Index

Transfusion Update Kanchan Bhardwaj, BL Bhardwaj, Kusum K Thakur, Rajni Bassi, Harnoor Singh Bhardwaj

SECTION 1: CLINICAL HEMOTHERAPY
1: Transfusion in Bone Marrow Failure Syndromes
- INTRODUCTION
  - Congenital/Inherited Aplastic Anemia
  - Acquired Bone Marrow Failure
- COMPONENT THERAPY
- INDICATIONS FOR RBC TRANSFUSION3
  - Precautions
- INDICATIONS OF PLATELET TRANSFUSION
- GRANULOCYTE TRANSFUSION
- SYNTHETIC OXYGEN CARRIERS
  - Transfusion Related Risks
  - Transfusion Reactions
- CONCLUSION
2: Transfusion Therapy in Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia
- INDICATIONS FOR TRANSFUSION
- RESPONSIBILITIES OF TRANSFUSION MEDICINE
- PATIENT MANAGEMENT
  - Role of Steroids in Treatment of AIHA
- AUTOIMMUNE HEMOLYTIC ANEMIA
  - Controversies Regarding Transfusing Crossmatch-Incompatible Blood
3: Sugar Free Antibodies: A New Treatment for Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura and Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia
- INTRODUCTION
- SUGAR FREE ANTIBODIES IN IMMUNE THROMBOCYTOPENIC PURPURA
  - How does EndoS Exercise a Protective Function?
- SUGAR FREE ANTIBODIES IN AUTOIMMUNE HEMOLYTIC ANEMIA
  - Mechanism of Action
- SUGAR FREE ANTIBODIES IN OTHER AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES
- FUTURE OF THIS THERAPEUTIC MODALITY
4: Transfusion Practice in Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation
- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
- DIAGNOSIS
- TREATMENT
- PROGNOSIS
5: Transfusion Practice in Oncology
- ANEMIA
- THROMBOCYTOPENIA
- NEUTROPENIA
6: Transfusion Practice in Coronary Interventions
- INTRODUCTION
- WHY BLEEDING AND EXCESS MORALITY POST PERCUTANEOUS CORONARY INTERVENTION?
- CAN BLOOD TRANSFUSION IN PERCUTANEOUS CORONARY INTERVENTION PATIENTS BE HARMFUL ?
- CONCLUSION
7: Neurological ICU: Role of Red Blood Cell Transfusion
- ROLE OF RED BLOOD CELL TRANSFUSIONS
- ADVERSE EFFECTS OF TRANSFUSION
- TRANSFUSION IN THE NEURO-ICU
- CONCLUSION
8: Blood Transfusion Alternatives
- PHARMACOLOGICAL AGENTS
- RECOMBINANT HEMATOPOIETIC GROWTH FACTORS
- RED CELL SUBSTITUTES
- PLATELET SUBSTITUTE
  - Platelet-derived Products
  - Synthetic Platelet Alternatives
9: Role of Whole Blood in Transfusion Practice
- INDICATIONS OF WHOLE BLOOD TRANSFUSION
10: Management of Preoperative Anemia in Patients Undergoing Elective Surgery
- PREVALENCE DEPENDS ON MANY FACTORS
- RECOMMENDATIONS FOR DETECTION, EVALUATION AND MANAGEMENT OF PREOPERATIVE ANEMIA IN ORTHOPEDIC SURGERY [NETWORK FOR ADVANCEMENT OF TRANSFUSION ALTERNATIVES (NATA)]
  - Management of Preoperative Anemia
- CONCLUSION
11: Blood Conservation Strategies
- INTRODUCTION
- METHODS
- CONCLUSION
12: Thromboelastography
13: Transfusion Support in Cardiac Surgery
- TRANSFUSION VARIABILITY IN CARDIAC SURGERY
- POTENTIAL BENEFITS OF RED BLOOD CELL TRANSFUSION IN CARDIAC SURGERY
- PREDICTORS OF ALLOGENEIC RED BLOOD CELL TRANSFUSION DURING CARDIAC SURGERY
  - Mechanism of Bleeding in Patients Undergoing Cardio Pulmonary Bypass
  - Point-of-Care (POC) Tests in Cardiac Surgery
