CSI: Cardiology Update 2014 S Ramakrishnan, Manish Bansal, HK Chopra, AK Pancholia
INDEX
Page numbers followed by f refer to figure and t refer to table.
A
ABCB1 gene 91
Abciximab 120
inhibitors 791
Abdominal adiposity 67
Abdominal aneurysm 499f
Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) 501, 502, 504f
diagnosis 502
management 502
repair 1091
with very tortuous iliac arteries 503f
Abdominal aortic angioplasty 816t
ABI guidelines 514t
Abluminus 456
program of 457f
ABPM profile 598t
ABPM thresholds for diagnosis of hypertension 596t
ABPM, definitions based on 596t
ACC algorithm 972f
ACC/AHA guideline summary 265t
ACC/AHA indications for post CABG-SVG disease interventions 477
Accelerated hypertension See Hypertensive urgencies
Access artery spasm 402
Acenocoumarol 1206
Acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) 6, 97
combination of 105
ACHD aortic valvular stenosis 1023
ACHD atrial septal defect 1022, 1023
ACHD left to right shunts 1021
ACHD left ventricle to right atrial communication 1022
ACHD obstructive lesions 1023
ACHD patent ductus arteriosus 1022, 1023
ACHD pulmonary valvular stenosis 1024
ACHD ventricular septal defect 1022, 1023
ACHD, classification of 1017
ACHD, suspect 1019
Acquired aortic abnormalities 496
Acquired cardiac abnormalities 914
Acquired defects 483
ACS, management of 791
ACS/percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) 787
Action potential duration and preceding diastolic interval, relationship between 907
Acurate valve 1075f
Acute and critically ill PPCM, treatment of 1142
Acute coronary events, global registry of 25, 360
Acute decompensated heart failure, treatment options for 565t
Acute limb ischemia, decision making algorithm in 521f
Acute myocardial infarction 375
revascularization in 367
Acyanotic CHD, classification of 1017t
Adenosine 86
A 884
Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) 6, 22, 97
receptor antagonists 91
receptor blockers 105
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) 7, 211, 214
ADHF, development for 566
ADHF, management of 561
ADHF, treatment strategies of 562
Adipokines 207, 771
Adipositas cordis See Obesity, cardiomyopathy of
Adrenomedullin 539, 867
Aerobic physical activities 618
AF, management strategies of 928
Afferent nerves 36
Airway 875
pressure, continuous positive 639
Akinesia 256
consists of 744
AKT pathway 821f
Alcohol consumption, limiting 618
Alcohol excess 623
Alcohol septal ablation 731
case selection for 731
for hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy 730
procedure of 730
trials of 731
Aldosterone 539
antagonist 104
during pregnancy 1142
Aldosteronism 593
primary 624
Ambient ventricular arrhythmias 902
Ambrisentan 857, 886
Ambulatory blood pressure (BP) 965
measurement (ABPM) 623, 630
monitoring 82, 595, 599
actigraphy 596
activities of 595
additional roles 597
availability 598
cost 598
day 595
day-night cutoffs of 595
devices 595
ESC/ESH (2013) 599
for hypertension III (2013) 599
hawthorne effect 598
heart rate 597
JNC 7 (2003) 599
JNC 8 (2014) 599
logistic issues 598
major roles 596
masked hypertension 596
measurements of 596
nice (2011) 599
nocturnal 596
pediatric hypertension 597
personnel 598
pregnancy 598
psychological issues 599
repeat 599
resistant hypertension of 597
secondary hypertension 597
syncope 597
targets in hypertension management 598
variability 597
white coat effect 596
white coat hypertension of 596
Ambulatory patients with dyspnea 549
American College of Cardiology (ACC) 265
American Heart Association (AHA) 29, 265
Amiodarone 85, 86, 88
adverse effects of 88
cancer 88
contraindications 88
epididymis 88
eyes 88
gastrointestinal 88
lungs 88
neurological 88
skin 88
thyroid 88
Amlodipine 82
Amplatz
left 409
right 409
Amyloidosis 737, 738, 1105
age-related 285
Anderson-Fabry disease 738
Anemia 555, 570, 573
in chronic heart failure 551, 551t
