Index

Illustrated Textbook of Pediatrics Md Salim Shakur

1:Neonatology
- ■ INTRODUCTION
- ■ REVELATION OF ADVANCED NEONATAL TECHNOLOGIES SINCE 1960
  - Emergence of Neonatal Intensive Care Unit
  - Current Advances in Ventilatory Care
  - Improved Fetal Care by Allied Medical Departments
  - Improved Neonatal Transfer by Appropriate Transport
  - Imaging and Other Diagnostic Advances
  - Improved Child Survival through Advanced Neonatal Care and Ethical Issue
- ■ TERMINOLOGY INVOLVED IN NEONATOLOGY
  - Normal and Abnormal Labor and its Effects on Fetus and Neonate
- ■ ANTENATAL INVESTIGATION
  - Prenatal Assessment of the Fetus
  - Indication
- ■ INITIAL NEONATAL SCREENING
  - Definition
  - Aim
  - Criteria
  - Types
  - History
  - Physical Examination Thoroughly
  - Laboratory Investigation
  - Specimen
  - Diseases which can be Identified
  - Investigations that are Commonly Done
  - Importance of Screening
  - Neonatal Screening to Reduce Sequelae of Hypothyroidism
  - Blood is Screened for Hypothyroidism
  - Thyroid-stimulating Hormone Measurement
  - Follow-up
  - Prevention
  - Prognosis
- ■ EARLY IDENTIFICATION OF HEARING LOSS
  - Newborn Hearing Screening Program (Otoacoustic Emission and Auditory Brainstem Response)
  - Prevention of Mental Retardation by the Following Measures
  - Phenyl Ketonuria: Screening at Birth
    - Clinical Features
    - Treatment
  - Galactosemia
  - Homocystinuria (Autosomal Recessive)
    - Clinical Features
    - Treatment
  - Tyrosinemia (Autosomal Recessive)
    - Clinical Features
    - Treatment
- ■ PRESENTATION
- ■ PHYSICAL EXAMINATION
  - Abnormal Odor in Urine (and Sweat)
  - Ammonia Metabolism Disorders
- ■ MANAGEMENT
- ■ TWIN PREGNANCY
  - Types
- ■ HISTORY TAKING OF NEWBORN INFANTS AND NEWBORN EXAMINATION
  - History for Prognostic Pointers for Newborn Infants
  - Examination
- ■ CHECK THE FOLLOWING POINTS WITHIN FIRST 24 HOURS OF LIFE
- ■ ROUTINE CARE OF THE NEWBORN AT DELIVERY AND AFTER DELIVERY
- ■ CARE FOLLOWING BIRTH
- ■ CAPUT SUCCEDANEUM
  - Characteristics
  - Treatment
- ■ CEPHALHEMATOMA
  - Characteristics (Fig. 46)
  - Fate
  - Treatment
- ■ SUBAPONEUROTIC HEMORRHAGE
  - Characteristics
  - Investigations
  - Differential Diagnosis
  - Treatment
    - Supportive
  - Complications
  - Prognosis
- ■ BREASTFEEDING AND COMPLEMENTARY FEEDING
  - Breastfeeding
  - Types of Breast Milk
  - Key Messages to Promote Exclusive Breastfeeding
  - Breastfeeding: Initiation in the 1st Hour Can Save More than One Million Newborns
  - The Amazing First Hour of Life
  - Optimal Breastfeeding
  - How to Initiate Breastfeeding in the First Hour of Life
  - Other Technical Guidelines for Successful Breastfeeding
- ■ KANGAROO MOTHER CARE
  - Clinical Benefits
  - KMC Procedure
  - Does Skin-to-Skin Contact Matter for Women Who are HIV Positive?
- ■ MISTAKEN BELIEFS: BARRIERS TO NORMAL BREASTFEEDING INITIATION
- ■ POSITIONING AND ATTACHMENT
  - Proper Positioning of Baby while Breastfeeding (Fig. 51)
  - Proper Attachment (Figs 52 and 53)
  - Causes of Poor Attachment
    - Poor Attachment Results in:
  - Indicators of Adequate Breastfeeding
- ■ HOW TO SUSTAIN OPTIMUM BREASTFEEDING
  - Historical Development in Global Initiative and International Policies to Support and Promote Breastfeeding
- ■ THE FOLLOWING ARE THE TEN STEPS TO SUCCESSFUL BREASTFEEDING
- ■ BABY-FRIENDLY HOSPITAL INITIATIVE
- ■ HIV INFECTION AND BREASTFEEDING
- ■ CONTRAINDICATION OF BREASTFEEDING
- ■ HOW BREASTFEEDING CAN HELP ACHIEVING MDGS?
  - Facilitate Breastfeeding in the First Hour of Life
- ■ ACTION IDEAS
  - For Hospitals and Maternity Facilities
  - For Health Workers
  - For Family and Community Members
  - For Policy Makers
- ■ BREASTFEEDING IN SPECIAL SITUATION
  - Optimizing Breastmilk in Preterm LBW Babies
  - Optimizing Lactation Success
  - Methods of Feeding
  - Feeding and Maintenance of Nutrition in LBW Babies
  - Procedure of Nasogastric Tube Feeding
  - Symptoms and Signs of Feeding Intolerance
- ■ CUP/SPOON FEEDING
  - Procedure of Cup/Spoon Feeding (Fig. 56)
  - Advantages of Cup/Spoon Feeding
  - Advantage of Cup or Spoon Feeding over Bottle Feeding
  - How to Increase Milk Supply
  - Nutrition of Mother of Twins and High Multiples
  - Stress Relaxation Therapy
  - Galactagogues
  - Methods of Breastfeeding
- ■ PROBLEMS WITH BREASTFEEDING WHICH MAY CAUSE FAILURE OF BREASTFEEDING
  - Not Enough Milk
  - Remediable Reasons for Baby Who May Not Get Enough Breastmilk (Insufficient Breastmilk)
  - Insufficient Breastmilk in Malnourished Mother
  - Management of Not Enough Milk
  - Rubbing Mother's back to Stimulate the Oxytocin Reflex
  - Delayed Establishment of Breastfeeding
  - How to Overcome the Problem Associated with Delayed Establishment of Breastfeeding?
  - Other Problems Associated with Breastfeeding
  - Breastmilk Diarrhea
    - Management
  - Breastmilk Jaundice
  - Apprehensions of Not Getting Enough Breastmilk (Pseudo-insufficient Breastmilk)
  - Cleft Lip and Cleft Palate
  - Factors which do not Affect the Production of Breast Milk
- ■ RELACTATION
  - How to Help a Mother for Relactation?
  - Procedure of Relactation by Using Breast- feeding Supplementer
- ■ INVERTED/FLAT NIPPLES
- ■ SORE/CRACKED/FISSURED NIPPLE
  - Causes
  - Treatment
- ■ BREAST ENGORGEMENT
  - Treatment
- ■ BLOCKED DUCT
  - Treatment
- ■ MASTITIS/BREAST ABSCESS
  - Treatment
- ■ IDEAL CHARACTERISTICS OF COMPLEMENTARY FEED
- ■ READY-TO-USE THERAPEUTIC FOOD
  - Controversy of RUTF and Home-based Nutrient-dense Foods
- ■ TERM RELATED TO LBW BABY
- ■ TWO TYPES OF LBW
- ■ THREE TYPES OF IUGR
  - Normal Birthweight IUGR
- ■ NORMAL GROWTH AND RETARDED GROWTH OF FETUS DURING PREGNANCY
  - Basics
  - Early IUGR
  - Normal Birthweight IUGR and Its Possible Risk
- ■ RISK OF PRETERM LBW BABIES
  - Immediate Problems
  - Intermediate Problems
  - Late Complications
  - Problem Affecting Adult Health
  - Genetic
  - Fetal Gene
  - Maternal and Environmental Factors
  - Maternal Nutrient Proper Consist of:
  - Fetal Substrate Supply Depends on:
  - Maternal Nutrition in Childhood
- ■ MATERNAL NUTRITION DURING PREGNANCY
  - Maternal Nutrition as a Determinant of Birthweight
  - Late Maternal Nutrition Deficiency
- ■ EFFECT OF EARLY MATERNAL NUTRITION RESTRICTION: NUTRITION PROGRAMMING AND ITS EFFECT ON LATER ADULT LIFE
  - LBW, Glucocorticoid Excess and Type-II Diabetes, Hyperlipidemia and Hypertension
  - LBW, Cardiometabolic Risk and Nonmetabolic (Anatomical) Coronary Heart Disease
  - Effect of Risk of IUGR on Individual and Community
  - Association of Pattern of Postnatal Growth and Cardiovascular Risk in Ex-IUGR
  - LBW and Premature Adrenarche
- ■ ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH LBW
  - Environmental and Social Factors
  - Social Ingredients and Inequality
- ■ MANAGEMENT OF PRETERM LBW BABIES AND IUGR
  - Social Ingredient Intervention
  - Prevention of Prematurity (Decrease Gestational Period) and Management of Preterm Labor
  - Identification and Prevention in Women at Risk
  - Cervical Cerclage
  - Management of Preterm Labor
  - Pharmacological Treatment to Prevent Preterm Labor and Prolonging Gestational Age
  - Aim of Treatment to Delay Preterm Delivery
  - Tocolysis
  - Antibiotics
  - Steroids
- ■ ASSESSMENT OF FETAL RISK FACTOR OF IUGR AND LBW
  - Investigation
  - Doppler Velocimetry
  - Assessment of Amniotic Fluid Index
- ■ PREVENTION OF INFECTION
- ■ KEEPING THE BABY WARM
  - Procedure of KMC (Fig. 68)
  - Advantages of KMC
- ■ EARLY IDENTIFICATION AND TREATMENT OF COMPLICATION
- ■ FLUID AND ELECTROLYTE MANAGEMENT (TABLE 20)
- ■ FEEDING MANAGEMENT (TABLE 21)
  - Feeding Problem in Preterm LBW and Role of Speech and Language Therapy
  - Total Parental Nutrition (TPN)
  - Monitoring Blood Sugar
- ■ PROPHYLAXIS WITH VITAMIN K1
- ■ VITAMINS AND MICRONUTRIENT SUPPLEMENTATION
- ■ KEEPING DAILY WEIGHT CHART
- ■ REGULAR AND CAREFUL FOLLOW-UP
  - Management of Jaundice (Discussed More in Neonatal Jaundice Chapter)
    - Treatment Options
- ■ INITIAL MANAGEMENT OF THE EXTREMELY PRETERM INFANT
  - Resuscitation at Birth
  - Fluid Balance
  - Initial Respiratory Support
  - Other Aspects of Initial Care on NICU
  - Discharge from the Neonatal Unit
  - Special Circumstances
  - Follow-up
  - Outcome after Preterm Birth (Table 24)
  - Neurodevelopmental Disability
  - Other Long-term Outcomes
- ■ STRATEGY TO IDENTIFY AND MANAGE PRETERM LBW BABY
  - Management for LBW Neonates (Tables 25 to 28 and Flow Chart 3)
  - Evaluation of Preterm and Ex-Preterm
    - Scientific Background
- ■ BRAIN INJURY IN PRETERM INFANTS
  - Definition
  - General Matrix Hemorrhage—Intraventricular Hemorrhage (GMH-IVH)
- ■ EFFECT OF PDA IN PRETERM
- ■ CLINICAL FEATURES
  - Heart Sound
  - Investigation
  - Significance of Biochemical Markers
- ■ MANAGEMENT CONSIST OF NO TREATMENT, MEDICAL TREATMENT, SURGICAL TREATMENT
  - Drug Treatment
    - Prostaglandins Inhibitors (If Conservative Management Fails)
  - Surgical Closure
  - Indication of Surgery
  - Catheter Closure of PDA
  - Closure in Asymptomatic Case
- ■ INTRODUCTION
- ■ EPIDEMIOLOGY
- ■ ETIOLOGY AND PATHOGENESIS
  - Bowel Ischemia
  - Infection
- ■ EARLY FEEDING AND NEC
  - Feeding Volume and NEC
- ■ PATHOLOGY
  - Bells Staging (Table 30)
- ■ CLINICAL FEATURES OF NEC
  - Gastrointestinal Signs
  - Hematochezia (Hemopositive Stool)
  - Systemic Signs (One or More of the following)
- ■ DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
- ■ INVESTIGATION
- ■ IMAGING
  - Plain Radiography
  - Pneumatosis Intestinalis
- ■ MANAGEMENT
  - Medical Management
  - Surgical Management
  - Prevention
  - Role of Probiotics in Prevention of NEC
  - Role of Vitamin A in Prevention of NEC
- ■ PROGNOSIS
- ■ LONG-TERM COMPLICATIONS
- ■ CAUSES OF RESPIRATORY DISTRESS
  - Features Suggestive of Respiratory Distress due to Respiratory Conditions
  - Pathophysiology of Frequent Respiratory Diseases in Newborn
- ■ TRANSIENT TACHYPNEA OF NEWBORN
  - Presentation
- ■ DEFINITION OF APNEA
- ■ OTHER CAUSES
- ■ MANAGEMENT
  - Drug Treatment of Apnea Prematurity
- ■ PRESENTATION
- ■ DIAGNOSIS OF CONGENITAL PNEUMONIA/SEPSIS
  - PRESENTATION
- ■ PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF RDS
  - Composition of Surfactant (Fig. 81)
  - Lung Functions in RDS
  - Alveolar Ventilation
- ■ RDS AT AUTOPSY
- ■ RISK FACTORS OF RDS
- ■ OTHER IMPORTANT TRIGGERING FACTORS FOR RDS
- ■ POSSIBLE RELIEVING FACTORS
- ■ DIAGNOSIS
  - X-ray Chest
- ■ MANAGEMENT: PREVENTION AND TREATMENT
  - Prevention
  - Treatment
  - Surfactant Therapy
  - Role of Surfactant as Prophylactic and Early Rescue Management of RDS
  - How to Administer Surfactant (Fig. 84)
  - New Techniques of Minimally Invasive Surfactant Therapy (MIST)
    - Exogenous Surfactant Therapy without Tracheal Intubation
  - Non-invasive Assisted Ventilation in RDS
  - More Invasive Mechanical Ventilation
  - Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP)
- ■ INVASIVE VENTILATION
  - Mechanical Ventilation (MV)
- ■ OTHER TYPE OF VENTILATORS
  - High Frequency Oscillatory Ventilation (HFOV)
- ■ WEANING PRETERM BABIES OFF CPAP
  - The infant should be stable for ≥12 hours
  - Weaning Methods
  - Criteria for Failed Trial “OFF” (at least two of the followings)
- ■ PRESENTATION
- ■ DIAGNOSIS
  - Aspiration of Feeds
- ■ PNEUMOTHORAX
  - Presentation
  - Diagnosis
  - Investigations
    - Radiological Diagnosis
  - Other Investigations
  - Treatment of Pneumothorax
  - Treatment of PIE
  - Treatment of Pneumomediastinum
- ■ BRONCHOPULMONARY DYSPLASIA (BPD)
  - Presentation
  - Pathology and Pathophysiology
  - Management
  - Management of pH in BPD
  - Systemic Steroids
  - Discharge of Infants Requiring Oxygen Supplementation
  - Prognosis
- ■ MECONIUM ASPIRATION SYNDROME
  - Problems
  - Diagnosis
  - Investigations for Diagnosis and Management of the Patient
  - Treatment of MAS
  - Complications of MAS
  - Prognosis
- ■ PRESENTATION
- ■ DIAGNOSIS: CONGENITAL DIAPHRAGMATIC HERNIA
  - Differential Diagnosis
    - Investigations
    - Differential Diagnosis: Congenital Cystic Adenomatoid Malformation (CCAM)
  - Treatment
    - Suppurative
    - Surgery
  - Prognosis
- ■ PRESENTATION
- ■ DIAGNOSIS
- ■ ASSOCIATION
- ■ TYPES (FIG. 100)
- ■ INVESTIGATION FOR DIAGNOSIS AND MANAGEMENT OF THE PATIENT
  - Radiological Diagnosis (Figs 101 and 102)
- ■ TREATMENT
  - Prognosis
- ■ PROBLEMS
- ■ DIAGNOSIS
- ■ PATHOGENESIS AND PATHOLOGY
- ■ PERSISTENT PULMONARY HYPERTENSION OF NEWBORN (PPHN)
  - Clinical Presentation
  - Investigation
  - Treatment
- ■ PROBLEMS
- ■ DIAGNOSIS: CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE IN NEWBORN (DISCUSSED IN DETAIL IN CARDIOLOGY CHAPTER)
- ■ INVESTIGATION
- ■ TREATMENT
  - Digoxin Dosage
  - Vasodilators
- ■ DEFINITION
- ■ AIM
- ■ TYPES OF VENTILATOR SUPPORT
- ■ COMMON TERMS USED IN MECHANICAL VENTILATION
- ■ FORMULA
  - Initial Ventilator Strategy
  - Diseased Lung
  - Ventilatory Setting in Diseased Lung
  - Ventilatory Settings in Normal Lung
  - Safety Limit of Mechanical Ventilation
- ■ CONTINUOUS POSITIVE AIRWAY PRESSURE (CPAP)
  - Features (Fig. 106)
  - Indication of CPAP
  - Guidelines for Initiation of CPAP
  - Aim of CPAP
  - Weaning from CPAP
  - Adequacy of CPAP
  - Advantages
  - Disadvantages
- ■ MECHANICAL VENTILATION/INTERMITTENT MANDATORY VENTILATION (IMV)
  - Function: Two Main Functions
  - Indications of Mechanical Ventilation
  - Basic Ventilator Setting on IMV (Fig. 107)
- ■ HIGH FREQUENCY VENTILATOR
  - Features
  - Types
  - Advantages
  - Disadvantages
  - Basic Ventilator Setting on IMV
  - Monitoring of Adequacy of Mechanical Ventilation and Monitoring of Baby in a Ventilator
  - Weaning from the Ventilator
    - How to do Weaning?
  - When to Extubate?
    - Prerequisite for Extubation
- ■ RISK FACTORS
- ■ PATHOGENESIS
- ■ INTERNATIONAL CLASSIFICATION OF ROP (FIG. 108)
- ■ MANAGEMENT
- ■ DEFINITION
- ■ PATHOGENESIS
- ■ RISK FACTORS OTHER THAN PREMATURITY
- ■ NORMAL REQUIREMENT POSTNATALLY IN PRETERM BABIES
- ■ BREASTMILK CONTENTS OF PHOSPHATE AND CALCIUM
- ■ CLINICAL PRESENTATIONS
- ■ BIOCHEMICAL
- ■ RADIOLOGICAL CHANGE
- ■ MANAGEMENT
  - Phosphate Supplement (Julic Solution Containing Sodium Phosphate)
- ■ PROGNOSIS
- ■ INTRODUCTION
- ■ DIAGNOSIS
- ■ PRESENTATION
- ■ MANAGEMENT
  - Avoidance of Phlebotomy
  - Reducing the Need for Blood Transfusion: Hematinic and Erythropoietin
    - Hematinic
    - Erythropoietin
  - Blood Transfusion Indication
- ■ INTRODUCTION
- ■ SIGNIFICANCE OF HYPOXIC ISCHEMIA ENCEPHALOPATHY
- ■ CAUSES OF FAILURE OF BREATHING AT BIRTH
  - Failure to Breathe
  - Failure to Expand Chest
- ■ NEONATAL DEPRESSION
- ■ NEONATAL ENCEPHALOPATHY
  - Causes of Neonatal Encephalopathy
- ■ EVIDENCES AGAINST INTRAPARTUM HYPOXIA (BIRTH ASPHYXIA)
- ■ RISK FACTORS FOR HYPOXIC ISCHEMIC ENCEPHALOPATHY (BIRTH ASPHYXIA)
- ■ PATHOPHYSIOLOGY (FLOW CHART 7)
- ■ PATHOLOGY
  - Involvement of Cerebral Cortex
  - Basal Ganglia Lesion
  - White Matter Injury
- ■ CLINICAL FEATURES
- ■ ROLE OF APGAR SCORE IN HYPOXIC ISCHEMIC ENCEPHALOPATHY (BIRTH ASPHYXIA)
- ■ ENCEPHALOPATHY ASSOCIATED WITH BIRTH ASPHYXIA
  - Clinical Features of Encephalopathy
  - Grading of Encephalopathy
  - Laboratory Studies
  - Neuroimaging: MRI
- ■ ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY
- ■ MANAGEMENT OF BIRTH ASPHYXIA
  - Management of Hypoxic Ischemic Encephalopathy in Facility-based Care
  - Management of Birth Asphyxia (Table 41)
- ■ GUIDELINES FOR BIRTH ASPHYXIA (TABLES 42 AND 43)
- ■ INTRODUCTION
- ■ EPIDEMIOLOGY AND ETIOLOGY OF NEONATAL SEPSIS
  - Definition of Sepsis
  - Factors Influencing Development of Infection
  - Bacterial Etiology of Neonatal Sepsis
    - Frequent bacterial causes of neonatal sepsis:
  - Early Onset Sepsis and Late Onset Sepsis
- ■ GENERAL PRINCIPLES
  - Empirical Choice of Antibiotic
  - Duration of Antibiotic Therapy
  - Antibiotic Resistance
  - Treatment of Antibiotic-resistant Infection
  - Control Measures for Antibiotic-resistant Bacteria
  - General Measures
  - More Specific Measures to Prevent Drug-resistant Bacteria
    - Identification of Patient Infected or Colonized with Bacteria
    - Antibiotic Risk Factor
- ■ SUPPORTIVE TREATMENT OF NEONATAL SEPSIS
- ■ ADJUNCT THERAPY
- ■ FRESH BLOOD TRANSFUSION
  - Indications
  - Situations Requiring Intravenous Infusion (Nutrition)
  - Follow-up of Sepsis Cases
    - Every 4–6 hours to monitor
- ■ PREVENTION OF INFECTION (TABLES 46 AND 47)
  - Prevention of Infection is more Cost-effective than Treating Infection in Neonates
  - Basic Requirements to Prevent Sepsis in Hospital
  - Guidelines for Entry into the Baby Care Area
  - Steps of Effective Hand Washing
  - Policy Regarding Visitors/Caregivers
  - Sterile Gloves
  - Nursery Environment
  - Skin Preparation for Insertion of Intravenous Cannula, Venipuncture and Other Procedures
- ■ MANAGEMENT of LOW BIRTHWEIGHT NEONATES (TABLES 48 TO 51)
- ■ IDENTIFICATION OF NEONATAL SEPSIS: DANGER SIGNS
- ■ INTRODUCTION
- ■ SOME IMPORTANT CLINICAL FEATURES TO BE SEEN (TABLE 52)
- ■ INVESTIGATIONS
- ■ PERINATALLY ACQUIRED HEPATITIS B INFECTION
- ■ HEPATITIS B IMMUNIZATION
  - Preventing First Episode of Disease
  - Breastfeeding in Hepatitis B Positive Mother
    - Therefore, there is no contraindication to breastfeeding with HB positive mother.
- ■ INTRODUCTION
- ■ CAUSES OF DELAYED PASSAGE OF MECONIUM
  - Other Causes
- ■ WHAT IS MECONIUM ILEUS?
- ■ HOW WILL YOU INVESTIGATE?
- ■ INTRODUCTION
- ■ WHY JAUNDICE IS MORE IN NEWBORN?
- ■ CRITERIA OF PHYSIOLOGICAL JAUNDICE
- ■ DIAGNOSIS OF SEVERE JAUNDICE
- ■ TOTAL OR UNCONJUGATED BILIRUBIN
  - Significance of Preventing Severe Neonatal Hyperbilirubinemia
  - Symptoms Consistent with Encephalopathy
  - Causes of Exaggerated Physiological Jaundice
- ■ CONJUGATED OR DIRECT HYPERBILIRUBINEMIA (CHOLESTATIC JAUNDICE)
  - Criteria of Pathological Jaundice
  - Prolonged Jaundice
- ■ CAUSES
  - Prolonged Unconjugated Hyperbilirubinemia
    - Common Causes of Unconjugated Hyperbilirubinemia
  - Prolonged Conjugated Hyperbilirubinemia
- ■ BREAST MILK JAUNDICE—CLINICAL INDICATORS
  - Jaundice Associated with Breastfeeding Beginning in the First Few Days of Life
  - Breast milk Jaundice Beginning in the Second Week of Life
  - Characteristics of Breast Milk Jaundice
  - Significance and Advantage of Breast Milk Jaundice
  - Clinical Evaluation of Nonphysiological Jaundice
  - Physical Examinations
  - Identify Severe Jaundice
- ■ INVESTIGATIONS
- ■ CLINICAL APPROACH AND INVESTIGATION TO DIAGNOSE NEONATAL JAUNDICE (FLOW CHART 11)
- ■ TREATMENT OF UNCONJUGATED HYPERBILIRUBINEMIA (TABLE 55)
- ■ CLINICAL PROBLEM AND DIAGNOSIS
  - Diagnosis
    - RhD Hemolytic Disease of Newborn
    - The global burden of Rh disease:
  - Burden of Rhesus Hemolytic Disorder of Newborn in Developing Countries
- ■ CLINICAL FEATURES
  - History
  - Examination
- ■ INVESTIGATION
  - Poor Positive Predictive Value of Hemolytic Disease of Newborn Requiring Intervention
- ■ MANAGEMENT
  - Antenatal Management (Antibody Titer of Mother)
  - Postnatal Management
- ■ CHOICE OF BLOOD (SEE ALSO PROCEDURES CHAPTER)
- ■ INVESTIGATIONS
- ■ IMPROVED PHOTOTHERAPY
  - Factors Affecting Efficacy of Phototherapy
  - Types of Light
  - Procedure of Providing Phototherapy
- ■ HIGH-DOSE OF INTRAVENOUS IMMUNOGLOBULIN (IVIG)
- ■ COMPLICATIONS OF UNTREATED RH INCOMPATIBILITY
  - Hemolytic Disease of Newborn Due to Non-Rh Incompatibility, Mostly ABO Incompatibility
  - Characteristics of ABO Incompatibility (Table 56)
  - Management of ABO Hemolytic Disorder of Newborn
- ■ OTHER CAUSES OF HEMOLYTIC DISORDER OF NEWBORN CAUSING EARLY NEONATAL JAUNDICE
  - RBC Membrane Defect Disorder
  - RBC Enzyme Defect
    - Glucose-6-phosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency
    - Other RBC Enzyme Deficiency
- ■ NEONATAL JAUNDICE DUE TO HEMOGLOBINOPATHY
  - Alpha-thalassemia Major
- ■ MANAGEMENT
- ■ NEONATAL CHOLESTATIC JAUNDICE
- ■ BILIARY ATRESIA
  - Diagnosis of Surgical Jaundice, Particularly EHBA
    - Clinical Presentation
  - Investigations
  - Management
    - Prognosis
- ■ INTRODUCTION
- ■ CAUSE
- ■ CLINICAL INDICATORS OF NEONATAL HYPOGLYCEMIA IN INFANT OF DIABETIC MOTHER
- ■ TREATMENT
- ■ DEFINITION
- ■ PHYSIOLOGY: GLUCOSE HOMEOSTASIS
  - Pathophysiology of Decreased Glucose in Various Conditions
- ■ CLINICAL FEATURES
  - Symptomatic Cases
- ■ INVESTIGATIONS
- ■ TREATMENT OF HYPOGLYCEMIA
  - Determine Babies at Risk of Hypoglycemia
  - Treatment of Persistent and Severe Hypoglycemia
- ■ CLINICAL INDICATORS OF NEONATAL HYPOGLYCEMIA—INFANT OF DIABETIC MOTHER
  - Asymptomatic Cases
- ■ PARENTERAL GLUCOSE REPLACEMENT
- ■ EMERGENCY GLUCOSE REPLACEMENT
- ■ PRESENTATION
- ■ DIAGNOSIS (TABLE 58)
- ■ CONVULSION
- ■ INCIDENCE
- ■ INDICATION OF CNS INSULT
- ■ ETIOLOGY AND ONSET OF NEONATAL CONVULSION
- ■ INVESTIGATION
  - First-line
  - Second-line
- ■ MANAGEMENT (FLOW CHART 13)
  - When to Discontinue Anticonvulsant Drug
  - Weaning and Duration of Anticonvulsant Therapy
- ■ INTRODUCTION
- ■ VITAMIN K DEFICIENCY BLEEDING
- ■ ETIOLOGY AND PATHOGENESIS
- ■ PRESENTATION
- ■ CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO DIAGNOSIS
- ■ TYPES OF BLEEDING
  - Warning Bleeds
- ■ INVESTIGATION
- ■ MANAGEMENT
  - Prophylaxis
  - Oral Vitamin K (Oral Phytomenadione Mixed Micellar)
  - Intramuscular Vitamin K (Intramuscular Phytomenadione Mixed Micellar)
  - Intramuscular or Oral Vitamin K
    - Disadvantages of Intramuscular Vitamin K
- ■ TREATMENT DURING ACTIVE BLEEDING
- ■ CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE IN NEWBORN
  - Fetal Circulation and Changes at Birth
    - Fetal Circulation
    - Circulatory Changes at Birth
- ■ CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF PHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGES OF THESE STRUCTURES
  - Duct-dependent Congenital Heart Disease (Figs 136A to C)
- ■ CLASSIFICATION OF CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE
  - Approach to Case Scenarios and Evaluation of Central Cyanosis
    - Clinical Problem and Likely Systemic Disorder
  - Clinical Disorder: Pulmonary Disorder
    - Clinical Problem and Likely Systemic Disorder
  - Clinical Disorder: Cerebral Disorder
    - Clinical Problem and Likely Clinical Diagnosis
- ■ DIAGNOSIS
- ■ APPROACH TO CASE SCENARIOS
  - Management Guidelines of Congenital Cyanotic Heart Disease in Newborn
- ■ CLINICAL PROBLEM (TABLE 62)
- ■ DIAGNOSIS
  - Cyanotic Congenital Heart Disease
- ■ TREATMENT
  - Tricuspid Atresia (Figs 139A and B)
  - Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Drainage
    - Clues to Diagnosis
    - Treatment
  - Ebstein Anomaly (Fig. 142)
    - Clinical Clues to Diagnosis
    - Treatment:
  - Cyanotic Heart Disease Presenting after the First Week of Life
- ■ HEART FAILURE DURING NEONATAL PERIOD
  - Definition
  - Causes of Heart Failure (Cardiac Causes)
    - First Week
    - Second to Fourth Weeks
  - Symptoms and Signs of Heart Failure
    - General
    - Cardiovascular
  - Management
    - Acute Heart Failure
  - Correcting the Underlying Cause
- ■ DUODENAL ATRESIA
  - Etiopathogenosis
  - Clinical Features
  - Investigations
  - Management
    - Surgical Management
  - Prognosis
- ■ SMALL BOWEL ATRESIAS (JEJUNAL AND ILEAL ATRESIA)
  - Clinical Features
  - Investigations
  - Management Surgical
  - Prognosis
- ■ MALROTATION AND VOLVULUS (FIGS 151A TO C)
  - Definition
  - Epidemiology
  - Clinical Features
  - Investigations
    - Plain X-ray Abdomen
  - Management
  - Prognosis
- ■ ANORECTAL ANOMALIES
  - Introduction
  - Epidemiology
  - Types
    - Low Variety
    - High Variety
  - Examination
    - In Male (Fig. 152)
    - In Female
  - Investigations
  - Management
    - Low Variety
    - High Variety
  - Prognosis
    - Constipation
- ■ HIRSCHSPRUNG'S DISEASE
  - Introduction
  - Pathology
  - Pathogenesis
  - Type—According to Length Affected
  - Epidemiology
    - Incidence
  - Clinical Features (Typical)
  - Rectal Examination
  - Investigations
  - Management
    - Three-stage Surgery
    - Single-stage Surgery
  - Prognosis
- ■ ANTERIOR ABDOMINAL WALL DEFECTS
  - Gastrochisis
  - Outcome
  - Exomphalos (Omphalocele)
  - Idiopathic Hypertrophic Pyloric Stenosis (Figs 161A and B)
- ■ EMERGENCY DRUGS
  - Digoxin
    - Oral Dose
    - Digoxin—by Intravenous Infusion—Used in Acute Condition
  - Adrenaline (Epinephrine)
  - Dopamine Hydrochloride
    - Uses:
    - Actions:
  - Dobutamine
    - Dosage
  - Furosemide
  - Aminophylline
  - Calcium Gluconate
  - Prostaglandin
  - Indometacin
  - Phenobarbitone
    - Presentation:
  - Phenytoin
    - Presentation:
  - Diazepam (For Detail See Therapeutic Medicine Chapter)
    - Presentation:
2:Clinical Genetics
- ■ HUMAN GENOME PROJECT
- ■ GENETIC COUNSELING
  - What is Genetic Counseling?
- ■ GENETIC DISORDERS
- ■ GENETIC TESTING
3:Fluid and Electrolyte Balance and Its Disorders
- ■ INTRAVENOUS FLUID AND ELECTROLYTE
- ■ ELECTROLYTE IMBALANCE
4:Acid-Base Balance and Disturbance
- ■ INTRODUCTION
- ■ DEFINITIONS
- ■ pH AND HYDROGEN IONS
- ■ PHYSIOLOGICAL PRINCIPLES
- ■ METABOLIC ACIDOSIS
- ■ METABOLIC ALKALOSIS
  - Causes
  - Treatment
- ■ RESPIRATORY ACIDOSIS AND RESPIRATORY ALKALOSIS
5:Growth and Development
- ■ CHILDHOOD GROWTH
- ■ PHYSIOLOGY OF GROWTH
- ■ EFFECTS OF GROWTH HORMONE
  - Direct Effects
  - Indirect Effects
- ■ POSTNATAL GROWTH
- ■ CHILDHOOD GROWTH
  - Head
  - Length
- ■ HEIGHT
- ■ WEIGHT
  - Weight Gain
  - Weight Velocity
- ■ BONE AGE
- ■ GROWTH DISORDERS
- ■ CHILD DEVELOPMENT
  - Domains of Development
  - Developmental Assessment
6:Nutrition and Its Disorders
- ■ NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENTS
  - Energy Metabolism During Growth and Growth Failure
  - Energy Balance
  - Nutrient Requirements for Healthy Children
- ■ NUTRIENTS
  - Carbohydrates
  - Proteins
  - Fats
  - Consequences of Undernutrition
    - Nutritional Assessment
- ■ MALNUTRITION
  - Underlying Determinants of Malnutrition (Etiology)
- ■ MALNUTRITION: GLOBAL SCENARIO
  - Food Insecurity and Malnutrition
- ■ CLASSIFICATION OF MALNUTRITION
- ■ PATHOGENESIS OF MALNUTRITION
  - Clinical Significance of Pathological Changes
- ■ CLINICAL FEATURES OF MALNUTRITION
  - Clinical Features of Malnutrition in Children
  - Difference between Edematous (Kwashiorkor and Marasmic Kwashiorkor) and Non-edematous (Marasmus) Malnutrition
- ■ MANAGEMENT OF SEVERE ACUTE MALNUTRITION
  - Underlying Conditions and Management Strategy of SAM and Chronic Malnutrition
  - Management of Severe Acute Malnutrition in Facility-Based Inpatient Care
    - General Principle for Routine Care
- ■ STEPS OF MANAGEMENT
  - Initial Stabilization Phase
  - Treatment of Associated Conditions
    - Emergency Management of Shock
    - Treatment of shock
  - Anemia in Malnourished Children
  - Emergency Treatment of Severe Anemia
  - Rehabilitation Phase
- ■ COMMUNITY-BASED MANAGEMENT OF ACUTE MALNUTRITION
  - Role of Community- based Management of Severe Malnutrition
  - Ready to Use Therapeutic Food
  - Home-based Nutrient-dense Foods
- ■ COMMUNITY-BASED MANAGEMENT FOR ACUTE MALNUTRITION (CMAM)
  - Community Outreach Activities
  - Community-based Management of SAM without Complications