    - Adverse Outcomes following Allogeneic Red Blood Cell Transfusion in Cardiac Surgery
    - Blood Conservation during Cardiac Surgery
14: Transfusion Practice in Arthroplasty
- INTRODUCTION
- RECENT STUDIES AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR SPECIFIC ORTHOPEDIC PROBLEMS
15: Restricting Transfusion Requirements in Major Orthopedic Surgery and its Alternatives
- INTRODUCTION
- TECHNIQUES APPLICABLE TO ORTHOPEDIC SURGERY6
- ORTHOPEDIC TRAUMA
- FUTURE
- CONCLUSION
16: Transfusion Support in Neurosurgery
- INTRODUCTION
- THRESHOLD FOR TRANSFUSION IN NEUROSURGERY IS UNCERTAIN
- BLOOD CONSERVATION STRATEGIES
- CONCLUSION
17: Noninvasive Prenatal Screening for Rh Hemolytic Disease
- POSSIBLE SOURCES OF ERROR
- ETHICAL ASPECTS
- COST/AVAILABILITY
- CONCLUSION
  - Blood Group Determination
  - Sex Determination
18: Antenatal Antibody Screening and Intrauterine Transfusion in Pregnancy
- ANTENATAL TESTING AND HDN STATUS IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
- INTRAUTERINE TRANSFUSION
19: Antenatal Screening of Thalassemia
20: Neonatal Transfusion Practice
- GENERAL RECOMMENDATIONS (FETUSES, NEONATES, INFANTS AND CHILDREN)
- TRANSFUSIONS OF PRETERM INFANTS
- NEONATAL TRANSFUSIONS
- TRANSFUSIONS IN NECROTIZING ENTEROCOLITIS (NEC)
- TRANSFUSIONS IN EXTRACORPOREAL MEMBRANE OXYGENATION (ECMO)
21: Transfusion Practice in Bone Marrow Transplantation and HLA Matching
- HLA TYPING
- TRANSFUSION PRACTICES
- ABO INCOMPATIBILITY IN BMT: GRAFT MANAGEMENT
- BLOOD GROUPS USED FOR TRANSFUSION SUPPORT
22: Transfusion Practice in Renal Transplants Recipients
- AUTO-RECOGNITION
- ALLO-RECOGNITION
- ALLOGRAFT REJECTION
- EVOLUTION OF TRANSFUSION IN RENAL TRANSPLANTATION
23: Incompatible Blood Type Kidney Transplantation
- ABO ANTIGENS AND ANTIBODIES
- HISTORY
  - Splenectomy, Rituximab and No B-cell Depletion
- ABOI-KT PREOPERATIVE MANAGEMENT
- USE OF IVIG
- ACCOMMODATION
- CURRENT PROTOCOL OF ABOI-KT
- MINIMIZE IMMUNOSUPPRESSION
- HISTOLOGICAL FINDINGS IN ABOI-KT
- INCIDENCE OF ACUTE CELLULAR AND ANTIBODY MEDIATED REJECTION IN ABOI-KT
- ADVERSE EFFECT OF ABOI-KT
  - Infection
  - Malignancy
- CONCLUSION
24: Transfusion Practice in Heart Transplant
- BACKGROUND
- PRETRANSPLANT WORK-UP
- PROVISION OF LEUKOREDUCED BLOOD COMPONENTS
- TRANSFUSION REQUIREMENTS DURING TRANSPLANT
- FOLLOW-UP OF TRANSPLANT PATIENTS
- ROLE OF PHOTOPHERESIS AND THERAPEUTIC PLASMA EXCHANGE IN CARDIAC TRANSPLANT PATIENTS
25: Transfusion Practice in Liver Transplantation
- TRANSFUSION PREDICTORS
- DRUGS THAT MINIMIZE BLOOD LOSS
  - Antifibrinolytics
  - Recombinant Factor VIIa (rFVIIa)
- OLT WITHOUT TRANSFUSION
- TRANSFUSION SUPPORT
- CONCLUSION
  - Multidisciplinary Approach
26: Massive Transfusion Protocol
- RATIONALE
- DEFINITION OF MASSIVE TRANSFUSION8
- PHYSIOLOGY OF HEMORRHAGIC SHOCK
- COAGULOPATHY OF HEMORRHAGE AND MASSIVE TRANSFUSION
- PREDICTING NEED FOR MTP
- ADJUNCTS TO MTP
- HYPOTHERMIA
- REWARMING STRATEGIES
- ACIDOSIS
- TRANEXAMIC ACID
- RESUSCITATION IN PATIENTS REQUIRING MASSIVE TRANSFUSION
- THROMBOELASTOGRAPhY (TEG) AND ROTATIONAL THROMBOELASTOMETRY (ROTEM)