pathophysiology of 552
treatment of 553
Aneurysms, types of 499f
Angina in cold weather, mechanism of 762
Angiography and intervention in
chronic stable angina, timing of 416
NSTEMI-USA group, timing of 415
Angiography, baseline 492
Angiography, CT coronary 1108
Angiokeratoma corporis diffusum 738
Angioplasty and prehospital thrombolysis in acute myocardial infarction, comparison of 110
Angioplasty in myocardial infarction, primary (PAMI) 429
Angioplasty to prehospital thrombolysis trial in myocardial infarction, comparison of 379
Angiosarcoma with intra- and extracardiac mass with pulmonary metastasis 1105f
Angiotensin converting enzyme 591
inhibitors (ACEIs) 116, 578, 631, 635, 636, 728, 742, 804
in hypertension 604
use of 593
value of 177
Angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) 103, 591, 632, 737, 1142
Angiotensin receptor blockers 81, 177, 570, 579, 635, 636, 649, 728, 742, 804, 940
in hypertension 604
Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) 81
inhibitors (ACEI) 81, 103, 190, 370, 552, 562, 570, 575, 626, 631, 649, 663, 737, 1206
Anglo-scandinavian cardiac outcomes trial (ASCOT) 662
Anisoylated plasminogen streptokinase activator complex 339
Ankle brachial index (ABI) 514
Ankle, measurement of 514
Annulitis 691
Annuloplasty 1072f
Anomalous pulmonary venous connection 1211
Antegrade and retrograde tracking, controlled 398f
Antenatal diagnosis 497
Anterior descending artery, left 298, 557
Anterior descending, left 393, 439f, 443, 461, 1123
Anterior oblique, left (LAO) 407
Anthracyclines 727
Antihypertensive drugs at night 965
Antialdosterone 649
Antiarrhythmic drugs 911, 969
action of four classes of 86f
classes of 86
Antiarrhythmics 742
Anticoagulants, class of 891
Anticoagulation 121, 742
recommendations in ACC/AHA/HRS and ESC, comparison between 937t
Antihypertensive drug 597
evidence-based dosing for 604t
strategies to dose 605t
Antihypertensive in patients with comorbidities 636t
Antihypertensive therapy 177, 186
Anti-inflammatory drugs
action of 42f
mechanism of 42f
Anti-ischemic effects of beta-blockers 72
Antinuclear antibodies 728
Antioxidants
in human health 222
role of 208
source of 222
Antiphospholipid syndrome 1009
Antiplatelet agents 90, 97, 516
action of newer 7
aspirin 90
Antiplatelet drug
cangrelor, new 6
elinogrel, new 6
new 6
resistance 1205
in Asian population 22
under development 93
Antiplatelet therapy 93, 186, 787
duration of dual 8
gaps and challenges in 90
guidelines for 93
long-term triple 99
to support delayed PCI after fibrinolysis 369
Antiproliferative agents 428
Antithrombin III deficiency 1009
Antithrombotic agents 6, 7
tailored therapy 7
Antithrombotic therapy 177, 180
adjunctive 444
aspirin for secondary prevention 181
primary prevention 180
right 936
Antithrombotic treatment 333, 1013
Antithrombotic trialists 28
collaboration 181
Antithrombotics 105
Aorta account, diseases of 496
Aorta, classification of 500f
Aortic aneurysm 131, 498
ascending 1090
cellular therapy in 503
descending 498
etiology 499
interventions for 1090, 1090t
management of 1090
pathogenesis 499
repair, types of 502f
surgical repair for 502f
Aortic annular ectasia 499
Aortic arch 1005, 1009
aneurysms 1090
morphologies 493f
Aortic atresia 510
Aortic blood pressure in hypertension, central 661
Aortic coarctation 499f
causes high blood pressure 497
Aortic disease, evaluation of 496
Aortic dissection 499, 504
acute 1087
and aneurysms, management of 1087
classification 504
schemes of acute 504f
diagnosis 505
etiology 504
interventional management of acute 506f
localization, classification of 1087f
management 505
of complicated type B 1089
of type A acute 1088
of type B acute 1089
of uncomplicated type B 1089
pathogenesis 504
Aortic evaluation 496
Aortic insufficiency 1210
Aortic interventions 496
Aortic pressure and arterial stiffness of cardiovascular, central 662