  - Inpatient Care for SAM with Complications
  - Community-based Management of MAM and Pregnant and Lactating Woman
- ■ BASIC REQUIREMENTS FOR COMMUNITY- BASED MANAGEMENT OF SAM
  - Who will Manage Community-based SAM?
  - Where the Community-based SAM will be Managed?
  - Nutritional Treatment for SAM without Complications
  - Nutritional Management of Moderate Acute Malnutrition at Community Level
- ■ ENROLMENT IN COMMUNITY-BASED MANAGEMENT OF MAM
  - Target Group
    - Follow-up visits “every two weeks until” discharge
- ■ VITAMIN A
- ■ VITAMIN B COMPLEX
  - Vitamin B1
  - Vitamin B2
  - Vitamin B6
  - Vitamin B12
  - Nicotinic Acid
  - Folic Acid
- ■ VITAMIN C
  - Functions
  - Deficiency
  - Investigations
  - Treatment
- ■ VITAMIN E
  - Functions
  - Deficiency
  - Investigations
  - Treatment
- ■ VITAMIN K
  - Functions
  - Deficiency
  - Treatment
- ■ ABSORPTION AND METABOLISM
- ■ PHYSIOLOGIC FUNCTION
  - Burden of Disease Attributing to Vitamin A Deficiency
- ■ SOURCES OF VITAMIN A
- ■ CLINICAL FEATURES OF VITAMIN A DEFICIENCY
  - Ocular
  - Xerophthalmia
- ■ TREATMENT OF VITAMIN A DEFICIENCY
- ■ PREVENTION
- ■ GUIDELINES FOR VITAMIN A SUPPLEMENTATION
  - Children Less than 1 year of age
  - General Population
- ■ KEY MESSAGES
- ■ PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
- ■ STAGES OF IRON DEFICIENCY
  - Iron-store Depletion
  - Iron Deficient Erythropoiesis
  - Iron Deficiency Anemia
- ■ DIETARY SOURCES OF IRON (FIG. 40)
- ■ CAUSES OF IRON DEFICIENCY ANEMIA
- ■ PREDISPOSING FACTORS
  - Children at Risk of Iron Deficiency
  - Presentation
  - Severe Iron Deficiency Anemia Associated with Ischemic Stroke in Children
- ■ IRON DEFICIENCY AND IRON DEFICIENCY ANEMIA
  - Diagnosis of Iron Deficiency and Iron Deficiency Anemia
  - Other Non-Hematological Investigations
  - Treatment
  - Blood Transfusion
    - Thalassemia Trait with Associated Iron Deficiency
    - Practice
- ■ INTRODUCTION
- ■ ROLE OF ZINC IN CHILD HEALTH
  - Dietary Intake and Absorption
  - Systemic Distribution and Peripheral Uptake by Tissues
  - Zinc Homeostasis
    - Properties of Zinc Relevant to Human Health
- ■ INFECTION AND ZINC
  - Zinc and T and B Lymphocytes
  - Sources of Zinc
  - Features of Zinc Deficiency
- ■ ZINC AND DIARRHEA
  - Effects of Zinc on GI Tract Pathology with Diarrhea
  - Clinical Effect of Zinc in Treatment of Acute Diarrhea
  - Zinc in Persistent Diarrhea
  - Role of Zinc in Fetus and Newborn
  - Zinc in Wound Healing and Other Conditions
  - Zinc deficiency: What is the Most Appropriate Intervention?
  - Problems Caused by too much Zinc
  - Zinc in Global Perspective
- ■ THE SIGNIFICANCE OF RICKETS
- ■ DEFINITION: RICKETS, OSTEOMALACIA, OSTEOPOROSIS AND OSTEOPENIA
- ■ VITAMIN D DEFICIENCY
  - Nutritional Rickets
- ■ DEFECTIVE PRODUCTION OF 1, 25(OH)D3
  - Vitamin D Dependent Rickets (VDDR) Type I
  - Vitamin D Dependent Rickets Type II
    - Treatment
  - Vitamin D Deficiency Rickets due to Chronic Kidney Disease
  - Phosphate Deficiency Rickets
  - Calcium Deficiency (Nutritional) Rickets
  - Vitamin D Metabolism
- ■ VITAMIN D DEFICIENCY (NUTRITIONAL RICKETS)
  - Why children living in abundant sunlight (Asia, Middle East, and Africa) are vulnerable to Vitamin D deficiency?
- ■ EFFECTS OF VITAMIN D DEFICIENCY ON CHILD HEALTH
  - Diagnosis
  - History
  - Laboratory
  - Biochemical Vitamin D Deficiency and Rickets
  - Non-ricketic/Non-osteomalacic Clinical Manifestations of Vitamin D Deficiency Particularly in Women
  - Prevention and Treatment
    - Prevention
    - Treatment
  - Calcium Deficiency and Rickets
  - Calciopenic Rickets and Rickets
    - Treatment
    - Prevention
- ■ DEFINITIONS
- ■ UNDERLYING CAUSES OF FTT
- ■ MANAGEMENT
- ■ PROGNOSIS
- ■ SUMMARY
- ■ MANAGEMENT
- ■ DEFINITION
- ■ ANOREXIA NERVOSA
  - Etiology
  - Diagnostic Features
  - Treatment
  - Prognosis
    - Bulimia Nervosa
  - Diagnostic Criteria
  - Management
- ■ PATHOGENESIS OF OBESITY, ENERGY BALANCE AND INFLAMMATION
- ■ ADIPOSE TISSUE AND ADIPOKINES
- ■ MEASURES AND CLASSIFICATION OF OVERWEIGHT AND OBESITY
- ■ MANAGEMENT (TREATMENT)
  - Lifestyle Intervention
  - Behavioral Intervention
  - Physical Activities
  - Dietary Advises
  - Pharmacological Intervention
    - Anti-obese Drugs
  - Surgical Intervention
- ■ EVIDENCE-BASED OUTCOME OF OBESITY MANAGEMENT
  - Prevention
7:Gastroenterology
- ■ INTRODUCTION
- ■ CLINICAL TYPES OF DIARRHEAL DISEASE
- ■ ETIOLOGY OF ACUTE DIARRHEA
- ■ DIAGNOSIS
  - History
  - Physical Examination
  - Assessment of Severity of Dehydration
- ■ MANAGEMENT (IN CONFORMITY WITH WHO/IMCI GUIDELINE)
  - Objectives of Treatment of Diarrhea
    - Three important objectives of treatment are:
  - Treatment of Acute Watery Diarrhea
- ■ PRACTICE
  - Correction of Severe Dehydration by IV Infusion
    - How will you correct dehydration and what type of fluid should be used?
  - Rotavirus Gastroenteritis
  - Management of Diarrhea in Dehydration in Severe Malnutrition
- ■ INVASIVE DIARRHEA
  - Shigella
  - Pathophysiology
  - Pathology
  - Mortality and Morbidity
  - Age
  - Clinical Features
    - Symptoms
    - Signs
  - Treatment
  - Antibiotics
  - Zinc as an Adjunct Treatment for Shigellosis
  - Rehydration
  - Diet
- ■ ADVANCES IN MANAGING DIARRHEAL DISEASE
  - Recommended Formulation
  - Role of Rice-based Oral Rehydration Salt in the Management of Acute Diarrhea
    - Disadvantages
  - Oral Zinc in Treatment of Acute Diarrhea
    - Clinical Effect of Zinc in Treatment of Acute Diarrhea
  - Rotavirus Vaccine
  - Use of Probiotic in Acute Infectious Diarrhea
- ■ DYSELECTROLYTEMIA ASSOCIATED WITH DIARRHEA AND DEHYDRATION
  - Hyponatremia (Serum Sodium Less than 130 mmol/L)
  - Hypernatremic (Na+ >150 mmol/L) Dehydration Associated with Diarrhea
    - Results from either
    - Management
- ■ MANAGEMENT
  - Use of Zinc in Persistent Diarrhea
- ■ DEFINITION
- ■ CAUSES
- ■ DIAGNOSIS
  - History
  - Examination
  - Investigations
- ■ TREATMENT
- ■ MALABSORPTION
  - Presentation
  - Causes of Malabsorption
  - Investigations
  - Treatment
- ■ TODDLER DIARRHEA
  - Treatment
    - Reassurance
- ■ DEFINITION
  - Probiotics
  - Prebiotics
- ■ MECHANISM OF ACTION OF PROBIOTICS
- ■ USE OF PROBIOTICS IN CURRENT CLINICAL PRACTICE
  - Acute Infectious Diarrhea
    - Probiotic in Prevention of Acute Rotavirus Gastroenteritis
    - Clostridium difficile
  - Antibiotic-associated Diarrhea
  - Traveller's Diarrhea
- ■ ATOPIC DISEASES
  - Chronic Inflammatory Bowel Disease
  - Chronic Ulcerative Colitis
  - Necrotizing Enterocolitis
- ■ PROBIOTICS IN H. PYLORI INFECTION
- ■ PREBIOTICS AND PROBIOTICS IN INFANT FORMULA
  - Prebiotics
  - Probiotics
- ■ SAFETY OF PROBIOTICS AND PREBIOTICS IN INFANTS AND CHILDREN
  - Infections
  - Transfer of Antibiotic Resistance
  - Excessive Immune Stimulation
- ■ DEFINITION
- ■ DIAGNOSIS OF GER AND GERD
- ■ INVESTIGATION FOR GER/GERD
  - pH Study
  - Limitation of Test
- ■ MANAGEMENT OF GER/GERD
- ■ TREATMENT OF GER OR MILD GERD
- ■ MANAGEMENT OF MODERATE TO SEVERE GERD
  - Prokinetic Drugs
  - Metoclopramide
  - Withdrawal of Cisapride
  - Gastric Acid Suppressants
    - Histamine-2-receptor Antagonists
  - Proton Pump Inhibitors
- ■ FUTURE TREATMENT OPTIONS
- ■ SURGICAL MANAGEMENT
- ■ PRESENTATION
- ■ INVESTIGATION
- ■ MANAGEMENT
- ■ BULIMIA
  - Features
  - Rumination
- ■ AT A GLANCE
- ■ AMEBIASIS
  - Entamoeba histolytica
  - Clinical Features
  - Diagnosis
  - Treatment of Amebiasis (Table 20)
- ■ GIARDIASIS
  - Giardia Lamblia (also known as G. intestinalis or G. duodenalis)
  - Clinical Features
  - Laboratory Investigation
  - Treatment
    - Nitroimidazole
- ■ TAPEWORMS (TENIASIS)
  - Host
  - Clinical Features
  - Laboratory Investigations
  - Treatment
  - Prevention
- ■ DOG TAPEWORM
  - Host
- ■ HYDATID DISEASE
  - Clinical Features
  - Laboratory Diagnosis
  - Treatment
  - Prevention
- ■ HOOKWORM
  - Host
  - Clinical Features
  - Laboratory Diagnosis
    - Direct Methods
    - Indirect Methods
  - Treatment
  - Prevention
- ■ ROUNDWORM
  - Host
  - Clinical Features
  - Laboratory Investigation
    - Direct Evidence
    - Indirect Evidence
  - Treatment
    - Drugs
    - Surgery
- ■ PIN/THREADWORM
  - Host
  - Clinical Features
  - Laboratory Investigations
  - Treatment
    - Drug Treatment
  - Prevention
- ■ HELICOBACTER PYLORI INFECTION
  - Treatment
- ■ WHIPWORM
  - Host
  - Clinical Features
  - Laboratory Investigations
  - Treatment
  - Prevention
- ■ FOOD ALLERGY
  - Definition
  - Presentation
  - Food Intolerance
  - Management of Suspected Food Allergy or Intolerance
  - Investigations
  - Treatment
  - Prophylaxis
  - Lactose Intolerance
    - Presentation
  - Treatment
- ■ ADVERSE REACTION TO COW'S MILK
- ■ LACTOSE INTOLERANCE
- ■ DIAGNOSIS
- ■ TREATMENT
- ■ IGE-MEDIATED ALLERGIC REACTION
  - Clinical Features
  - Diagnosis
  - Investigations
  - Management
  - Treatment
- ■ PROGNOSIS
  - Cow's Milk Protein-induced Proctocolitis
  - Cow's Milk Protein-induced Enteropathy
  - Food Protein-induced Enterocolitis Syndrome
  - Allergic Dysmotility
  - Allergic Eosinophilic Gastroenteropathies
  - Cow's Milk Protein “Sensitive” Eczema
  - Management of IgE and Non-IgE-mediated Cow's Milk Protein Allergy
- ■ CONSTIPATION
  - Types of Constipation
  - Definition of Functional Constipation
  - Causes of Constipation
  - Presentation
  - Diagnosis
    - Taking the History
  - Examination
  - Investigation
  - Management Strategies
- ■ NONORGANIC
- ■ PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF RECURRENT ABDOMINAL PAIN
- ■ FUNCTIONAL ABDOMINAL PAIN
  - Irritable Bowel Syndrome
    - Diagnostic Criteria
    - Types
  - Functional Dyspepsia
    - Diagnostic Criteria
    - Types
  - Abdominal Migraine
    - Diagnostic Criteria
  - Aerophagia
    - Diagnostic Criteria
  - Functional Abdominal Pain Syndrome
    - Diagnostic Criteria
- ■ ORGANIC CAUSES
  - Pointers to Organic Pain
- ■ GASTRITIS, HELICOBACTER PYLORI AND RECURRENT ABDOMINAL PAIN
  - Duodenitis
  - Gastroesophageal Reflux
  - Carbohydrate Malabsorption
  - Diagnosis of Recurrent Abdominal Pain
  - Physical Examination
  - Laboratory Investigations
  - Management of Recurrent Abdominal Pain
    - Standard Medical Care and Reassurance
  - Exclude Organic Cause
  - Psychological Interventions
    - Hypnotherapy
  - Pharmacological Option
  - Simple Analgesic and Antispasmodic
  - Antidepressant in Low-dose
    - Abdominal Migraine
  - Outcome of Nonorganic Recurrent Abdominal Pain
  - Management of Organic Cases of Recurrent Abdominal Pain
- ■ APPENDICITIS IN CHILDREN
- ■ EPIDEMIOLOGY AND ETIOLOGY
- ■ PATHOLOGY AND PATHOGENESIS
- ■ CLINICAL PRESENTATION
- ■ DIAGNOSIS
- ■ CLINICAL FEATURES
- ■ LABORATORY INVESTIGATIONS
  - CT Scan of Appendix
  - CT Findings Suggested of Appendicitis
- ■ DEFINITION
- ■ EPIDEMIOLOGY AND ETIOPATHOLOGY
- ■ PRESENTATION
- ■ INVESTIGATION
- ■ MANAGEMENT
8:Hepatology
- ■ ACUTE VIRAL HEPATITIS
- ■ HEPATITIS A
  - Prevention
- ■ HEPATITIS B
- ■ HEPATITIS C
- ■ HEPATITIS D
  - Route of Transmission
  - Incubation Period
- ■ HEPATITIS E
- ■ LIVER FAILURE
- ■ CHRONIC LIVER DISEASE
- ■ METABOLIC LIVER DISEASE
- ■ NONALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASE
- ■ WILSON'S DISEASE
- ■ GLYCOGEN STORAGE DISEASES
- ■ PORTAL HYPERTENSION
- ■ INDICATIONS FOR LIVER TRANSPLANTATION
- ■ GLOSSARY AND ABBREVIATIONS
9:Structure of the Respiratory Tree (Applied Anatomy)
- ■ INTRODUCTION
- ■ UPPER AIRWAY
- ■ LOWER AIRWAY
- ■ PULMONARY GAS EXCHANGE
- ■ PULMONARY MECHANICS
- ■ CONTROL OF BREATHING
  - Central Control
  - Respiratory Drive
  - Measurement of Oxygen Delivery and Consumption (Oxygen Flux)
- ■ ASSESSMENT OF PULMONARY FUNCTION
  - Pulmonary Gas Exchange
- ■ EVALUATING HYPOXEMIA AND HYPERCAPNIA
  - Hypoxemia
    - Evaluation of Hypoxemia
  - Hypercapnia
  - Assessment of Oxygen Delivery
    - Oxygen Transport and the Hemoglobin Dissociation Curve (Fig. 3)
- ■ CONCLUSION
- ■ RESPIRATORY FAILURE (TABLES 1 AND 2)
  - Definition
  - Caveats
  - Types
  - Presenting Features
  - Other Features
  - Management
  - Treatment
- ■ VITAL SIGNS
  - Respiratory System
  - Practice Point
- ■ COMMON CLINICAL PRESENTATION OF RESPIRATORY DISORDERS
  - Cough
  - Common Presentation: Breathlessness
  - Common Presentation: Wheeze
  - Common Presentation: Stridor
- ■ PNEUMONIA
  - Classification
  - Clinical Features
  - Pneumonia due to Streptococcus pneumoniae
  - Pneumonia due to Staphylococcal pneumoniae
  - Hemophilus Pneumonia
  - Group A Beta-hemolytic Streptococci
  - Prevention of Pneumonia
- ■ COMMUNITY MANAGEMENT OF ACUTE RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS
  - Guidelines for Acute Respiratory Infection Control Program in Children under 5 Years of Age
    - Objectives
- ■ ACUTE RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS
  - Different Types ARI and Role of Case Management (Table 8)
  - Causative Organisms and Antimicrobial Agents (Table 9)
  - Etiological Diagnosis of Pneumonia
  - Management
    - Plan of Management by Doctor (as per WHO Guidelines)
    - Plan of Case Management by Community Health Workers (As Per WHO guidelines/IMCI) (Tables 12 to 16)
  - Reassess for Pneumonia
  - Supportive Therapy
  - Preventive Measures
    - Specific
    - Nonspecific Measures of Prevention
- ■ DEFINITION
- ■ ETIOLOGIC FACTORS
- ■ MANAGEMENT
  - History Relevant to Persistent and Recurrent Pneumonia
- ■ PHYSICAL EXAMINATION
- ■ INVESTIGATIONS
- ■ TREATMENT
  - Micronutrient and Macronutrient Deficiency
- ■ SUMMARY
- ■ COMMUNITY-ACQUIRED ASPIRATION PNEUMONIA
- ■ MANAGEMENT OF ASPIRATION PNEUMONIA
- ■ PREVENTION OF ASPIRATION PNEUMONIA IN HOSPITALIZED PATIENT
- ■ FOREIGN BODY ASPIRATION
  - Common Foreign Bodies
    - Site of Impaction
- ■ CLINICAL FEATURES
  - Factors Which may Delay the Diagnosis
- ■ INVESTIGATION (FIGS 7A AND B)
- ■ INDICATIONS FOR BRONCHOSCOPY
- ■ MANAGEMENT
- ■ PREVENTION
- ■ CLINICAL FEATURES
- ■ RISK FACTORS
- ■ INDICATORS OF SEVERITY
  - Wheeze and Disease Severity
- ■ KEY INVESTIGATIONS
- ■ TREATMENT OF BRONCHIOLITIS
  - Pharmacological Treatment of Wheeze
  - Respiratory Support
  - Noninvasive Continuous Positive Airway Pressure
  - Mechanical Ventilation
- ■ DRUG PROPHYLAXIS
- ■ OUTCOME
- ■ SUMMARY
- ■ ACUTE EPIGLOTTITIS
  - Agents
  - Clinical Features
  - Diagnosis
    - X-ray Neck Lateral View
    - Direct Laryngoscopy
  - Treatment
- ■ LARYNGITIS AND LARYNGOTRACHEOBRONCHITIS
  - Agents
  - Clinical Features
  - Investigation
  - Treatment
- ■ SPASMODIC CROUP
- ■ STRIDOR IN CHILDREN
  - Inspiratory
  - Biphasic
  - Immediate Management of Stridor
  - History
  - Examination
    - General
    - Specific
  - Stridor
  - Investigation
  - Treatment
- ■ SOME ESSENTIALS OF PLEURAL EFFUSION AND EMPYEMA
- ■ PREDISPOSING FACTORS
- ■ MICROORGANISMS RESPONSIBLE FOR EMPYEMA THORACIS (TABLE 21)
- ■ STAGES OF EMPYEMA
- ■ CLINICAL FEATURES
  - On Physical Examination
- ■ INVESTIGATIONS
  - Fluid Sample
  - Laboratory Diagnosis of Empyema
- ■ MANAGEMENT OF EMPYEMA
  - Medical Management
    - Fluid Drainage
    - Urokinase (Thrombolytic Therapy) for Empyema
  - Surgical Management
    - Video-assisted Thoracoscopic Surgery
    - Open Surgical Decortication
- ■ DIAGNOSIS
  - History
  - Examination
  - Investigations
- ■ TREATMENT
  - Tonsillectomy
  - Adenoidectomy
- ■ ALLERGIC RHINITIS
  - Diagnosis
  - Treatment
    - Allergen Avoidance
    - Symptom Relief
- ■ CYSTIC FIBROSIS
  - Diagnosis
  - Problems Associated with Cystic Fibrosis
  - Management of Cystic Fibrosis
    - Pulmonary Care
  - Gastrointestinal Management
- ■ ETHNICITY
  - Taking a New Look at Asthma
- ■ PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
  - Pathophysiology and Its Clinical Implications
- ■ ATOPY, ALLERGY AND ASTHMA
  - Nonatopic Wheezing
  - IgE-mediated Wheezing (Atopic Asthma)
  - Atopy and Allergy
  - Differential Diagnosis of Childhood Asthma Causing Recurrent Wheeze in Infancy
  - Triggers of Asthma
- ■ DIAGNOSIS OF ASTHMA
  - History and Clinical Features
  - On Auscultation
  - Investigations
  - Subsets of Wheezy Infants and Toddlers
  - Transient Early Wheezing
  - Postbronchiolitis Wheeze
- ■ CLASSIFICATION OF ASTHMA
  - Intermittent Asthma
    - Characteristics
    - Management Strategies
  - Persistent Asthma
    - Characteristics
  - Mild Persistent Asthma
    - Characteristics
    - Management Strategies
  - Moderate Persistent Asthma (Persistent Poor Control)
    - Characteristics
    - Management Strategies (Add on Therapy)
  - Severe Persistent Asthma or Chronic Severe Asthma
    - Characteristics
    - Management Strategies
  - Classification of Asthma Depending upon Severity of Symptoms (Asthma Exacerbation)
  - Special Variants of Asthma
- ■ DRUG USED IN PERSISTENT (CHRONIC) AND FREQUENT EPISODIC INTERMITTENT ASTHMA
  - Inhaled Corticosteroid
    - Budesonide
- ■ β2-AGONIST IN PERSISTENT ASTHMA
  - Short-acting β2-agonist
  - Long-acting β2-agonist
  - Sodium Cromoglycate
  - LT Receptor Antagonists
  - Theophylline
- ■ NEWER THERAPIES
  - Anti-IgE Therapy
  - Sublingual Immunotherapy
  - Inhaler Devices and Choosing the Correct Inhaler (Figs 27 and 28)
    - Inhaler Devices
- ■ MANAGEMENT OF ASTHMA
  - Management of Persistent (Chronic) and Frequent Episodic Intermittent Asthma
  - Escalating Therapy
    - Stepwise Approach to Drugs (Fig. 35)
  - Other Management
- ■ ACUTE ASTHMA
  - Drug Therapy and Drug Delivery in Acute Asthma
    - Intermittent versus Continuous Nebulizers
  - Other Drugs Used in Acute Asthma
  - Criteria for Hospital Admission
  - Investigations (Table 29)
  - Management of Acute Asthma
  - Drug Treatment
  - Summary of Initial Medical Treatment of Acute Severe Asthma
  - Therapy Not Recommended in Acute Asthma
  - Patient with High-risk of Asthma-related Death
  - Management Strategies for Exercise-induced Asthma
    - Mild to Moderate Exercise-induced Asthma
    - Severe Exercise-induced Asthma
  - Admission to Pediatric Intensive Care Unit and High Dependency Unit
  - Management in Pediatric Intensive Care Unit/High Dependency Unit
    - Intravenous Bronchodilator Therapy
  - Blood Gas Status and Arterial Blood Gas for Acute Severe Asthma
    - Criteria for Intubation
- ■ RE-EVALUATION OF DIAGNOSIS OF ASTHMA: CONSIDER ALTERNATE DIAGNOSIS
  - Environmental Factors
  - Psychological Factors
  - Genuine Steroid Resistant Asthma (Phenotypic Treatment)
- ■ TRANSMISSION OF TUBERCULOSIS
  - Human Immunodeficiency Virus Related Tuberculosis in Children
- ■ PATHOGENESIS
  - Primary Tuberculosis in Children
  - Timetable of Childhood Tuberculosis
  - Pregnancy and Newborn
    - Prenatal
    - Postnatal
- ■ CLINICAL FORMS OF TUBERCULOSIS
  - Intrathoracic Disease
    - Pulmonary Disease
    - Neonatal Disease
  - Diagnosis of Tuberculosis in Children
  - Recommended Approach to Diagnose Tuberculosis in Children
  - Key Risk Factors for Tuberculosis
  - Key Features Suggestive of Tuberculosis
  - Recommended Approach to Diagnose Tuberculosis in Children
  - Reading
    - Causes of False Positive and False Negative Mantoux Test (Box 1)
  - Diagnosis of Tuberculosis in Children in Resource-poor Setting
- ■ LABORATORY TEST
  - Investigations Relevant for Suspected Pulmonary Tuberculosis and Suspected Extrapulmonary Tuberculosis
- ■ OTHER INVESTIGATIONS FOR DIAGNOSIS OF TUBERCULOSIS (FIG. 53)
  - Radiology
  - BCG Test
  - Histology
  - Suspected Extrapulmonary Tuberculosis
  - HIV Testing
- ■ DIAGNOSTIC ADVANCES IN TUBERCULOSIS
  - QuantiFERON-TB Test (In Vitro Interferon γ Assay)
  - The T-SPOT TB
    - Advantages
    - Disadvantages
  - Other Similar Test
  - Advanced Serological Test Based on Cell Culture and ELISA Technique
    - Antilymphocytic Secretion for Tuberculosis (ALS for TB)
  - Culture
  - Polymerase Chain Reaction
  - Sensitivity and Specificity of Polymerase Chain Reaction
  - Drug-resistant Tuberculosis
  - Miliary Tuberculosis in Children
  - Tubercular Meningitis in Children
- ■ RECOMMENDED TREATMENT REGIMENS
  - Corticosteroids
  - Management of Tuberculosis Meningitis and Miliary Tuberculosis
  - Diagnosis
  - Treatment
  - Chemoprophylaxis for Children
  - BCG Vaccination (Fig. 59)
- ■ DIRECTLY OBSERVED TREATMENT IN COMMUNITY-BASED MANAGEMENT OF TUBERCULOSIS UNDER NATIONAL TUBERCULOSIS CONTROL PROGRAM
  - Management of Side Effects or Adverse Reactions Related to the Use of Antituberculosis Drugs
  - Low Tuberculosis Prevalence Countries
  - Multidrug-resistant Tuberculosis
  - Types of Drug Resistance
  - Magnitude of MDR-TB
- ■ INFLUENCE OF HIV INFECTION ON THE PATHOGENESIS OF TUBERCULOSIS
- ■ DIAGNOSIS OF HIV INFECTION AND TUBERCULOSIS
  - Tuberculin Skin Testing and Anergy Testing
  - Clinical Features of Tuberculosis
  - Radiographic Findings
  - Bacteriological Examinations
- ■ TREATMENT
- ■ PREVENTION OF TUBERCULOSIS IN HIV-INFECTED PERSONS
- ■ INFLUENCE OF TUBERCULOSIS ON THE COURSE OF HIV INFECTION
- ■ DRUG-RESISTANT TUBERCULOSIS
  - Child Contacts of Infectious Multidrug-resistant Tuberculosis Cases
- ■ MANAGEMENT OF DRUG-RESISTANT TUBERCULOSIS IN CHILDREN
  - Monoresistance and Polyresistance
  - Multidrug-resistant Tuberculosis
  - Choosing a Chemotherapy Regimen for a Patient with Apparent Multidrug-resistant Tuberculosis
10:Integrated Management of Childhood Illness
- ■ INTRODUCTION
- ■ RATIONALITY FOR EVIDENCE-BASED SYNDROMIC APPROACH TO CASE MANAGEMENT
- ■ OBJECTIVES OF IMCI
- ■ COMPONENTS OF IMCI
- ■ STEPS OF IMCI CASE MANAGEMENT
11:Cardiac Disorders
- ■ APPLIED CARDIOVASCULAR ANATOMY
  - Cardiac Anatomy
    - Left Heart
    - Right Heart
  - Sequential Segmental Analysis
  - Conduction System
- ■ APPLIED CARDIOVASCULAR PHYSIOLOGY
  - The Cardiac Cycle (Fig. 2)
  - Blood Pressure
  - Ventricular Function
  - Cardiac Output
    - Stroke Volume
    - Heart Rate
  - Preload
  - Afterload
  - Pediatric versus Adult Heart Failure
  - Inotropy/Contractility (Fig. 3)
  - Ventricular Performance and Dysfunction
    - Pressure-volume (PV) Relationship
  - Diastolic Dysfunction
  - Cardiovascular Function and Age
- ■ ALTERNATIONS IN RESPIRATORY PHYSIOLOGY DUE TO CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE
  - Physiology of Interstitial and Pulmonary Edema
  - Pulmonary Congestion
  - Decreased Pulmonary Blood Flow
  - Alterations in Cardiovascular Physiology during Mechanical Ventilation
- ■ THE NORMAL ELECTROCARDIOGRAM
  - Electrocardiography Leads
- ■ ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHY ANALYSIS
  - Rate and Rhythm
  - Atrial Hypertrophy
  - Abnormalities of Conduction
  - Mean Frontal QRS Axis
    - Method
  - Criteria for Ventricular Hypertrophy
  - Right Ventricular Hypertrophy
  - Left Ventricular Hypertrophy
  - Biventricular Hypertrophy
  - Ultrasound Investigation (Echocardiogram)
    - Cardiac Catheterization
- ■ THE CARDIOVASCULAR EXAMINATION AND ASSESSMENT IN CHILDREN
  - History
  - Examination
  - Case-based Discussion
  - How to Express Findings before Examiner/Senior Pediatrician?
  - What is the Most Likely Clinical Diagnosis?
    - Tips about murmur:
  - The Innocent Murmur
  - Mild or no Cyanosis with Systemic Hypoperfusion and Congestive Heart Failure
  - Congenital Acyanotic Heart Disease with Mild or No Respiratory Distress
- ■ DEFINITION
- ■ PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
- ■ CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
- ■ COMMON CAUSES OF HEART FAILURE
  - Cardiac Malformations Leading to Heart Failure
    - Shunt Lesions
  - Total/Partial Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Drainage
- ■ SOURCES OF HEART FAILURE WITH A STRUCTURALLY NORMAL HEART
  - Primary Cardiac
  - Noncardiac
  - Laboratory Studies
  - Heart Failure Biomarkers
  - Management
- ■ PRINCIPLES OF MANAGING HEART FAILURE
  - Recognition and Treatment of Underlying Systemic Disease
- ■ VENTRICULAR SEPTAL DEFECTS
  - Prevalence
  - Embryology
  - Ventricular Septal Defect Classification
  - Physiology and Pathophysiology
  - Clinical Manifestations
    - Infant with Small VSDs, a Murmur Usually is Detected at 1–6 Weeks of Age
    - Infants with Moderate or Large VSDs
  - Complications
  - Radiologic Features
  - Electrocardiography
  - Echocardiography
  - Cardiac Catheterization and Angiography
  - Natural History
- ■ MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
- ■ SURGICAL MANAGEMENT
  - Indications of VSD Closure
  - Transcatheter Therapy
  - Prophylaxis for Infective Endocarditis
  - Timing of Surgical Correction of VSD
- ■ CLASSIFICATION OF ASD (FIG. 20)
- ■ SECONDARY EFFECTS ON THE HEART
- ■ SECONDARY EFFECTS ON THE LUNGS
- ■ PHYSIOLOGY
- ■ CLINICAL FEATURES
- ■ RADIOLOGIC FEATURES
- ■ ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHY
- ■ ECHOCARDIOGRAPHIC/DOPPLER FEATURES
- ■ CARDIAC CATHETERIZATION
- ■ NATURAL HISTORY
- ■ TREATMENT
  - Surgery
  - Percutaneous Transcatheter Closure (Ostium Secundum)
  - Ostium Primum ASD (Partial Atrioventricular Septal Defect)
  - Time of Definitive Treatment
- ■ EMBRYOLOGY
- ■ HISTOLOGY AND MECHANISMS OF NORMAL CLOSURE
- ■ INCIDENCE
- ■ GENETIC FACTORS
- ■ INFECTION AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS
- ■ PHYSIOLOGY
- ■ CLINICAL FEATURES
- ■ MODERATE TO LARGE DUCTUS
- ■ EXAMINATION
- ■ RADIOLOGIC FEATURES
- ■ ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHY
- ■ ECHOCARDIOGRAM
- ■ CARDIAC CATHETERIZATION
- ■ NATURAL HISTORY AND COMPLICATIONS
  - Medical Management
- ■ DEFINITIVE THERAPY: CLOSURE OF PDA
  - Indications for Closure of PDA
  - Transcatheter Closure
  - Surgical Therapy
  - Patent Ductal Articular in Preterm Neonates (also discussed in Neurology Chapter)
  - Physiologic Effects of PDA
  - Clinical Significance
  - Echocardiogram
  - Biomarkers
- ■ TREATMENT
  - Management: Medical and Surgical
  - Pharmacological
    - Ibuprofen
  - Surgical Intervention
    - Complications of Ligation
  - To Treat or Not to Treat PDA in Neonate
- ■ HEMODYNAMICS
- ■ CLINICAL FEATURES
  - Physical Signs
- ■ ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHY
- ■ CHEST X-RAY (FIG. 35)
- ■ CARDIAC CATHETERIZATION
- ■ NATURAL HISTORY
  - Assessment of Severity
- ■ MANAGEMENT
  - Balloon Pulmonary Valvoplasty (Fig. 38)
- ■ MORPHOLOGY: CONGENITAL AORTIC VALVE STENOSIS (COMMON)
  - Supravalvular Aortic Stenosis
  - Subvalvular Aortic Stenosis
- ■ PATHOPHYSIOLOGY (FLOW CHART 3)
- ■ NATURAL HISTORY
- ■ CLINICAL FEATURES
  - In Neonates
  - Infancy and Beyond
- ■ ASSOCIATED COMPLICATIONS
- ■ PHYSICAL FINDINGS
- ■ ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHY (FIG. 43)
- ■ CHEST X-RAY (FIG. 44)
- ■ ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY
- ■ CARDIAC CATHETERIZATION
- ■ INDICATIONS FOR SURGERY
- ■ MANAGEMENT OF AORTIC VALVULAR STENOSIS
- ■ PREVALENCE AND ETIOLOGY
- ■ LOCATION
- ■ EMBRYOLOGY
  - Ductus Tissue Theory
  - Hemodynamic Theory
- ■ CLASSIFICATION DEPENDING ON ASSOCIATION WITH OTHER CARDIAC LESIONS
- ■ CLASSIFICATION DEPENDING ON HISTOPATHOLOGICAL DEFECT OF THE AORTA
- ■ ASSOCIATIONS OF COARCTATION
- ■ PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
- ■ MECHANISM FOR DEVELOPMENT OF HYPERTENSION
- ■ CLINICAL FEATURES IN NEONATES
  - Clinical Presentations after Neonatal Period
- ■ CLINICAL FEATURES AND PHYSICAL EXAMINATION FINDINGS