  - Application
- FACTOR rVIIA AND MTP
- COMPLICATIONS OF MTP
- MTP AFTER CONTROL OF HEMORRHAGE
- MTP IN PEDIATRICS
- SUMMARY
27: Massive Transfusion in Obstetrical Hemorrhage
- PRINCIPLE
- DEFINITION
- BLOOD COMPONENT THERAPY
- RECOMBINANT FACTOR VIIA
- Adverse Effects of Massive Transfusion
- SUMMARY
  - Transfusion of Products
  - Documentation
28: Inherited and Acquired Platelet Disorders: Diagnosis and Therapy
- INTRODUCTION
- METHODOLOGY
- DISCUSSION
  - Clinical Features of Platelet Disorders
- DIAGNOSIS
- MANAGEMENT
  - Platelet Transfusion Triggers10
- CONCLUSION
29:Transfusion Practice in Dengue
- CLINICAL MANAGEMENT
- Risks of Platelet Transfusion
- Use of Fresh Frozen Plasma/Cryoprecipitate5
- Role of Recombinant Activated Factor VII (rFVIIa)
30: Fetal and Neonatal Alloimmune Thrombocytopenia
- PATHOGENESIS OF FNAIT
- CLINICAL PRESENTATION
- LABORATORY INVESTIGATIONS
- THERAPY AND MANAGEMENT
  - Antenatal Management
- NEWBORNS
- CONCLUSION
31: Clinicopathological Syndrome in Immune-mediated Heparin-induced Thrombocytopenia
- PATHOGENESIS
- CLINICAL FEATURES
- DIAGNOSIS
- MANAGEMENT
- PREVENTION
- KEY POINTS
- INFORMATION TO THE PATIENT AND RECORD KEEPING
32: Single Donor Platelets Versus Random Donor Platelets
- INTRODUCTION
- PREPARATION OF PLATELET CONCENTRATE1
  - Random Donor Platelet (Whole Blood Derived Platelets)
  - Single Donor Platelet (SDP)
- RANDOM DONOR PLATELETS
- SINGLE DONOR PLATELETS/PLATELETPHERESIS
33: Prophylactic Platelet Transfusion
- TRANSFUSION TRIGGERS
34: Maximizing the Resources: Multicomponent Collection
35: Therapeutic Plateletpheresis
- INTRODUCTION
- THERAPEUTIC PLATELETPHERESIS
36: Therapeutic Plasma Exchange
- PLASMA EXCHANGE AS AN ALTERNATIVE TO IMMUNOGLOBULIN
37: Therapeutic Erythrocytapheresis and Leucapheresis
- PLASMA EXCHANGE (PE)
- CYTAPHERESIS
  - Therapeutic Cytapheresis
  - Clinical Applications of Therapeutic Erythrocytapheresis
38: Red Cell Exchange in Clinical Practice
- INTRODUCTION
- RED BLOOD CELL EXCHANGE TECHNIQUE
- INDICATIONS OF RED BLOOD CELL EXCHANGE1
- SICKLE CELL DISEASE
  - Indications for Sickle Cell Disease4,5
- MALARIA
- BABESIOSIS
- NITROBENZENE AND OTHER POISONINGS
- HEMOLYTIC DISEASE OF NEWBORN
- MISCELLANEOUS
- CONCLUSION
39: Transfusion Practice in Thalassemia
- INTRODUCTION
- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
- TRANSFUSION THERAPY
- WHOM TO TRANSFUSE
- COMPATIBILITY TESTING
- TRANSFUSION REGIMEN
- TRANSFUSION INTERVAL
- CHARACTERISTICS OF BLOOD PRODUCTS FOR TRANSFUSION
  - Modified Packed RBCs
- EFFECTIVENESS OF TRANSFUSION THERAPY
- Problem of thalassemia transfusion programs is developing countries
- CONCLUSION
40: Pediatrician and β-Thalassemia
- INTRODUCTION
- ROAD MAP
  - Diagnosing Thalassemia
- MANAGEMENT
- COMPLICATIONS OF THALASSEMIA
- FOLLOW-UP
- PROGNOSIS
  - Morbidity and Mortality
- PREVENTION
- PRENATAL DIAGNOSIS
- CONCLUSION
41: Iron Overload in Chronically Transfused Patients: Diagnosis and Treatment
- ASSESSMENT OF IRON OVERLOAD
- DESFERRIOXAMINE
42: Transfusion in Sickle Cell Anemia