Aortic regurgitation (AR) 716, 721
in association with mitral valve disease 721
quantification of 307
Aortic root dilatation 614
Aortic sclerosis 284, 285f
Aortic stenosis 716, 718, 721, 1021, 1023t
Aortic stenosis See Myocardial infarction, inferior
assessment of 307
asymptomatic severe 720
in association with
asymmetrical septal hypertrophy (ASH) 720
valvular diseases 716
in pregnancy 719
low-flow 677
low-gradient 677
Aortic syndrome, acute 1087
Aortic transcatheter valves, placement of 1064
Aortic valve area (AVA) 307, 718
and anticipated gradients, discrepancy between 719
estimation of 716
Aortic valve closure (AVC) 313
Aortic valve disease 716
complex issues in 716
treatment of 669
Aortic valve fenestrations 286
Aortic valve repair 1072
Aortic valve replacement (AVR) 697, 718
surgical 669, 697, 1072
Aortic valve surgery 1072
minimally invasive 1072
Aortic valve, assessment of 307
Aortic variants and anomalies 407
Aortoarteritis, angioplasty/stenting in 814t
Aorto-bi-iliac disease 515f
Aortocervical bypass 818
Aortoiliac disease 516
Aortoiliac total occlusion 518f
Aortoplasty and stenting 815
Aortouni-iliac stent with left common iliac occlude 503f
APHRs guidelines 959t
Apixaban 32, 33, 121, 891, 891t, 892, 928
Apolipoprotein A-1 775
Apolipoprotein B 775
Apoptosis 538
AR in combination with MS 721
Arachidonic acid 90
metabolite of 863
ARAS, management of 657
ARB with blood pressure lowering agents, comparison of 82
Arbiter 2 study 63
ARB-MI paradox 82
ARBs and CVD protection 81
ARC definition 469t
ARCH aneurysm, poststenting for 499f
ARCH vessel 510
transposition (debranching) 1090
Ardiovascular preparticipation screening (PPS) 912
Arginine vasopressin (AVP) 574
Arginine-glycine-aspartic acid 98
Arm/leg lead reversal 239
Armamentarium for treatment, interventional 461
Arrhythmias 106, 770, 804, 1210, 1212
detection 948
outflow tract 975
syndromes to SCD 899
Arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy (ACM) 1128
Arrhythmogenic diseases 899
Arrhythmogenic right ventricular
cardiomyopathy (ARVC) 902, 913, 974, 1128
dysplasia 880, 974, 1103, 1105
Arterial anomalies 403
detected with preprocedure ultrasound of arm arteries 403t
Arterial dissection 1009
Arterial minimally invasive CABG in multivessel disease 1082
Arterial pulmonary hypertension 856
Arterial spasm grades 403
Arterial switch operation 1211
Artery disease
association with severity of coronary 530
tibial and peroneal 520
Artery occlusion, bilateral carotid and subclavian 817f
Artery technique to enhance size of access artery, compression of 407f
Artery, puncture of access 404
Arthritis 284
Ascend-HF trial 564
ASD closure in adults, indications of 1050
ASD device closure, complication of 1052f
ASD/PFO devices, type of past and present 1051t
ASDs, morphological classification of 1046f
Aspirin 122, 335, 785, 787, 1205
Aspirin See Acetyl salicylic acid
Aspirin
distribution of 23f
for primary prevention 28
in high risk diabetes 27, 181
in cardiovascular diseases prevention 27
optimal dose of 29
preparation of 29
prophylactic 27
resistance 90
Asymmetric designs 1074
Asymptomatic carotid disease, natural history of 490
Asystole during syncope 991f
Atenolol plus digoxin 930f
Atherectomy in percutaneous coronary interventions, role of rotational 436
Atherogenic diabetic dyslipidemia 59
Atherogenic dyslipidemia
concept of 60
in type 2
diabetes 774
mellitus, pathogenesis of 775f
therapy of 60
triad, management of 54
Atherosclerosis 443f, 598, 1004
changes 483
large-artery 1009
of aorta 510
Atherosclerotic disease 1004
of ascending aorta 1005
Atherosclerotic plaque 493
evaluation 1106
Atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis
functional classification of 656
stenting for 659
Atherothrombosis, reduction of 75
Athlete echocardiogram
abnormalities of 915t
classification of 915t
Athlete’s heart 314