- ■ IMAGING STUDIES
  - Echocardiography
- ■ CARDIAC CATHETERIZATION (FIG. 56)
- ■ MANAGEMENT
  - Guidelines for Various Procedural and Surgical Management
  - Balloon Angioplasty
  - Results
  - Aortic Stents (Fig. 57)
- ■ OPERATIVE REPAIR
- ■ POSTCOARCTECTOMY SYNDROME
- ■ CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE WITH MILD OR NO CYANOSIS WITH SYSTEMIC HYPOPERFUSION
  - Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome
  - Pathophysiology
  - Clinical Presentation
  - Management
  - Aortic Stenosis (Neonatal and Early Infancy)
  - Pathophysiology
  - Clinical Features
    - Chest X-ray
  - Management
- ■ MANAGEMENT OF A CYANOSED NEONATE
  - Hyperoxia Test
  - Hyperoxia-hyperventilation Test
  - Chest X-Ray
  - Echocardiography
  - Prostaglandin Infusion
- ■ TETRALOGY OF FALLOT
  - Background
  - Epidemiology
  - Anatomy
  - Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Workup
  - Etiology and Genetic Counseling
- ■ MANAGEMENT
  - Medical Therapy
  - Management of the Hypercyanotic Spell
  - Surgical Management
    - Timing of Surgery
- ■ CLINICAL FEATURES
- ■ ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHY
- ■ CHEST X-RAY
- ■ MANAGEMENT
- ■ TRICUSPID ATRESIA
- ■ ANATOMY
- ■ ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHY
- ■ CLINICAL VIEWPOINT
- ■ SURGICAL TREATMENT
- ■ PROCEDURES
- ■ PATHOPHYSIOLOGY (FIG. 74)
- ■ CLINICAL FEATURES
- ■ MANAGEMENT
- ■ TOTAL ANOMALOUS PULMONARY VENOUS RETURN
  - Pathophysiology
  - Chest X-Ray
- ■ MANAGEMENT
- ■ EXTENT OF PROBLEM OF CONGENITAL HEART DISEASES
  - Timely Diagnosis and Referral
  - Timely Intervention
- ■ INTERVENTION FOR LEFT-TO-RIGHT SHUNTS
  - Atrial Septal Defect
  - Ventricular Septal Defects
  - Patent Ductus Arteriosus
    - Patent Ductus Arteriosus Closure
  - Atrioventricular Septal Defect
  - Left-sided Obstructive Lesions
  - Right Ventricular Obstruction Tract Anomalies
- ■ CYANOTIC CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE
  - Reduced Pulmonary Blood Flow
    - Tetralogy of Fallot Physiology
- ■ CYANOSIS WITH INCREASED PULMONARY BLOOD FLOW
  - Transposition of Great Vessels
  - Truncus Arteriosus
  - Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Connection
- ■ RHEUMATIC FEVER
  - Pathophysiology
  - Diagnosis of Acute Rheumatic Fever
  - Erythema Nodosum
  - Differential Diagnosis of Acute Rheumatic Fever (Fig. 83)
  - Investigations
  - Treatment
  - Prevention of Acute Rheumatic Fever
  - Primary Prophylaxis
  - Secondary Prophylaxis
  - Long-term Care
- ■ MITRAL REGURGITATION
  - Hemodynamics
  - Clinical Features
    - History
  - General Examination
  - Investigation
  - Treatment
- ■ MITRAL STENOSIS
  - Hemodynamics
  - Clinical Features
  - Examination
  - Investigation
  - Treatment
- ■ AORTIC REGURGITATION
  - Hemodynamics
  - Clinical Features
  - Differential Diagnosis
  - Management
- ■ AORTIC STENOSIS
- ■ TRICUSPID REGURGITATION
  - Hemodynamics
  - Clinical Features
  - Management
- ■ DIAGNOSTIC PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH RHEUMATIC HEART DISEASE
  - In a Febrile Patient, is it Active Rheumatic Fever or Infective Endocarditis?
  - Predisposing Factors
  - Pathogenesis
  - Clinical Features (Fig. 84)
  - Diagnosis
  - Treatment
    - Culture negative Endocarditis
  - Prophylaxis
  - Summary of Clinical Signs
- ■ CARDIOMYOPATHIES
- ■ SUPRAVENTRICULAR TACHYCARDIA (SVT)
  - Classification of Supraventricular Tachycardia (Anatomical sits of origin and ECG findings of various SVT are provided in Figures 86 and 87 respectively)
  - Wolf-Parkinson-White syndrome
  - Clinical Features
  - Diagnostic Investigations
  - Treatment
    - Vagal Maneuvers
  - Chronic Therapy
- ■ CATHETER ABLATION
12:Pediatric Neurology
- ■ HISTORY TAKING
  - History of Presenting Complaints
  - Birth History Relevant to Neurological Condition
  - Developmental History
  - Cognitive Development
- ■ EXAMINATION OF CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
- ■ EXAMINATION OF PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
  - Appearance and Posture
  - Gait
    - Neurological Gait: Gestalt
  - Soft Neurological Signs
  - How to Elicit Subtle Hemiparesis?
    - Pronator Drift
    - Fog's Test
- ■ TONE
  - Spasticity Scale
    - Modified Ashworth Scale
    - Difference between Spastic and Dystonic Hypertonicity
- ■ POWER
  - Grading of Muscle Power
- ■ REFLEXES
  - Clonus
  - Grading the Reflexes
    - Ankle Jerk (S1, S2)
    - Planter Response (S1)
- ■ SENSATION
- ■ COORDINATION OR ATAXIA
  - Truncal Coordination: Measure of Cerebellar Function
- ■ CRANIAL NERVES
  - Olfactory Nerve (I)
  - Optic Nerve (II)
    - Visual Acuity Test
    - Fields
  - Fundoscopy
  - Anisocoria
  - Cranial Nerve III, IV and VI
    - Inspection
    - Eye Movement
  - Strabismus
    - Latent Squint and Manifest Squint: Test by Cover Test (Fig. 30)
    - Abnormal conjugate eye movements:
  - Abnormal Disconjugate Eye Movement
  - Diplopia (Double Vision)
  - Cranial Nerve V
  - Cranial Nerve VII
  - Cranial Nerve VIII
    - Distraction Test
  - Cranial Nerve IX, X (Palatal and Bulbar Function)
  - Cranial Nerve XI, XII
- ■ COMBINED NEUROLOGICAL AND DEVELOPMENTAL ASSESSMENT IN NEONATE AND INFANT
  - In Supine Lying (Figs 34 to 36)
  - Primitive Reflexes
  - Sitting (Figs 38A to E)
  - Standing (Figs 39A to E)
  - Placing and Stepping Reflex
  - Ventral Suspension
  - Galant and Perez Reflex (Fig. 41D)
  - Downward Parachute Reflex
  - Lying on Prone Position (Figs 42A to F)
  - Moro Reflex (Startle Reflex) (Fig. 43A)
- ■ THE PRINCIPLE OF PEDIATRIC NEUROLOGY INVESTIGATION
- ■ IMAGING MODALITIES USED IN PEDIATRICS
  - Cranial Ultrasound
  - Computerized Tomography
    - Drawback of Computed Tomography
  - Magnetic Resonance Imaging
    - Sequences of Magnetic Resonance Imaging
  - Magnetic Resonance Imaging Angiography/ Venography
- ■ ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY
  - What is an Electroencephalography?
  - Electrode Placement
- ■ INDICATION FOR ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY
  - In the Management of Epilepsy
  - In General Acute Neurology
    - Special Procedures
  - Basic Electroencephalography Characteristics and Reading Reports
  - Neurophysiological Testing of Central Sensory Pathways
    - Visual Evoked Potential
    - Clinical Application
  - Electroretinogram
    - Clinical Application
    - Nerve Conduction Studies
- ■ ELECTROMYOGRAPHY
  - Procedure
  - Cerebrospinal Fluid
  - Muscle Biopsy
- ■ WHAT IS THE EPIDEMIOLOGY OF EPILEPSY?
  - What is Pediatric Epilepsy?
  - What is Epileptic Seizure?
  - Types
  - Active Epilepsy
  - What is Convulsion, Aura, Ictal, Postictal, Tonic, Clonic, Tonic-Clonic, Absence, and Atypical Seizure?
  - What is Epileptic Encephalopathy?
    - Definition of Childhood Epileptic Syndrome
  - What are the Etiologies of Epilepsy?
  - International Classification of Epileptic Seizures—International League against Epilepsy
  - Generalized Epilepsies and Syndromes
- ■ SOME SELECTIVE EPILEPSY AND EPILEPTIC SYNDROME
  - Benign Epilepsy of Childhood with Central- temporal Spikes (BECTS) Synonym; Rolandic, or Benign Rolandic Epilepsy
  - Early Infantile Epileptic Encephalopathy or Ohtahara Syndrome
- ■ INFANTILE SPASM AND WEST SYNDROME
  - Causes of Infantile Spasm
- ■ LENOX-GASTAUT SYNDROME
  - Etiology
  - Treatment
  - Prognosis
    - Childhood Absence Epilepsy
- ■ LANDAU-KLEFFNER SYNDROME ASSOCIATED WITH CONTINUOUS SPIKE-WAVES DURING SLOW-SLEEP
  - Juvenile Myoclonic Epilepsy
    - Treatment
    - Lifestyle Modification
- ■ LOCALIZATION-RELATED EPILEPSY
  - Temporal Lobe Epilepsy (Complex Partial Epilepsy)
  - Treatment
  - Diagnosis of Epilepsy
  - Role of Neuroimaging in Epilepsy
  - Principles of Epilepsy Management
    - Indications of Antiepileptic Drug (AED) on First Seizure
    - Properties of an Ideal Antiepileptic Drug
  - Antiepileptic Drugs
  - International League against Epilepsy Guideline for Antiepileptic Drug Level Monitoring
  - Duration of Treatment and Drug Withdrawal
  - Outcome after Treatment
    - Prognosis
  - Recurrence after Discontinuation of Antiepileptic Drugs
  - Probability of Subsequence Seizure after First Seizure
- ■ APPROACH TO A CHILD WITH REFRACTORY EPILEPSY
- ■ CLINICAL EVALUATION
- ■ TREATMENT HISTORY
  - Strategy for Monotherapy Switchover in Refractory Seizure
- ■ PRINCIPLES OF COMBINATION THERAPY
- ■ BREATH-HOLDING SPELLS
  - Clinical Features
  - How to Differentiate Breath Holding Spells from Epilepsy?
  - Breath-holding Spells: Pallid Spells?
    - Clinical Features
    - Treatment
  - Role of Anemia and Iron Therapy in Breath-holding Spells
  - Pseudoseizure/Nonepileptic Psychogenic Seizure
    - Incidence
  - Key Points of Nonepileptic Events
  - Self-Stimulation Behavior
    - Management of Nonepileptic Attack Disorders
  - Sleep Disorders
- ■ CONVULSIVE AND NONCONVULSIVE
- ■ OUTCOME AND PROGNOSIS
- ■ NONCONVULSIVE STATUS EPILEPTICUS
- ■ ABSENCE STATUS EPILEPTICUS
  - Clinical Presentations
- ■ COMPLEX PARTIAL STATUS EPILEPTICUS
  - Treatment
  - Treatment and Prognosis of Complex Partial Status Epilepticus
    - Complex Partial Status Epilepticus
    - Key Points
- ■ NONANTIEPILEPTIC DRUG MEDICAL TREATMENT
  - Corticosteroids
  - Immunoglobulins
  - Role of Vitamins in Epilepsy
  - Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine)
  - Melatonin
  - Key Points
- ■ DIETARY MANIPULATION
  - Dietary Changes for the Treatment of Epilepsy
  - Antiepileptic Surgery
- ■ NONPHARMACOLOGICAL TREATMENTS OF EPILEPSY ALONG WITH ANTIEPILEPTIC DRUG
  - Sleep Hygiene
  - Lifestyle Changes
  - Psychological Approaches
    - Techniques to Abort Seizures or Reduce Seizure Frequency
- ■ OTHER TECHNIQUES TO AVOID SEIZURE
  - Relaxation Techniques
    - Promotion of Emotional Well-being
  - Educational Interventions
- ■ KEYPOINTS OF NONPHARMACOLOGICAL TREATMENT OF EPILEPSY
  - Lifestyle Changes
  - Psychological Approaches
- ■ CONCLUSION
- ■ TYPES OF FEBRILE SEIZURE
  - Characteristic of Simple Febrile Seizure
  - Characteristics of Complex Febrile Seizure
- ■ EVALUATION OF A CHILD FEBRILE SEIZURE
- ■ INVESTIGATION
- ■ INDICATION OF LUMBAR PUNCTURE IN FEBRILE SEIZURE
  - Electroencephalography and Neuroimaging
  - Conventional Pediatric Practice of Management of Febrile Seizure
  - Physical Management of Febrile Seizures
  - Control of Seizure by Anticonvulsants
- ■ OUTCOME AND PROGNOSIS OF FEBRILE SEIZURE
  - Febrile Seizure Prophylaxis
    - Intermittent Prophylaxis
    - Continuous Prophylaxis
  - Evidence-based Management of Febrile Seizure (Not Yet Widely Practiced)
    - Management of Fever
- ■ MENINGITIS
  - Acute Bacterial Meningitis
  - Incidence and Etiology
    - Age-specific Etiology of Acute Bacterial Meningitis
  - Pathogenesis
  - Pathology
  - Additional Mechanisms
  - Hypotension and Septic Shock Associated with Meningitis
  - Pathogenesis of Shock Associated with Adrenal Hemorrahge
  - Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone
  - Applied Pathology
  - Clinical Feature of Acute Bacterial Meningitis
    - Symptoms
    - Signs
  - Meningitis in Neonates and Young Infants
    - Causes of Reappearance of Seizure after Initial Seizure Control
  - Complication of Acute Bacterial Meningitis
- ■ DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSES
  - Febrile Seizure
  - Meningism
  - Initial Empiric Antibiotic
  - Steroid Therapy
  - Specific Antimicrobial Therapy
- ■ TREATMENT OF COMPLICATIONS
  - Subdural Effusion and Empyema
  - Hydrocephalus
  - Management of Long-term Complications, Through Follow-Up and Rehabilitation
  - New Treatments
  - Prevention (Vaccines)
  - Prevention of Pneumococcal Meningitis
    - Chemoprophylaxis
- ■ CLINICAL FEATURES
- ■ CEREBROSPINAL FLUID FINDINGS
- ■ DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
- ■ TREATMENT
  - Encephalitis
    - Acute Viral Encephalitis
  - Clinical Features of Encephalitis
- ■ VIRAL (MENINGO) ENCEPHALITIS
  - Herpes Simplex Encephalitis
- ■ EPIDEMIOLOGY
- ■ CLINICAL COURSE
- ■ LABORATORY INVESTIGATION
  - Radiological Finding
- ■ DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
- ■ PROGNOSIS
- ■ PREVENTION
- ■ ENCEPHALOPATHIES
  - Etiology of Encephalopathies
  - Clinical Manifestations
  - Diagnosis
  - Demyelinating Diseases Mimicking Encephalopathy or Encephalitis
    - Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis
  - Nonencephalopathic Demyelinating Disease
    - Multiple Sclerosis
- ■ OTHER DEMYELINATING SYNDROME
  - Optic Neuritis
  - Neuromyelitis Optica (Devic's Disease)
  - Transverse Myelitis
  - Treatment of Demyelinating Diseases as a Whole
    - Acute
    - Immunomodulatory Drugs in MS
- ■ DEVELOPMENTAL DELAY
  - Cerebral Palsy
- ■ ETIOLOGY, RISK FACTORS AND PATHOLOGY
  - Prenatal (Maternal/Fetal/Placental)
    - Perinatal
  - Classification of Cerebral Palsy
  - Classic Patterns
  - Ataxic CP
    - Multiaxial Classification
- ■ DIAGNOSTIC APPROACH OF CEREBRAL PALSY (CP)
  - In Neonatal Period (Clinical Features Indicating Risk of Developing CP)
  - Postneonatal and Early Infancy
- ■ ESTABLISHED CEREBRAL PALSY
- ■ PRONATOR DRIFT TEST
- ■ TEST FOR VOLITIONAL ATAXIA
  - Association of Cerebral Palsy
  - Prevention
  - Investigation
  - Role of MRI of Brain
  - Cerebellar Hypoplasia and Atrophy
  - Hypoplasia and Agenesis of Corpus Callosum
  - Treatment
  - Aims of Management
  - Professionals Involved
  - Management of Spasticity and Contracture
  - Positioning
  - Splints
  - Serial Casting
- ■ MEDICAL MANAGEMENT OF SPASTICITY (FIG. 123)
  - Muscle Relaxant
  - Botulinum Toxin
  - Surgical Management
  - Orthoses and Role of Occupational Therapist and Physiotherapist
  - The Role of the Speech Therapist in Feeding Problem
  - Benefits
  - Counseling and Disclosure of Diagnosis
- ■ PROGNOSIS OF CEREBRAL PALSY
  - Prediction of Severity by Age of Presentation
- ■ PREDICTION OF COMORBIDITY ASSOCIATED WITH CEREBRAL PALSY
  - Walking and Mobility
  - Life Expectancy
- ■ CAUSES OF DEVELOPMENTAL REGRESSION
  - Neurodegenerative Diseases
  - Clinical Assessment of Degenerative Disorders
  - History
    - Perinatal History
  - Examination
    - General Examination
    - Peripheral Nervous System
  - Investigation of Degenerative (Developmental Regression) Disorders
  - Treatment
- ■ DEFINITION
  - Normal or Abnormal Developmental Coordination Disorder?
  - Presenting Features
- ■ EXAMINATION
  - Clinical Testing for Motor Coordination
    - Fog's Test (Also Discussed Under the Head Neurological Examination)
  - Test to Distinguish from Ataxia (Cerebellum)
  - Management
  - Therapeutic Intervention
  - Prognosis
- ■ DEFINITION
  - Ataxia
    - Acute Ataxia
  - Chronic Progressive Ataxia
  - Chronic Static Ataxia
- ■ CLINICAL EVALUATION
  - History
  - Physical Examination
- ■ CLINICAL SYNDROMES
  - Friedreich Ataxia
  - Ataxia Telangiectasia
  - Paroxysmal Dyskinesias
  - Chorea, Athetosis, Dystonia, Ballismus
  - Chorea
- ■ TREATMENT
  - Dystonia
- ■ ETIOLOGY
  - Primary Dystonias (Genetic 50%)
  - Secondary Dystonias
- ■ CLINICAL CLASSIFICATION
- ■ CLINICAL FEATURES
- ■ MANAGEMENT
- ■ TICS
  - Motor Tics
  - Vocal Tics
- ■ TREMOR
- ■ OPSOCLONUS MYOCLONUS SYNDROME
  - Treatment
- ■ PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
  - Clinical Subtypes and Variants
- ■ DIAGNOSIS
  - Features Supportive of Diagnosis
  - Features Casting Doubt on the Diagnosis
  - Various Phases of Guillain-Barré Syndrome
- ■ INVESTIGATION
- ■ DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
  - Spinal Cord Lesion
  - Peripheral Neuropathies
    - Neuromuscular Function Disorder
  - Assessment and Management of a Child with Suspected Guillain-Barré Syndrome
- ■ PRIMARY ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT
  - Resuscitations during Primary Assessment
    - Secondary Assessment
  - Symptomatic Treatment
- ■ DEFINITIVE CARE
  - Immunotherapy
  - Intravenous Immunoglobulin
  - Plasmapheresis
  - Pain Management in Guillain-Barré Syndrome
- ■ ACUTE FLACCID PARALYSIS SURVEILLANCE
- ■ HYPOTONIA
  - Approach to Diagnose and Assess Floppy Infant
- ■ MYOTONIC DYSTROPHY (Dystrophia Myotonica)
- ■ CLINICAL FEATURES
- ■ CLINICAL EXAMINATION
  - Classical Form
- ■ DYSTROPHINOPATHIES
  - Etiology and Pathology
    - Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy
    - Gower Sign
  - Natural History and Prognosis
  - Diagnosis Investigations
    - Confirmation Requires
  - Management
    - Medical Treatment
    - Management of Complications
- ■ ETIOLOGY AND PATHOGENESIS
- ■ CLASSIFICATION
  - Spina Bifida
  - Antenatal Screening
  - Postnatal Management
    - Spina Bifida Occulta
- ■ HYDROCEPHALUS
  - Definitions and Variants
    - Variants of Hydrocephalus
  - Etiology
  - Differential Diagnosis
  - Management
  - Treatment
    - Progressive Ventricular Dilatation in Neonates (See Chapter 1)
- ■ ETIOLOGY
  - Infective Causes
- ■ PRIMARY ASSESSMENT
  - Clue to Know the Etiology
  - General Examination
  - Neurological Examination
  - Emergency Management of Child in a Coma
    - Intubation and Ventilation
  - Other Investigation
    - Blood
    - CT (Nonemergency) with Contrast
  - Other Management
    - Management of Raised Intracranial Pressure
- ■ HEARING
- ■ LISTENING
  - Language
  - Speech
- ■ SOUND TO BE PERCEIVED AS HEARING
  - Otitis Media with Effusion
  - Sensory Neural Hearing Loss
  - Mixed Hearing Loss
- ■ VARIOUS SCREENING AND DIAGNOSTIC TESTS FOR ASSESSMENT OF HEARING IN CHILDREN AT VARIOUS AGES
  - Early Identification of Hearing Loss
- ■ SCREENING TEST FOR OLDER INFANTS AND CHILDREN
  - Screening at 6–12 Months
    - Distraction Test
  - Visual Reinforcement Audiometry (10–18 Months)
  - Speech Discrimination Test (20–36 Months)
  - Performance Test (30–36 Months)
  - Pure Tone Audiometry (5 years) by Sweep Test
  - Tympanometry
  - Assessment of Development
  - Hearing Assessment in Children (0–5 Years)
  - Investigation
    - Primary Investigation
    - Further Investigations as Indicated
  - Management
    - Refer for Assessment
- ■ GLOBAL BURDEN OF VISUAL IMPAIRMENT
  - Primary Causes Vary According to Socioeconomic Conditions
  - Amblyopia
  - Visual Development
    - Clinical Suspicion of Visual Impairment
  - Visual Assessment
- ■ MANAGEMENT
  - Secondary Prevention
- ■ CAUSES OF SQUINT
  - Various Terms Used in Eye Movement Related to Squint
- ■ TYPES OF SQUINT
  - Paralytic Squint
  - Nonparalytic Squint
  - Other Types of Screening
- ■ CLINICAL EVALUATION
  - History
  - Examination
    - Screening Test
  - Management
- ■ CAUSES OF PTOSIS
  - Congenital
  - Acquired
- ■ DYSLEXIA
  - Definition
  - Incidence
  - Etiology
  - Factors Associated with Increased Frequency
  - Factors Associated with Decreased Frequency
  - Process Involved in Dyslexia
  - Clinical Features
  - Diagnosis
  - Management
    - Specialist Advice and Support from Education
  - Prognosis
- ■ SPECTRUM OF PERVASIVE DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS
- ■ AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDERS
- ■ ETIOLOGY AND EPIDEMIOLOGY
- ■ CLINICAL FEATURES OF AUTISM
  - Psychiatric, Neurodevelopmental and Behavioral Comorbidities
    - Other Comorbid Symptoms
  - Differential Diagnosis of Autism Spectrum Disorder
  - Diagnosis
  - Assessment of Autism Spectrum Disorders
  - Investigations
  - Management
  - Prognosis
- ■ DEFINITION OF ATTENTION-DEFICIT HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER
- ■ ETIOLOGY
- ■ COMORBIDITIES
- ■ CLASSIFICATION
- ■ CLINICAL FEATURES AND DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA
- ■ DIAGNOSIS
- ■ DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
- ■ TREATMENT OF ATTENTION-DEFICIT HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER
  - Behavioral Therapy
- ■ FOLLOW-UP
- ■ PROGNOSIS
13:Child Abuse and Child Protection
- ■ DEFINITION OF CHILD ABUSE
- ■ TYPES OF CHILD ABUSE
- ■ CHILD PROTECTION
  - Definition
  - Role of Healthcare Providers in Child Protection
    - Reporting
14:Infectious Diseases
- ■ IMMUNIZATION IN CHILDREN
  - Standard Immunization Schedule Suitable for Middle-income and Low-income Countries
  - Hepatitis B Vaccine: What Dose Schedule?
  - Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine and Its Dose Schedule
  - MR, MMR and Measles Vaccine
- ■ VIRAL INFECTIONS
  - Seasonal Influenza and Pandemic Flu
  - Case Definition of 2009 H1N1 (Pandemic Flu)
  - Nonpharmacological Prophylaxis of Influenza
  - Influenza Vaccine
  - Pandemic Flu
  - Seasonal Flu (Influenza A H3) Epidemic
  - Avian Influenza (H5N1)
- ■ MEASLES
  - Epidemiology
  - Microbiology
  - Incubation Period
  - Infective Period
  - Mode of Transmission
  - Clinical Features
    - Stages of Infection
  - Diagnosis
  - Differential Diagnosis
  - Laboratory Investigations
  - Treatment
    - Vitamin A in Measles
    - Dose of Vitamin A
  - Complications
  - Prevention
    - Measles Vaccine
  - Measles Status: Global and Regional Targets
- ■ VARICELLA (CHICKEN POX)
  - Virology
  - Epidemiology
  - Mode of Transmission
  - Incubation Period
  - Infectious Period
    - Fetal Infection
    - Infection in Neonates
  - Clinical Features
  - Investigations
    - Light Microscopy of Vesicle Contents
    - CXR
  - Differential Diagnosis
  - Treatment
    - Supportive Care
    - Antiviral Treatment (Not Usually Required)
  - Complications
  - Prevention
  - Vaccination
- ■ MUMPS
  - Virology
  - Incubation Period
  - Route of Transmission
  - Infectious Period
  - Clinical Features
    - Parotitis
  - Differential Diagnosis
  - Diagnosis
    - Mumps Parotitis and Significance of Serum Amylase in Mumps Infection
  - Management
  - Complications
    - CNS Complications
  - Prevention
- ■ RUBELLA
  - Virology
  - Incubation Period
  - Period of Infectivity
  - Transmission
    - Other Mode of Transmission is Across the Placenta
  - Clinical Features
  - Diagnosis
  - Laboratory Investigations
  - Evaluation
  - Treatment
  - Prevention
- ■ CYTOMEGALOVIRUS INFECTION
  - Incubation Period
  - Virology
  - Epidemiology
  - Mode of Transmission
  - Clinical Features
  - Differential Diagnosis
    - Perinatally Acquired CMV Infection
  - Laboratory Investigations
    - Detection of Infectious Agent
    - Serology
  - Treatment
  - Prevention
- ■ HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS INFECTION
  - Microbiology
  - Incubation Period
  - Clinical Features
  - Laboratory Investigations
  - Treatment
  - Complications
  - Prevention
- ■ TOXOPLASMA
  - Microbiology
  - Clinical Features
  - Laboratory Diagnosis
  - Differential Diagnosis
    - Congenital Toxoplasmosis
    - Postnatally Acquired
  - Treatment
  - Complications
  - Prevention
    - Prevention of Acquired Infection (Primary Prevention)
    - Prevention of Congenital Infection (Secondary Prevention)
- ■ DENGUE
  - Epidemiology
  - The Vector
  - Dengue Virus Structure and Its Clinical Significance
  - Current Concept of Pathogenesis and Pathophysiology of Dengue
  - Pathogenesis Severe of Dengue Infection
    - Antibody-Dependent Enhancement
    - Autoimmunity
    - Thrombocytopathy
    - Coagulopathy
  - Viral Clearance
  - Clinical Features
  - Classification of Dengue
    - Previous WHO and Revised WHO Classification
    - Revised Classification of Dengue Infection (Figs 24 and 25)
    - Modified 2011 Classification of Dengue
  - Course of Disease
    - Febrile Phase
    - Critical Phase
  - Severe Dengue
    - Hypotension and Shock in Severe Dengue
    - Severe Hemorrhage
    - Severe Organ Involvement
    - Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome
  - Other Unusual Clinical Manifestation Suggestive of Severe Dengue
    - Encephalopathy
  - Laboratory Investigations
    - Sensitivity and Specificity of Dengue NS1 Test
    - Other Biochemical Test
  - Radiological Investigations
  - Differential Diagnosis of Dengue Fever
  - Management of Dengue
    - Basic Principle of Management
  - Treatment of Shock
    - Compensated Shock (Normotensive Shock)
    - Uncompensated (Hypotensive) Shock
  - Treatment of Hemorrhagic Complications
  - Treatment of Fluid Overload
  - Strategy to Combat Fluid Overload
    - Is There Any Role of Platelet Transfusion or Corticosteroid in Dengue Fever?
  - Discharge Criteria
  - Prevention and Vaccination
    - Prevention
    - Vaccines for Dengue
- ■ NIPAH VIRUS
  - Key Facts
  - Introduction
  - Outbreak
  - Transmission
  - Nipah Virus in South Asia
  - Clinical Features
  - Incubation Period
  - Diagnosis
  - Treatment
  - Prevention
    - Controlling Nipah Virus in Domestic Animals
    - Reducing the Risk of Infection in People
- ■ POLIOMYELITIS
  - Virology
  - Incubation Period
  - Route of Transmission
  - Clinical Features
    - Abortive Poliomyelitis
  - Nonparalytic Poliomyelitis
    - Paralytic Poliomyelitis (Fig. 29)
    - Poliovirus mainly affects the following areas of CNS:
  - Laboratory Investigations
  - Differential Diagnosis (Table 8)
  - Treatment
  - Prevention
    - General Measures
    - Vaccination
  - Complications
    - Paralytic Poliomyelitis
  - Prognosis
  - Polio Status in Developing Countries
- ■ RABIES
  - Epidemiology
  - Virology
  - Pathogenesis
  - Incubation Period
  - Mode of Transmission
  - Clinical Features
    - In Animal
    - In Human
  - Diagnosis
  - Laboratory Investigation
  - Management
    - Supportive
  - Vaccine
    - Pre-exposure Prophylaxis
    - Post-exposure Prophylaxis (Fig. 33)
  - Prevention
  - WHO Definitions of Categories of Exposure for the Use of Rabies Biologicals
    - Category of Exposure
    - Recommended Prophylaxis
- ■ ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME IN CHILDREN
  - Epidemiology of HIV and HIV Diagnosis
  - Diagnosis of HIV Infection in Children
  - Antibody Tests
  - Rapid Antibody Tests
  - Other Antibody Tests (ELISA)
  - Western Blot
  - Virologic Tests
    - HIV-1 DNA PCR
    - HIV RNA PCR
    - Antigen (p24) Test—An Ultrasensitive Test
    - HIV Culture
    - Testing by Virology in Infants
    - Antibody Testing in Infants
  - Blood Collection and Testing
    - HIV Testing and Dried Blood Sample (DBS)
    - Steps for collection of DBS for HIV testing:
  - Algorithm for Diagnosis of HIV Infection in Children
    - Presumptive Diagnosis Where there is No Virologic Testing Available
  - Clinical Staging of HIV Infection
    - Primary Infection or Acute Retroviral Syndrome
    - Clinical Latency/Asymptomatic Disease (Clinical Stage 1)
    - Mild Signs and Symptoms of HIV (Clinical Stage 2)
    - Advanced Signs and Symptoms (Clinical Stage 3)
    - Clinical Stage 4
  - WHO Clinical Staging of HIV in Children
    - Clinical Stage 1
  - WHO HIV Clinical Stage 2: Selected Example
    - Clinical Stage 2
  - WHO HIV Clinical Stage 3 : Selected Example
    - Clinical Stage 3
    - Clinical Stage 4
  - WHO HIV Clinical Stage 4: Selected Example
  - Immune Staging of HIV Infection According to CD4 Count
  - Summary of Diagnosis of HIV Infection
  - Prevention
    - Prevention of Parent to Child Transmission
  - The Four-Pronged Approach for Preventing Mother to Child Transmission of HIV
    - Prong 1 (Prevention of HIV in Women)
    - Prong 2 (Prevention of Unintended Pregnancy)
    - Prong 3 (Prevention of MTCT)