43: Advanced Therapies for Treatment of Hemophilia
- INTRODUCTION
- Advanced Therapies for Hemophilia Under Trial
  - Factor Repletion
  - Genetic Therapies
- MANAGEMENT OF INHIBITORS
- Management of Hemophilic Arthropathy
- CONCLUSION
44:Intervention in Bleeding Patients Bleeding Disorders: Lab Diagnosis
- GENERAL ASPECTS
- LABORATORY INVESTIGATIONS
- SUMMARY
45: Management of Coagulopathy in Liver Diseases
- DEFECTS IN PRIMARY HEMOSTASIS
  - Intrinsic Factors
  - Extrinsic Factors
- DEFECTS IN SECONDARY HEMOSTASIS
  - Fibrinolysis
  - Conclusion
- OVERVIEW OF MANAGEMENT
- SUMMARY
46:Recombinant Activated Factor VII in Clinical Practice
- MECHANISM OF ACTION
- INDICATIONS
  - Approved Indications
    - United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Approved Indications
    - European Approved Indications
- OFF-LABEL USES
  - Pharmacokinetics, Dosing and Laboratory Monitoring
  - Side Effects
47: Plasma Versus Recombinant Clotting Factors
- CLOTTING FACTOR CONCENTRATE
- Demerits of Plasma factor concentrates
  - Inhibitors
  - Viral Infections/TTIs
- CONCLUSION
48: Solvent Detergent Treated Plasma in Clinical Use
- INTRODUCTION
- PRODUCTION OF SD PLASMA
- PROPERTIES OF SD PLASMA
- OCTAPLAS FOLLOW-UP STUDY
  - Risk of Fibrinolysis
  - Risk of Venous Thromboembolism
- PHARMACOECONOMICS
- CONCLUSION WITH EUROPEAN SD PLASMA
49: Cryoprecipitate
- CRYOPRECIPITATE CONSTITUENTS AND THEIR STABILITY
- INDICATIONS
- COMMON MISUSES
- DOSES AND ADMINISTRATION OF FACTOR VIII CONCENTRATES
  - Example
- PREPARATION, STORAGE AND QUALITY CONTROL
- POOLING OF CRYOPRECIPITATE
- POTENTIAL ADVERSE REACTIONS5
SECTION 2: CELLULAR THERAPIES
50:Stem Cell Transplantation: Brief Overview
51: Stem Cell in Regenerative Medicine: Applications and Cautions
- TRANSLATION OF STEM CELL SCIENCE INTO REGENERATIVE MEDICINE
- THREATS TO CLINICAL TRANSLATION AND TO THE INTEGRITY OF REGENERATIVE MEDICINE
52: Stem Cell Therapy in Cardiovascular Diseases
- INTRODUCTION
- EMBRYONIC STEM CELL
- ADULT STEM CELLS
- MECHANISM OF ACTION OF STEM CELLS
- TYPES OF CELLS CONTEMPLATED FOR CELLULAR REGENERATIVE THERAPY
- METHODS OF STEM CELL DELIVERY
  - Transvascular Route
  - Direct Injection into the Ventricular Wall
- STEM CELL THERAPY FOR CARDIAC REPAIR
- RESULTS OF STEM CELL TRANSPLANT IN CLINICAL TRIALS
- CONCERNS
- CONCLUSION
53: Stem Cell Therapy for Diabetes Mellitus
- INTRODUCTION
- STEM CELL THERAPY FOR DIABETES
- ETHICAL ISSUES WITH USE OF STEM CELLS
54: Stem Cell Therapy in Peripheral Artery Disease
- INTRODUCTION
  - Risk Profile of PAD
- ABI AND DIAGNOSIS OF PAD
  - Peripheral Arterial Disease: Salient Points
- STEM CELL THERAPY FOR PAD
  - Measures of Outcome of Stem Cell Therapy
- CLINICAL TRIALS ON STEM CELL THERAPY FOR PAD
- CURRENT STATUS OF STEM CELL THERAPY IN PAD
- SUMMARY
- GLOSSARY OF TERMS
55: Role of Platelet Rich Plasma in Regenerative Medicine
- INTRODUCTION
- HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
- BASIC SCIENCE OF PLATELET RICH PLASMA
- PLATELET RICH PLASMA THERAPY
- PREPARATION OF Platelet rich Plasma AND ITS APPLICATION