and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy 915t
from ARVC, differentiating 915
from hypertrophic cardiomyopathy 915
Athletes for sudden cardiac death 916f
Athletes with potential causes of sudden cardiac death 917t
Athletes, black 915
Athletes, evaluation of 914
Atkins 227
Atorvastatin 79
Atrial anteroposterior diameter from parasternal long-axis, left 611f
Atrial fibrillation See Diastolic heart failure
Atrial fibrillation 83, 279, 324, 676, 681, 928, 935, 963, 972, 1009
agents used for thromboembolic prevention in 933t
anticoagulant in patients with 934f
anticoagulants 938
anticoagulation for 571
antiplatelet agents 938
antithrombotic therapy 938
catheter versus surgical ablation treatment 1064
classification 928
clopidogrel trial with irbesartan 1004
current management strategies 928
introduction 928, 935
management strategies 928
novel oral anticoagulants 938
rate control 929, 930f
rate control in 930f
rhythm control in 930
types of 935, 935t
upstream therapy 940
with automated devices, detection of 963
with thromboembolic stroke 935
Atrial infarction 302
Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) 234, 546
Atrial pressure M pattern, right 1191
Atrial septal defect (ASD) 1018, 1020, 1022, 1023, 1024, 1033, 1045, 1049, 1209
closure 1050
correction of 711
device closure 1052f
device in complex 1050
diagnosis of 1049t
evaluation of 1033, 1049t
in adults 1045
in fossa ovalis region, margins of 1034f
management of 1045
secundum 1046f, 1047f
Atrial strains, left 316
Atrial switch operation 1210
arrhythmias 1211
baffle leaks 1211
baffle obstructions 1211
Atrial tachycardia, multiple 87
Atrial volume index, left 275
Atrioventricular 237, 921, 972
dissociation 970
competency of 1033
Atrium perforation, left 683
Atrium
left 703
right 573
AUC document, premises of 415
Autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT) 738
Autonomic nervous system 921
Avalon cannula 1161f
Aviptadil 867
Azathioprine 814
Azithromycin 690
B
Balloon angioplasty 97, 436, 468, 470, 873
cutting and scoring 470
of thoracoabdominal aorta stenosis 815f
recanalized with 518f
versus stenting of SFA 518
with bare-metal stents 475
Balloon atrial septostomy (BAS) 858, 887
to decompress LA, LV 1161f
Balloon dilatation 499f
Balloon dilation, safe and effective 684
Balloon occlusion of internal carotid artery 493f
Balloon technique, confluent 391
Balloon versus stent 332
Balloon, preparation of 683
Bare metal stents 123, 418, 423, 468
Baroreceptor activation therapy, discovery of 627
Baroreflex sensitivity 906
Bentall procedure 505
Beraprost 856
european trial 856
Beta blockers 72, 104, 742
Beta cell failure, natural history of progressive 47
Beta-adrenergic blockade 956
Beta-blocker heart attack trial (BHAT) 72
Betaine-homocysteine-methyltransferase (BHMT) 168
Betrixaban 121
Beverages and alcohol, avoid hot 764
Bicuspid aortic valve 307f, 501
Bicuspid aortic valve in absence of severe AS or AR 721
Bicuspid aortopathy, management of 722
Bidi 144
Bifurcation lesions 424
Bifurcation stenosis 418
Bilateral internal thoracic arteries (BITAs) 1083
Bileaflet valves 706
Biodegradable polymers 433
Biolimus a9 429
Biomarkers in prevention, future role of 235
Biomime 454, 455
Bioresorbable scaffold 448, 449
for acute myocardial infarction 449
for complex lesions 449
Bioresorbable vascular scaffold 419, 434
everolimus eluting stent 419
Bisoprolol 104
Bivalirudin 106, 333
Biventricular assist device (BIVAD) therapy 417
Bleeding complications 702
of RA 440
Bleeding from diverticulosis 571
Bleeding in recieving novel oral anticoagulants 32
Bleeding risk 123
assessment of 937
in primary prevention 29
score 360
Blood CBS 233
Blood dosages 215
Blood glucose, self-monitoring 570
Blood levels 215
Blood pressure 127, 132, 623t, 1020, 1181
advantages of automated 964
automated 961
control 365