    - Prong 4 (Care and Support)
    - Care of the Mother
    - Maternal ART plus Infant ARV Prophylaxis
    - Care of the Infant at Birth
    - Infant Feeding Choices
  - Antiretroviral Therapy in Children
  - Management of Children with HIV Infection
    - Antiretroviral Therapy
    - Time of initiation of ART (Table 11)
  - Presumptive Diagnosis of HIV
  - ART Drugs
    - NRTI
    - Dose:
    - NNRTI
  - ART Regimen
    - Current ART Regimen for Use in Children under NACO
  - Pediatric HIV Care, Support and Treatment (CST) and Prevention of Mother-to-Child Transmission
    - Prevalence Rate and Trends
  - The Global Plan to Eliminate MTCT of HIV and Pediatric HIV
  - High Prevalence in South Asia
- ■ BACTERIAL INFECTIONS
  - Enteric Fever
- ■ DIPHTHERIA
  - Microbiology
  - Transmission
  - Pathogenesis
  - Clinical Features
  - Complications
  - Differential Diagnosis
  - Management (Table 14)
  - Prevention and Control
- ■ WHOOPING COUGH (PERTUSSIS)
  - Microbiology
    - Antigenic Determinant of Pertussis
  - Incubation Period
  - Route of Transmission
  - Clinical Features
  - Resurgence of Pertussis in Adolescents and Adults
  - Physical Signs
  - Diagnosis
  - Differential Diagnosis
  - Laboratory Investigations
  - Treatment
    - Supportive
    - Antibiotics
  - Complications (Fig. 54)
  - Prevention
    - Vaccination for Pertussis
    - New Approach of Vaccine Prevention of Pertussis by Cocooning Strategy
  - Key Points
- ■ TETANUS
  - Epidemiology
  - Microbiology
  - Pathophysiology
  - Incubation Period
  - Clinical Features
  - Diagnosis
  - Differential Diagnosis
  - Laboratory Investigations
  - Management
    - Goals for Management of Generalized Tetanus
  - Treatment
  - Prevention
- ■ STAPHYLOCOCCAL INFECTION
  - Epidemiology
  - Transmission
  - Pathogenesis
  - Clinical Features
- ■ TOXIC SHOCK SYNDROME
  - Etiology
  - Pathogenesis
  - Risk Factors for Nonmenstrual Toxic Shock Syndrome
  - Clinical Features
  - Diagnosis
    - Clinical Findings
  - Organ Involvement
  - Definition of TSS Given by Center for Disease Control
  - Differential Diagnosis
  - Laboratory Investigations
  - Management
    - Supportive
    - Specific
  - Prognosis
  - Prevention
- ■ STREPTOCOCCAL INFECTION
  - Microbiology
  - Mode of Transmission
  - Pathophysiology
  - Laboratory Investigations
  - Treatment
- ■ SCARLET FEVER
  - Organism
    - Group A Beta-hemolytic Streptococcus
  - Clinical Features
  - Investigations
  - Differential Diagnosis
  - Treatment
  - Complications
- ■ STREPTOCOCCUS VIRIDANS
  - Microbiology
  - Natural Habitat
  - Clinical Manifestations
  - Treatment
  - Prevention
- ■ PNEUMOCOCCAL INFECTION
  - Transmission
  - Etiology and Pathogenesis
  - Clinical Features
  - Diagnosis
  - Treatment
  - Prevention
    - Vaccination
    - Penicillin Prophylaxis
- ■ MENINGOCOCCAL INFECTION
  - Microbiology
  - Mode of Transmission
  - Pathogenesis
  - Clinical Features
  - Laboratory Diagnosis
  - Treatment
  - Mortality and Prognosis
  - Prevention
    - Dose
    - Vaccination
- ■ HAEMOPHILUS INFLUENZAE
  - Microbiology
    - Resistance to Antibiotics
  - Epidemiology
  - Transmission
  - Clinical Features
    - Haemophilus influenzae Type b (HIb) Infection
    - Infection due to Nontypable Haemophilus influenzae
  - Laboratory Investigations
  - Treatment
    - Duration of Therapy
  - Complications
  - Prevention
- ■ ANTHRAX
  - Bacteriology
  - Epidemiology
  - Incubation Period
  - Pathogenesis (Fig. 66)
  - Clinical Manifestations
  - Differential Diagnosis
  - Laboratory Investigations
  - Treatment
  - Prognosis
  - Prevention
    - Prevention of Inhalational Anthrax after Exposure to Spores
    - Vaccination:
- ■ LEPROSY
  - Microbiology
  - Transmission
  - Incubation Period
  - Pathophysiology
  - Clinical Features
  - Classification of Leprosy
    - Clinical Classification
  - Differential Diagnosis
  - Treatment of Leprosy
  - Treatment of Reactions
    - For Type I (Leprae) Reaction
    - For Type 2 [Erythema Nodosum Leprosum (ENL)] Reaction
  - Complications
  - Prognosis
- ■ KAWASAKI DISEASE
  - Epidemiology
  - Clinical Features
  - Differential Diagnosis
  - Diagnosis
    - Criteria for Diagnosis of Kawasaki Disease
  - Laboratory Investigations
  - Treatment
    - Intravenous Immunoglobulin
    - Aspirin
  - Complications
- ■ RICKETTSIAL DISEASES
  - Microbiology
  - Mode of Transmission
  - Incubation Period
  - Pathogenesis
  - Clinical Features of Rickettsial Diseases
  - Differential Diagnoses
  - Laboratory investigations
  - Treatment
    - Other Antibiotics
  - Prevention
- ■ FUNGAL INFECTIONS
  - Classification (Table 21)
- ■ PARASITIC INFECTIONS
  - Kala-azar
  - Prevention
    - Personal Protective Measures
    - Prevention of Sandfly Bites
- ■ MALARIA
  - Life Cycle of Malaria Parasite (Fig. 82)
  - Clinical Features
  - Other Clinical Features and Complications of Severe Malaria
  - Diagnosis of Malaria
  - Inborn Resistance to Malaria
  - Treatment of Uncomplicated Malaria (Drug Doses Given in Detail in Drug Therapy Chapter)
    - Non-artemisinin-based Combination Therapy
    - Artemisinin-based Combination Therapy
  - Additional Considerations for Clinical Management
  - Coexisting Morbidities
    - HIV Infection
    - Severe Malnutrition
  - Management of Severe P. falciparum Malaria (Fig. 90)
- ■ MANAGEMENT OF FEBRILE ILLNESS IN CHILDREN WITHOUT SOURCE
  - Assessment of Risk of Serious Illness in Children with Acute Febrile Illness (<7–10 Days' Duration) Without Source
  - Investigation of Acute Febrile Illness without Source
    - Children <3 Months of age
    - Children above 3-month-old
  - The Role of Markers of Bacterial Infection in Children with Fever without a Source
  - Treatment
    - Children with Fever and Shock (Bacteremic Shock)
    - Antipyretic Intervention
  - Management of Children with Fever without Source: In Hospital or at Home?
  - What to Do if the Child Does Require Hospitalization but No Diagnosis has been Reached?
- ■ MANAGEMENT OF SEPSIS AND SEPTIC SHOCK
  - Resuscitation
  - Fluid Therapy
  - Crystalloid
  - Colloids
  - Inotropic Agents
  - Induction of Anesthesia and Intubation in Septic Shock
    - Timing
    - Induction Agents
  - Treating the Cause of Sepsis
  - Supportive Care
  - Management of Complications
- ■ ASSESSMENT OF A CHILD WITH PROLONGED FEVER (>7–10 DAYS' DURATION) OF UNKNOWN OR WELL-DEFINED SOURCE (NOT REVEALED FROM HISTORY AND PHYSICAL EXAMINATION)
  - Probable Source of Infection
  - Malignancies
  - Collagen Diseases
  - Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)
  - Vascular Diseases (Vasculitis)
    - Kawasaki Disease
  - Other Causes of Prolonged Fever
  - Approach to Management of a Child with Prolonged Fever
15:Endocrinology
- ■ HORMONES
  - Types of Hormones
  - Biosynthesis, Transport and Metabolism
- ■ ENDOCRINE GLANDS OF THE BODY
  - Hypothalamus
  - Pituitary
- ■ GROWTH AND ITS DISORDERS
  - Physiology of Growth
  - Human Growth Hormone
  - Regulation and Control of Secretion of GH
  - Effects of Growth Hormone
    - Direct Effects
    - Indirect Effects
  - Auxology
  - Midparental Height
  - Height Velocity (Fig. 3)
    - Mean Height Velocity
  - Weight Velocity
  - Bone Age
  - Growth Disorders
  - Short Stature
- ■ THYROID GLAND AND ITS DYSFUNCTION
  - Biosynthesis of Thyroid Hormones
  - Regulation of Thyroid Hormone
  - Function of Thyroid Hormones
  - Thyroid Function Tests (Table 3)
  - Hypothyroidsm (Table 4)
- ■ HYPERTHYROIDISM
  - Causes of Thyrotoxicosis
  - Pathophysiology of Graves' Disease
  - Clinical Features
  - Laboratory Investigations
  - Management
- ■ GOITER
  - Classification
  - Differential Diagnosis of Goiter
    - False Goiter
    - True Goiter
  - Molecular Basis of Enlargement of Thyroid Gland
    - Clinical Evaluation of Enlarged Thyroid Gland
    - History should include:
  - Laboratory Investigations
  - Hypothyroid Goiter
    - Clinical Features of Hypothyroidism
    - Treatment
  - Simple Goiter (Colloid Goiter)
    - Investigations
    - Treatment
  - Hyperthyroid Goiter
  - Algorithm of Diagnostic Workup and Management of Goiter in Children
    - Key to Algorithm of Diagnostic Workup and Management (Fig. 32)
- ■ THE PARATHYROID GLAND AND ITS DISORDERS
  - Anatomy of Parathyroid Gland
  - Hormones of Parathyroid Gland
  - Actions of PTH
  - Mechanism of Action of PTH
  - Regulation of PTH
  - Factors Affecting PTH Secretion
  - Genetic Syndrome and Parathyroid Disorders
  - Disorders of Parathyroid Hormones
  - Hypoparathyroidism
  - Pseudohypoparathyroidism (PHP)
  - Hypocalcemia (also Discussed in Fluid and Electrolyte Balance Chapter)
  - Hypercalcemia (Also Discussed in Fluid and Electrolyte Balance Chapter)
  - Hyperparathyroidism
- ■ ADRENAL GLAND AND ITS DISORDERS
  - Adrenal Cortex (Fig. 41)
  - Adrenal Medulla (Fig. 41)
  - Biosynthesis of Adrenocortical Hormones
  - Regulation of Adrenal Hormone Secretion (Figs 44 and 45)
    - A. Regulation of Cortisol Secretion
    - B. Regulation of Aldosterone Secretion (Fig. 46)
- ■ DISORDERS OF ADRENOCORTICAL HORMONES
  - Excess Secretion of Adrenal Hormones
  - Cushing's Syndrome
- ■ HYPERALDOSTERONISM
  - Etiology of Hyperaldosteronism
  - Clinical Features
  - Laboratory Investigations
  - Treatment
- ■ ADRENAL INSUFFICIENCY
  - Clinical Features of Adrenal Insufficiency
  - Laboratory Evaluation of Adrenal Insufficiency
    - Synacthen test
    - Short dose synacthen test:
- ■ ADDISON'S DISEASE
  - Etiology
  - Clinical Features
    - Mechanism of Hyperpigmentation
  - Laboratory Features
  - Diagnosis
- ■ ADRENAL CRISIS
  - Clinical Features
    - Symptoms
    - Signs
  - Laboratory Investigations
  - Management of Adrenal Crisis
- ■ PUBERTY AND DISORDERS OF PUBERTY
  - Puberty
  - Disorders of Puberty
- ■ PRECOCIOUS PUBERTY
  - Premature Sexual Maturation
    - Causes of Premature Sexual Maturation
  - Precocious Puberty
  - Central Precocious Puberty (Gonadotropin-dependent Precocious Puberty)
    - Laboratory Evaluation
    - Treatment
  - Gonadotropin-independent Precocious Puberty (GIPP)
- ■ ABNORMAL PATTERN OF GONADOTROPIN SECRETION
  - Premature Thelarche
    - Management
  - Thelarche Variant
    - Features
    - Investigations
  - Isolated Premature Menarche
    - Management
  - Hypothyroidism
    - Investigation
    - Management
  - Precocious Pubarche
- ■ CONGENITAL ADRENAL HYPERPLASIA (FIG. 62)
  - Genetic Basis of CAH
  - Types
  - Clinical Features
  - Classic CAH
  - Classic Salt-Wasting Variety
  - Classic Simple Virilizing CAH (Figs 64A and B)
  - Presentation at Birth
  - Nonclassic
  - Laboratory Investigations
  - Management of CAH (CSW)
- ■ DIABETES MELLITUS IN CHILDREN
  - Etiological Classification of Diabetes Mellitus
  - Diagnostic Criteria for Diabetes Mellitus in Children and Adolescents
  - Impaired Glucose Tolerance (IGT) and Impaired Fasting Glycemia (IFG)
  - Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus
  - Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
  - Maturity-Onset Diabetes of Young
  - Fibrocalculous Pancreatic Diabetes
  - Neonatal Diabetes Mellitus (NDM)
- ■ TYPE 1 DIABETES MELLITUS
  - Incidence
  - Clinical Manifestations
  - Pathogenesis of T1DM
  - Phases of Diabetes
  - Management
- ■ HYPOGLYCEMIA
  - Signs and Symptoms
  - Treatment
  - Prevention of Hypoglycemia
- ■ DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS
  - Pathophysiology
    - Biochemichal Criteria
    - Severity of DKA
  - Clinical Manifestations (Fig. 68)
  - Management of DKA
  - Treatment of Infection
  - Morbidity and Mortality in DKA
  - Chronic Complications
  - Comorbid Conditions
  - Prevention
- ■ DEVELOPMENT OF GENITALIA AND SEX DIFFERENTIATION
  - Genes and Sex Determination
  - Sexual Differentiation
    - Genetic
    - Gonadal Sex
  - Ductal Differentiation (Fig. 70)
  - External Genitalia
- ■ DISORDERS OF SEX DEVELOPMENT (DSDs)
  - Nomenclature (Table 19)
  - Classification of DSDs
  - Pathophysiology of DSDs
  - 46,XX DSDs (Over Androgenization of 46, XX Genetic Females)
  - 46,XY Disorders of Sex Development (Fig. 72)
    - Under Virilization of the Male (46,XY)
  - Abnormalities of Gonadal Development and Differentiation (Fig. 74)
    - In Pure (Complete) Gonadal Dysgenesis
    - In Partial Gonadal Dysgenesis
  - Ovotesticular DSDs
  - Diagnosis of DSDs
    - History
    - Physical Examination
  - Criteria that Suggest DSDs
  - Investigations
  - Gender Assignment in Newborn Infants
  - Medical Management of DSDs
  - Psychosocial Management
  - Outcome of DSDs
    - Surgical Outcome
    - Psychosexual Outcomes/Quality of Life Measures
16:Nephrology
- ■ RENAL SYSTEM
  - Development of Human Kidney
  - Anatomy of Kidney (Fig. 1)
  - Structure of Kidney
  - Renal Physiology
  - Major Function of Kidneys
  - Overview of Investigations for Renal Function
- ■ DISORDERS OF RENAL SYSTEM
- ■ DISORDERS OF RENAL DEVELOPMENT
  - Epidemiology
  - Renal Agenesis
  - Renal Hypoplasia
- ■ STRUCTURAL ANOMALIES OF THE URINARY TRACT
  - Horseshoe Kidney
  - Ectopic Kidney
    - Crossed Fused Renal Ectopia
  - Duplex Kidney
- ■ DISORDERS OF PELVIS, URETERS
  - Pelviureteric Junction Obstruction
  - Megaureter
  - Ureterocele
  - Posterior Urethral Valves
- ■ INGUINOSCROTAL DISORDERS
  - Bladder Exstrophy and Epispadias
    - Treatment
  - Cryptorchidism
  - Cloacal Exstrophy
- ■ URINARY TRACT INFECTION
  - Definitions
  - Clinical Features
    - In Neonates and Infants under 3 Months
    - In Older Children
  - Diagnosis
    - Predictors and Risk Factors of Symptomatic UTI
    - Confirmation of Presumptive Clinical Diagnosis
  - Criteria for Positive Laboratory Evidence of UTI
  - Urinalysis
  - Establishment for Diagnosis of UTI
  - Usual Uropathogens Causing UTI
  - Treatment of UTI
  - Recurrent UTI
  - Asymptomatic Bacteriuria
  - UTI with Vesicoureteric Reflux
  - Antimicrobial Prophylaxis in Recurrent UTI and in UTI with Reflux
    - Current Evidence-based Guideline of UTI Prophylaxis
    - Drug Used in Prophylaxis
  - Nonpharmacological Prevention of UTI
  - Evaluation after First Episode of UTI
- ■ VESICOURETERIC REFLUX
  - Classification or Grading of VUR
  - Etiology of VUR
    - Primary VUR
    - Secondary VUR
  - Clinical Conditions Associated with VUR
  - Clinical Features
    - Asymptomatic
    - Symptomatic
  - Investigations
  - Management
  - Algorithm of Management of VUR
- ■ DISORDERS OF GLOMERULAR FUNCTION
  - Nephrotic Syndrome (NS)
  - Congenital and Infantile Nephrotic Syndrome
- ■ GLOMERULONEPHRITIS (GN)
  - Etiology
  - Pathogenesis
  - Clinical Features
  - Acute Glomerulonephritis (AGN)
- ■ RENAL INVOLVEMENT IN HENOCH-SCHÖNLEIN PURPURA
  - Risk Factors for Developing HSP Nephritis
  - Investigations
  - Renal Biopsy
  - Histological Classification of HSP Nephritis
  - Treatment
- ■ LUPUS NEPHRITIS
  - Clinical Features
  - Classification of Lupus Nephritis
  - Laboratory Investigations
  - Diagnosis of Lupus Nephritis
  - Treatment of Lupus Nephritis
  - Prognosis
- ■ IMMUNOGLOBULIN A NEPHROPATHY
  - Epidemiology
  - Etiology
  - Pathogenesis
  - Clinical Features
  - Differential Diagnosis
  - Investigations
  - Classification of IgAN
  - Diagnosis
  - Treatment
  - Prognosis
- ■ MEMBRANOUS NEPHROPATHY
  - Etiology
    - Idiopathic
    - Secondary
  - Clinical Features
  - Investigation
  - Treatment
  - Prognosis
- ■ MEMBRANOPROLIFERATIVE GLOMERULONEPHRITIS
  - Classification
  - Investigations
  - Clinical Features
  - Treatment
  - Prognosis
    - Factors that Causes Poor Outcome
- ■ RAPIDLY PROGRESSIVE GLOMERULONEPHRITIS
  - Etiology
  - Clinical Features
  - Investigations
    - For Specific Diagnosis
  - Treatment
    - Supportive
    - Specific
  - Prognosis
- ■ DISORDERS OF RENAL TUBULES
  - Cystinuria
    - Pathology
    - Treatment
  - Renal Tubular Acidosis
- ■ HEMOLYTIC UREMIC SYNDROME
  - Epidemiology
  - Etiology and Types
    - I. Typical HUS
    - II. Atypical HUS
  - Pathogenesis
  - Clinical Features
  - Differential Diagnosis
  - Investigations
  - Management of HUS
  - Complications of HUS
  - Prognosis
  - Prevention of HUS
- ■ ENURESIS
  - Epidemiology
  - Types
    - Depending Upon Symptoms
  - Etiology
  - Pathophysiology
  - Assessment
    - History
  - Examination
  - Investigations
  - Management
- ■ DISORDERS OF ELECTROLYTES RELEVENT TO RENAL DISORDER
  - Disorders of Sodium Balance
  - Disorders of Potassium Balance
  - Disorders of Magnesium
- ■ ACUTE KIDNEY INJURY
  - Causes of Acute Kidney Injury
  - Pathophysiology of AKI (Fig. 57)
  - Clinical Features
  - Diagnosis
  - Staging of AKI
  - Investigations
    - Indications of renal biopsy in AKI
    - To detect underlying etiology
  - Management of AKI
- ■ CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE
  - Etiology
  - Stages of CKD
  - Investigations
  - Management of CKD
- ■ PERITONEAL DIALYSIS
  - Types of Peritoneal Dialysis Regimen
    - Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis (CAPD)
    - Automated Peritoneal Dialysis (APD)
  - Complications of Peritoneal Dialysis
  - Hemodialysis
    - Principles
  - Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy
17:Hemato-oncologic Disorder
- ■ HEMOPOIESIS
  - Location of Hemopoiesis
    - In Developing Embryo
    - Bone Marrow
  - Pluripotent Hematopoietic Stem Cell
- ■ RED BLOOD CELLS
  - Hemoglobin
- ■ WHITE BLOOD CELLS
- ■ PLATELETS
- ■ ANEMIA
  - Approach to a Child with Anemia
  - Physical Examination
  - Laboratory Evaluation of Anemia
- ■ HEMOLYTIC ANEMIA
  - Clinical Approach to Diagnose Hemolytic Anemia
  - Investigations
  - Management
- ■ HEREDITARY SPHEROCYTOSIS
  - Clinical Features
  - Laboratory Investigations
  - Management
- ■ G6PD DEFICIENCY
  - Types
  - Clinical Features
  - Laboratory Investigations
  - Management
- ■ PYRUVATE KINASE DEFICIENCY
  - Epidemiology
  - Clinical Features
  - Diagnosis
  - Complication
  - Treatment
- ■ THALASSEMIA
  - Pathophysiology
  - Clinical Features
  - Spectrum of Thalassemia
  - Hemoglobin E Carriers
  - Hemoglobin E Disease
  - Significance of Hemoglobin E
  - Complications
  - Indications for Transfusion
  - Beta-thalassemia
  - Newer Emerging Therapies for Thalassemia
  - Complications of Thalassemia
  - Management of Complications Associated with Thalassemia
  - Infection in Thalassemia
  - Surgical Management of Thalassemia
    - Splenectomy
  - Prevention of Thalassemia
  - Alpha-thalassemia
- ■ CLINICAL FEATURES
- ■ ORGAN DYSFUNCTION IN SICKLE CELL DISEASE
- ■ INVESTIGATIONS
- ■ MANAGEMENT
  - Management of Crises
  - General Management
- ■ THROMBOCYTOPENIA
  - CAUSES OF THROMBOCYTOPENIA
    - Impaired Production
    - Decreased Survival
  - CLINICAL FEATURES OF THROMBOCYTOPENIA
- ■ IMMUNE THROMBOCYTOPENIC PURPURA
  - Etiology and Pathogenesis
  - Acute ITP
  - Chronic ITP (If Persist for >6 Months)
    - Management
- ■ NEONATAL THROMBOCYTOPENIA
  - Treatment Options
- ■ PLATELET FUNCTION DISORDERS
- ■ CLASSIFICATION
  - Acute Leukemia
  - Chronic Leukemia
- ■ ACUTE LEUKEMIA
  - Epidemiology
  - Risk Factors
  - Clinical Features
    - Symptoms
    - Other Frequent Symptoms and Signs/Physical Examination
  - Differential Diagnosis
  - Laboratory Investigations
  - Classification
  - Risk Stratification for ALL
  - Treatment of ALL
  - Prognosis of ALL
  - New Therapeutic Concepts
- ■ ETIOLOGY AND PATHOGENESIS
- ■ CYTOGENETICS AND MOLECULAR GENETIC ALTERATION
- ■ CLASSIFICATION
- ■ CLINICAL FEATURES AND INVESTIGATIONS
- ■ MANAGEMENT
  - Induction Chemotherapy
- ■ EPIDEMIOLOGY
- ■ ETIOLOGY
  - Acquired
  - Inherited
- ■ PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
- ■ CLASSIFICATION
- ■ CLINICAL FEATURES
  - Fanconi's Anemia
  - Diamond-Blackfan Anemia
  - Shwachman-Diamond Syndrome
- ■ INVESTIGATIONS
- ■ DIAGNOSIS
- ■ DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
- ■ MANAGEMENT
  - Supportive
  - Specific
- ■ PROGNOSIS
- ■ HODGKIN'S DISEASE
  - Epidemiology
  - Etiology and Pathophysiology
  - Clinical Manifestations
  - Classification
  - Diagnostic Workup and Staging
  - Management
  - Prognosis
- ■ NON-HODGKIN'S LYMPHOMA
  - Epidemiology
  - Lymphomatoid Papulosis
    - Drugs
    - Radiation
  - Etiology and Pathogenesis
  - Classification
  - Clinical Manifestations
  - Diagnosis
  - Laboratory Investigations
  - Management
  - Treatment
  - Supportive Therapy
  - Prognosis
- ■ ETIOLOGY AND PATHOGENESIS
- ■ PATHOLOGY
- ■ CLINICAL FEATURES
- ■ OPSOCLONUS-MYOCLONUS SYNDROME
  - Prognosis of OMS
- ■ DIAGNOSIS OF NB
- ■ INVESTIGATIONS
- ■ DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
- ■ TREATMENT
  - Chemotherapeutic Agents
  - International Neuroblastoma Staging System (INSS)
- ■ PROGNOSIS
- ■ EPIDEMIOLOGY
- ■ ETIOLOGY AND PATHOGENESIS
- ■ CLINICAL FEATURES
  - Metastasis
    - Local Spread
    - Hematogenous Spread
- ■ DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
- ■ INVESTIGATIONS
  - Favorable
  - Unfavorable
- ■ STAGING
- ■ TREATMENT
  - Surgery
  - Chemotherapy
  - Radiotherapy
- ■ PROGNOSIS
- ■ HEMOPHILIA
  - Epidemiology
  - Etiology
  - Pathophysiology
  - Clinical Features
  - Clinical Severity
  - Diagnosis
  - Laboratory Investigations
  - Differential Diagnosis
  - Management
    - Medical Management
  - Management of Hemostasis (Table 21)
  - Other Modalities of Management
  - Management of Inhibitors in Hemophilia
- ■ EPIDEMIOLOGY
- ■ PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
- ■ CLASSIFICATION
- ■ CLINICAL FEATURES
- ■ DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
- ■ LABORATORY INVESTIGATIONS
- ■ MANAGEMENT
  - Severe Disease: Type III or Type IIB
  - Mild Disease
- ■ ETIOLOGY
- ■ PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
  - Initiation of Fibrin Deposition
  - Amplification Role of Thrombin
  - Propagation of Fibrin Deposition
- ■ CLINICAL FEATURES
- ■ LABORATORY INVESTIGATIONS
- ■ TREATMENT
  - Fresh Frozen Plasma
  - Platelet Transfusion
  - Cryoprecipitate
  - Anticoagulants
  - Anticoagulant Factor Concentrate
    - Protein C, Activated Protein C (APC) and Antithrombin
- ■ DEFINITION
- ■ RISK STRATIFICATION
- ■ LABORATORY INVESTIGATIONS
  - Initial Lab Investigations Nonspecific to Condition
  - Additional Tests as per the Suspected Conditions
- ■ MANAGEMENT
  - Antibiotic Therapy
    - Empirical Antibiotic Therapy
    - Prophylactic Antibiotic Therapy
  - Antifungal Therapy
    - Pre-emptive Antifungal Therapy
    - Antifungal Prophylaxis
  - Antiviral Prophylaxis
  - Hematopoietic Growth Factors (G-CSF or GM-CSF)
- ■ EPIDEMIOLOGY
- ■ ETIOLOGY
- ■ CLASSIFICATION
- ■ CLINICAL FEATURES
- ■ LABORATORY INVESTIGATIONS
- ■ MANAGEMENT
- ■ MODALITIES OF MANAGEMENT OF CNS TUMORS
  - Neurosurgery
  - Radiotherapy
  - Chemotherapy
- ■ OVERVIEW OF MANAGEMENT OF INDIVIDUAL CNS TUMORS
  - Low-grade Glioma
  - High-grade Glioma
  - Brain Stem Glioma
  - Ependymoma
  - Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumors
  - Craniopharyngioma
- ■ LANGERHANS CELL HISTIOCYTOSIS
  - Epidemiology and Etiology
  - Presentation
  - Diagnosis and Staging
  - Further Investigations
  - Treatment
  - Prognosis
18:Pediatric Dermatology
- ■ SKIN DISORDERS IN NEONATE
- ■ BENIGN PUSTULAR DERMATOSES
- ■ MINOR ABNORMALITIES OF NEONATAL SKIN
- ■ SKIN DISORDERS IN CHILDREN
- ■ INFECTIOUS DISEASE OF SKIN
- ■ SCABIES
19:Joint and Bone Disorders
- ■ JUVENILE IDIOPATHIC ARTHRITIS
- ■ HENOCH-SCHÖNLEIN PURPURA
- ■ SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS
- ■ GENETIC SKELETAL DISEASES
20:Drug Overdoses and Poisoning
- ■ AIRWAY, BREATHING AND CIRCULATION MEASURES
  - Airway and Breathing
  - Circulation
  - Care of Unconscious Patients
- ■ OTHER MEASURES
  - Body Temperature
    - Hypothermia
    - Hyperthermia
  - Rhabdomyolysis
  - Convulsions
  - Stress Ulceration and Bleeding
- ■ SPECIFIC MEASURES
  - Specific Antidote
  - Reduction of Poison Absorption
  - Increasing Poison Elimination
- ■ TOXIC DOSE
- ■ MECHANISM OF TOXICITY
- ■ CLINICAL PRESENTATION
- ■ DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
- ■ INVESTIGATIONS
- ■ MANAGEMENT
  - General
    - Decontamination
  - Specific
    - Dose
    - Other Antidote: Methionine
  - Prognosis
- ■ TOXIC DOSE
- ■ MECHANISM OF TOXICITY
- ■ CLINICAL FEATURES
- ■ INVESTIGATIONS
- ■ DIAGNOSIS
- ■ DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
- ■ MANAGEMENT
  - Prehospital Care
  - Emergency Department Care
  - Specific
    - Dose
  - Contraindications
  - Precautions
- ■ TOXIC DOSE
- ■ MECHANISM OF TOXICITY
- ■ CLINICAL FEATURES OF BARBITURATE POISONING
  - Mild to Moderate Intoxication
  - With Higher Doses
- ■ INVESTIGATIONS
- ■ DIAGNOSIS
- ■ MANAGEMENT
  - General Supportive Measures
  - Specific Measures
- ■ TOXIC DOSE
- ■ MECHANISM OF TOXICITY
  - Aspiration
  - Ingestion
  - Inhalation
  - Injection
  - Topical Contact
- ■ CLINICAL FEATURES OF HYDROCARBON POISONING
  - Pulmonary Aspiration
  - Ingestion
  - Systemic Toxicity
  - Injection
  - Skin or Eye Contact
  - Diagnosis
  - Investigation
    - Aspiration Pneumonitis
    - Suspected Systemic Toxicity
- ■ MANAGEMENT
  - Emergency Care
  - Specific Treatment
- ■ KEROSENE POISONING
  - Epidemiology
  - Mode of Poisoning
  - Pathophysiology
  - Toxic Dose
  - Clinical Features
  - Diagnosis
  - Investigations
  - Management
    - Asymptomatic Cases
    - Symptomatic Cases
  - Complications
  - Prognosis
  - Prevention
- ■ ADVERSE EFFECTS
- ■ TREATMENT
  - Methods to Prevent Absorption
  - Supportive Measures
- ■ PROGNOSIS
- ■ FOLLOW-UP
- ■ IRON POISONING
  - Adverse Effect
  - Treatment
  - Prognosis
  - Follow-up
- ■ MECHANISM OF TOXICITY
- ■ TYPES OF ORGANOPHOSPHORUS COMPOUND POISONING
  - Acute Poisoning
  - Subacute Poisoning
  - Chronic Poisoning
- ■ CLINICAL FEATURES OF ORGANO–PHOSPHORUS COMPOUND POISONING
  - Muscarinic Effects
  - Nicotinic Effects
  - Intermediate Syndrome
  - Investigations (Table 4)
- ■ MANAGEMENT
  - General
  - Specific
- ■ COMPLICATIONS
- ■ PROGNOSIS
  - Causes of Death in Organophosphorus Compound Poisoning
- ■ DEFINITION
- ■ EPIDEMIOLOGY
- ■ DROWNING: GEOGRAPHICAL FACTOR
- ■ PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
- ■ MANAGEMENT
  - Initiation of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation
  - Discontinuation of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation
  - Advanced Prehospital Care
  - Care at Emergency Department
  - Treatment at Intensive Care Unit
  - Prognosis
- ■ PREVENTION OF DROWNING
  - Keep Yourself Safe
  - Keep Others Safe
21:Procedures
- ■ PERIPHERAL VENOUS CANNULATION
- ■ SCALP VEINS
- ■ FEMORAL AND INTERNAL JUGULAR CENTRAL VENOUS LINE INSERTION
- ■ UMBILICAL VESSELS CATHETERIZATION
- ■ EXCHANGE TRANSFUSION
- ■ INSERTION OF A NASOGASTRIC TUBE (FIGS 11A AND B AND TABLE 1)
  - Procedure
- ■ LUMBAR PUNCTURE (FIGS 12 AND 13)
  - Lumbar Puncture When the Child is Lying on the Side
- ■ TRANSURETHRAL CATHETERIZATION
- ■ SUPRAPUBIC ASPIRATION OF URINE (FIGS 14 AND 15)
- ■ VENTRICULAR TAP
- ■ ENDOTRACHEAL INTUBATION (FIGS 16 TO 18)
- ■ SURFACTANT ADMINISTRATION
  - What is Surfactant?
- ■ MOBILE TRANSFUSION
- ■ BONE MARROW ASPIRATION (FIGS 20 TO 22)
22:Drug Therapy in Children
- ■ ANTIBIOTICS
23:Chart
- ■ WEIGHT FOR AGE
- ■ CALCULATING CHILD'S WEIGHT FOR AGE
- ■ WEIGHT FOR LENGTH

