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Sociology for Nursing & Health Sciences
GS Purushothama
CHAPTER 1:
Sociology
INTRODUCTION
DEFINITIONS OF SOCIOLOGY
NATURE OF SOCIOLOGY
SCOPE OF SOCIOLOGY
Synthetic School
SOCIOLOGY AS A SCIENCE
Three Major Criteria of Sociology as a Science
The Reliability of Knowledge
The Organization of Knowledge
Method of Study
IMPORTANCE OF SOCIOLOGY IN NURSING AND HEALTH SCIENCES
THE SOCIOLOGY OF HEALTH AND ILLNESS
SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES ON HEALTH AND ILLNESS
SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES ON MEDICINE
The Biological Model
Criticism on Biomedical Model
Medicine and Health in a Changing World
The Sick Role
Critiques of the ‘Sick Role’
THE SOCIAL BASIS OF HEALTH
Class and Health
Gender and Health
Ethnicity and Health
Health and Social Cohesion
MEDICAL SOCIOLOGY
CHAPTER 2:
Basic Sociological Concepts
INTRODUCTION
SOCIETY
Characteristics of Society
Types of Society
COMMUNITY
Definitions of Community
Elements of Community
Other Elements of Community
ASSOCIATION
Definitions of Association
Characteristics of Association
INSTITUTIONS
Definitions of Institutions
Types of Institution
Functions of Institution
CULTURE
Meaning and Definitions of Culture
Characteristics of Culture
ETHNOCENTRISM AND CULTURAL RELATIVITY
SOCIALIZATION
Meaning and Definitions of Socialization
Stages of Socialization
Agencies of Socialization
Types of Socialization
Individualization
CHAPTER 3:
Social Processes
INTRODUCTION
DEFINITIONS
CLASSIFICATION OF SOCIAL PROCESS
COOPERATION
Definitions of Cooperation
Types of Cooperation
Importance
COMPETITION
Definitions of Competition
Characteristics of Competition
Types of Competition
Importance of Competition
Negative Functions of Competition
ACCOMMODATION
Definitions of Accommodation
Nature and Characteristics of Accommodaton
Forms or Methods of Accommodaton
ASSIMILATION
Definitions
Nature of Assimilation
Types of Assimilation
Factors Favoring of Assimilation
Factors Retarding or Hindering Assimilation
Importance of Assimilation
CONFLICT
Definitions of Conflict
Characteristics of Conflict
Forms of Conflict
Direct and Indirect Conflict
Group or Corporate Conflict
Role of Conflict
Dysfunction of Conflict
CHAPTER 4:
Social Groups
INTRODUCTION
Definition of Social Group
CHARACTERISTICS OF SOCIAL GROUPS
FACTORS OF GROUP LIFE
TYPES OF GROUPS
Characteristics of Primary Groups
Importance of Primary Groups
Secondary Groups
Definition of Secondary Groups
Importance of Secondary Groups
ORGANIZED GROUPS
Organized Groups and their Characteristics
UNORGANIZED GROUPS
Crowd as an Unorganized Group
Characteristics of Crowd
Types of Crowd
MOB AS UNORGANIZED CROWD
Types of Mob
CHAPTER 5:
Family and Marriage
INTRODUCTION
Definition of Family
NATURE OF FAMILY
BASIC NEEDS OF THE FAMILY
FUNCTIONS OF FAMILY
I. Essential Functions
II. Nonessential Functions or Secondary Function
TYPES OF FAMILY
I. Distinction of Family According to the Nature of Residence
II. Distinctions of Family on the Basis of Ancestry
III. Distinctions of Family on the Basis of Authority
IV. Distinctions of Family on the Basis of Marriage
V. Distinctions of Family on the Basis of Generation
VI. Other Distinctions of Family
Some Other Distinctions
HINDU JOINT FAMILY
Meaning and Definitions
Definitions of Joint family
Traditional Features of Joint Family
Advantages of Joint Family
Disadvantages of Joint Family
CHANGES IN THE JOINT FAMILY SYSTEM
Structural Changes in the Joint Family
Functional Changes in the Joint Family
Causes for the Changes in the Joint Family System
NUCLEAR FAMILY
Features of Nuclear Family
Types of Nuclear Family
MARRIAGE
Definitions of Marriage
Characteristics of Marriage
Functions and Importance of Marriage
TYPES OF MARRIAGE
I. Polygamy
Polygyny
Types of Polygyny
Causes of Polygyny
Polyandry
Types of Polyandry
Causes of Polyandry
Social Implications of Polygamy
II. Monogamy
Serial Monogamy
Advantages of Monogamy
III. Group Marriage
MARRIAGE RESTRICTIONS OR RULES OF MARRIAGE
Endogamy as a Rule of Marriage