combination therapy for 650
optimal 784
effects on 920
falls first and then pulse 991f
for adults, classification of 630t
gradual reduction of 631
measurement of 630
staging of 589t
treatment of high 82, 589, 798
types of 607
Blood pumped membrane lung with dialysis filter 1150f
Blood urea 796
nitrogen (BUN) 624
Blood volume and flow velocity, relationship between 289f
BMI, classification of 224
overweight in adults according to 325t
BMS-ISR versus DES-ISR, comparison of 469t
BNP evaluation guidelines in CHF 546
BNP in differentiating dyspnea of cardiac origin 547
BNP metabolism 546
BNP, utility of 547
Body composition 67
Body mass index 207, 224, 402
Bone marrow derived stem cells 42
Bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) 42
Bosentan 856, 886
BP monitoring, benefit of ambulatory 966
BP with automated device 963
Brachial artery approach, left 518f
Brachial-ankle pulse-wave velocity (BAPWV) 662
Brachiocephalic and carotid artery angioplasty 817f
Bradycardia 990
Brahmakumari’s Rajyoga meditation (BKRM) 157
Brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) 234, 360, 718, 827, 1056
n-terminal prohormone of 1056
Brain–heart connection 152
Brainstem death, concept of 1079
Branch pulmonary artery stenosis 1210
Branches of left anterior descending 730
Breastfeeding, antihypertensive in 638
Breath control 162
Breathe-2 863
Breathing 875
deep 161
Brisk walking 176
Bromocriptine 742
Bronchial collaterals 846
Bronchopulmonary vein fistula 1167
Brugada syndrome (BS) 914, 900, 980, 980f
management of 980
Brugada’s algorithm for broad complex tachycardia 972f
Budd-Chiari syndrome 1160
Bull’s eye 1103f
Bundle branch block
baseline 970
incomplete right 1024
left (LBBB) 238, 255, 373
right 676, 972
C
CABG in patients with coronary artery disease 412
CABG in patients with stemi 370
CABG patient, care of post- 117
CABG versus multivessel PCI 461
CAD with CKD, management of 790
CAD, evaluation for 791
Caged ball 706
Calcineurin inhibitors 623
Calcium channel blockers (CCBs) 625, 626, 636, 650, 664, 738, 852, 855, 862
dihydropyridine 649
in hypertension 604
nondihydropyridine 649
versus olmesartan and diuretics randomized efficacy 664
Calcium, long lasting 86
Calcium-channel blockers 631, 632
Calorie-dense 207
Camp-dependent protein kinase 48
Cancer 483
Candida 1142
Cangrelor 92
Cannula in right atrium, two-D TEE of VV ECMO returns 1159f
Cannula malposition during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation 1158f
Cannulas, insertion and correct placement of 1159f
Canola 166, 208
CAP and arterial stiffness, assessment of 662
Carbohydrate, low 227
Carbon monoxide 141
Cardiac abnormalities
electrical 913
primary structural 912
structural 913
Cardiac action potential, normal 954f
Cardiac allograft vasculopathy, detection of 292
Cardiac amyloidosis 738
symptomatic 738
Cardiac arrest, out-of-hospital 875, 876
Cardiac arrhythmias
primary cause 922t
role in 213
Cardiac biomarkers 355
in CAD, role of 234
classes of 233, 233f
Cardiac care, quality of 4
Cardiac catheterization 748
Cardiac causes, death to 902
Cardiac chambers 682
Cardiac changes in elderly 283
Cardiac changes of aging with echocardiography, correlation of 283f
Cardiac death in athletes
causes of sudden 912
prevention of sudden 916
Cardiac death in young athletes, causes of sudden 913t
Cardiac disease 739, 1101, 1129
Cardiac drugs, herbal and food interactions with common 107t
Cardiac electrophysiology studies, indications for 995
Cardiac enlargement 543
combination of 1023
Cardiac enzymes, elevation of 235f
Cardiac evaluation in obesity 322
Cardiac event, major adverse 414, 458, 475
Cardiac failure 235
Cardiac function 323
Cardiac geometry 949
Cardiac imaging modalities, new 1099
Cardiac indications
for initiation for ECMO 1140
of ECMO 1153
Cardiac infections 1104
Cardiac insufficiency bisoprolol study 579
Cardiac investigation 231