INDEX

ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ

Page numbers followed by f refer to figure and t refer to table.

Abdomen 776, 813

Abdominal pain

diagnosis of recurrent 265

functional 264

in child 867f

acute 267

recurrent 263–265

syndrome, functional 265

Abdominal scar mark splenectomy in thalassemic child 799f

Abdominal wall defects, anterior 137

Abnormal chest radiograph 554

ABO

hemolytic disorder of newborn, management of 113

incompatibility 112

Abort seizures 480

Abuse

emotional 546

physical 544

Abusive bruising, sites of 544f

Abusive scald, sites of 545f

Acanthosis nigricans 224f

Accidental and abusive bruises, difference between 545t

Accidental bruising, sites of 544f

Accidental scald 545f

Achondroplasia 670

Acid production 162

Acid-base

bacilli 352

balance

and disturbance 162

respiratory system 165, 305

disorders 162

disturbances 162

regulation 162

status 163

Acidosis, correction of 720

Acne 834

Acquired hypopituitarism, causes of 664

Acquired hypothyroidism 678

classification of 677

Acrocyanosis 833

Acrodermatitis enteropathica 208

Acropustulosis of infancy 834

ACTH-dependent causes 694

ACTH-independent causes 694

Activated partial thromboplastin time 330

Acute diarrhea, management of 237

Addison’s disease 698

Adefovir 279

Adenoidectomy 329

Adenovirus 320

Adipokines 223

Adipose tissue 223

Adjunct therapy 97

Adrenal

androgen deficiency 698

cortex 692

crisis 699

management of 699

gland 692

disorders 692

hormones, excess secretion of 693

hyperplasia, congenital 710, 730

insufficiency 698

causes of 698t

signs of 698

symptoms of 698

medulla 692

steroid-dependent 704

Adrenaline 139

Adrenarche 700

Adrenocortical hormones, disorders of 693, 730

Adrenoleukodystrophy 505

Aedes 574

aegypti 574, 575, 585

mosquito 575f

Aerophagia 264

Agglutination test, direct 112

Airway 862

measure 862

AKI

management of 778

pathogenesis of 776f

pathophysiology of 776

staging of 776

Akin staging of AKI 777t

Alanine transaminase 330

Aldosterone secretion 693f

Alemtuzumab 807

Alexander disease 505

ALF, management of 287f

Alkaline phosphatase 330

Allergic

dysmotility 259

eosinophilic gastroenteropathies 260

rhinitis 329

diagnosis 329

treatment 329

allergen avoidance 329

symptom relief 329

Allergy 333

Allogeneic bone marrow stem cell transplantation 796

Alpha granule 784

Alpha-thalassemia 800

major 800

trait 801

Alveolar gas equation 304

Alveolar ventilation 60

Amblyopia 529

Amebiasis 248, 267

treatment of 250, 250t

Amikacin 365, 488

Amines 661

Aminoglycoside 366

Aminophylline 140

Ammonia metabolism

disorders 10

disturbance in inborn errors of metabolism 10

Amniotic fluid

abnormal 3t

assessment of 42

Analgesia oral preparation 899

Ancylostoma duodenale 253

Androgen 693, 810

Anemia 784, 785, 799

and iron therapy in breath-holding spells 474

cause of 207

in children 785f

in infants and children, causes of 785f

in malnourished children 188

in newborn, diagnosis of 80

of prematurity 79

diagnosis 79

introduction 79

management 79

Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors 896

Anisocoria 449

Ankle

clonus, testing for 447f

edema 183f

foot orthoses (AFO) 503

jerk (S1, S2) 447

in small infant 448f

Ann-Arbor staging system 812t

Anomalous pulmonary venous return, types of total 423f

Anopheline mosquito 636f

Anorchidism 738

Anorectal anomalies 134

introduction 134

management 135

prognosis 135

types 134

Anorectal malformation 16f

Anorexia nervosa 222, 222f

etiology 222

treatment 222

Antagonists, left receptor 338

Antenatal

care (ANC) 91

diagnosis 734

investigation 3

Anthrax 623

bacteriology 623

clinical manifestations 623

differential diagnosis 624

epidemiology 623

incubation period 623

laboratory investigations 624

meningitis 624

pathogenesis of 623, 623f

prevention 625

prognosis 625

specific 624

supportive 624

treatment 624

vaccination 625

Anthropometry 848

Antiarrhythmic drugs (SVT) 897

therapy for supraventricular tachycardia 438f

Antibiotics 808, 886

associated diarrhea (AAD) 243

choice of 743

first-line of 95

for treatment of toxoplasmosis, dose of 573t

resistance

bacteria 97

Gram-negative bacteria 96

Gram-positive bacteria 97

infection, treatment of 96

nonfermentive Gram-negative bacteria 97

transfer of 244

second-line of 95

theory, duration of 96, 488

therapy 826

empirical 826

Antibody tests 593

Antibody-dependent enhancement 576

Anticoagulant factor concentrate 825

Anticoagulants 825

Anticonvulsant therapy, weaning and duration of 122

Anticonvulsants 808

Antidiabetic 808

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) 181

Antidote, specific 863

Antidromic AVRT 435

Antiepileptic drugs (AED) 470, 472, 477, 480

discontinuation of 471

for different seizure types, efficacy of newer 470t

on first seizure, indications of 469

properties of 469

side-effects of 471

treatment, goals of 471

Antiepileptic surgery 480

Antifibrinolytic

agents 822

therapy 822

Antifungal

drugs 890

prophylaxis 827

therapy 827

pre-emptive 827

Antigiardiasis 891

Anti-glomerular basement membrane 764

Antihelmintics 267

Anti-inflammatory 808

Antilymphocytic secretion for tuberculosis 358

Antimalarial 808

Antimalarial See Antiparasitic

Antimicrobials 886

for prophylaxis of urinary tract infections 744t

prophylaxis in recurrent UTI and in UTI with reflux 743

therapy 743

dosages of 743t

specific 488

Anti-obese drugs 225

Antiparasitic 891

Antiprotozoal antiamebic 891

Anti-TB drugs 890

for children, first-line 359t

for treatment of MDR-TB in children 365f

side-effects of 362t

Antithrombin 825

Antithyroid 808

antibodies 674

drug therapy 682

Anti-trichomonas 891

Antituberculosis drugs, use of 362

Antiviral 890

prophylaxis 827

treatment, dose for 555

Aorta (Ao) 416, 424

classification on defect of 413

Aortic regurgitation 432

hemodynamics 432

management 432

Aortic stenosis (AS) 128, 131, 432

anatomical site of 408f

changes of 411

Aortic stents 415

postprocedure 415f

preprocedure 415f

Aortic valve stenosis, congenital 408

Aortic valvular stenosis 131f, 408f

management of 412

Apgar score 12t

in hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy 83

interpretation 12t

Aplastic anemia 808, 831

development of 808t

severity of 809, 809t

Apnea 306

causes 58

definition of 58

management 58

of prematurity 58

prematurity, drug treatment of 58

stages of 58f

Appendicitis in children 267

Appetite, return of 190f

Aromatase inhibitors 672

ART drugs HIV 602

Arterial

blood gas for acute severe asthma 347

carbon dioxide partial pressure 304

oxygen partial pressure 304

pulse 403

Arteriovenous malformations, aneurysm of 456f

Arthritis 428

Ascariasis 253

Ascaris lumbricoides 249, 253

ASD, classification of 400

Ashworth scale, modified 444

Asperger’s syndrome 534

Aspiration 866

of feeds 64

diagnosis 64

management 66

presentation 64

pneumonia 319, 866

in hospitalized patient, prevention of 319

investigation 320

management of 319, 320

prevention 320

Asplenia 619, 620

functional 619

organic 619

Asthma 332, 333, 555

acute 342, 345

atopic 333, 836f

attacks, severity of 337t

child with

acute 345f

persistent 341f

chronic severe 336

classification of 335

severity of persistent 336t

depending upon severity of symptoms, classification of 336

diagnosis of 334

differential diagnosis of childhood 333

drug

delivery in acute 343

induced 337

treatment of acute 344

used in 337t

acute 343

exacerbation 336

exercise-induced 336, 337

in children 347

intermittent 335

management of 341

acute 344

exacerbation of 346f

mild persistent 336

moderate persistent 336

occupational 337

patients of various age 339f

persistent 336

severe persistent 336

stepwise care management of 342f

triggers of 333

variants of 336

Asymmetric cry with deviation of angle of mouth 18f

Asymmetric gonadal dysgenesis 726

Asymptomatic 746

bacteriuria 743

UTI 739

Ataxia 448

acute 508

chronic progressive 508

telangiectasia 509

on bulbar conjunctiva 509f

Ataxic

cerebral palsy 495, 497

gait 443

Atelectasis, right upper 321f

Athetosis 509

Atopic dermatitis 835, 844

complications of 837

Atopy 333, 835

Atosiban 41

Atresia 128

duodenal 133

Atrial

flutter 436

hypertrophy, electrocardiography analysis 391

septal defect (ASD) 126, 395, 400f, 424

types of 400f

tachycardias 436

Atrioventricular

nodal re-entry tachycardia 435

septal defect 402, 425

Atrophy 500

Atropine 871

Atropinisation, maintenance of 871

Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder

definition of 537

differential diagnosis of 539t

treatment of 538

Auricle

left (LA) 416, 424

right 416, 424

Autism 534

pervasive developmental disorder-not otherwise specified and Asperger’s syndrome, differences between 536t

