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Contemporary Understanding and Management of Cerebral Vasospasm (A Practical Guide)
Ketan R Bulsara, Emily J Gilmore
CHAPTER 1:
The History of Cerebral Vasospasm
CHAPTER 2:
Definitions and Epidemiology of Vasospasm
CHAPTER 3:
Recent Topics and Advances in the Molecular Mechanisms Contributing to Cerebral Vasospasm in Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
INTRODUCTION
ENDOTHELIN-1
NEUROINFLAMMATION AND HOST DEFENSE
ANTIOXIDANTS AND SCAVENGERS OF FREE RADICALS
TENASCIN-C AND PLATELET-DERIVED GROWTH FACTOR
INHIBITION OF HMG-CoA REDUCTASE
VASODILATORS
ANTIEPILEPTIC DRUGS
CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 4:
The Pathophysiology and Pathology of Cerebral Vasospasm Following Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
INTRODUCTION
ANATOMIC CONSIDERATIONS
MORPHOLOGICAL ALTERATIONS IN CEREBRAL ARTERIES AFTER SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF VASOSPASM
Hemoglobin and Oxidative Stress
Endothelin-1
Nitric Oxide
Inflammation
Calcium Flux in Vascular Smooth Muscle
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 5:
Imaging of Vasospasm: The Role of Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Subarachnoid Hemorrhage-Related Vasospasm
INTRODUCTION
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
TECHNIQUES AND SEQUENCES
MAGNETIC RESONANCE PERFUSION IMAGING
LIMITATIONS OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING
HYPERACUTE MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING PROTOCOL
ROLE OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING IN PATIENTS WITH SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE
Acute Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
Vasospasm
Ischemia and Infarction in Patients with Vasospasm
PERFUSION IMAGING
VESSEL WALL IMAGING
CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 6:
Imaging of Vasospasm: CT, CTA and CTP Correlated with Digital Subtracted Angiography in Cerebral Vasospasm
INTRODUCTION
USE OF CT, CONTRAST CT AND CTA AS NONINVASIVE TECHNIQUES ALONG WITH TCD AND DSA TO IDENTIFY PROBABILITY, EXTENT AND SEVERITY OF VASOSPASM
TECHNICAL FEATURES AND SCAN ACQUISITION
IMAGE INTERPRETATION OF COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY ANGIOGRAPHY IN VASOSPASM
ACCURACY OF COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY ANGIOGRAPHY FOR IDENTIFICATION AND STRATIFICATION OF CEREBRAL VASOSPASM
COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY PERFUSION IN CEREBRAL VASOSPASM
LIMITATIONS, PITFALLS AND PROBLEMS
Computed Tomography Angiography False Positive for Vasospasm
Limitations Caused by Artifacts
Radiation Exposure
Contrast Considerations
Value of Computed Tomography Angiography Source Images for Assessment of Cerebral Perfusion
Limitations of Computed Tomography Perfusion
CONCLUSION/SUMMARY
CHAPTER 7:
Imaging of Vasospasm: Transcranial Doppler Ultrasound Imaging: Detecting Intracerebral Arterial Vasospasm
INTRODUCTION
SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE AND VASOSPASM DETECTION
TECHNIQUE
DOPPLER ULTRASOUND PHYSICS
BIOSAFETY
DOPPLER EVALUATION OF VASOSPASM
OTHER APPLICATIONS OF TRANSCRANIAL DOPPLER IMAGING
Internal Carotid Artery Occlusion
Stenosis, Aneurysm Detection, and Intravenous Contrast-Enhanced Transcranial Doppler Imaging
Brain Death
CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 8:
Medical Management of Vasospasm
INTRODUCTION
DEFINING THE PROBLEM
MONITORING AND TRIGGERS
Clinical
Radiographic
Physiological
TRIGGERS FOR INTERVENTION
HEMODYNAMIC AUGMENTATION
CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKERS
MAGNESIUM
ENDOTHELIN RECEPTOR ANTAGONISTS
STATINS
NITRIC OXIDE
FEVER CONTROL
HYPONATREMIA
ADRENAL INSUFFICIENCY
CONCLUSIONS
CHAPTER 9:
Electroencephalogram Monitoring of Vasospasm
CELLULAR BASIS OF ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAM ACTIVITY
MODIFICATIONS OF BRAIN METABOLISM AND ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAM ACTIVITY SECONDARY TO ISCHEMIA
ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAM STUDIES IN PATIENTS WITH ANEURYSMAL SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE
CONTINUOUS ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAM MONITORING FOR ISCHEMIA DETECTION
QUANTITATIVE ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAM ANALYSIS WITH THE FAST FOURIER TRANSFORM
Studies with QEEG for the Detection of DCI in Patients with aSAH
ARTIFACTS AND THE USE OF INTRACORTICAL ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAM
OTHER CONFOUNDING FACTORS AND THE NEED FOR MULTIMODALITY MONITORING
CONTINUOUS ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAM FOR THE MONITORING OF TREATMENT
FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS
CHAPTER 10:
Anesthesia for Neurointerventional Surgery
INTRODUCTION
ANESTHETIC MANAGEMENT
Patient Preparation
Intraoperative Considerations
General Anesthesia
Intravenous Sedation
Blood Pressure
Intracranial Pressure
Anticoagulation
Critical Events
RADIATION PROTECTION
CONCLUSIONS
CHAPTER 11:
Practical Microsurgical and Endovascular Treatment of Vasospasm
INTRODUCTION
PATHOGENESIS OF CEREBRAL VASOSPASM
MEDICAL PREVENTION AND TREATMENT OF CEREBRAL VASOSPASM
Microsurgical Treatment of Cerebral Vasospasm
Cisternal Washing
Microsurgical Fenestration of the Lamina Terminalis
Lumbar Cistern Drainage and Lysis
Intrathecal and Cistern Vasodilator Implants
Head-Shaking
Endovascular Intra-arterial Treatment of Cerebral Vasospasm
Calcium Channel Blockers
Other Agents
Endovascular Transluminal Balloon Angioplasty Treatment of Cerebral Vasospasm
Combined Endovascular Treatments
CONCLUSIONS
CHAPTER 12:
Special Populations
REFERENCES
Appendix Clinical Protocols
ABBREVIATIONS
INDEX
TOC
Index
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