Cardiac lesion, type of 1055
Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging 395, 737, 747, 1101, 1103f, 1105, 1106
constrictive pericarditis 1106f
dilated cardiomyopathy 1105f
four-chamber view 1102f
hypertrophic cardiomyopathy 1105f
intraventricular thrombus 1104f
myocardial infarction 1103f
percentage quantification of infarcted myocardium 1103t
postinfarction left ventricular aneurysm with intraventricular thrombus 1104f
quantification of myocardial infarction 1103f
short axis view 1102f
subepicardial scar 1105f
technical aspects of 1101
three-chamber 1102f
wall thinning in ischemic heart disease 1103f
Cardiac manpower 4
Cardiac masses 1104
Cardiac muscle, production of 1202
Cardiac myosin activator 566
Cardiac or neurocardiogenic syncope 924
Cardiac potassium (K+) channel 983
Cardiac regeneration therapy 43f
Cardiac rehabilitation 359, 362364, 364t
Cardiac resynchronization therapy 728, 985
Cardiac rhythms unexplained syncope 926f
Cardiac robotic surgery 1064
Cardiac rupture 296
Cardiac situation 3
Cardiac stress, biomarkers of 234
Cardiac structure 323
Cardiac surgery 1061, 1063
coronary artery bypass grafting, minimally invasive 1083
fast trial 1064
fibrillation surgery 1064
indications 1064
introduction 1063
minimally invasive surgeries 1063
stem cell 1064
Cardiac sympathetic denervation, left 956
Cardiac sympathetic innervations imaging, role of 906
Cardiac syncope 990, 991, 995
Cardiac thrombi 1104
Cardiac troponin 233, 538
Cardioembolic 1009
stroke, source of 1005
strokes atrial fibrillation 1004
Cardioembolism 1009
Cardiogenic shock See Hypotension
Cardiogenic shock 73, 122, 302, 354, 417, 426, 1141f
definition of 354
ECMO 1156
II 426
in acute myocardial infarction 354
in AMI, management of 355
incidence of 355
pathophysiology of 355
setting of 122
spiral in 1141f
treatment of 356
Cardiogenic stroke, diagnosis of 1009
Cardiohelp system 1149f
Cardiologist’s viewpoint on gliptins 46
Cardiology, American College of 416
Cardiology, development of 3
Cardiology, European Society of 416
Cardiology, preventive 1
Cardiology, top ten most promising therapies in 36
Cardiometabolic disease 81
Cardiometabolic risk factors in IHW, variation in 175f
Cardiometabolic syndrome 174t, 175, 176
pathophysiology of 174
Cardiomyopathy 237, 725, 1104
apical ballooning 744
classification of 1126
management of dilated 727
primary 736
stress-induced 744
to cause
classification of restrictive 737t
types of restrictive 737t
Cardioneurogenic syncope 989
Cardiopulmonary bypass 1068
Cardiopulmonary diseases 823
Cardiopulmonary exercise testing 861
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation 874, 877, 1080
family member to witness 878
first 875
introduction 874
new dimension 2014 874
Cardiorenal anemia syndrome 573
Cardiorenal syndrome 563, 573
Cardiospecific cell therapy 41
Cardiothoracic surgeons 4
Cardiothoracic surgery 4
Cardiovascular benefits of cessation 144t
Cardiovascular consequences 800
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) 27, 43, 46, 50, 54, 66, 77, 81, 90, 114, 131, 132, 141, 144, 160, 165, 173, 177, 197, 207, 236, 322, 450, 529, 540, 577, 602, 622, 629, 770, 774, 787, 790, 800, 924
atherosclerotic 77, 131, 785
burden of 1126
coprevalence with 529
events 516
in younger males, predictor of 530
management of 412
mortality 530
pandemic of 211
prevention of 160
protection 85
spectrum of 602
variety of 641
Cardiovascular events
assessment of survival and (AURORA) 790
major 28
predicting adverse 24
Cardiovascular function 902
Cardiovascular health and behavioral cardiology 161
Cardiovascular hemodynamics 322
Cardiovascular life support, advanced (ACLS) 88
Cardiovascular magnetic resonance 559
Cardiovascular mortality in India 961
Cardiovascular outcome 659
Cardiovascular pathophysiology 322
Cardiovascular risk 67
in hypertension 602
increased 603