spectrum disorders 534, 535t

assessment of 535

differential diagnosis of 535

Autistic disorders 533

Autocrine 661

Automated peritoneal dialysis (APD) 780

Autosomal recessive 9

Auxology 666

Avian influenza

clinical manifestations 559

epidemiology 558

H5N1 559

implications for human death 559

incubation period 559

pathogenesis 558

prevention of 559

transmission 558

treatment 559

Azathioprine 858

B symptoms 811

B. renal 769

Baby care area, guidelines for entry into 98

Baby warm 42

Baby’s abdomen 26

Baby-friendly hospital initiative 28

Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) 352, 354

vaccine 350

Bacteremic shock 649

Bacteria, drug-resistant 97

Bacterial infections 604, 605, 839

antibiotics in MDR typhoid 606

carbapenem 606

cephalosporines 606

clinical features 604

complications 605

diagnosis 605

duration of treatment 606

enteric fever 604

epidemiology 604

incubation period 604

macrolide 606

non-typhoid Salmonella infection 607

pathogenesis 604

presentation 608

prevention 607

treatment 605

uses of steroid 607

vaccination 607

Bacterial meningitis

acute 485

complication of acute 487

management of acute 488

Bacterial vaginosis, treatment of 41

Bacteriuria 741f

Baggy pant wasting 185f

Ballismus 509

Balloon pulmonary valvoplasty 407

Barbiturate poisoning 865, 874

Barley baby 183

Bartter syndrome 767

Basal ganglia

in pseudohypoparathyroidism, calcification of 688f

lesion 82

B-cells evaluation 826

BCG

adenitis 361f

test 356

vaccination 361

typical intradermal wheal 361f

Beau lines of fingernails 628f

Becker’s muscular dystrophies 145

Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome 117

Belimumab 858

Bells staging 55

Benign pustular dermatoses 833

Benzathine penicillin 430

Benzodiazepine 470, 471

poisoning 864, 874

Beriberi 198

Beta 2-agonist, long-acting 338

Beta-hemolytic

streptococci, group A 312

streptococcus, complications of 510

Beta-lipotropin levels, increased 698

Beta-thalassemia 790

minor and major, hematological parameters of 791t

Bifidobacterium lactis 243

Bilateral renal agenesis 734

Biliary atresia 114

features of 114

Bilirubin

encephalopathy 494

unconjugated 105

Biopsy, duodenal 251

Biosynthesis 661

of adrenocortical hormones 692

of thyroid hormones 674

transport and metabolism 661

Birth asphyxia 80, 83, 494

child 456f

guidelines for 90

interventions 91t

management of 85, 89, 90, 92t

treatment of 89

Birth defects, assessment for 7t

Birth injuries

common 21t

evaluation of 21

Birth normal heart, circulatory changes at 125f

Birth size 666

Birth weight IUGR, normal 36, 37

Bitot’s spot 201f

Biventricular hypertrophy 392

Bladder

capacity, reduced 770

exstrophy 738, 738f

Bleeding, types of 123

Bleeds, warning 123

Blindness 486

Blink response to light 18f

Blood 760

choice of 111, 877

film fragmented RBCS 768f

film microcytic hypochromia with target cells 207f

film of thalassemia minor target cell with microcytosis 791f

film spherocytes in hereditary spherocytosis 787f

flows across atrial septum from left to right 400f

gas 10

analysis 697

status 347

glucose, target range of 717

pressure 388

screened for hypothyroidism 8

sucking sandfly 633f

tests 750, 768

transfusion 208, 799

aim of 793

complications to 796

fresh 98

indication 80

reducing for 79

tumor markers 816

volume for exchange transfusion 878

Bloody diarrhea, acute 229

Blue sclera in osteogenesis imperfecta 860f

Bluish skin episodes of

crying 419f

feeding 419f

Blunt centrotemporal spikes in a child with benign childhood epilepsy 464f

Body

composition 196

temperature 862

hyperthermia 862

hypothermia 862

water 196

Bone

age 171, 666, 671

marrow 783

aspiration 883

in child 884f

indications of 884

method 884

needle with trocar and cannula 884f

biopsy 809f

blast cells 805f

examination LD bodies 635f

infiltration with neuroblastoma cells 817f

underway 884f

with rosette formation with NB cells 817f

Botulinum toxin 502

Bowel

atresia

small 133

types of small 133f

disease, chronic inflammatory 244

ischemia 54

Bowman’s capsule 731

Brain

diffused calcification 573f

injury in preterm infants 50

MRI of 704, 706

natriuretic peptide (BNP) 396

stem glioma 828

stimulation, deep 502

Brainstem

examination of 522

response, auditory 8

Branchiootorenal syndrome 735

Breakbone disease 576

Breast

abscess treatment 34

crawl 25f

development in girls 701, 702f

engorgement 34

treatment 34

milk jaundice 106

advantage of 106

beginning in second week 106

persisting unconjugated serum bilirubin 106

milk, affect production of 33

milk, types of 24

Breastfed and non-breastfed children, evaluation of 598f

Breastfeeding 23, 28

adequate 27

advantages of exclusive 23

attachment during 27f

contraindication of 28

delayed establishment of 33

establishment of 33

exclusive 23

guidelines for successful 25

in first hour of life 25, 28

in hepatitis B positive mother 104

in special situation 30

initiation, barriers to normal 26

methods of 32

optimal 24

positioning during 26f

problems with 33

promote exclusive 24

supplementer using feeding tube 33f

twins and high multiples 31

Breastmilk

diarrhea 33

management 33

in malnourished mother, insufficient 32

in preterm LBW babies 30

insufficient 32, 32f

jaundice 33

of calcium 78

of phosphate 78

Breath-holding spells from epilepsy, differentiate 473

Breathe, failure to 80

Breath-holding

attack 473f

spells 473

Breathing 862

at birth, failure of 80

control of 303

central 303

first establish 873

measure 862

Breathlessness, common presentation 309

Bronchial asthma 331, 553, 556

pathophysiology of 332f

Bronchiectasis 599

cystic fibrosis 318

Bronchiolitis 313, 320

treatment of 321

Bronchitis 313

Bronchopneumonia 617

Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) 65

Brownish discoloration 561f

Bruises in vitamin K deficiency bleeding disorder 123f

Bubble CPAP 62

Budesonide 338

Bulimia 248

nervosa 222

self-induced vomiting 223f

Bull neck 608f

Bullous impetigo 839

Butterfly distribution 760f

Buttocks, wasting of 185f

Butyric acid analogs 796

C. jejuni 229

C. neurological 769

C. tetani, eradication of 614

Café-au-lait macule 463f

CAH

complications of 712

in neonatal period, management of 712

management of 712, 713

Calciopenic rickets 218

Calcium 157

deficiency 218

gluconate 140

homeostasis 689

Calculate score 825

Calf hypertrophy in Duchenne muscular dystrophy 517f

Caloriegenic/thermogenic effects 674

Campylobacter jejuni 852

Candida 183

infections management strategies 632t

Candidiasis 842

Capillary

blood collection, heel pricking for 8f

hemangioma 325

Capreomycin 365

Caput succedaneum 14f, 22, 22f

treatment 22

Carbamazepine (CBZ) 468, 469, 470, 471, 511

Carbapenem resistant enterobacteriaceae 96

Carbohydrates 176

malabsorption 265, 267

metabolism, impaired 797

Cardiac

anatomy 387

left heart 387

right heart 387

and noncardiac disease in cyanotic newborn 127t

catheterization 399, 401, 404, 407, 410, 414

causes See Causes of heart failure

complications

management strategy of 798

of thalassemia 798

prevention of 799

cycle 388

cycle diastole 388f

systole 388f

defects 691

disorders 387

iron 794

lesions, classification on 413

malformations leading to heart failure 395

output 388

heart rate 388

stroke volume 388

primary 396

Cardiomegaly 351f

Cardiometabolic risk 40

Cardiopulmonary

features 856

resuscitation

discontinuation of 873

initiation of 873

Cardiovascular

age 389

anatomy 387

disease 392

examination 392

function 389

physiology, applied 388

risk in ex-IUGR 40

system 426

Carditis 428

treatment of 429

Carpopedal spasm, part of 687f

Cataract 15f

Catecholamines 692

Catheter

ablation 437, 439f

closure of PDA 54

CD4 criteria for severe HIV immunodeficiency 602t

Ceftriaxone 488

Cell surface membrane receptors 661

Cell-mediated immunity (CMI) 210

Cells, chief 684

Cellulitis 617

Central cyanosis, evaluation of 124

Central nervous system (CNS) 768, 477

development 674

disease 165

examination of 441

investigation of 455

tumors of 827, 832

Central precocious puberty 703, 706

cause of 706f

Central venous catheter using internal jugular vein 876f

Centrotemporal spikes 464f

Cephalhematoma 22, 22f

fate 22

left sided 14f

treatment 22

Cerebellar

function, measure of 448

hypoplasia 500

Cerebellum 508

Cerebral

angiography 457

cortex 82, 82f

disorder 125

dysgenesis 465

edema 485, 721

signs of 721

symptoms of 721

treatment of 721

malaria 637

in deep coma 638f

in opisthotonic position 638f

palsy 494, 495

Association of 498

classification of 495

diagnostic approach of 495

prognosis of 504

spastic 497f

salt waisting 154

Cerebrospinal fluid 461, 499

findings 490

Cervical

adenitis 617

lymph gland, swelling of right 648f

Cheilosis 198f

Chemoprophylaxis 490

for children 361

Chemotherapeutic agents 817

Chemotherapy, induction 808

Cherry red spot on fundoscopy in Tay-Sachs disease 506f

Chest

compression during neonatal resuscitation 87f

deformity 217f

failure to expand 80

indrawing 648f

X-ray for kerosene poisoning, grades of 868t

Chickenpox See Varicella zoster

Child

abuse 544

behavior abnormalities with 546

classification of 545

definition of 544

types of 544

development 172

febrile seizure, evaluation of 482

friendly atmosphere 514

hydrocephalus with periventricular calcification 570f

in postictal sleep 462f

protection 544, 548

definition 548

suffering from kwashiorkor 183f

taking food from

bowl 382f

cup 382f

using ankle foot orthoses 503f

with anemia 784

with ataxic gait with broad-based walking and outstretched upper limb 443f

with bilateral ptosis in myasthenia gravis 531f

with caput succedaneum caused by birth trauma 22f

with clonic 462f

with congenital rubella syndrome 568f

with hereditary spherocytosis (HS) with splenomegaly 787f

with neuroblastoma proptosis of left eye 815f

with prolonged fever

assessment of 652

management of 653

with refractory epilepsy 472

with suspected Guillain-Barré syndrome 513

with tetralogy of Fallot 419f

with tonic 462f

Childhood

absence epilepsy 466

disintegrated disorders 534

epileptic syndrome 462

growth 169, 170

illness, integrated management of (IMCI) 370

malignancies 619

phase 169

tuberculosis

timetable of 349

treatment of 359

Children

assessment in 392

cytotoxic drugs for malignancies 619

with calcium-deficiency rickets, treatment proposal for 219t

with diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) 306

with HIV infection, management of 602

Child-Turcotte-Pugh scoring system 288t

Chlamydia 313, 320

psittaci 314

Cholestatic

jaundice 105

liver disease, complication of 291

Cholesterol

desmolase 692

ester hydrolase 692

Chorea 428, 509

treatment of 429

Choreoathetoid movement 499f, 510f

Chorionic villus sampling procedure 800f

Chorioretinitis microphthalmia and strabismus 573f

Chromosomal

abnormalities 728

disorders 146

Chronic liver disease 289f

complications of 290

Chronic lung diseases 553

Chvostek’s sign 687

Ciprofloxacin 235, 365

Ciprofloxacin See Fluoroquinolone

Circulation measure 862

Cirrhosis in children 290

CKD

management of 779, 780f

stages of 779, 779t

Claw hand 678f

Clean-catch midstream urine 741

Clinical conditions associated with VUR 746

Cloacal exstrophy 739

Clobazam (CLB) 469

Clonus 447

Clostridium

botulinum 502

difficile 243

Clotting disorders 819, 831

CMV with microcephaly at birth newborn period 570f

CNS

disease 588

tumors

management of individual 828

modalities of management of 828

Coagulation screening 768

Coarctation of aorta (CoA) 128, 131, 132f, 412, 412f, 416f, 425

ductus tissue theory 412

hemodynamic theory 412

postductal type 412f

preductal type 412f

prevalence and etiology 412

Coarctation, associations of 413

Cocktail party 691

Cognitive function and personality 691

Cold

abscess 353f

water with ECG monitoring to treat SVT 438f

Colistin 96

Colitis 571

Collapse-consolidation 349

Collateral vessels in coarctation of aorta 414f

Colloids 153

Coma 521

etiology 521

infective causes 522

management of child in 523

neurological examination 522

primary assessment 522

Communication 514

Community health worker (CHW) 90, 194

management by 314

Community management of acute

malnutrition (CMAM) 384

respiratory infections 313

Community outreach activities 192

Community skilled birth attendant (CSBA) 90

Community-acquired

aspiration pneumonia 319

pneumonia 310

Community-based management

criteria for 196t

for acute malnutrition 191, 192

of mam, enrolment in 196

of pregnant and lactating woman 193

of SAM without complications 193

Comorbid

conditions 721

symptoms 535

Complementary feeding 23, 35

Complex partial

epilepsy 468

seizure 463

status epilepticus 478

treatment 478

and prognosis of 478

Complications

acute 718

chronic 718

Congenital

adrenal hyperplasia newborn period 713f

CMV disease 570

heart diseases 424

hypothyroidism 676

management of 679f

treatment of 677

pneumonia/sepsis, diagnosis of 59

Conjugate eye movements, abnormal 451

Consciousness

decreased level of 521

level of 522

Consolidation 806

Constipation 261

acute 261

causes of 261

development of 262

high fiber diet for 263f

stepwise management of 263t

types of 261

Constitutional symptoms 854

Consumption, measurement of 303

Contracture, management of 501

Coordination disorder, developmental (DCD) 506

Core autism See Autistic disorders

Core domains of autism 534t

Core variables of criteria for JIA 850

Corneal

clouding 201f

opacity to vitamin A deficiency in malnourished child 187f

ulcer with pus in anterior chamber, infected 201f

ulceration 201f

Coronary

heart disease 40

sinus 400f

Corpus callosum, agenesis of 500, 500f

Cortex 692, 731

Corticosteroid in HSP nephritis, role of 759

Corticosteroids 359, 429, 479, 513, 753, 856

Corynebacterium diphtheriae 313

Cough 308, 867f

based on age and anatomy 308t

differential diagnosis of acute 308

dominant asthma 336

variant asthma 336

Cover test 450f, 531f

Cow’s milk

diagnosis 258

intolerance 258

investigations 258

management 259

prognosis 259

protein 259

allergy 258

induced enteropathy 259

induced proctocolitis 259

sensitive eczema 260

reaction to 258

treatment 258

Coxiella burnetii 314

CPAP

adequacy of 75

advantages of 75

aim of 75

disadvantages of 75

guidelines for initiation of 74

indication of 74

weaning from 75

Cranial

bone 804f

MRI 499

nerve 448

III, IV and VI 450

IX, X (palatal and bulbar function) 452

palsy 451f, 486

V 451

VII 451

VIII 451

XI 452

XII 452

ultrasound 455, 499

intraventricular hemorrhage 499f

Craniopharyngioma 829

Crazy pavy dermatosis 183

C-reactive protein 181, 396

Cream ointment for dermatological disorders 901

Creatine phosphokinase 499

Creating awareness 799

Creatinine clearance 732

Crises, management of 802

Crohn’s disease 264

Croup syndromes 322

CRRT, types of 781

Cryoprecipitate 821, 825

Cryptorchidism 738

Crystalloids versus colloids 153

Cup/spoon feeding 31

advantages of 31

over bottle feeding, advantage of 31

procedure of 31, 31f

Cushing’s syndrome 693, 694

causes of 696t

features of 695f

management for 697, 697f

treatment of 697

Cutaneous

anthrax 623

disease 624

leishmaniasis 633f

nevi 325

Cutis marmorata 833

Cyanosed neonate, management of 417

Cyanosis 306

central 419f

to congenital cyanotic heart disease, infant with 126f

with increased pulmonary blood flow 425

with systemic hypoperfusion 394, 416

Cyclophosphamide 754, 856

Cycloserine terizidone 365

Cyclosporine 754

CYP11A1 692

Cyst 251f

Cystic

adenomatoid malformation, congenital (CCAM) 69

encephalomalacia 499

fibrosis 329

diagnosis 329

management of 330

problems with 330

Cystinosis 766

Cystinuria 765

Cystourethrogram bilateral grade II vur 746f

Cytogenetics alteration 807

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) 109, 272

infection 569

active immunization 571

blood product 571

clinical features 569

congenital 570

detection of infectious agent 571

differential diagnosis 570

epidemiology 569

health measures 571

in adolescents 569

in adults 569

incubation period 569

mode of transmission 569

mononucleosis syndrome 570

passive immunoprophylaxis 571

prevention 571

serology 571

treatment 571

virology 569

Dactylitis in sickle cell anemia 801f

Deafness 486

audiogram bilateral

conductive 528f

sensory neural 528f

Decompensated shock 580

Deferasirox 795

Deferiprone 795

Degenerative disorders, investigation of 506

Dehydration 186, 231f

actual (subclinical) 231f

dyselectrolytemia with 238

estimation of 153

in patients with diarrhea 230t

physical signs of 232

severity of 230, 384, 385

Delayed puberty 701, 797

diagnosis of 705f

etiology of 701

management of 705f

Demyelinating diseases 493

mimicking encephalopathy 493

treatment of 494

Dengue 574

antibody-dependent enhancement 576

autoimmunity 576

basic principle of management 581

biochemical test 581

classification of 576

severity 578f

clinical features 576

coagulopathy 576

compensated shock 583

course of disease 578

critical phase 579

discharge criteria 584

encephalopathy 580

epidemiology 574

febrile phase 579

fever 576, 581

Grades of 579t

hemolytic uremic syndrome 580

hemorrhagic

fever 577, 579t

rash in 577f

in clinical situation, criteria for 579t

infection

classification of 577

severe of 575

laboratory investigations 580

modified 2011

classification of 578

pathophysiology of 575

prevention 585

radiological investigations 581

severe 579

hemorrhage 580

organ involvement 580

shock syndrome 577

strategy to combat fluid overload 584

thrombocytopathy 576

to severity 578f

treatment of

fluid overload 584

hemorrhagic complications 584

shock 583

uncompensated shock 583

vaccination 585

vaccines for 585

vector 574

virus 272

infection, classification of 577f

Dennie-Morgan fold in child 836f

Dense deposit disease 763

Deoxyribonucleic acid 294

Department care, emergency 864

Deprivational abuse 544

Dermatitis

atopic 836f

herpetiformis 844

Dermatological manifestation of SLE 855t

Dermatophytes 842

Dermatoses of malnutrition 183

Dermatosis 189

Desferrioxamine 794, 869

Desmopressin vasopressin analog 821

Devic’s disease 494

Dexamethasone suppression test 696, 697

high dose 696

Dextraposed transposition of great arteries (D-TGA) 128

Diabetes 39, 554

mellitus 715, 716

classification of 715

diagnosis of 715t

in children 714, 730

and adolescents 715

phases of 716

Diabetic

ketoacidosis 719, 719f

mother

infant of 118

with macrosomia, infant of 115f

Diamond-Blackfan anemia 809

Diarrhea 186, 189, 211, 229

chronic 240

continued management of 372

definition, chronic 240

dyselectrolytemia with 238

etiology of acute 229

introduction 229

invasive 234

persistent 190, 229, 239

severe persistent 384

treatment of 230

with dehydration, persistent 384

with severe malnutrition 229

Diarrheal disease 236

control of 237

types of 229

Diarrheal pathogen, distribution of 234

Diastolic dysfunction 389

Diazepam 140

Diet 236

Dietary

advises 225

changes for treatment of epilepsy 479

intake and absorption 209

management 778

in chronic liver disease 291

in thalassemia 797

manipulation 479

sources of iron 204, 205f

Digoxin 139

dosage 73

Dimercaptosuccinic acid scan 744

Dimpling 835

Diphtheria 313, 608

clinical features 608

complications 608

control 609

diagnosis 609

diaphragmatic paralysis 609

differential diagnosis 609

management for 609, 609t

microbiology 608

myocarditis 608

pathogenesis 608

prevention 609

toxic neuropathy 608

Diphtheria transmission 608

Diplegia, spastic 495

Diplegic

cerebral palsy scissoring of lower limbs 496f

gait 443

Diplococcus pneumoniae 313

Diplopia (double vision) 451

Disconjugate eye movement, abnormal 451

Discontinue anticonvulsant drug 122

Disease

disseminated 564

hematological 557

process, complications to 796

severity 321

Disinfectants 99t

Disseminated encephalomyelitis, acute 493

Disseminated intravascular coagulation, pathophysiology of 824f

Distal

convoluted tubule 732

femoral epiphysis, absence of 677f

tubule 732

Distraction test 451

Distraction test See Hearing response test

Diuretics 897

Dizygous 11

DKA

management of 719

severity of 719

DMARDs, early use of 849

Dobutamine 139

Docosahexanoic acid (DHA) 178

Dog tapeworm 251

Dolls eye reflex 522

Domperidone 31, 246, 247

Doose syndrome 463

Dopamine hydrochloride 139

Doppler

features 401

velocimetry 42

Down’s syndrome 16f, 146, 325

with increasing maternal age 146t

with mild protrusion of normal size tongue 678f

Dravet syndrome 463

Drowning 872, 874

prevention of 874

Drug

cautious use of 778

emergency 139

prophylaxis 322

resistance

tuberculosis in children, management of 364

types of 362

therapy 343, 672, 771

used in respiratory disorders 898

withdrawal 471

DSDS

classification of 724

diagnosis of 726

medical management of 728

pathophysiology of 724

Duchenne

dystrophy 443

muscular dystrophy 517

Duct treatment, blocked 34

Duct, blocked 34

Ductal differentiation 723, 723f

Duct-dependent congenital heart disease 124

Ductus arteriosus, anatomy of patent 403f

Dumb

rabid dog 591f

rabies 591

Duodenitis 265

Dyselectrolytemia 120

Dysentery 189

Dyskinetic 495

cerebral palsy 499f

child 498f

Dyslexia 532, 532f, 533

definition 532

diagnosis 533

etiology 532

incidence 532

management 533

Dyslexic child, mirror imaging of 533f

Dysmorphic facies 691

Dyspepsia

diagnostic criteria, functional 264

functional 264

types, functional 264

Dyspnea subcostal 306

Dyspraxia 506

Dystonias 444, 509, 510

measurement scale of 444

primary 510

secondary 510

with oculogyric crisis, acute onset 510f

Dystonic

gait 443

hyperextended neck 498f

Dystrophia myotonica 516

Dystrophinopathies 517

etiology 517

pathology 517

Ear

drum of acute otitis media 524f

infection

acute 386

chronic 386

problem, management of 374

Eating disorders 222

definition 222

Ebstein’s anomaly 129, 130f , 423, 424f

Echinococcus granulosus 249, 251

lifecycle of 254f

stage of 251

Ecthyma 617

Eczema

distribution of 836f

severity of 836

Edema 160, 749f

grading of 182t

management of 751

mechanisms of 160

Edematous and non-edematous malnutrition, difference between 183, 184t

Edwards syndrome 148, 148f

Ehlers-Danlos syndrome 515

Elbow

of affected side 442f

right 498f

Electrode placement 457

Electroencephalography

characteristics, basic 458

indication for 457

montage 458f

Electrolytes 151

balance 150, 690

disorders 150

imbalance 154

correct 186

management 43t

relevant to renal disorder, disorders of 772

Electromyography 460

Electron-dense subepithelial deposits 756f

Electroretinogram 459

Elicit deep tendon reflexes 497

Eliciting

bicep reflex (C5) 446f

Chvostek’s sign 157f

knee jerk (L3, 4)

in upper motor neuron lesion with hyper-reflexia 447f

in young child 446f

infant 447f

supinator reflex (C5, 6) 446f

triceps reflex (C6, 7) 446f

ELISA

technique 358

tests 593

Emotional support 190

Emotional well-being, promotion of 480

Empiric antibiotic, initial 488

Empyema

diagnosis of 327

management of 327

stages of 326

thoracis 326

common organisms causing 326t

Enamel hypoplasia in girl with hypoparathyroidism 687f

Encephalitic disease, depressed 591

Encephalitis 491, 493, 571

Encephaloceles 519

Encephalomyelitis with impaired sensorium, acute disseminated 493f

Encephalopathies 83, 493

etiology of 493

grading of 84

symptoms consistent with 105

with birth asphyxia 83

Encourage active outdoor play 225f

Endocardial cushion defect (ECD) 126, 395

Endocarditis

infective 433, 434f

negative 435

Endocrine 147

complications, growth and 796

diseases 668

disorders 671

dysfunction 291

definition 291

diagnosis 291

management 291

glands of body 662

Endocrinopathies 715

Endoscopic treatment of esophageal varices 298

Endotracheal

intubation 882

tube

in position 882f

size and length of 883t

Energy balance 176

Entamoeba histolytica 229, 248–250

Enterobacter species 326

Enterobiasis 255

Enterobius vermicularis 249, 255

lifecycle of 255f

Enterococci 433

Enterovirus 587

Enuresis 770

alarm 771

components of 771f

profile 770t

Enzyme immunoassay 593

Eosinophilic pustular folliculitis 834

Ependymoma 829

Epiglottitis 323t

acute 322

Epilepsy 464

active 461

and nonepileptic attack disorder, difference between 474t

and syncope, difference between 475t

diagnosis of 468

diagnostic of childhood absence 466f

discouraged in 481f

encouraged in 480f

epidemiology of 461

etiologies of 462

guideline for antiepileptic drug level monitoring 471

in children 461

refractory 471

international league against 462

localization-related 468

management of 457

principles of 469

nonpharmacological treatment of 480, 481

of childhood with central-temporal spikes, benign 464

prevalence of active 461

role of

neuroimaging in 469

vitamins in 479

types 461

Epileptic

encephalopathy 462

early infantile 464, 464f

seizure 461

antiepileptic drug in different 470t

international classification of 462

syndromes 464

antiepileptic drug in different 469t

in infancy 463

Epilepticus

absence status 477

atypical absence status 478

convulsive status of 476t

treatment of absence status 478

Epinephrine 343

Epinephrine See Adrenaline

Episodic ataxia 508

Epituberculosis 349

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) 272

Erythema 842f

marginatum 427, 427f

nodosum 428

leprosum 626

toxicum

neonatorum 833

over chest and trunk 13f, 833f

Erythromycin 246, 247

Erythropoietin 79

Escherichia coli 54, 59, 96, 310, 326

Esomeprazole 247

Esophageal atresia with tracheoesophageal fistula 69f

Esophagitis 571

Esotropic squint (convergent) in child, bilateral nonparalytic 530f

Estradiol 706

Estrogen 700

Ethambutol 359, 366

Ethionamide 361, 366

Ethnicity 332

Ethosuximide 470

Exaggerated knee jerk with hitting left patellar tendon 447f

Exocrine pancreas, diseases of 715

Exomphalos 137

Exophthalmos in hyperthyroidism 681f

Expiratory pressure, positive end 63

Extensive seborrheic dermatitis 838f

Extensor response 448f

Extracellular fluid (ECF) 150, 154

Extracorporeal liver assist device (ELAD) 286

Extrahepatic biliary atresia (EHBA) 109, 113

Extrapulmonary tuberculosis 356

of spine 599f

Extrapyramidal in nature 443

Eye 147

contact 866

downward conjugate movement of 451f

dry 201

movement

related to squint 530

with retained consciousness, abnormal multidirectional 511f

Eyelids, edema of 757f

Eyes 867

Fab classification 805, 805t

Face

brightness of 676

edema of 757f

Facial palsy, asymmetric facial cry to left-sided 452f

Facies, change of 676

Falciparum malaria, ring form of 639f

Fallot, tetralogy of 128, 130f, 389, 418, 485

Family welfare assistant (FWA) 90

Fanconi’s

anemia 809

syndrome 766

Fasting glycemia, impaired 715

Fats 177

Fatty acids, essential 177

Faucial diphtheria 609

Febrile

disease, severe 384

illness

antipyretic intervention, acute 649

children acute 647, 648

with fever and shock, acute 649

without source 646

including measles and malaria, management of 373

interleukin, acute 649

procalcitonin, acute 649

treatment, acute 649

without source, investigation of acute 647

neutropenia 825, 826t, 832

seizure 481, 487

complex 482

evidence-based management of 484

physical management of 483

prognosis of 483

prophylaxis 483

types of 482

UTI 739

Fecal incontinence with constipation 262t

functional 261

Feeding

cues 25f

disorder 220

intolerance, symptoms and signs of 30

management 42

methods of 30

problem

in preterm LBW 43

treatment of 503

volume 55

FEH2O, calculation of 152

Felbamate 470

Female

anorectal malformations 135f

genitalia with testis 726f

infant with CAH with ambiguous genitalia 711f

Femoral

and internal jugular central venous line insertion 875

vein 876

Fetal

abnormalities, prenatal detection of 7t

care by allied medical departments 2

circulation 124f

fibronectin, positive swab for 41

growth, assessment of 4t

lung development 302

introduction 302

lower airway 302

pulmonary mechanics 302

maturity 4t

risk factor of IUGR and LBW 42

urinary tract obstruction, renal

dysplasia to 735

hypoplasia to 735

Fetus

and neonate, effects on 3

during pregnancy, growth of 36

effects on 4

normal growth of 37t

prenatal assessment of 3

Fever 386

collagen diseases 652

management of 484

Fibrin

degradation products 824

deposition

initiation of 824

propagation of 824

Fibrinogen 824

Fibrocalculous pancreatic diabetes 716

Finger-nose test 448

Fingers in scabies, small linear burrow between 844f

Fish 196

Fissured nipple 34

causes 34

treatment 34

Flaccid foot drop 443

Flaccid paralysis

acute 514, 589t

differential diagnosis of acute 515t

surveillance, acute 514

Flaky paint dermatoses 183, 183f

Flare 850

Floppy infant 514

Flow cytometric immunophenotyping 805

Flu, seasonal and pandemic 553

Fluid

balance 150, 638, 769

deficits 153

estimation of 230t

disorders 150

disturbances 284, 285t

management 43t , 778

of acute bacterial meningitis (ABM) 489

replacement 720

Fluidized bed combustion 476

Fluorescent in situ hybridization 146

Fluoroquinolone 96

Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis 755

Fog’s test 442, 443, 496f, 507

pronator drift 442

Folic acid 199

daily requirement 199

deficiency 199

functions 199

treatment 199

Follicular tonsillitis, acute 757f

Food

adverse reaction to 257

allergy 257

definition 257

management of suspected 257

treatment 257, 258

insecurity and malnutrition 179

GI value

of high 718f

of low 718f

of medium GI value 718f

protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome 259

refusal See Feeding disorder

rich in vitamin A 200f

Foreign body aspiration 319

FP disease 748

Frasier’s syndrome 755

Frequent respiratory diseases in newborn, pathophysiology of 57

Fresh frozen plasma 821, 825

Friedreich ataxia 509

with plantar extensor 509f

FRNS

and SDNS, management of 753f

treatment of 752

FTT, underlying causes of 219

Full blood count 109, 330

Fulminant hepatic failure (FHF) 273, 282, 298

Functional constipation, definition of 261

Fundoscopic examination 527

Fundus, examination of 449

Fundus-choroid tubercles, pathognomonic of tuberculosis 353f

Fungal infections 631, 632, 842

candida species 631

classification 631

clinical features 631

laboratory investigations 632

of skin 842f

Furious

rabid dog 591f

rabies 591

Furosemide 139

Fused labia with labioscrotal fold in CAH 16f

G. duodenalis See G. intestinalis

G. intestinalis 250

G6PD deficiency 787

Gabapentin 470

Gag reflex 452

Gait 442

Galactagogues 31

Galactosemia 9, 117

treatment 9

Galant reflex 19f, 145

Gangrenous hand in rickettsia 630f

Gastric acid suppressants 246

Gastritis 265

Gastrochisis 137

Gastroenterology 229

Gastroesophageal reflux 244, 244f, 265, 267

definition 244

disease 244, 247t

Gastrointestinal (GI)

