit transmission to those susceptible
- It applies to persons who are known to be ill with a contagious disease
- ‘Quarantine’ (meaning “40 Days”) is the restriction of activities of apparently healthy persons who have been exposed to a case of communicable disease during its period of communicability
- It applies to those who have been exposed to a contagious disease but who may or may not become ill
- Quarantine was first applied for plagueQ
- Quarantine period for Yellow feverQ: 6 days (maximum IP)
- Quarantine currently has been ‘replaced with active surveillance’
- IsolationQuarantineSeparation ofCasesHealthy contacts of casesQDone forCases themselvesOther persons aroundLevel of PreventionQSecondary (Treatment)Primary (Specific Protection)DurationTill recovery (period of communicability)Till maximum incubation periodQ
Smallpox Eradication
- Last case of smallpox in worldQ: 26th October 1977 (Somalia)
- WHO declared global eradication of smallpoxQ: 8th May 1980
- Last indigenous case of smallpox in India: 17th May 1975 (Bihar)
- Last known case of smallpox in India: 24th May 1975 (Importation from Bangladesh)
- India declared smallpox free: July 1975
Few Important Diseases in Public Health
- Father of Public Health: CholeraQ
- Barometer of Social Welfare: Tuberculosis
- Slims’ Disease: HIV/AIDSQ
- Black Sickness: Kala Azar (Leishmaniasis)Q
- Black Death: PlagueQ
- Cerebrospinal fever: Meningococcal meningitis
- Break-bone fever: DengueQ
- Monkey fever/disease: KFD (Kyasanur Forest Disease)Q
- 5-day fever: Trench fever
- 8th day disease: Tetanus neonatorumQ
- 100-day cough: Pertussis (Whooping cough)
- Koch's Phenomenon: TuberculosisQ
- Hansen's disease: LeprosyQ
- Rubeola: Measles
- Rubella: German measlesQ
- Rubula: Mumps
Institutes of Public Health Importance in India
Institute | Location |
---|---|
Central Drug Research Institute (CDRI)Q | Lucknow |
Central Leprosy Training & Research Institute (CLTRI) | Chengalpattu |
Central Research Institute | Kasauli |
Haffkine Institute | Mumbai |
LRS Institute of T.B & allied Diseases | New Delhi |
National Tuberculosis Institute (NTI)Q | Bangalore |
National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI)Q | Nagpur |
National AIDS Control Organisation (NACO) | New Delhi |
National Institue of Communicable Disease(NICD) | New Delhi |
National Institue of Virology (NIV) | Pune |
National Institute of Nutrition (NIN) | Hyderabad |
National JALMA Institute for Leprosy | Agra |
Tuberculosis Research Institute (TRC) | Chennai |
National Institute of Occupational Health (NIOH)Q | Ahmedabad |
National Institute Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS) | Bangalore |
National Institute of EpidemiologyQ | Chennai |
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
PRIMITIVE MEDICINE
1. Samuel Hahneman is referred to as Founding Father of: [AIIMS Nov 1993]
- Ayurveda
- Allopathy
- Homeopathy
- Yoga
2. Match the following authors and their books: [AIIMS May 1995]
- Sushruta, I-Airs, Water and Places
- Avicenna, II-Sushruta Samhita
- Hippocrates, III-Canon of Medicine
- A-III, B-I, C-II
- A-III, B-II, C-I
- A-II, B-I, C-III
- A-II, B-III, C-I
3. Who is known as ‘First True Epidemiologist’ in history of medicine? [AIIMS Sep 1996]
- John Snow
- Hippocrates
- James Lind
- Joseph Lister
4. Match the following: [AIPGME 1994]
- Sushruta, I-Hindu God of Medicine
- Dhanvantari, II-Father of Public Health
- Hippocrates, III-Father of Medicine
- Cholera, IV-Father of Indian Surgery
- A-III, B-IV, C-II, D-I
- A-IV, B-III, C-II, D-I
- A-IV, B-I, C-III, D-II
- A-I, B-IV, C-II, D-III
5. Sushruta Samhita was translated by: [PGI June 03]
- Galen
- Celsus
- Harnel
- Charak
- Hessler
6. Father of Indian Surgery is: [Recent Question 2012]
- Dhanvantari
- Charaka
- Susruta
- Atreya
Review Questions
7. Cradle of civilization is: [Bihar 2006]