Causes of Endogamy
Advantages of Endogamy
Disadvantages of Endogamy
Exogamy as a Rule of Marriage
Forms of Exogamy
Causes of Exogamy
The Incest Taboo as a Rule of Marriage
MATE SELECTION
FAMILY DISORGANIZATION
Causes of Family Disorganization
Personal Factors
II. Social and Cultural Factors or Impersonal Factors
EFFECTS OF FAMILY DISORGANIZATION
SOCIAL CONSEQUENCES OF DIVORCE
I. Personal Disorganization and Divorce
II. Divorce and Sex Adjustment
III. Divorce and Social Relationship
IV. Divorce and Economic Position
V. Children with Divorce Persons and Remarried Persons
AVOIDANCE OF FAMILY TENSION AND DIVORCE
I. Sex Education and Proper Mate Selection
II. Family Counseling Agencies
III. Counseling Courts
IV. Help after Divorce
V. Establishment of Family Welfare Agencies
VI. Raising the Family Ideals
CHAPTER 6:
Rural Community in India
INTRODUCTION
DEFINITIONS
Features of Indian Village Communities
PROBLEMS OF INDIAN VILLAGE COMMUNITIES
I. Agricultural Problems
II. Economic Problems
III. Social Problems
REMEDIES TO RURAL PROBLEMS
I. Improvement in Agriculture
II. Economic Reconstruction
III. Social Reconstruction
RURAL DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMS
Important Rural Development Programs
Special Programs for Providing Rural Development
Community Development Programs
Objectives of Community Development Programs
Short-term Objectives of Community Development Programs
Long-term Objectives of Community Development Programs
Criticism of Community Development Programs
PANCHAYAT RAJ
Functions of Village Panchayat
Impact of Panchayat Raj on Rural India
CHANGING ASPECTS OF RURAL LIFE
CHAPTER 7:
The Urban and Regional Community
URBANIZATION
Growth of Urban Areas in India
PROBLEMS OF URBANIZATION
I. Problems of Urban Housing and Slum
II. Transporting and Traffic
III. Water Supply and Drainage
IV. Sanitation and Pollution
Solutions to Urban Problems
Regions in India
Reasons for Regionalism of India
Effects of Regionalism
CHAPTER 8:
Social Stratification
MEANING AND DEFINITIONS
CHARACTERISTICS OF SOCIAL STRATIFICATION
CASTE SYSTEM IN INDIA
MEANING AND DEFINITIONS OF CASTE
CHARACTERISTICS OF CASTE SYSTEM
I. Caste as a Segmental Division of Society
II. Caste Panchayat or Caste Councils
III. Hierarchy
IV. Restrictions on Feeding and Social Intercourse
V. Civil and Religious Disabilities and Privileges of the Different Sections
VI. Restrictions on Occupations
VII. Restrictions on Marriage or Endogamy
VARNA
Differences between Varna and Caste
CASTE IN BRITISH RULE
I. Introduction of Universalistic Legal System
II. Impact of Social Reform Movements
III. Impact of English Education
IV. Impact of Non-Brahmin Movement
V. Impact of Industrialization and Urbanization
VI. Impact of Freedom Struggle
VII. Impact of New Social Formations
CASTE IN POST-INDEPENDENT INDIA
Functional Changes in the Caste System
Changes in the Role of Caste System
I. Elections Based on Caste System
II. Constitutional provisions for scheduled castes, scheduled tribes and other backward classes has given a new lease of life to carter
III. Increase of Caste Consciousness and Organizations
IV. Impact of Urbanization, Industrialization and Modern Means of Transport and Communication
V. Impact of Modern Education
VI. Increase in Caste Conflicts
MERITS OF CASTE SYSTEM
DEMERITS OF CASTE SYSTEM
SOCIAL CLASS
Definitions
Characteristics of Class
SOCIAL MOBILITY
Definition of Social Mobility
Types of Social Mobility
CHAPTER 9:
Social System
STATUS AND ROLE
Status
Types of Status
Role
Role Conflict
Solution of Role Conflict
Role Set
Dimensions of Role
CHAPTER 10:
Race
INTRODUCTION
DETERMINATION OF RACE
Classification of Races
Races in India
RACIAL PREJUDICE
Causes of Racial Prejudice
CHAPTER 11:
Social Problems
INTRODUCTION
Definitions
Relativity of Social Problem
Cultural Base of Social Problems
POPULATION EXPLOSION
Population Growth in Underdeveloped Countries
Causes of Rapid Population Growth
Malthusian Theory of Population
Classical Theory of Demographic Transition
POPULATION PROBLEM IN INDIA
Is India an Overpopulated Country?