- THERAPEUTIC PLATELET PRODUCTS8
- INDICATIONS
- CONTRAINDICATIONS11
- SAFETY PROFILE
- SUMMARY
- FUTURE OF PLATELET RICH PLASMA IN REGENERATIVE MEDICINE
- CONCLUSION
56: Role of Platelet Rich Plasma in Plastic Surgery
- PLATELET RICH PLASMA
- RATIONALE FOR USE OF PLATELET RICH PLASMA
- PLATELET RICH PLASMA IN PLASTIC SURGERY
- SAFETY, COMPLICATIONS, CONTRAINDICATIONS TO USE OF PLATELET RICH PLASMA
57: Cord Blood Banking and Transplantation
- INTRODUCTION
- CONCLUSION
58: Erythropoiesis Stimulating Agents versus Red Cell Transfusion
- INTRODUCTION
- ERYTHROPOIESIS STIMULATING AGENTS
- RED CELL TRANSFUSION
- CONCLUSION
59: Natural Killer Cells in Tumor and Transplantation
- ORIGIN AND DISTRIBUTION OF NATURAL KILLER CELLS
- MECHANISM OF CYTOTOXICITY
- ROLE OF NATURAL KILLER CELLS IN TRANSPLANT IMMUNOLOGY
- NATURAL KILLER CELLS AND CANCER SURVEILLANCE
- CONCLUSION
60: Potential and Hazards of Gene Therapy
- HISTORICAL ASPECT
- GENE THERAPY IN TRANSFUSION MEDICINE
- PREREQUISITE FOR GENE THERAPY
- GENE DELIVERY SYSTEMS
- VECTOR DESIGN
- VIRAL DELIVERY SYSTEMS
- NONVIRAL DELIVERY SYSTEMS
  - Advances in Globin Gene Therapy for the Treatment of Beta Thalassemia and Sickle Cell Anemia
- REGULATORY ISSUES
  - Future of Gene Therapy
  - Challenges in Gene Targeting in Human Stem Cells
SECTION 3: BLOOD SAFETY
61: Leucoreduction
- APPROXIMATE LEUCOCYTES IN VARIOUS RED BLOOD CELL PREPARATIONS
- CLINICAL INDICATIONS FOR LEUCOREDUCTION
- METHODS OF LEUCODEPLETION
- ADVERSE EFFECTS OF FILTRATION AND LEUCODEPLETION
- UNIVERSAL LEUCODEPLETION VS SELECTIVE LEUCODEPLETION
  - Pros and Cons of Universal Leucoreduction
- LEUCODEPLETION—INDIAN PERSPECTIVE
62: Improving Blood Donor Screening by Nucleic Acid Technology
- NEED FOR NUCLEIC ACID TECHNOLOGY
- NUCLEIC ACID TECHNOLOGY
- BLOOD DONOR SCREENING
- EXPERIENCES OF DIFFERENT COUNTRIES
63: ID-NAT Versus MP-NAT
64: Occult HBV Infection: A Risk for Transfusion
- INTRODUCTION
65: Current Status of Bacterial Detection in Blood Components
- ABSTRACT
- INTRODUCTION
- CLINICAL RELEVANCE
- METHODS TO REDUCE RISK OF POST TRANSFUSION SEPSIS
- METHODS TO DETECT BACTERIAL CONTAMINATION IN BLOOD COMPONENT
- INDIRECT RAPID BACTERIAL DETECTION TESTS
- DIRECT METHODS OF BACTERIAL DETECTION
- DIRECT RAPID DETECTION METHODS
- PATHOGEN REDUCTION
  - Technologies Under Development
66: Pathogen Reduction Technology
- PATHOGEN INACTIVATION IN PLATELET CONCENTRATES
- PLATELET CONCENTRATES WITH AMOTOSALEN PHOTOCHEMICAL TREATMENT
- RIBOFLAVIN AND ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT TREATED PLATELETS
- METHYLENE BLUE TREATED PLATELETS
- Pathogen Inactivation in Fresh Frozen Plasma Preparation
- POTENTIAL SYSTEM FOR PATHOGEN INACTIVATION IN RED CELL CONCENTRATES
- CONCLUSION
67: Discarding of Blood and Blood Components
- INTRODUCTION
- CONCLUSION
- RECOMMENDATIONS
68: Adverse Transfusion Reactions
- INTRODUCTION
- CLASSIFICATION
- ACUTE ADVERSE TRANSFUSION REACTION WITH IMMUNE CAUSES
  - Immediate Hemolytic Transfusion Reaction
- INVESTIGATIONS TO BE DONE FOR IMMEDIATE HEMOLYTIC TRANSFUSION REACTION