anthrax 624

fluids, composition of 154t

involvement 855

signs 55

tract and airways, disorders of upper 319t

Gatifloxacin 365

Gender

assignment in newborn infants 727

identity 727

role 727

Gene

and sex determination 721

cluster of different HB types 783t

structure of 143f

therapy 796, 822

with enlargement of thyroid gland 682t

Genetic

analysis 816

basis of CAH 710

counseling 143, 859

etiology 419

defects

in insulin action 715

of β-cell function 715

disease 299

with parathyroid disorders 686t

disorders 143

assessment for 7t

factors with resistance to malaria 640t

leukodystrophies 505

predisposing factors 846

skeletal diseases 858, 861

achondroplasia 858

syndrome 686

testing 146

Genital development in boys 701, 702f

Genitalia

and sex differentiation, development of 721, 730

external 723

Gentamicin 488

Gentian violet, treat mouth ulcers with 383

Genuine steroid resistant asthma 348

GER

and GERD, diagnosis of 245

GERD, management of 246

or mild GERD, treatment of 246

GERD, management of moderate to severe 246

Germicides 99t

Gestational

age

assessment of 4t

prolonging 41

diabetes 715

mellitus 120

period, decrease 41

GFR in

adolescents 733t

children 733t

neonates 733t

Ghon complex 351f

Gianotti-Crosti syndrome, papular dermatitis of 276f

Giardia lamblia 249, 250

Giardiasis 250, 267

treatment 251

Gingival hypertrophy in scurvy 199f

Gitelman syndrome 767

Glasgow coma scale 522t

Glomerular

filtration rate 732

function, disorders of 747

Glomerulonephritis 755

Glomerulonephritis

acute 617, 755

rapidly progressive 759, 764

Glossitis in vitamin B2 deficiency 198f

Glucocorticoids 692, 693

deficiency 698

Glucose

decreased 117

homeostasis 116

replacement

emergency 118

parenteral 118

tolerance, impaired 715

Glucose-6-phosphatase, pathway of 295f

Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase 80

deficiency 113

Glycated hemoglobin 330

Glycemic index 718

Glycogen storage disease 294

types of 295t

GnRH

agonists 672

test 706

Goiter 682

colloid 683

dependence upon thyroid function test, diagnosis of 683f

false 682

in children, management 684

algorithm of 685f

simple 683

Gonadal

dysgenesis 726, 726f

sex 722

steroid-dependent 704

Gonadarche 700

Gonadectomy 728

Gonadorelin stimulation test 704

Gonadotropin

dependent precocious puberty 706

independent 704, 705

precocious puberty (GIPP) 707

releasing hormone 704

secretion, abnormal pattern of 707

Goose flesh-like appearance 618f

Gower sign 518

in Duchenne muscular dystrophy child 517f

Gower’s maneuver with Gower sign positive 445f

Graft transplantation 299

Gram-negative

group of 235

sepsis 9

Grasp reflex 452

Graves’ disease

pathogenesis of 684

pathophysiology of 681

Great arteries, transposition of 126, 128f, 395, 420

Great vessels, transposition of 425

Grommet, inserted 525f

Growth

and puberty, constitutional delay of 668

disorders 171

disorders 664–666, 729

hormone

doses for 672t

effects of 169, 665

growth factors 169

provocation tests 704

sex steroid 169

test 671

therapy 673

thyroxine 169

in infancy 170t

parameters, increment of 170t

physiology of 665

Guillain-barré syndrome 448, 511, 513

definitive care 513

diagnosis 512

investigation 512

management 513

phases of 512

presentation of 512f

Gum involvement in AML 808f

Gut 199

decontamination 863

H. pylori infection 267

H5N1 avian influenza in human 559

Hemoglobin, synthesis of 104

Hemophilia

inhibitors in 822

mild to moderate 821

Haemophilus 799

influenzae B conjugate vaccine 313

influenzae 312, 314, 322, 326, 330, 490, 555, 561, 563, 621, 858, 888

B (Hib) 317

clinical features 622

complications 623

duration of therapy 622

epidemiology 621

infection 488

meningitis 488

microbiology 621

prevention 623

prophylactic antibiotics 623

resistance to antibiotics 621

transmission 621

treatment 622

type B (HIB) infection 622

vaccination 623

Hand

expression of expressing milk 34f

stiff 498f

to mouth movement 25f

washing

six steps of 99f

steps of effective 98

Handshake examination 517

Harlequin color change 833

Harmful resuscitation practices 93t

HB E antigen 103

HB surface antigen 103

HB, functions of 783

HBE β-thalassemia

mild 790

moderately severe 790

scoring for classifying 790t

severe 790

HBV infection, staging of chronic 277t

HBV/HIV-coinfected children, treatment of 279

Head 813

in newborn, significant 19f

of femur in acetabulum, telescoping 17f

Health assistant (HA) 90

Healthcare

associated bacteria 97

providers in child protection, role of 548

role 547

Hearing 524

assessment 527

in children (0–5 years) 528

loss, early identification of 8, 525

milestones of 174t

response test 451, 527f

speech and communication 524

types of 524

Heart

anatomic position of defects 397

disease

classification of congenital 124, 126, 394

complications, congenital acyanotic 398

congenital 72, 424, 568, 584

acyanotic 131, 394, 396

cyanotic congenital 127, 417, 425

in newborn, congenital 124

cyanotic 126

with mild, congenital 416

failure

acute 132

biomarkers 396

causes of 132

common causes of 395

congestive (CHF) 394, 399

definition 132

during neonatal period 132

in infants and children 394

management 132

causes of 396

principles of managing 396

symptoms and signs of 132

with structurally normal heart 396

normal 125f, 128f, 397f, 399f, 420f

rate at different ages 307t

secondary effects on 400

sound 53

structures, normal 387f

Heinz body 787f

Helicobacter pylori 265, 889

infection 256, 265

positive 256

treatment 256

Helminthiasis 189

Hemarthrosis 820f

Hematinic 79

Hematochezia 56

Hematogenous spread 818

Hematological disorders 783, 831

Hematopoietic

growth factors 827

stem cell transplantation 810

Hematuria 749

Hematuria in acute PSGN 757f

Hemiphagic child pronator drift, left side 442f

Hemiplegia 486

flexion of hip, left-sided 442f

spastic 495

Hemodialysis 781

Hemodynamics 430

Hemoglobin 783

dissociation curve 305

E 789

carriers 789

disease 789

β-thalassemia 790

electrophoresis 792

H disease 800

types, proportion of 783

values in preterm, normal 79t

Hemolytic

anemia 786

causes of 786t

disease of newborn (HDN) 112

kernicterus 120

disorder of newborn 80

causes of 113

uremic syndrome 767, 769f

Hemophilia 819

Haemophilus pneumonia 312

complications 312

treatment 312

Hemopoiesis 783

location of 783

Hemopositive stool See Hematochezia

Hemorrhage in inhibitors of hemophilia, control of 822

Hemorrhagic disease of newborn 122

Hemostasis, management of 821

Henoch-Schönlein purpura 852, 861

renal involvement of 759t

Heparin binding growth 666

Hepatic

assistant devices, artificial 286

encephalopathy 283, 284

staging of 283t

glycogenesis, most common 295t

Hepatitis 571

A 272

prevention 274

serology of acute 274f

virus (HAV) 272

acute 289

autoimmune 282

B 103, 274, 276t

chronic 276

core antigen immunoglobulin 103

diagnosis 276

disease burden of 275

immunization 103

immunoglobulin 103

in children chronic 276

management of chronic 278

infection 275

acute and chronic 277t

perinatally acquired 103

months after infection 275f

route of transmission 275

status of mother and treatment of baby 103t

vaccine 550

virus (HBV) 103, 272

virus infection 274t

chronic 277

with recovery, acute 275f

C 280

acute 281f

duration of therapy 281

treatment 280

virus (HCV) 272

infection 280

management of 281f

protocol of 280

cause of post-transfusion 280

D 281

incubation period 281

route of transmission 281

virus (HDV) 272, 281f

in presence of hepatitis B virus 281f

infection 281

E 281

virus (HEV) 272

Hepatocyte transplantation 300

Hepatology 272

Hepatopulmonary syndrome 290

Hepatorenal syndrome 286, 290

HEPB vaccination 553f

Hereditary spherocytosis 786

Hernia

congenital diaphragmatic 68

diagnosis, congenital diaphragmatic 68

presentation, congenital diaphragmatic 68

prognosis, congenital diaphragmatic 69

treatment

congenital diaphragmatic 69

suppurative, congenital diaphragmatic 69

surgery, congenital diaphragmatic 69

Herpes

gingivostomatitis 572f

simplex 109, 840

encephalitis 491

treatment 491

virus (HSV) 272

virus infection 571

clinical features 571

complications 572

incubation period 571, 572

microbiology 571

prevention 572

treatment 572

zoster 598f

Herpesviridae 562

High frequency ventilator, disadvantages 76

High-sensitivity CRP (HS-CRP) 396

Hippocampus 469f

Hirschsprung’s disease 104, 135

type 135

Histamine-2-receptor antagonists 246

Histone deacetylase inhibitors 796

HIV 620

acute retroviral syndrome 595

advanced signs 597

symptoms 597

antiretroviral therapy 602

in children 602

ART regimen 603

associated immunodeficiency CD4 count, classification of 600t

blood collection and testing 594

care of

infant birth 601

mother 601

clinical latency/asymptomatic disease 595

culture 594

current ART regimen in children 603

diagnosis, epidemiology of 593

disease 595

encephalopathy 599f

epidemiology of 593

infant feeding choices 601

infection

and breastfeeding 28

diagnosis of 363, 600

in children, diagnosis of 593, 595

staging of 595

maternal ART plus infant ARV prophylaxis 601

mild signs and symptoms of 596

national plans 603

presumptive diagnosis of 595, 602

prevalence rates and trends 603

prevention 600

of parent to child transmission 600

primary infection 595

testing 357

and dried blood sample 594

by virology in infants 594

time of initiation of ART 602

Hodgkin’s disease 810, 812f, 831

Hodgkin’s lymphoma 812t

prognosis of 811t

Hoffman sign 447

Home-based nutrient-dense foods 192

Homemade oral rehydration salt 385f

Homocystinuria 9

Hookworm 253

prevention 253

treatment 253

Hormone (GH) deficiency, congenital growth 169

Hormones 661, 729

of anterior pituitary 662

of parathyroid gland 685

of posterior pituitary gland 663

types of 661

Horner’s syndrome 21f, 531

with ptosis, right 449f

Horseshoe kidney 735, 736f

Hospital-acquired pneumonia 310

Hospitals facilities 29

HSP

diagnosis of 853, 854t

diagnostic features of 853

nephritis

classification of 759

grading of 759t

treatment of 759

treatment of 853

Human

chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) 2, 5

stimulation test 704

genome project 143

growth hormone 665

immunodeficiency virus 352, 354

infection 363

related tuberculosis in children 349

infections caused, classification of 631t

kidney, development of 731

leukocyte antigen 838

milk 571

Humerus

in osteopenia of prematurity, fracture of 51f

to osteopenia of prematurity, fracture of shaft of 79f

Huntington’s chorea 510

HUS

atypical 767

complications of 769

management of 769

pathogenesis of 768f

prevention of 770

typical 767

Hydatid

cyst 251

treatment 253

disease 251

Hydrocarbon poisoning 865, 866, 874

Hydrocephalus 520

acquired 520

congenital 520

development of 520f

differential diagnosis 521

etiology 520

management 521

sun-setting eyes sign 520

treatment 521

variants of 520

Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) 856

Hydroxyurea 796

Hyper aldosteronism 697, 730

Hyper androgenism 712

Hyper calcemia 690, 691

Hyperactivity disorder, attention deficit (ADHD) 147, 537, 510

Hyperacute liver failure 282

Hyperaldosteronism

etiology of 697

primary 691, 697, 698

secondary 691, 697

Hyperbilirubinemia 104

causes of unconjugated 105

conjugated 105

direct 105

prolonged unconjugated 105

with kernicterus 494

Hypercalcemia 158

causes 158

etiology of 690

treatment 158

Hypercapnia 304, 305

Hypercyanotic spell, management of 419

Hyperextension right knee joint 445f

Hypergonadotropic hypogonadism 9

Hyperhidrosis (sweating) 870f

Hyperinsulinemia 117

Hyperkalemia 156, 774

causes 156

ECG changes in 774f

etiology of 774

treatment 156

Hyperlipidemia 39, 752

Hypermagnesemia 159, 775

treatment 159

Hypernatremia 773

induction of 286

Hypernatremic dehydration 229

with diarrhea 239

Hyperoxia test 417

Hyperoxia-hyperventilation test 417

Hyperparathyroidism 691

Hyperpigmentation

in axilla in adrenal insufficiency 699f

mechanism of 699

over gums 699f

Hyperreflexia 447

Hypersensitivity reaction 258

Hypertelorism causing pseudosquint 531f

Hypertelorism-widely separated eyes 15f

Hypertension 39, 748, 897

development of 413

management of 751

portal 296

causes 296

management 298

Hypertensive

encephalopathy 756

retinopathy 523f

Hyperthyroid goiter 684

Hyperthyroidism 568, 675, 729, 681

Hypertrophic pyloric stenosis 138f

Hyperventilation 458

Hypnotherapy 266

Hypocalcemia 120, 157, 689, 690

causes 157

etiology of 690

in neonate 689

management 157

to hypoparathyroidism 687f

Hypochloremic, mechanism of 138f

Hypochondroplasia 670, 859

in mother and two children 670f

Hypoglycemia 118, 120, 185, 285, 718

definition 116

management of (neonatal) 119

neonatal 116

prevention of 719

to increased glucose utilization 117

treatment of 118

Hypogonadism 797

Hypokalemia 156, 285, 773

causes 156

ECG changes in 156f, 774f

etiology of 773

management 156

Hypokalemic metabolic alkalosis, mechanism of 138f

Hypomagnesemia 120, 158, 775

Hypomyelination, delayed myelination 499

Hyponatremia 229, 238, 285, 772, 772t

causes 238

consequences with hypotonic IV infusion 151

etiology of 772

in PICU, causes of 154, 154t

sodium depletion 238

treatment of 155, 238

chronic 155

Hypoparathyroidism 686, 797

manifestation of 686

treatment of 687, 689

with neonatal period 687

Hypopituitarism 117, 664

Hypoplasia 500

Hypoplastic left heart syndrome 131f, 416, 425

Hypoproliferative anemia, diagnosis of 207t

Hypotension 748, 759

and septic shock with meningitis 485

management of 489

Hypotensive shock 580, 583

management in 585f

Hypothalamic pilocytic astrocytoma 706f

Hypothalamic-pituitary axis, investigations of 830

Hypothalamo-pituitary-gonadal axis 700f

Hypothalamus 662

with nuclei in hypothalamus 662f

Hypothermia 186

induction of 286

prevent 97

Hypothyroid goiter 683

Hypothyroidism 568, 675, 678f, 683, 707, 797

acquired 677

before and after treatment 676

causes of 675t

congenital 676

Down syndrome and mucopolysaccharidosis, comparison between 678t

short stature to 668f

Hypotonia 444, 514

in preterm baby with hyperabducted hip 20f

on ventral suspension, evidence of 516f

peripheral 516

Hypoxemia 304

evaluation of 305

Hypoxia

correction of 72

requiring supplemental oxygen 554

Hypoxic ischemic

encephalopathy (HIE) 80, 120, 499

birth asphyxia 81

management of 85

injury (HII) 80

Hypsarrhythmia high-amplitude 465f

Ibuprofen 405

Ictal period 461

Idiopathic 763

form 716

hypertrophic pyloric stenosis 106, 137

short stature 667

unilateral (right) ptosis in child, congenital 531f

IGA nephropathy treatment 762t

IGAN, classification of 762

IGE and non-IGE-mediated cow’s milk protein allergy, management of 260

IGE-mediated

allergic reaction 258

reactions, medical management of 260

wheezing 333

Ileocolic intussusception 268f

Illness

chronic 671

integrated management of 196

Imatinib 807

IMCI

case management, steps of 370

components of 370

facility-based 370

Immune

complex 764

dysregulation 811

mediated 716

staging of HIV infection 600

stimulation, excessive 244

thrombocytopenic purpura 802, 803f

Immunization 751

in children 549

subcommittee 551t

Immunoadsorption 822

Immunodeficiency 619

syndrome in children, acquired 593

Immunofluorescence 756

positive staining of IGA deposition in mesangium 762f

Immunoglobulin 479

nephropathy 761

Immunologic criteria 761

Immunomodulatory drugs in MS 494

Immunoreactive trypsin 109

Immunosuppression 822

Immunosuppressive

agents 856

therapy 810

Impetigo

contagiosa 839

to staphylococcal infection 615f

Inborn errors of metabolic syndrome 10

Indometacin 140

Infant and young child feeding (IYCF) 23

Infantile

acropustulosis 844

HSP 853

seborrheic dermatitis 838

spasm 464

causes of 465

idiopathic, causes of 465

perinatal, causes of 465

postnatal, causes of 465

Infants

of diabetic mother 120

requiring oxygen supplementation, discharge of 67

antibody testing in 594

Infection 210

congenital 102

control of 778

management of 751

prevention of 98

Infectious diarrhea, acute 243

Infective endocarditis, prophylaxis for 399

Influenza

diseases 551

virus, dosing schedule of 557t

Infrequent relapse, therapy for 752

Ingestion 866, 867

Inguinal hernia 269

in infant, right-sided strangulated 269f

Inguinoscrotal disorders 738

Inhalational anthrax 624

Inhaled 863, 866

nitric oxide (INO) 67, 72

Inhaler 339

devices 339

Inhibitors in hemophilia, management of 822

Inspiratory pressure, peak 63

Insulin

dose 717

like growth factor 181

regimens 717

therapy 720

in T1DM 716

types of 717t

Intact HPG axis 701

Intensive care unit, treatment at 873

Interferon

alpha 278

therapy

advantages of 278

disadvantages of 278

Intermittent mandatory ventilation (IMV) 75

Internal jugular vein 876

International neuroblastoma staging system 817

Interstitial and pulmonary edema, physiology of 390

Intoxication, mild to moderate 865

Intra-articular injection of corticosteroid 849

Intracellular

cystine crystals in cystinosis 766f

receptors 661

Intracranial

infection 484, 490

treatment of complications 490

pressure 120

management of raised 523

Intramuscular

hematoma on right cuff muscles in hemophilia patient 819f

phytomenadione mixed micellar 123

vitamin K, disadvantages of 123

Intrapartum hypoxia, evidences against (birth asphyxia) 81

Intrathecal

baclofen 502

therapy 806

Intrathoracic disease 350

Intrauterine growth restriction 36

Intravenous

aminophylline 343

or intravenous salbutamol 343

bronchodilator therapy 347

fluid 152

and electrolyte 150

immunoglobulin 513

high-dose of 112

magnesium sulfate 343

salbutamol 343

solution 151

urography 733

Intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) 50, 120, 405

with hemorrhagic parenchymal infraction, large right 455f

Intussusception 268

definition 268

in dehydrated child 269f

investigation 269

management 269

Invasive pneumococcal disease 619

Iodine deficiency 675

Iron

chelating agents 794

chelators

comparison between different 795t

complications to 796

deficiency 205, 206

anemia 204, 205f, 206

causes of 205

severe 205

diagnosis of 206

evaluation of 204t

stages of 204

deficient erythropoiesis 204

overload 799

store measurement 204t

store depletion 204

therapy 208

parenteral 208

Irritable bowel syndrome 264

diagnostic criteria 264

types 264

Isoniazid 359

ITP

acute 803

chronic 803

IUGR

early 37

on individual and community 40

types of 36

Ivermectin 845

IVH, complications of 52

Japanese encephalitis 492

outbreaks 492

prevention 492

prognosis 492

suspected 492f

Jaundice 104, 105, 109, 114

causes of exaggerated physiological 105

diagnosis of severe 105

management of 44

prolonged 105

treatment of 109t

options 44

with breastfeeding 106

Jaw thrust maneuver 86f

Jejunal and ileal atresia 133

Jia

and rheumatic fever, differences between 852t

differential diagnoses of 851t

management of 849

pathogenesis of 847

pathophysiology of 847

treatment 849

Jones criteria, exceptions to 426

Julic solution containing sodium phosphate 78

Junk food with fat and sugar-enriched diet, avoid 225f

Juvenile

idiopathic arthritis 846, 861

myoclonic epilepsy 467

K. pneumoniae 96

Kala-azar 632

epidemiology of 632

second-line of treatment of 635

treatment of 634

Kallmann syndrome 448

Kanamycin 365

Kangaroo mother care (KMC) 25, 42, 42f

in sleeping position 26f

Kaposi sarcoma 599f

Kawasaki disease 616, 618, 626, 627f, 628f, 654

aspirin 629

clinical features 627

complications 629

cracked lips and rash, facial appearance in 627f

diagnosis of 628

differential diagnosis 628

epidemiology 626

hypersensitivity 628

infectious 628

inflammatory 628

intravenous immunoglobulin 628

laboratory investigations 628

treatment 628

Kayser-Feischer ring 294

junction of cornea and sclera 294f

KCl administration 151

Kenneth jones criteria 355t

Kernig’s test 486f

Kerosene poisoning 867

bilateral pneumonic consolidations in 868f

Ketogenic diet 479

Ketotic hypoglycemia 117

Kidney

anatomy of 731

disease, chronic 778

duplex 736

dysplastic 734

ectopic 736

gross structure 731f

injury

acute 775

causes of acute 775

management of acute 769

investigation of 732

loss of right 733f

major function of 732

multicystic 734

structure of 731

with duplex ureter 736f

with surrounding structures 731f

Klebsiella 54

aerogenes 326

pneumoniae 59, 94, 310, 314, 840

carbapenemases 826

Klinefelter syndrome 149

Klumpke’s palsy 21f

KMC

advantages of 42

procedure of 26, 42

Knee

and elbow of young girl with HSP, swollen joints of 853f

jerk 448f

L3, 4 446f

joint by goniometer, fixed flexion deformity of 497f

Koplik’s spot 560f

Krabbe disease 505

Kramer grading of extent of jaundice 107f, 107t

Kwashiorkor 183, 229

Labor, Normal and abnormal 3

Lactobacillus

bifidus bacteria 24

reuteri 238

rhamnosus 238, 243

Lactose intolerance 257, 258

primary 258

Lamivudine 278

Lamotrigine (LTG) 469, 470

Landau-Kleffner syndrome 467

Langerhans cell histiocytosis 829, 829f, 832

Language, milestones of 174t

Lansoprazole 247

Laparoscopic cholecystectomy 267

Laryngeal diphtheria 609

Laryngitis 323

Laryngoscopy, direct 323

Laryngotracheobronchitis 323

Latex agglutination 654

LBW

and premature adrenarche 40

baby, term related to 36

environmental factors associated with 40

types of 36

LCH presentation

multisystem 830

single-system 829

LCH, multisystem 831

Legionella pneumophila 314, 326

Leishmania

donovani 249

species, diseases caused by 633t

Lennox-Gastaut syndrome 459f, 466

etiology 466

prognosis 466

treatment 466

Leprae reaction 626

Lepromatous disease 625

Leprosy 625

AFB in skin smears 625

classification of 626

clinical classification 626

clinical features 625

complications 626

differential diagnosis 626

for type 1

reaction 626 2

reaction 626

incubation period 625

microbiology 625

pathophysiology 625

prognosis 626

skin 625

thickened peripheral nerves 625

transmission 625

treatment of 626

reactions 626

Leukemia

acute 804, 831

chronic 804

diagnosis of 805f

Leukocyte count different age, normal 784t

Leukokoria (white pupil) and red reflex 450

Leukokoria to retinoblastoma, right 450f

Leukoplakia, oral hairy 599f

Levamisole 754

Levetiracetam (LEV) 469, 470

Levobuterol 344

Levofloxacin 365

Lichen planus 844

Ligation, complications of 406

Light-emitting diode (LED) 2

Limb movements of neonatal, unusual 120f

Lindane lotion 844

Linoleic acid 177

Lips in adrenal insufficiency 699f

Lissencephaly 500, 500f

Listening 524

language 524

speech 524

Liver 665, 830

bioartificial (BAL) 286

biopsy 114

disease, chronic 288

enzymes in three stages of chronic hbv infection 277f

failure 89, 282

acute 282

chronic 282, 287, 298

definitions 282

etiology of acute 282t

chronic 287

investigations, chronic 287

management, chronic 287

patient with acute 285t

subacute 282

treatment of acute 286

function tests 109, 769

iron concentration 794f

support systems, bioartificial 286

transplantation 298

auxiliary 286

heterotopic 286

contraindications to 299

indications for 298

reduced 299

types of 299

Living with epilepsy, coping strategies for 481

Lobar pneumonia in left lower lobe 311f

Loffler’s syndrome 253

Loop of Henle 732

Low birthweight 2, 708

babies, extremely (ELBW) 405

interventions, guidelines for 47t

neonates, care for 47t

Lower left sternal border (LLSB) 397

Lower limb

deformity in poliomyelitis 587f

to hyperreflexic left knee jerk, right 497f

Low-grade glioma 828

Low-risk group 827

Low-risk patients 827

Lumbar puncture 880

anatomy 880f

in febrile seizure 482

procedure 880f

Luminal amebicides 250

Lungs 830

auscultation of 307

compliance 59

disease 74

chronic 65, 405, 584

function test 518

functions in RDS 59

secondary effects on 400

volume and pulmonary vascular resistance, relationship between 390f

Lupus

criteria 760

nephritis 759

classification of 759, 760t, 855t

diagnosis of 760

treatment of 761

Lymph node

biopsy 830

involvement in Hodgkin’s lymphoma 811f

Lymphoblastic leukemia, acute 805f

Lymphomas 810, 831

Lymphomatoid papulosis 813

Lyon hypothesis 145

Lysosomal enzyme 499

M. canis 842

Macroglossia 678f

Macronutrient deficiency 319

Macroscopic urinalysis 732

Macular evanescent rash in systemic onset jia 848f

Maculopapular rash on trunk 560f

Magnesium 157, 158, 343

disorders of 775

sulfate, injection of 156

Malabsorption 242

causes of 242

treatment of 243

Malaria 386, 635, 653

additional considerations for clinical management 641

adjunctive treatment 644

anemia 638

artemisinin-based combination therapy 641

bleeding abnormalities 638

choice 640

circulatory collapse 638

clinical assessment 642

clinical diagnosis 639

clinical features 636, 642

coexisting morbidities 642

complications of severe 638

convulsions 638

diagnosis of 639

differential diagnosis 643

endemic countries 636f

gram-negative septicemia 639

guideline of 645

hemoglobinuria 639

hepatic dysfunction 638

HIV infection 642

hypoglycemia 638

inborn resistance to 640

laboratory findings 642

life cycle of malaria parasite 635

management of seizures 642

non-artemisinin-based combination therapy 640

nonsevere 636

of antiemetics 642

of antipyretics 642

parasite

life cycle of 637f

numerous 639f

parasitological diagnosis 639

pulmonary edema 638

renal function 638

severe 637

malnutrition 642

specific antimalarial treatment 643

symptoms of 637f

treatment objectives 642

uncomplicated 636

Malassezia furfur 842

Maldescent of testis 738

Male 700, 701

anorectal malformations 135f

at birth 711

infant with CAH with virilisation 711f

turner 669

Malnutrition 178, 179, 182

acute on chronic 185

chronic 668

classification of 180, 180t

etiology of 178

Gomez classification of 181t

in children 182

management of acute 193f

moderate acute (MAM) 194, 196

pathogenesis of 181

pathological changes in 182t

severe 384

acute (SAM) 194, 196

underlying determinants of 178

WHO classification of 180t

Malrotation 134

definition 134

management 134

Mantoux test 356

false

negative result 354

positive result 354

Mantoux, causes of false positive and false negative 354

Marasmic kwashiorkor 183, 183f

Marasmus 183, 229

MAS

complications of 68

treatment of 68

Mask, right and wrong positions of 87f

Mastitis/breast abscess 34

Mastoiditis 384

Maternal

and environmental factors 39

disease 11

intensive care unit (MICU) 91

nutrient proper consist 39

nutrition 39

deficiency, late 39

determinant of birthweight 39

during pregnancy 39

in childhood 39

restriction, effect of early 39

serum alpha fetoprotein 5

Maternity facilities 29

Matrix hemorrhage 50

prevention 52

treatment 52

Maturity-onset diabetes of young 716

MCNS, characteristics of 748

MCUG bilateral

grade III VUR 746f

VUR with dilatation of ureter and clubbing of calyces 745f

Mean height velocity 170

Measles 559

clinical features 560

complications 561

diagnosis 561

differential diagnosis 561

dose of vitamin A 561

epidemiology 559

incubation period 560

infective period 560

laboratory investigations 561

microbiology 560

mode of transmission 560

prevention 562

stages of infection 560

status, global and regional targets 562

treatment 561

vaccine 550, 562

Mebendazole 256

Mechanical ventilation (MV) 63, 75

Mechanism of hormone action 661

Meconium

aspiration syndrome 63, 67

causes of delayed passage of 104

delayed passage of 104

ileus 104

on scrotal raphe, low variety with 16f

stained amniotic fluid 4t

Mediastinal lymph node 805f

Mediastinum 813

Medulla 731

Megaloblastic anemia 198

Megaureter 737

primary 737

Meiosis 870f

Meiotic pupil 870f

Melatonin 479

Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis 763

Membranous nephropathy 763

Meningeal irritation, testing for 486f

Meningism 487

Meningitis 120, 484, 486f, 617, 620

in neonates and young infants 486

incidence and etiology 485

pathogenesis 485

pathology 485

Meningo encephalitis 491

Meningocele 519

Meningococcal

disease 620, 621

infection 620

clinical features 620

laboratory diagnosis 621

microbiology 620

mode of transmission 620

mortality and prognosis 621

pathogenesis 620

prevention 621

treatment 621

vaccination 621

septicemia with purpuric skin rash 621f

Meningococcemia 620

Meningococci 799

Meningococcus 799, 858

Meningomyelocele 15f

Mental

disorders, manual of 536

retardation, prevention of 8

Mesangial

proliferation in light microscopy 761f

sclerosis, diffuse 755

Mesial temporal sclerosis 469f

Metabolic

acidosis 163, 164f

causes of 163

management of 163

mixed 167

alkalosis 165

causes 165

etiology of 165f

treatment 165

bone disease 78

of preterm baby 78

disease 299

disorders 509

disturbances 284, 285t

liver disease 291, 292

diagnosis of 292

etiology 291

management 292

Metabolism 200

Metachromatic leukodystrophy (MLD) 505

Metaiodobenzylguanidine–avid neuroblastoma 816f

Metastasis 818

Methicillin resistant

strain (MRSA) 97

Staphylococcus aureus 488

Methotrexate 849, 858

Metoclopramide 31, 246, 247

Microcytic anemia, diagnosis of 207t

Micronutrient 319

Microsporum canis 842

Micturating

cystourethrogram 735, 744

cystourethrography 733, 733f

dilated posterior urethral valve 738f

Mid upper arm circumference 196

Mid-parental height 170, 666

Midstream urine sample collection in sterile container 741f

Mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC) 194

Migraine

abdominal 264, 267

polyarthritis 427f

Mikulicz disease 565

Milestones in

fine motor and vision, developmental 174t

gross motor, developmental 173t

Milia 13f, 834, 834f

Miliaria 834

crystalline 834

profunda 834

rubra 14f, 834, 834f

tuberculosis 350

in children 358

management of 360

Milk 196

supply 31

Mineral 260

mix solution, composition of 241t

Mineralocorticoid 692, 693

deficiency 698

Mite biology life cycle 843

Mitral

regurgitation 430

treatment 431

stenosis 431

examination 431

hemodynamics 431

investigation 431

treatment 431

Mixed hearing loss 525

MKAR disease 626

Mobile transfusion 883

Moderate acute malnutrition 194

Molecular genetic alteration 807

Molluscum contagiosum 841, 841f

Mongolian blue spots 14f

Monoresistance 364

Monosymptomatic enuresis 770

Monozygous 11

and dizygous twins, basic differences between 11t

Moro reflex 20f, 455, 455f

Mortality in DKA 720

Mother’s back to stimulate oxytocin reflex, rubbing 32

Motor

coordination, testing for 507

tics 511

Mottled skin 647f

Movement disorder 508

ataxia 508

definition 508

Moxifloxacin 365

MRI of brain, role of 499

MUAC, assessment of 193f

Mucocutaneous 855

Mucopolysaccharidoses 506f

flexion of hand 678f

types of 505t

Müllerian duct remnants 728

Multibacillary disease 626, 626t

Multidrug resistance (MDR) 96

tuberculosis 362, 365

management 364

Multilobulated anterior communicating artery aneurysm 457f

Mumps 564

clinical features 564

CNS complications 566

complications 565

diagnosis 565

differential diagnosis 565

incubation period 564

infectious period 564

management 565

parotitis 565

prevention 566

route of transmission 564

virology 564

Münchausen syndrome by proxy (MSBP) 546

Muscarinic effects 870, 870f

Muscle

biopsy 461

power, grading of 445

relaxant 501

Muscular dystrophies 516

Musculoskeletal 855

Myasthenic syndromes 532

Mycobacterium tuberculosis 326, 355, 363, 484

Mycophenolate 754

mofetil 858

Mycoplasma 313, 852

pneumoniae 314, 847

Myeloblast containing auer rod in AML 808f

Myeloid leukemia, acute 807, 831

Myocardial iron load, assessment of 794

Myoclonic epilepsy, severe 463

Myopathic changes 460

Myotonia 460

Myotonic dystrophy 516

N-acetylcysteine 286

Napkin dermatitis 837

Nappy rash 837

complications of 837

Nasal

bleeding in DHF 578f

diphtheria 609

Nasogastric 194

tube

feeding, procedure of 30

insertion of 879

Nebulized antiasthma drug from nebulizer by face mask 340f

Necator americanus 253

Neck 813

benign nevus 14f

reflex, asymmetric 453

rigidity 486f

Necrotic skin patches in disseminated intravascular coagulation 824f

Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) 54, 244

early feeding 55

epidemiology 54

etiology 54

infection 54

introduction 54

investigation 56

management 56

pathology 55

prevention of 25

Necrotizing fasciitis 840

Neglect and deprivational abuse, differences between 547t

Neisseria meningitidis 485

Neonatal

acne 835f

alloimmune thrombocytopenia 803

care, advanced 2

cholestatic jaundice 113

convulsion 118

etiology 121

cutaneous langerhans cell histiocytosis 829f

depression 81

diabetes mellitus 716

disease 350

encephalopathy 81

causes of 81

grading of 84t

for prevention of mental retardation, role of 8

herpes 840, 841f

hyperbilirubinemia, preventing severe 105

hypoglycaemia

in infant of diabetic mother 115

indicators of 118

intensive care unit (NICU) 91

emergence of 1

isoimmune thrombocytopenia 803

jaundice 107

causing early 113

evaluation of 104

to hemoglobinopathy 113

transfusion in 44f

period, presentations after 413

resuscitation

dose 87t

drugs 87t

used in 93t

risk 52

screening

criteria, initial 4

definition, initial 3

initial 3

types, initial 4

sepsis 93

bacterial causes of 94

etiology of 93

definition of 93

etiology of 93

identification of 102

interventions 100t

introduction 93

treatment of 97

severe primary hyperparathyroidism 691

skin, minor abnormalities of 835

surgical conditions 133

tetanus 120, 613

thrombocytopenia 803

transfer by appropriate transport 2

unit, discharge from 45

ventilation 73

definition 73

Neonates 413

and young infant, developmental assessment of 452

and young infant, neurological assessment of 452

by laryngoscope, intubation of 88f

normal pinkish appearance 38f

position, intubation of 61f

suffering from rubella 568f

with RDS 75f

Neonatology 1

drugs used in 139

Nephritic syndrome 756

Nephrons 731

Nephrotic syndrome 619, 620, 747, 756

atypical presentation of 748

congenital 754

infantile 754

Nerve conduction

studies 460

procedure of 460f

Nervous system

central 147, 306

peripheral 506

Nestroft

method of thalassemia 792f

procedure 791

Netilmicin 488

Neural tube defects

and hydrocephalus 519

classification 519

etiology 519

pathogenesis 519

Neuroblastoma 815, 816f, 831

staging of 817t

Neurodegenerative diseases 505

Neurodevelopmental

comorbidities 534

disability 46

disorder 494

issues 770

Neurogenic change (denervation) 460

Neuroimaging 671

Neurological

condition, birth history relevant to 441

development disorders 454f

disorders, drugs used in 892

gait 442

signs, soft 442

Neurology, general acute 458

Neuromuscular disorder 514

affects 514

classification of 515t

Neuromuscular function disorder 513

Neuromyelitis optica 494

Neuropathies, peripheral 513

Neurophysiological testing of central sensory pathways 459

Neurophysiology, principles of 457

Neuropsychiatric 855

Neuropsychiatric

condition 895

SLE syndromes 855t

Neurosurgery 828

Newborn 675

care, essential (ENC) 90

delivery and after delivery, care of 20

effects on 4

hearing by otoacoustic emission 9f, 526f

hearing program 8

infants 57

and newborn examination 11

normal head in 19f

screening 3, 676

skin, normal changes in 833

with RDS 62f

with thanatophoric dysplasia 861f

Newer antiepileptic drugs, properties of 470

Nicotinic acid 199

deficiency 199

etiology 199

treatment 199

Nicotinic effects 870

Nifedipine 41

Night splints 501

NIPAH

virus 586

diagnosis 586

in domestic animals 587

incubation period 586

key facts 586

outbreak 586

prevention 587

reducing 587

treatment 587

Nipples, inverted/flat 34

Nitazoxanide (NTZ) 469, 470

Nitroimidazole 251

Nocturnal

enuresis

complicated 770

primary 770

secondary 770

uncomplicated 770

polyuria 770

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease 293

diagnosis 293

etiology 293

management 293

pathogenesis of 293f

Nonantiepileptic drug

medical treatment 479

treatment 478

Nonarticular steroid 850

Nonatopic wheezing 333

Nonblanching rash 648f

Noncardiac 396

Nonclassic 711, 712

Nonconvulsive status epilepticus 476

Nonencephalopathic demyelinating disease 493

Nonepileptic

attack disorders 473, 474

management of 475

events 473

psychogenic seizure 474

Non-hematological investigations 207

Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma 812, 831

Noninfectious 755

Nonmenstrual toxic shock syndrome 615

Nonmetabolic 40

Nonorganic recurrent abdominal pain 267

Nonparalytic poliomyelitis 587, 588

Nonphysiological jaundice, evaluation of 106

Nonpitting pedal edema 669f

Nonrapid eye movement sleep disorders 475

Nonreplicative infection 277f

Nonretentive fecal incontinence 261

Nonsevere aplastic anemia 809

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) 154, 513

Nonstimulant medications 540

Nonsyndromic 524

Nontypeable Haemophilus influenza, infection to 622

Noonan syndrome 669

Nosocomial-induced pneumonia See Hospital-acquired pneumonia

Nucleoside analog

advantages of 279

disadvantages of 279

Nursery environment 99

Nutrient 176

requirements

for healthy children 176

in childhood 177t

Nutrition 717

disorders 176

in LBW babies, feeding and maintenance of 30

of mother of twins 31

Nutritional

dwarfism 184, 668

management 752

of moderate acute malnutrition 195

requirements 176

rickets 213, 214

rickets See Vitamin D deficiency

status, assessing 903

stunted child in comparison to normal 668f

treatment 196t

for SAM without complications 195

Obesity 713

management 226

Obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) 510

Obstetric care

emergency (EMOC) 90

of fetus 2

Obstructive pulmonary disease, chronic 555

Oculocephalic reflex 522

Oculogyric crisis in a child with encephalitis 492f

Odor in urine, abnormal 10

Ofloxacin 365, 366

Ohtahara syndrome 464

Olfactory nerve 448

Oligoarticular 851

jia 847

Oligohydramnios 3

Omeprazole 247

Omphalocele See Exomphalos

Ophthalmic disease 564

Opioids 513

Opisthotonus in child suffering from tetanus 613f

Opsoclonus-Myoclonus syndrome 511, 815, 815f

Optic

atrophy 449f

disk swelling 523f

nerve (II) 448

neuritis 493

OPV and IPV, comparison of 590t

Oral

candidiasis 842f

glucose tolerance test 330

rehydration

salt (ORS) 229, 370

therapy to prevent dehydration 231t

Orchidometer for measuring testicular volume 701f

Organ

dysfunction in sickle cell disease 801

negative, multisystem risk 830

positive, multisystem risk 830

Organic

cases of recurrent abdominal pain, management of 267

cause 265

exclude 266

pain, pointers to 265

Organophosphorus compound poisoning 869, 870, 870f

acute 870f

causes of death in 871

types of 869

Organophosphorus

compounds 870t

poisoning 874

Orlistat 225

Orthopedic surgery 502

Ortolani test 17f