- Mesopotamia
- Haddapa
- Mohenjodaro
- Sindhu ghati
8. Which medicine claims to be the World's first organized body of medical knowledge? [PGMCET 2015]
- Indian
- Chinese
- Egyptian
- Mesopotamian
SCIENTIFIC MEDICINE
9. Match the following: [AIIMS Nov 1993]
- Pattenkoffer, I-Spontaneous Generation Theory
- Louis Pasteur, II-Germ Theory of Disease
- Aristotle, III-Multifactorial Causation of Disease
- A-III, B-I, C-II
- A-III, B-II, C-I
- A-II, B-I, C-III
- A-II, B-III, C-I
10. Match the following Pioneers of Preventive Medicine and their achievements: [AIPGME 1996]
- Edward Jenner, I-Transmission of Yellow Fever
- James Lind, II-Vaccination against Smallpox
- Walter Reed, III-Prevention of Scurvy
- A-III, B-I, C-II
- A-III, B-II, C-I
- A-II, B-I, C-III
- A-II, B-III, C-I
11. Which of the following is known as “Father of Public Health”? [AIIMS Feb 1997] [Recent Question 2013, 2014]
- Tuberculosis
- Cholera
- John Snow
- Louis Pasteur
12. Smallpox vaccine was introduced by: [AIIMS Dec 1992] [DNB 2011, MP 2003]
- Paul Ehrlich
- Robert Koch
- Louis Pasteur
- Edward Jenner
- Robert Koch
- Louis Pasteur
- Charles Alphonse Laveran
- Ronald Ross
14. James Lind is related to the discovery of: [DNB December 2010]
- Prevention of scurvy
- Cause of scurvy
- Pathogenesis of scurvy
- All
15. Theory of web of causation was given by: [Recent Question 2013] [DNB December 2010]
- McMohan and Pugh
- Pettenkoffer
- John snow
- Louis Pasteur
Review Questions
16. Who discovered the transmission of malaria by Anopheline mosquitoes? [TN 2003] [Recent Question 2013]
- Ronald Ross
- Laveran
- Muller
- Pampana
MODERN MEDICINE
17. Elimination of following diseases in India is on the anvil except: [AIPGME 2001]
- Yaws
- Leprosy
- Malaria
- Kala Azar
18. Yoga is considered a part of Modern medicine. It will be a part of: [AIPGME 2012]
- Physiotherapy
- Preventive medicine
- Therapeutic medicine
- Caloric upsurper
19. The lawyer who designed the Public Health Act 1848 was: [Recent Question 2013]
- John Snow
- Edwin Chadwick
- Joseph Lister
- William Farr
20. James Lind is known for: [Recent Question 2012] [Recent Question 2013]
- Germ theory of disease
- Multifactorial causation of disease
- Prevention of scurvy by citrus fruits
- Web of causation
21. Edward Jenner died in: [Recent Question 2012] [Recent Question 2013]
- 1749
- 1775
- 1823
- 1920
22. Term ‘Social Medicine’ was introduced by [Recent Question 2015]
- Jules Guerin
- Crew
- John Ryle
- Alfred Grotjhan
REVOLUTION IN MEDICINE
23. Socialized medicine is: [AIIMS Nov 2006]
- Health care at people's expense
- Charitable care at government expense
- Free medical care at government expense, regulated by professional groups
- Integration of social medicine with health care
24. All of the following are true about Socialized medicine except: [AIIMS November 2011]
- Ensures social equity – universal coverage
- Reduces competition among practitioners
- Use state funds for free medicine
- Increase utilization of health facilities
25. ‘Secret of national health lies in the homes of people’ statement by: [Recent Question 2012]
- Indira Gandhi
- Abraham Lincoln
- Joseph Bhore
- Florence Nightingale
26. First bacterium discovered as cause of a disease was: [Recent Question 2014]
- TB bacillus
- Leprosy bacillus
- Anthrax bacillus
- Plague bacillus
MISCELLANEOUS
27. Quarantine was first applied for: [AIPGME 2005]
- HIV/AIDS
- Tuberculosis
- Leprosy
- Plague
- Edward Jenner, I- Rabies and Anthrax
- Louis Pasteur, II- Small pox
- Albert Calmette and Camille Guérin, III- Poliomyelitis
- Pierre Lépine, IV- Tuberculosis
- A-II, B-I, C-IV, D-III
- A-II, B-III, C-IV, D-I
- A-IV, B-I, C-III, D-II
- A-I, B-IV, C-II, D-III
29. WHO declared that smallpox has been eradicated in: [AIPGME 1991]
- May 1978
- September 1984
- May 1980