- ACUTE ADVERSE TRANSFUSION REACTION WITH NONIMMUNE CAUSES
- DELAYED ADVERSE TRANSFUSION REACTION WITH IMMUNE CAUSES
- DELAYED ADVERSE TRANSFUSION REACTION WITHOUT IMMUNE CAUSES
  - Iron Accumulation
  - Infectious Disease Transmission
- CONCLUSION
69: Hemovigilance and its Launch in India
- INTRODUCTION
- HEMOVIGILANCE SYSTEMS
- OUTCOME OF HEMOVIGILANCE AROUND THE WORLD
70: Advances in Serological Assays for Screening Blood Donors for Infectious Agents
- INTRODUCTION
SECTION 4: MISCELLANEOUS
71: The Evidence-based Transfusion Medicine
- INTRODUCTION
- EVIDENCE-BASED RED BLOOD CELLS UTILIZATION GUIDELINES
- EVIDENCE-BASED PLATELET UTILIZATION GUIDELINES
- EVIDENCE-BASED FRESH FROZEN PLASMA UTILIZATION GUIDELINES
- EVIDENCE-BASED CRYOPRECIPITATE UTILIZATION GUIDELINES
- LIMITATIONS OF EVIDENCE-BASED TRANSFUSION MEDICINE
- CONCLUSION
72: Blood Bank Accreditation
- INTRODUCTION
- TYPES OF BLOOD BANKS/CENTRES
- SCOPE OF ACCREDITATION
  - Requirements of Accreditation Standards
- CONCLUSION
73: National Plasma Policy for Access to Plasma Derived Proteins for Clinical/Therapeutic Use
- INTRODUCTION
- OBJECTIVES OF THE POLICY1
74: Ethical Issues in Transfusion Medicine
- INTRODUCTION
- INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY OF BLOOD TRANSFUSION CODE OF ETHICS
- A CODE OF ETHICS FOR BLOOD DONATION AND TRANSFUSION
- ETHICAL ISSUES RELATED TO DONORS
- ETHICAL ISSUES RELATED TO PATIENTS
- ETHICAL ISSUES RELATED TO BLOOD ESTABLISHMENTS
  - Indian Scenario of Ethical Issues in Transfusion Medicine
- FUTURE PROSPECTIVES
- CONCLUSION
75: Gel Based Technology: Past, Present and Future
- PRINCIPLE OF GEL TECHNOLOGY (FIG. 1)
- PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS OF GEL TECHNOLOGY
- ADVANTAGES OF GEL TECHNOLOGY
- PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE
76: Automated Blood Grouping and Antibody Screening
- AUTOMATION IN SEROLOGIC TESTING
- SOLID-PHASE IMMUNOASSAYS
- ERYTHROCYTE-MAGNETIZED TECHNOLOGY
- VALIDATION OF AUTOMATED SYSTEMS3
- EDGE OF AUTOMATION
77: Molecular Genotyping and its Applications to Transfusion Medicine
- SOLVING ABO BLOOD GROUP DISCREPANCIES
  - Antigen Typing when Antibody-based Typing Reagents are Unavailable or Only Weakly Reactive
- IDENTIFICATION OF WEAKER AND PARTIAL VARIANTS OF RHD GENE
- RHD ZYGOSITY TESTING
- IDENTIFICATION OF DEL PHENOTYPES
- PRENATAL DIAGNOSIS OF RHD IN FETUS
  - Typing of Blood Group Antigens in Recently Transfused Patients
- ANTIGEN PROFILING IN DAT POSITIVE CASES
- DIFFERENTIATION BETWEEN ALLOANTIBODY AND AUTOANTIBODY
- QUALITY CONTROL IN REAGENT RED CELLS
- SCREENING FOR RARE BLOOD GROUP DONORS
  - HPA, HLA and HNA Typing
  - Limitations of DNA-based Methods
- CONCLUSION
78: Rare Blood Group Registry
- DEFINING RARE BLOOD
- INTERNATIONAL RARE DONOR PROGRAM
- NATIONAL STATUS
- NEED FOR NATIONAL REGISTRY
- IDENTIFICATION OF RARE DONORS
- Methods for typing blood group types
- FUTURE DIRECTIONS
79: New Versus Old Blood
80: Importance of Safe Blood Administration Practices
81: Strategies to Reduce Unnecessary Transfusions

INDEX

TOC
Index

Chapter Notes