Causes of Population Growth in India
Rural and Urban Differences in Fertility
EVIL EFFECTS OF POPULATION EXPLOSION
SOLUTION TO OVER POPULATION
I. Curative Plans or Increasing Production
II. Preventive Plan or Population Control
FAMILY PLANNING IN INDIA
Difficulties Involved in the Family Planning in India
INDIA'S POPULATION POLICY
Types of Population Policies
Attitudes towards Family Planning
Evaluation of the Population Program
SWAMINATHAN COMMITTEE SUGGESTIONS
CONCLUSION
DRUG ABUSE AND DRUG ADDICTION
Meaning of Drug Abuse
Drug Dependence
Drug Addiction
Nature and Impact of Abusable Drugs
Causes of Drug Abuse
Role of Family and Peer Group in Drug Abuse
Extent and Nature of Drug Abuse
Control Over Drug Abuse
UNITED NATIONS SUGGESTIONS
JUVENILE DELINQUENCY
Definitions
Who is a Juvenile Delinquent?
Causes of Juvenile Delinquency
Social Factors
Personal or Individual Factors
Remedies for Juvenile Delinquency
BEGGARY
Who is a Beggar?
Types of Beggars
Causes of Beggary
UNTOUCHABILITY
Disabilities of the Untouchables
CHILD MARRIAGE
PROSTITUTION
Causes
Types of Prostitutes
Social Effects of Prostitution
DOWRY
Causes of Dowry
Evil Effects of Dowry
1. Dowry Leads to Cruelty towards Brides
2. Incompatible Marriage
3. Constant Quarrels and Suicide
4. Low Status of Women
PROBLEM OF CHILD LABORS
Introduction
Concept of Child Labor
Types of Child Labor
Causes of Child Labor
Consequences of Child Labor
Nature and Magnitude of Child Labor
Working Condition of Child Labor
Legislative Measures
The United Nations Declaration on the Convention of the Rights of the Children
National Policy on Child Labor
Remedies to the Problem of Child Labor
SOCIAL SECURITY IN INDIA
INTERGRATED CHILD DEVELOPMENT SERVICES (ICDS)
Objectives
CHAPTER 12:
Social Control
INTRODUCTION
DEFINITIONS
NATURE
AIMS OF SOCIAL CONTROL
SOCIAL NORMS
Definitions
Nature of Norms
Types of Norms
Functions of Norms
SOCIAL SANCTION
Types of Sactions
TYPES OF SOCIAL CONTROL
Informal Means of Social Control
Nature of Informal Social Control
Formal Means of Social Control
Nature
INFORMAL MEANS OF SOCIAL CONTROL
Folkways
Characteristics of Folkways
Importance of Folkways
MORES
Characteristics of Mores
Functions of Mores
Types of Mores
VALUES
Definitions of Values
Characteristics of Values
Types of Values
Importance and Functions of Values
HABITS
Functions of Habits
Dysfunctions of Habits
CUSTOM
Origin of Custom
Social Role of Custom
LAW: AS A FORMAL MEANS OF SOCIAL CONTROL
Definitions of Law
Main Characteristics of Law
Main Functions of Law
CONFORMITY TO NORMS
Deviance
Definitions
Factors of Facilitating Deviance
CHAPTER 13:
Social Change
MEANING AND DEFINITIONS OF SOCIAL CHANGE
CHARACTERISTICS OF SOCIAL CHANGE
FACTORS OF SOCIAL CHANGE
I. Geographical Factors
II. Demographic or Biological Factors
III. Cultural Factors
Cultural Change in Society
IV. Economic Factors
V. Technological Factors
Criticism of Technological Factor
VI. Political Factors
VII. Role of Great Man and Elites in Social Changes
Resistance to Social Change
Impact of Industrialization
Evil Effects of Industrialization
Bibliography
INDEX
TOC
Index
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