- July 1987
30. Which of the following diseases is known as “Barometer of Social Welfare”? [AIIMS May 1995]
- Tuberculosis
- Cholera
- Leprosy
- Malaria
31. Breast Feeding Week is celebrated on: [Recent Question 2012, 2013, 2014]
- 1st week of March
- 1st week of July
- 1st week of August
- 1st December
32. Black death is: [Recent Question 2013]
- Plague
- Dengue
- Tuberculosis
- Cholera
33. World Health Day is celebrated on: [DNB June 2011]
- 1st December
- 31st May
- 7th April
- 8th May
34. Who is regarded as Father of Public Health? [DNB June 2011]
- Louis Pasteur
- Cholera
- John snow
- Robert Koch
Review Questions
35. 3 day disease is: [Bihar 2004]
- Rubella
- Rubeola
- Roseola infantum
- Measles
36. Origin of SPM dates back to: [TN 2005]
- 17th Century
- 18th Century
- 19th Century
- 20th Century
37. Socialization of medicine means: [RJ 2007]
- Study of man as a social being in his total environment
- Provision of medical services and professional education by the state but operated and regulated by the government
- Provision of medical services and professional education by the state but operated and regulated by professional groups rather than by the government
- Study of man as a social being in his whole life
38. Benefit of socialization of medicine are all except: [RJ 2007]
- It eliminate competition among physicians in search of clients
- It ensures social equity and universal coverage
- Medical care becomes free for the patients, which is supported by the state
- Patients can get good quality of treatment without cost
EXPLANATIONS
PRIMITIVE MEDICINE
1. Ans. (c) Homeopathy [Ref. Park 23/e p2]
- Founding Father of Homeopathy: Samuel Hahnemann (Germany)
2. Ans. (d) A-II, B-III, C-I [Ref. Park 23/e p2-4]
- Authors of important books in Public Health:
- The Canon of Medicine: Avicenna
- The Book on Healing: Avicenna
- Antiseptic Principle of the Practice of Surgery: Joseph Lister
- Air, Water and Places: Hippocrates
- Ayurvedic Text Nidana: Madhav
- Charaka Samhita: Charaka
- Susruta Samhita: Susruta
3. Ans. (b) Hippocrates [Ref. K. Park 23/e p3]
HIPPOCRATES:
- Also known as: Father of Medicine, First True Epidemiologist
- Wrote book: Air, Water and Places
4. Ans. (c) A-IV, B-I, C-III, D-II [Ref. Park 23/e p2, 3]
See Annxure 16
5. Ans. (e) Hessler [Ref. Internet]
6. Ans. (c) Susruta [Ref. K. Park 23/e p2]
Review Questions
7. Ans. (a) Mesopotamia [Ref. Park 23/e p3]
8. Ans. (b) Chinese [Ref. Park 23/e p2]
- Chinese medicine claims to be the World's first organized body of medical knowledge, dating back to 2700 BC
- Based on 2 principles: Yang and Yin
SCIENTIFIC MEDICINE
9. Ans. (b) A-III, B-II, C-I [Ref. Park 23/e p6, 34]
- Profounder of theories in Public Health:
- Germ theory of disease: Louis Pasteur
- Multi-factorial causation of disease: Pattenkoffer
- Spontaneous generation theory: Aristotle
10. Ans. (d) A-II, B-III, C-I [Ref. Park 23/e p6]
11. Ans. (b) Cholera [Ref. Park 23/e p5]
- Father of Public Health is cholera disease, not a person
12. Ans. (d) Edward Jenner [Ref. K. Park 23/e p6]
- Edward Jenner discovered Smallpox vaccine in 1796
- Smallpox vaccine was the ‘First Vaccine’ to be discovered
- Smallpox is the ‘First and Only’ disease to be eradicated [Poliovirus 2 eradicated on 20 Sep 2015]
- Term ‘Vaccination’ was coined by Edward Jenner
13. Ans. (c) Charles Alphonse Laveran [Ref. Physiology of Medicine 1901-21 by J Lindsten, 1/e p261]
14. Ans. (a) Prevention of scurvy [Ref. K. Park 23/e p6]
15. Ans. (a) McMohan and Pugh [Ref. K. Park 23/e p34]
Review Questions
16. Ans. (a) Ronald Ross [Ref. Park 23/e p6]
MODERN MEDICINE
17. Ans. (c) Malaria [Ref. Park 23/e p255]
- Malaria: Total cases in India annually were 1.31 million (2011)
- Yaws:
- Causative agent is Treponema pertenue
- ‘Yaws has been declared Eliminated from India in September 2006’.