Oscillatory ventilation, high frequency (HFOV) 2, 63

Osmolality oral rehydration salt osmolality, reduced 237t

Osmotic diarrhea 189

Osteogenesis

imperfecta 859

classification of 859t

Osteomalacia, definition 213

Osteomyelitis 617

Osteopenia

definition 213

of prematurity 78

Osteoporosis, definition 213

Ostium primum 400f

ASD 402

defect caused by incomplete fusion of endocardial cushion 400f

Ostium secundum 400f, 402

Otitis media 617

with effusion 524, 524f

Otoacoustic emission 8, 525

Ova of Trichuris trichiura 257f

Ovotesticular DSDS 726

Oxcarbazepine (OXC) 468–470

Oximes 871

Oxygen

consumption imbalance 304

delivery 304

assessment of 305

measurement of 303

flux 303

therapy

in RDS 60

through head box, baby receiving 61f

transport 305

Oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve 784f

Oxyphil cells 684

P. falciparum malaria 645t

management of severe 642

treatment of uncomplicated 645

P. vivax

in blood film 639f

malaria, treatment of uncomplicated 645

Pale optic disk 449f

Pancarditis 427f

Pancreas 768

Pandemic

flu, treatment of 556

H1N1 influenza A virus, isolation of 555

Pan-susceptible TB 363

Papilledema 523f

advanced 449f

to raised intracranial pressure 827

Papular urticaria 844

Para-aminosalicylic acid 365

Paracetamol poisoning 863

Parachute reflex

downward 454

in cerebral palsy 496f

Paracrine 661

Paradoxical aciduria, mechanism of 138f

Paranasal sinuses, infected 485

Parasagittal injury 82f

Parasites, intestinal 248

Parasitic infections 632

case 634

clinical manifestations 633

microbiology 632

personal protective measures 635

prevention 635

of sandfly bites 635

treatment for PKDL cases 635

Parathyroid

deficiency

acquired 686

congenital 686

disorders 686

gland

anatomy of 684

disorders 684, 729

hormones, disorders of 686

Parental nutrition 43

Parotid gland with lymphedema, swelling of left 565f

Paroxysmal dyskinesias 509

movement disorders 510

Partial atrioventricular septal defect 400f

Partial seizures 462

Partial thromboplastin time 330, 823, 824

Patent ductal arteriosus (PDA) 126, 395, 402, 405f, 425

closure 425

complications 404

echocardiogram 405

embryology of 402f

examination 403

genetic factors 403

incidence 403

infection 403

medical management 404

natural history 404

transcatheter closure 404

treatment 405

Patient triggered ventilation (PTV) 2

Paucibacillary disease 626, 626t

Pauci-immune crescentic GN 764

PDA

in preterm, effect of 53

physiologic effects of 405

Pediatric

and adult upper airway, differences between 303f

appendicitis score 268t

cardiac arrhythmias 435

epilepsy 461

management of 478

intensive care unit (PICU) 154, 162, 476

management in 346

neurology 441

cognitive development 441

developmental history 441

investigation, principle of 455

practice of management of febrile seizure 483

pulmonary tuberculosis, symptoms and signs of 352f

versus adult heart failure 389

Pedigree of autosomal

dominant diseases 145f

recessive disorder 143f, 144f

Peeling of skin of fingers 618f

Peginterferon alpha-2b 280

Pelizaeus-Merzbacher syndrome 505

Pellagra 199

Pelvic ultrasound 704, 706

Pelvis, disorders of 736

Pelviureteric junction obstruction 736

causing hydronephrosis 737f

Penicillin 429

resistance pneumococci 488

Penta 549, 612

plus OPV 549

Peptic ulcer disease, pre-existing 584

Percutaneous transcatheter closure 402

Perez reflex 19f, 454

Performance test 527

Periauricular sinuses 835

Perihilar fullness in acute bronchiolitis 321f

Perinatal transmission 94

Perinatally acquired CMV infection 570

Perinaud’s syndrome 827

Periorbital ecchymoses 815f

Peripheral

blood film 109

nervous system, examination of 442

Peritoneal dialysis 779, 780, 884

complications of 780

regimen, types of 779

Periventricular

calcification with hydrocephalus 456f, 499

leukomalacia (PVL) 52, 81, 499

Permethrin cream 845

Persistent

and severe hypoglycemia, treatment of 118

chronic 338

Pertussis 313

Pertussis See Whooping cough

with sensitive, complications of 611f

Pervasive

developmental disorder 534

disorders 533

Pes cavus 509f

and hydrogen ions 162

in BPD, management of 67

study 245

Phagocytic evaluation 826

Pharyngotonsillitis, acute 617

Phenobarbitone 140, 471

Phenotypic treatment 348

Phenyl ketonuria 3, 9

treatment 9

Phenytoin 140, 469–471

Pheromonal 661

Phlebotomy, avoidance of 79

Phlyctenular conjunctivitis 353f

Phosphate 157

deficiency rickets 214

level

causes, high 159

high 159

low 159

treatment, high 159

supplement 78

Phospholipid derived hormone 661

Photic stimulation 458

Phytohemagglutinin (PHA) 210

Phytomenadione mixed micellar, oral 123

Pie, treatment of 65

Piperazine 256

Pituitary

anterior 662

gland

anterior 662f

posterior 662f

posterior 663

Pityriasis

ALBA 836f

versicolor 842

Planter response (S1) 447

Plasma

creatinine concentration 732

forms of calcium 157

glucose 10

lactate 10

Plasmapheresis 513, 822

Plasmodium falciparum 249

Platelet 784

count 823

disorders 802, 831

function 823f

disorders 803

transfusion 825

Pleural effusion in kerosene poisoning (grade-4) 868f

Pleural fluid culture yielded mycobacterium tuberculosis 351f

Pluripotent hematopoietic stem cell 783

Pneumatosis intestinalis 55f, 56

Pneumocystis carinii 892

Pneumococcal

conjugate vaccine 313, 490

disease 619, 623

infection 619

clinical features 619

diagnosis 619

etiology 619

pathogenesis 619

prevention 620

transmission 619

treatment 620

vaccination 620

meningitis 488

prevention of 490

Pneumococcus 799, 858

Pneumocystis carinii 310, 597, 810, 892

Pneumomediastinum, treatment of 65

Pneumonia 190, 309, 313

anatomic classification of 310

classification of 310

congenital 59

diagnosis of 314

lower chest indrawing 311f

persistent 317

definition, 317

prevention of 312

death from 313

reassess for 316

recurrent 317

severe 384

to staphylococcal pneumonia 311

complications 312

diagnosis 311

duration of treatment 312

management 312

to Streptococcus pneumoniae 310

diagnosis 311

treatment 311

Pneumonitis 564, 571

Pneumonococcal infection 748

Pneumoperitoneum 55f

Pneumothorax 64

after insertion of pigtail catheter, resolution of 65f

right-sided 65f

treatment of 65

Poison

absorption, reduction of 863

elimination 863

Poisoning

acute 869

and respective antidotes 863t

chronic 870

mild 871

mode of 867

moderate to severe 871

principle of management of 862, 874

subacute 870

Policy regarding visitors/caregivers 98

Poliomyelitis 587

abortive 587, 588

clinical features 587

complications 590

CSF study 588

differential diagnosis 588

general measures 589

incubation period 587

laboratory investigations 588

paralytic 587, 588, 590

prevention 589

prognosis 590

route of transmission 587

serological test 588

specific 589

stool examination 588

supportive 588

treatment 588

vaccination 589

virology 587

Polyarticular 851

jia 847

Polyhydramnios 3

Polymerase chain reaction 146, 358, 461, 487

Polyresistance 364

Polyspikes characteristics of seizure disorder 459f

Polysymptomatic enuresis 770

Poor attachment, causes of 27

Porencephaly 499

Portal hypertension

causes of 297t

pathophysiology of 297f

Portwine stain on face 14f

Positive airway pressure, continuous (CPAP) 74

Postbronchiolitis wheeze 335

Postcircumcision hematoma in hemophilia A 820f

Postcoarctectomy syndrome 416

Posthemorrhagic ventricular dilatation (PHVD) 53

Postnatal growth 40, 169

Postneonatal during infancy 494

Postpneumonic 325

Postrenal 776

Poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis, acute 756

Potassium

balance, disorders of 773

bromide (PB) 470

replacement 720

Potency vitamin A capsule, high 202f

Power 445

Prader-Willi syndrome 670

Prebiotics 243, 244

Prechemotherapy staging of Wilms’ tumor 819t

Precocious pubarche 708

management of 708, 709f

with LBW and IUGR 708

Precocious puberty 703, 730

etiology of 703

incomplete 705

pathophysiology of 705

Precordium, palpation of 393

Predictive test 146

Predisposing factors 325

Pregabalin 470

Prehospital care 864

advanced 873

Preimplantation genetic diagnosis 146

Premature

menarche, isolated 707

sexual maturation, causes of 703

Prematurity, prevention of 41

Prenatal genetic screening, indications for 5t

Prepubertal uterus 707

Prerenal 776

Pre-requisition 885

Preterm

and ex-preterm, evaluation of 50

babies 78

birth, outcome after 45

delivery

history of 41

treatment to delay 41

infant

characteristics of 67

management of extremely 44

labor, management of 41

LBW

and IUGR 38t

difference of clinical features between 36t

babies 37

and IUGR, management of 40

fetal gene 39

genetic 39

immediate problems 37

late complications 37

care for 42

low birthweight, complications of 50

Pretransplant assessment 299

Prevent absorption, methods to 868

Prevent preterm labor, treatment to 41

Prickly heat 834

Prifle class of AKI 777t

Primitive neuroectodermal tumors 829

Primitive reflexes 452

Probiotic 243

action of 243

bacteria 243

definition 243

in acute infectious diarrhea, use of 238

in H. pylori infection 244

in infant formula 244

in prevention of acute Rotavirus gastroenteritis 243

ORS 243

use of 243

Procyclidine administration 511f

Progesterone prophylaxis 41

Prokinetic agents 246

Prokinetic drugs 246

Prolonged fever 653

causes of 653

Kawasaki disease 653

malignancies 652

physical examination 653

probable source of infection 652

protozoal infection 655

rickettsial infection 655

serologic tests 654

systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) 652

vascular diseases (Vasculitis) 653

viral serology 654

virus diagnosis 654

Prominent ataxia 506

Promyelocytic leukemia, acute 808

Pronator drift 442f

test 496

Prone newborn baby 455f

Prophylactic antibiotic therapy 827

Prophylaxis

continuous 484

drug used in 743

intermittent 484

primary 298, 430

secondary 430

therapy 632

Protein C 825

Proteins 176

Proteus mirabilis 314

Prothrombin complex concentrates 822

Prothrombin time 824

Proton pump inhibitors 247

Proximal tubule 732

Proximal weakness 443

Prune belly syndrome with absence of abdominal wall muscles 737f

Pruritus 291

Pseudo-Cushing’s syndromes 694

Pseudohypoparathyroidism 687, 688

treatment of 689

Pseudo-insufficient breastmilk 33

Pseudomembrane in fauces 608f

Pseudomonas 310, 488

aeruginosa 94, 96, 310, 314, 326, 433, 488

Pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism 688

Pseudoseizure 474, 474f

Psoriasis 838

Psoriatic fingernails 839f

Psychiatric

comorbidity, reduction in 481

disorder 147

Psychic symptoms 463

Psychosocial

management 728

stress, etiology 847

support 504, 800, 850

PTH

actions of 685

mechanism of action of 685

regulation of 686

Ptosis 531

acquired 531

causes of 531

congenital 531

left congenital 449f

left-sided 827f

to third nerve palsy 450f

treatment 532

Pubertal

disorder, management of 9

staging 701, 702f

Puberty 700

and disorders of puberty 700, 730

arrested 701

components of 700

disorders of 701

evaluation of delayed 701

late 701

management of delayed 702

phase 169

physiology of 700

Pubic hair development in both sexes 701, 702f

Pubrtal staging parameters 701t

Puffy face 749f

Pulmonary

artery (PA) 416, 424

hypertension 424

aspiration 866

atresia 128

blood flow, decreased 390

complication 290

condition, different 326t

congestion 390

diseases 165, 350, 563

disorder 125

edema 160

cardiogenic 161

noncardiogenic 161

function, assessment of 304

gas exchange 302, 304

hypertension 71

diagnosis 71

investigation 72

of newborn, persistent 71

persistent 71

treatment 72, 73

interstitial emphysema (PIE) 65

plethora, cardiomegaly with 423f

stenosis 669f

valve stenosis 406f

valvular atresia with normal aortic root 129f

vascular resistance (PVR) 60

venous

connection, total anomalous 129f, 426

drainage, total anomalous 129

return, total anomalous (TAPVR) 126, 128, 395, 423

Pulmonic stenosis 406

hemodynamics 406

management 407

Pulse polio immunization 590

Pulsed Doppler studies 733

Pure tone audiometry by sweep test 527

Purpuric rash in congenital rubella 51f

Pustular skin lesion in infected scabies 845f

Pyogenic cervical adenitis and abscess formation, acute 615f

Pyramidal track signs/spasticity 506

Pyrantel pamoate 256

Pyrazinamide 359, 361, 366

Pyridoxal phosphate 479

Pyridoxine See Vitamin B6

Pyruvate kinase deficiency 787

Pyuria 741f

Quadriplegia, spastic 495

Rabies 590

category of exposure 592

clinical features 591

diagnosis 591

dumb 591

epidemiology 590

in animal 591

incubation period 591

laboratory investigation 591

management 592

mode of transmission 591

paralytic 591

pathogenesis 591

post-exposure prophylaxis 592

child for 592f

pre-exposure prophylaxis 592

prevention 592

recommended prophylaxis 593

supportive 592

vaccine 592

virology 590

Raccoon eyes 815f

Radio nuclear imaging 733

Radioiodine 682

Radioisotope studies 798

Radionuclide cystography, direct 744

Radius in Fanconi’s anemia, absence of 809f

Ramstedt’s operation 138f

Random blood sugar 330

Ranitidine 246, 247

efficacy of 246

Rapid antibody tests 593

Rapid eye movement sleep disorder 475

Rashes in HSP, typical 852f

Raucous membranes, whitish coating of 842f

RBC

enzyme

defect 113

deficiency 113

indices 792

membrane defect disorder 113

red blood cell 80

RDS

autopsy 60

pathophysiology of 59

risk factors of 60

Red blood cell (RBC) 112, 204, 783, 784t

Red strawberry tongue 618f

Reed-sternberg giant cell in Hodgkin’s lymphoma 811f

Reflux nephropathy 746

Rehydration 153, 236

therapy 232

Relactation 33

procedure of 33

Relapse, treatment of 807

Relaxation techniques 480

Remission induction 806

Remission of disease, definition of 850

Renal 768, 855

agenesis 734

in potter sequence, bilateral 734f

unilateral 734

and bladder ultrasonography 744

biopsy 759, 760, 853

in acute glomerulonephritis, indications for 757

in AKI, indications of 778

coloboma syndrome 735

development, disorders of 734

diseases 584

ectopia 736

failure 286

acute 154

chronic 554

prevention of acute 286

function

investigations for 732

preservation of 779

test 769

hypoplasia 735

primary 735

in Henoch-Schönlein purpura 758

insufficiency 89

physiology 731

pyramids 731

replacement therapy 779

continuous 781

system 731

disorders of 734

tubular

acidosis 765

dysgenesis 735

tubules, disorders of 765

Respiratory

acidosis 165

acute versus chronic 166

causes of 165

etiology of 165f

management of 167

with metabolic acidosis, mixed 166

alkalosis 165, 167, 168

acute versus chronic 167

etiology of 167f

management of 168

mixed 167

diseases 586

disorders, presentation of 308

distress 394

causes of 57, 67, 309t

in newborn 72

in preterm, evaluation of 57

syndrome 1, 59, 63, 80

to respiratory conditions 57

failure 305, 307t

causes of 306t

caveats 305

definition 305

investigating 306t

management 306

treatment 307

types 305

infection

acute (ARI) 313, 314t

different types of acute (ARI) 313t

management of acute 314t, 315t

physiology to congenital heart disease 390

rate 307t

support, initial 45

syncytial virus (RSV) 306

infections 320

system 307

assessment of 307

tract ENT 147

tract infection

acute lower (ALRI) 210

nonspecific upper 617

tree, structure of 302

Resurgence of pertussis in adolescents and adults 610

Resuscitating hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy 87

Resuscitation at birth 44

Resuscitation of drowning, initial 873

Retinal hemorrhage to shaking injury 546f

Retinitis 571

Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) 77

Retractile 738

Retroparapharyngeal abscess 617

Rett’s syndrome 534

Rhabdomyolysis 862

RHD

and ABO HDN, differences between 112t

hemolytic disease of newborn 108

Rhesus hemolytic disorder of newborn 108

Rheumatic fever 426, 617

diagnosis of acute 426

differential diagnosis of acute 428

five major criterias of 427f

prevention of acute 429

Rheumatic heart disease 430, 432, 433

Rheumatic mitral stenosis 431

Rhinovirus 313, 320

Ribavirin 281

Rice-based oral rehydration salt 237t

Rickets 213, 214, 216t, 218

calcium deficiency 214

definition 213

significance of 213

types of 217t

Rickettsial diseases 629, 654

antibiotics 630

classification of 629t

complete blood count 630

CSF study 630

differential diagnoses 630

doses used in 631t

drug used in 631t

incubation period 629

laboratory investigations 630

microbiology 629

mode of transmission 629

pathogenesis 629

prevention 630

treatment 630

Rickety rosary 216f

Rifampicin 359, 361

Right kidney, large tumor above 816f

Ringworm 842f

Ritordrine 41

Rituximab 807, 858

Rooting reflex 18f, 452

ROP

international classification of 77

management 77

stages of 78f

Rotaviral infections, complications of 234

Rotavirus 229

gastroenteritis 234

control of 234

vaccine 238

rotarix, oral 549

Roundworm 253

treatment 255

drugs 255

surgery 255

R-P tachycardia, long 436

RP/PP, treatment of 319

RTA, etiology of 765

RTA, types of 765

Rubella 109, 566

acquired 566

clinical features 566, 567

diagnosis 568

evaluation 569

in neonates 567

incubation period 566

laboratory investigations 568

late manifestations 568

period of infectivity 566

prevention 569

prodromal phase 566

syndrome

congenital 529f

features of 567f

transmission 566

transplacental 567

treatment 569

virology 566

Russell-Silver syndrome 669, 670f

S. aureus 835, 837, 839, 840

S. pyogenes 839, 840

Saccharomyces boulardii 243

Salmonella 229, 604, 858

Salt-wasting variety, classic 711

SAM with or without complication, management of 191f

Scabies 843

complications of 845

treatment of 844

drugs for 844

Scabietic papules over skin of abdomen 843f

Scalp swelling, evaluation of 21

Scalp veins 520f, 875

Scarlet fever 617, 618

clinical features 618

complications 619

differential diagnosis 618

investigations 618

organism 618

treatment 618

Schizencephaly 500

Schizont, thin film 639f

Sclerosis, multiple 493

Scoliosis, brace to manage (milwaukee) 503f

Screening squint, types of 530

Scrotal edema in child 749f

Scrotal tongue 678

SDNS, treatment of 752

Seasonal asthma 337

Sebaceous gland hyperplasia 834

Seizure

absence 462

algorithm for evaluation of 469f

atypical absence 462

by anticonvulsants, control of 483

frequency, reduce 480

generalized 461

techniques to avoid 480

typical absence 462

Selective dorsal rhizotomy 502

Self-inflating ambu bag 884

Sensation 448

Sensory

neural hearing loss 524

stimulation 190

Sepsis 120

and septic shock

colloids 650

crystalloid 650

fluid therapy 650

induction agents 650

inotropic agents 650

management of 650

complications 650

resuscitation 650

supportive care 650

timing 650

Septic

arthritis 617

shock 650

associated with meningitis, management of 489

Serology 760, 769

Serratia marcescens 326

Serum

aldosterone 697

amylase in mumps infection, significance of 565

bilirubin 107

biomarkers 277f

electrolytes 697, 769

immunoreactive trypsin (IRT) 114

inhibin B 704

iron 204

prolactin 704

sodium See Hyponatremia

TG 675

Severe acute malnutrition 194

in facility-based inpatient care, management of 185

management of 183

Severe anemia, emergency treatment of 189

Severe asthma, treatment of acute 345

Severe exacerbation, acute 336

Severe jaundice, identify 107

Severe malaria

in large hospitals/health facilities, management of 643f

treatment of 645

Severe malnutrition, management of 191

Severity of croup, assessment of 323t

Sex

development 727f

disorder of 723, 724t

female 725f

male 725f

differentiation, primary 722

hormones 700

steroids 665, 692

Sexual

abuse 546

differentiation 722

disorders of 728

surgical treatment of 728

maturation, premature 703

orientation 727

Sexually transmitted diseases 8

Shigella 235

dysenteriae 235

infection 235

Shock

compensated 579

emergency management of 188

fluid management in compensated 583f

in severe dengue 579

management with meningitis 489

normotensive 583

treatment of 188

with adrenal hemorrahge, pathogenesis of 485

with Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome, management of 489

Short-acting β2-agonist 338

Shwachman-Diamond syndrome 809

SIADH, causes of 772

Sibutramine 225

Sickle cell

anemia 801, 831

disease 619, 620

in sickle cell disease 802f

Side-chain cleavage enzyme 692

Silvery scaling of psoriasis 839f

Sinus venosus

inferior 400f

superior 400f

Skeletal 147

abnormalities 148

survey for bone involvement 830

Skin 199, 830, 831, 863, 866, 867

barrier function 835

disorders in

children 835

neonate 833

flexure 836f

infection 756

infectious disease of 839

lesion of PKDL 634f

preparation for insertion of intravenous cannula 99

to-skin contact matter for women 26

SLE

diagnosis of 856

diagnostic criteria for 857t

differential diagnosis of 856t

management of 856

pathophysiology of 854

Sleep

apnea 328

syndrome 328

breathing difficulty 328

disorders 475

management 475

hygiene 480

Sodium

balance, disorders of 772

chloride 151

cromoglycate 338

in excess of water, gain of 773

valproate (SVA) 469, 470

Spastic and dystonic hypertonicity, difference between 444, 445t

Spasticity

management of 501

medical management of 501

Speech

and language therapy, role of 43

milestones of average 174t

therapist in feeding problem, role of 503

Sphingolipidoses 505

Spike-wave complexes typical of absence epilepsy 467f

Spina bifida 519

myelomeningocele 519f

occulta 519, 520

Spinal

cord lesion 513

deformity damage of vertebra by tuberculosis 353f

muscular atrophy 448

Spinothalamic tract 448

Spleen 830

Splenectomy 799

Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis 290

Sprouting legume 211f

Squint 530

causes of 530

convergent 503f

in child with CNS tumor, medial 827f

latent 450

management 531

manifest 450

nonparalytic 530

paralytic 530

types of 530

Staphylococcal

food poisoning 615

infection 614

clinical features 615

deep infection 615

epidemiology 614

pathogenesis 615

superficial infections 615

transmission 614

meningitis 488

scalded skin syndrome 615, 840

manifestation of 615f, 840f

Staphylococcus 845

aureus 310, 313, 326, 330, 433, 554, 555, 561, 563, 826, 835, 902

boydii 235

dysenteriae 236

serotype 235

epidermidis 326

flexneri 235

pyogenes 313

Startle reflex See Moro reflex

Static ataxia, chronic 509

Static nuclear medicine scanning 733

Status epilepticus 476

complications of 477t

convulsive 477t

management of 477t

prognosis 476

Stem cell

factor 796

transplantation 807, 850

Stepping reflex 19f

Sterile gloves 99

Steroid

in acute asthma 343

resistant asthma, management of 348f

sparing immunosuppressive drugs 856

therapy 488

treatment and growth, long-term 753

Stevens-Johnson syndrome 471, 471f

incidence of 471

Stool 769

Strabismus 450

Strabismus See Squint

Strawberry tongue 618

Streptococcal

and staphylococcal TSS, difference between 616t

infection 617

antigenic determinants 617

in AGN 757

laboratory investigations 617

microbiology 617

mode of transmission 617

pathophysiology 617

treatment 617

Streptococcus 561, 564, 845

milleri 326

mitis 555

pneumoniae 314, 326, 554, 555, 561, 563, 802

pyogenes 314, 555, 561, 839

thermophilus 243

viridans 433, 619

clinical manifestations 619

microbiology 619

natural habitat 619

prevention 619

treatment 619

Streptomycin 359, 361

Stress dose of steroid 752

Stress relaxation therapy 31

Stress ulceration and bleeding 862

Stridor 325

differential diagnosis of 324t

in children 324

management of 325f

Sturge-Weber syndrome

portwine stain of 463f

with epilepsy 463f

Subaortic stenosis 425

Subaponeurotic hemorrhage 23

Subconjunctival hemorrhage in DHF 577f

Subcutaneous nodules 427, 427f

Subvalvular aortic stenosis 408

Sucking

movement 25f

reflex 18f

Suction catheter according to size of endotracheal tube 88t

Sugar cube 24

Sulfasalazine 849

Sunken eye 647f

Supernumerary

digits 835

nipples 835

Supine lying 452

Supra-aortic membrane 411f

Suprapubic aspiration 742

of urine 881, 881f

in baby, procedure of 742f

Supravalvular aortic stenosis 408

Supraventricular tachycardia 435, 437f

classification of 435

treatment 437

Surfactant administration 883

Surgery, indications for 735

Surgical measures, indications for 747

Sustain optimum breastfeeding 27

Swollen knee joint in hemophilia patient 820f

Sydenham’s chorea 427f, 509

Symptomatic cases 868

Synacthen test 698

short 712

dose 698

Synchronous intermittent mandatory ventilation (SIMV) 2

Syndromal 738

Syndrome

clinical 509

intermediate 870

of inappropriate ADH secretion 154

Syndromic renal

dysplasia 735

hypoplasia 735

Syphilis 102, 573

Systemic lupus erythematosus 854, 861

T. solium, lifecycle of 252f

T. tonsurans 842

T. trichiura 256

T1DM, pathogenesis of 716

Tachycardias, junctional 435

Tachypnea 306

of newborn, transient 58

Tacrolimus 754

Taenia

saginata 249

lifecycle of 252f, 253f

solium 249

Talipes equinovarus 16f, 51f

Tapeworms 251

T-cells evaluation 826

Temporal lobe 469f

epilepsy 468

treatment 468

Temporal spike (T3-T5, T4-T6) in temporal lobe epilepsy 468f

Tendon reflexes, absent 448

Teniasis See Tapeworms

Testicular tumors 713

Testis, ascending 738

Testosterone 706

Tetanus 612

clinical features 613

control of seizures 614

diagnosis 613

differential diagnosis 613

epidemiology 612

generalized 613

immunization 614

immunoglobulin (TIG) 614

incubation period 613

laboratory investigations 613

localized 613

management 613

microbiology 612

passive immunization 614

pathophysiology 612

prevention 614

of maternal and neonatal 614

treatment 614

Tetany of newborn 689

Tetracycline eye ointment, treat eye infection with 383

Tetralogy of Fallot physiology 425

Thalassemia 788

complications of 796

facial features of 792f

infection in 799

intermedia 792

major 792f

and intermedia, difference between 792t

management of 793

radiological changes in 793

management of complications with 796

minor 790

newer emerging therapies for 795

parents with 789f

prenatal diagnosis of 800

prevention of 799

spectrum of 788

surgical management of 799

trait 790, 792f

with iron deficiency 208

Thanatophoric dysplasia 860

Thelarche

premature 707

variant 707

Theophylline 338

Therapeutic

concepts, new 807

cytokine modulation 847, 850

food 35, 192

hypothermia 89

Thoracoscopic surgery 327, 327f

Threadworm 255

prevention 256

treatment 256

drug 256

Thrombin

amplification role of 824

time 824

Thrombocytopenia 802

causes of 802

Thrombosis 748

management of 752

Thumb to touch dorsum of hands 445f

Thyroid

autoantibodies 677, 682

enlargement 682f

function test 109, 499, 674, 676, 681, 706

in different thyroid conditions 675t

interpretation of 676t, 674

gland 682

dysfunction 673, 729

molecular basis of enlargement of 682

growth-stimulating immunoglobulins (TGIS) 681

hormone 674

action of 673f

regulation of 674, 674f

imaging 674

replacement therapy with liothyronine 675

stimulating hormone 181

Thyroiditis 568

Thyroid-stimulating

hormone measurement 8

immunoglobulin 681

Thyrotoxicosis 675, 681

category of 681

causes of 681

Thyroxine 665

Tiagabine 470

Tics 511

Tigecycline 96

Tinea

capitis 842

versicolor 842

Tissue

amebicides 250

peripheral uptake by 209

TNF blockade 850

TNF-α activity 847

Tocolysis 41

Toddler diarrhea 243

treatment of 243

Tone 443

Tongue, pale 205f

Tonic

clonic seizure 461, 463

generalized 470

neck reflex, asymmetric 20f

seizure of lennox-gastaut syndrome 466f

Tonicity 151

Tonsillectomy 329

Topical contact 866

Topiramate (TPM) 469, 470

TORCH 109

screen 499

Tourette syndromes 511

Toxic

dose 863, 864, 865, 867

of hydrocarbons 865t

effects of atropine, complications to 871t

nodular goiter 675

shock syndrome 615, 616, 840

diagnosis 616

differential diagnosis 616

etiology 615

laboratory investigations 616

management 616

organ involvement 616

pathogenesis 615

prevention 617

prognosis 617

specific 617

supportive 616

Toxicity, mechanism of 863–866, 869

Toxoplasma 572, 573

clinical features 572

complications 574

congenital 572

differential diagnosis 573

gondii 572

laboratory diagnosis 573

microbiology 572

ocular 573

postnatally acquired 573, 574

prevention 574

of acquired infection primary prevention 574

of congenital infection secondary prevention 574

treatment 574

Toxoplasmosis 102, 109

congenital 103f, 573

Tracheoesophageal fistula 69

before and after surgical correction 71f

diagnosis 69

treatment 70

types of 70f

Traffic light system 647, 647t

Transfusion

exchange 877

indications for 790

Transient

eruptions of newborn 833

hypocalcemia in newborn 689

hypoparathyroidism in neonatal period 686

Transillumination

positive 521f

test, positive 65f

Transurethral

bladder catheterization 742

catheterization 880

Transverse myelitis 494

Tremor 511

Treponema pallidum 573

TRH stimulation 675

Trichomonas vaginalis 249

Trichophyton tonsurans 842

Trichuris trichiura 249, 256

Tricuspid atresia (TA) 128, 128f, 395, 420

anatomy 421

electrocardiography 421

procedures 422

small right ventricle and large left ventricle 421f

Tricuspid regurgitation 432

hemodynamics 432

management 433

Tricuspid valve disease 430

Tricyclic antidepressant poisoning 868, 874

Trident hand in achondroplasia 859f

Trigger

agents 847

for allergen, avoid 342t

Trophic feeding 43

Trophozoite form of giardiasis 251f

Trousseau sign 687

True SIADH, diagnosis of 773

Truncal

ataxia, test for 498f

coordination 448

Truncus arteriosus 422, 426

management 422, 423

nonobstructive 423

TSH-binding inhibitor immunoglobulins 681

Tubercular

lymphadenitis 598f

meningitis in children 358

Tuberculin skin test 353, 363

interpretation of (TST) 352t

positive 353f

Tuberculoid disease 625

Tuberculosis (TB) 189, 350, 363

advances in 357

cases, infectious multidrug-resistant 364

diagnosis of 355t, 356, 363

drug-resistant 358, 364

extrapulmonary 356

factors for 352

in children 352

diagnosis of 351

primary 349

in HIV-infected persons, prevention of 364

meningitis, management of 360

on course of HIV infection, influence of 364

prevalence countries, low 362

score chart 355t

segmental 349

transmission of 349

under National Tuberculosis Control Program, management of 361

Tuberculous

cervical lymph gland with abscess formation 353f

meningitis 461, 488

pericarditis 351f

Tuberous sclerosis depigmented spots 462f

Tubular necrosis, acute (ATN) 498

Tumor

low grade 472f

lysis syndrome 807

necrosis factor blockade 850

Turner syndrome 148, 149f, 410f, 669

birth with webbed neck 669f

Twin pregnancy 11

types 11

Typhoid 653

encephalopathy with impaired sensorium 605f

salmonella and non-typhoid salmonella infections, comparison between 607t

Tyrosinemia 9

Ulcerative colitis, chronic 244

Umbilical

artery catheterization 876, 877f

cord clamp, application of 20f

vein

catheter taping 877f

catheterization 876, 877

venous catheter, after insertion of 878

vessels catheterization 876

Unconscious patients, care of 862

Undernutrition

consequences of 178

in children 184t

Upper limbs in dyspraxic child 507f

Upper respiratory infections 483

Urea 160

Ureterocele 737

Ureters, disorders of 736

Urethra, posterior 738f

Urethral valve

posterior 738f, 737

with VUR, posterior 733f

Uric acid 160

causes 160

high 160

treatment 160

high 160

Uridine diphosphate glucuronosyltransferase (UDPGT) 104

Urinalysis 732, 740, 760

advantages of 740

essentials of 740

microscopic 732

relevant to UTI, components of 740

Urinary

incontinence with constipation 261

iron 794

ketones 10

pH 732

tract

infection 739

investigation of 732

structural anomalies of 735

with constipation 262t

Urine 154

collection 742

collection of 741

infected 741f

reducing substance in 10

specimen for urinalysis, collection of 740

tests 769

Urokinase for empyema 327

UTI

complicated 739

diagnosis of 741

evidence of 740

nonpharmacological prevention of 743

recurrent 739, 743

treatment of 742

Uveitis with hypopyon in child, anterior 847f

Vaccination 858

prevention by 559

Vaccine prevention 313, 490

of pertussis by cocooning strategy 612

Vagal maneuvers 437

Vaginitis in prepubertal girls 617

Valproate 511

Valvar aortic stenosis 425

Variceal bleeding, emergency management of 298

Varicella chicken pox 562, 563

adverse effects 564

antiviral treatment 563

clinical features 563

complications 564

contraindications 564

differential diagnosis 563

epidemiology 562

fetal infection 563

incubation period 563

indications 564

infection in neonates 563

infectious period 563

investigations 563

light microscopy of vesicle contents 563

mode of transmission 563

prevention 564

role of varicella zoster immunoglobulin (vzig) 564

supportive care 563

treatment 563

vaccination 564

virology 562

Varicella infection 619

Varicella zoster 841

virus 562

Vascular manifestations 856

Vascular marking, bilateral hilar and basilar increased (grade-2) 868f

Vasculitic rash of HSP 758f

Vasculitic skin lesions 853f

Veins for intravenous infusion 875f

Venous

cannulation, peripheral 875

hum 394

Ventilation

induced lung injury (VILI) 63

invasive 63

invasive mechanical 62

mechanical 73, 554

types, high frequency 75

Ventilator

advantages high frequency 76

high frequency 75

setting on IMV 75, 76

strategy, initial 74

support, types of 73

types of 63

weaning from 76

Ventilatory

care 2

setting in

different respiratory distress of newborn 63t

diseased lung 74

normal lung 74

Ventral suspension 454, 454f

Ventricle, right 416, 424

Ventricular

function 388

hypertrophy

criteria for 392

left 392

right 392

outflow tract obstruction, left 411

septal defect (VSD) 128, 395–397, 399f, 424

classification 397

closure of 399f

Ventriculoatrial short neurosurgery 502

Ventriculography

subvalvular aortic stenosis 411f

supravalvular aortic stenosis 411f

Ventriculoperitoneal

short neurosurgery 502

shunt 521f

Vesicles with inflammatory wheals 829f

Vesicoureteric reflux 745

Vibrio cholera 229

Vigabatrin 470

Viral

croup 313

diseases 483

encephalitis 491

acute 491

hepatitis 273t

acute 272

infections 550, 554, 557, 813

affecting skin 840

antiviral agents 556

avian influenza 558

central nervous system complications 554

chemoprophylaxis 556

clinical features of 553

clinical manifestations 554

complications of pandemic and seasonal flu 555

contraindications for vaccination 557

dosing schedule 557

drug treatment of seasonal flu 555

eligible candidate for vaccination 556

epidemiology 553

incubation period 553

indications for antiviral therapy in pandemic flu 556

prophylaxis for pandemic flu 556

influenza vaccine 556

investigations 555

management of influenza 555

microbiology 551

nonpharmacological prophylaxis of influenza 556

role of pigs in pandemic flu 554

seasonal influenza and pandemic flu 550

vaccination in children 557

viral shedding 554

meningitis 488, 490

encephalitis 490

treatment 490

warts 841

Virologic tests 593

Visual

assessment 529

development 529

evoked potential 459

field 449f

impairment 528

clinical suspicion of 529

global burden of 529

reinforcement audiometry 526

Vital signs 307

Vitamin 260

A 198, 200

deficiency 57, 189, 200, 201

ocular 201

treatment of 202

xerophthalmia 201

in measles 561

in prevention 57

parenteral 202

prophylaxis program 202

sources of 200

and micronutrient supplementation 44

B complex 198

B1 198

deficiency 198

functions 198

treatment 198

B12 198

deficiency 198

functions 198

investigation 198

treatment 198

B2 198

deficiency 198

functions 198

treatment 198

B6 198, 479

functions 198

investigations 198

treatment 198

C 199

deficiency 199

functions 199

investigations 199

treatment 199

D 200, 213

deficiency 213, 215, 217

and rickets 217

early effects of 216

late effects of 216

on child health, effects of 215, 216t

rickets to chronic kidney disease 214

sequels of maternal 216f

dependent rickets 214, 214

endocrine 769

metabolism 214, 215

metabolites, treatment with 689

deficiencies 197

E 199, 200

deficiency 200

functions 200

investigations 200

sources 199

treatment 200

K 200, 298

daily requirement 200

deficiency 200

bleeding 122

functions 200

intramuscular 123

oral 123

treatment 200

treatment 197

Vocal

cords 882f

tics 511

Voiding cystourethrography 733

Volitional ataxia, test for 497

Volvulus 134

Vomiting 867f

syndrome, cyclical 247

von Willebrand’s disease 822

classification and frequency of 823t

easy bruise in 823f

VSD closure, indications of 399

VUR

etiology of 745

management of 747, 747f

primary 745

stages of 745f

with UTI, treatment of primary 747

VWF

activity 823

antigen 823

Waardenburg syndrome with white forelock and deafness 525f

Waiter’s tips sign to brachial nerve damage 452f

Warts, treatment of 842

Water and sodium, fractional excretion of 152

Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome 485

Watery diarrhea

acute 229

treatment of acute 230

West syndrome 464

Wheeze 309, 321

in infancy, causing recurrent 333

pharmacological treatment of 321

Wheezing, transient early 335

Wheezy infants and toddlers, subsets of 335t

Whipworm 256

prevention 257

treatment 257

White blood cells 784

White matter

disease, acquired 505

disorders 505

injury 82

White strawberry tongue 618, 618f

WHO oral rehydration salt osmolality 237t

Whooping cough 609

antibiotics 611

antigenic determinant of pertussis 610

catarrhal stage 610

clinical features 610

complications 611

convalescent stage 610

diagnosis 610

differential diagnosis 610

incubation period 610

laboratory investigations 611

microbiology 609

paroxysmal stage 610

physical signs 610

prevention 611

route of transmission 610

stage of 610f

supportive 611

treatment 611

Williams syndrome 158f, 410f, 691

Wilms’ tumor 817, 818f, 831

Wilson’s disease 287, 293, 294

treatment 294

diagnostic tests for 294

patients with 294t

Wolf-Parkinson-White (WPW) syndrome 436

Wound infection 617

Xerophthalmia 201

WHO classification of 201t

X-linked dominant inheritance 146f

XX genetic females 725

XXY child with long leg and small penis 149f

XY disorders of sex development 725

Y. enterocolitica 229

Yersinia enterocolitica 799

Young infant with severe pneumonia, management for 315t

Ziehl-Neelsen for acid fast bacilli, positive 461

Zinc 208, 210, 211

adjunct treatment for shigellosis 236

containing red meat 211f

deficiency 211, 211t, 212

homeostasis 209

in child health, role of 209

in fetus and newborn, role of 212

in persistent diarrhea 212

use of 240

in treatment of acute diarrhea 237

effect of 212, 237

in wound healing 212

on GI tract pathology with diarrhea, effects of 211

relevant to human health, properties of 210

sources of 211

Zonisamide 470

Zoonotic flavivirus 492

TOC
Index

Chapter Notes