- Leprosy:
- ‘Leprosy Elimination was achieved in India by 31st December 2005’
- Elimination level for Leprosy is ‘<1/10,000’
- Kala Azar:
- Total cases in India annually were 33,133 (2011)
- The National Health Policy (2002) had set the goal for ‘Elimination of Kala-Azar by year 2010’
18. Ans. (b) Preventive medicine [Logical reasoning]
19. Ans. (b) Edwin Chadwick [Ref. K. Park 23/e p5]
20. Ans. (c) Prevention of scurvy by citrus fruits [Ref. K. Park 23/e p6]
21. Ans. (c) 1823 [Ref. K. Park 23/e p6]
22. Ans. (a) Jules Guerin [Ref. Dictionary of Medical Sociology by Joseph, 1/e p119]
- Alfred Grotjhan gave concept of Social pathology
REVOLUTION IN MEDICINE
23. Ans. (c) Free medical care at government expense, regulated by professional groups [Ref. Park 23/e p10]
- State Medicine: Provision of free medical services to the people at government expense
- Socialized Medicine: Provision of medical service and professional education by the State (as in state medicine), but the programme is operated and regulated by professional groups rather than by government
- Prevents competition between practitioners and clients
- Provision of medical services supported by state government
- Ensures social equity that is universally operated by professional health services
- Social Medicine: Study of the social, economical, environmental, cultural, psychological and genetic factors, which have a bearing on health
24. Ans. (d) Increase utilization of health facilities [Ref. Park 23/e p10]
- Socialized medicine cannot ensure increased utilization of health services alone; it requires ‘Community participation (Health by the people)’ also
26. Ans. (c) Anthrax bacillus [Ref. Living in a Microbial World by Bruce V Hopkin, 1/e p126]
MISCELLANEOUS
27. Ans. (d) Plague [Ref. Park 22/e p106]
28. Ans. (a) A-II, B-I, C-IV, D-III [Ref. K. Park 23/e p6]
29. Ans. (c) May 1980 [Ref. Park 23/e p143]
- WHO declared global eradication of smallpox: 8th May 1980
30. Ans. (a) Tuberculosis [Ref. Park 23/e p172]
31. Ans. (c) 1st week of August [Ref. Disaster Nursing and Emergency Preparedness by TG Veenema, 3/e p2]
- Theme for WBFW 2014: Breast feeding – A winning goal for life!
32. Ans. (a) Plague [Ref. Bubonic Plague: Black Death by S. Person, 1/e p1]
33. Ans. (c) 7th April [Ref. K. Park 23/e p919]
34. Ans. (b) Cholera [Ref. K. Park 23/e p5]
Review Questions
35. Ans. (a) Rubella [Ref. Park 23/e p150]
36. Ans. (b) 18th Century [Ref. Park 23/e p5]
37. Ans. (c) Provision of medical services and professional education by the state but operated and regulated by professional groups rather than by the government [Ref. Park 23/e p10]
38. Ans. (d) Patients can get good quality of treatment without cost [Ref. Park 23/e p10]