reduction, management of 66
Cardiovascular safety 47
Cardiovascular screening, preparticipation 916
Cardiovascular stress 538
Cardiovascular surgery, role in 213
Cardioversion of atrial fibrillation, method of 932f
Cardioversion, timing of 931f
Cardioverter defibrillator
implantable (ICD) 739, 910, 914, 946, 956
subcutaneous implantable 947
Carditis in ARF, diagnose 696
Carditis, diagnosis of 693
Carditis, features of 692
Carinate 222, 285f
Carotid angioplasty 816
Carotid artery disease 490
natural history of 490
Carotid artery stenosis 491
internal 486f
management of 492f
Carotid artery stenting 487, 491, 1005, 1006
in conventional-risk patients 491
in high-risk patients 491
procedural technique 492
Carotid artery transluminal angioplasty 491
Carotid artery, evaluation of 483t
Carotid artery, internal 510
Carotid bifurcation 1009
Carotid bruit, presence of 485
Carotid disease 825
Carotid duplex ultrasound 485
Carotid endarterectomy 1005
and stenting 487
Carotid evaluation 483, 487
approach for 486
modalities for 485t
Carotid intervention 490
Carotid intima-media 1004
thickness 63, 483, 776
angiogram 484f
Carotid revascularization
benefits of 491
complication of 494
endarterectomy versus stenting trial (CREST) 491
Carotid sinus syncope 991
treatment of 997
Carotid sinus syndrome 921
Carotid surgery trial, asymptomatic 490
Carotid, left common 247
Carotid, left external 247
Carotid-femoral pulse-wave velocity (CFPWV) 662
Carvedilol 104, 579
prospective randomized cumulative survival 579
Catecholamine cardiotoxicity 745, 746
Catecholamine status of myocardium 355
Catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia 237, 914, 981
Catheter ablation 948
electrophysiological basis for 948
of ventricular tachycardia, indications for 950
of VT 950
Catheter angiogram disagreement on percentage stenosis 1110
Catheter intervention in atrial septal defect 1047
Catheter system, symplicity 37f
Catheters, choice of guiding 409t
CD40 interaction, targeting 187
CEA, high-risk criteria for 492
Cell therapy 41
Centera valve 1075
Central nervous system 623
Ceramide trihexosidosis 738
Cerebral hyperperfusion 494
Cerebral infarction 1012f
Cerebral perfusion 1089
Cerebral protection 1089
Cerebrovascular accidents 23, 771, 1212
Cerebrovascular disease (CEVD) 483, 598, 622
Cerebrovascular disorders 1001
Cervical bruits 490
Cesar trial 1143
CETP inhibition therapy 63
CHADS-VASC risk score 937t
Chamber abnormalities, age-related 285
Chaotic healthcare system 1030
CHD, improve awareness about 1032
CHD, reduce burden of 1030
Chemotherapy 316
Chest compression 875
Chest lead concordance 971
Chest pain in emergency department, assessment of 290
Chest radiograph 736
Chest robotic anastomosis, open 1068
Cheyne-Stokes respiration, case of 772
CHF and CKD–double jeopardy 573
Child basic life support sequence 875
Chlorthalidone 626
Cholesterol 165, 1004
bad 165
ester transfer protein 774
management 784
people with high 637
Cholesteryl ester 775
transfer protein (CETP) 62, 770, 775
Choline 43
Cholinergic arrhythmia, forms of 984
Cholinergic syndrome 984
Cholinergic tachyarrhythmia 983
Cholinergic tachycardia introduction 983
Chordae tendineae, stretching of 692
Chromosome 9p21.3 129
Chronic atherogenic effect 143
Chronic coronary total occlusion 385
Chronic cyanosis 1055
Chronic diseases 961
Chronic granulomatous panarteritis 813
Chronic heart failure 551, 564
syndrome 1129
Chronic hemolytic anemias 853
Chronic hypertension 796
Chronic ischemia 315
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) 138, 179, 552, 573, 598, 622, 623, 624, 635, 785, 790, 792, 820, 1128
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) 39, 282, 483, 839, 864, 1128
Chronic pulmonary thromboembolism (CPTE) 850
Chronic stress 151
Chronic thromboembolic diseases 851
Chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension 826, 834, 856, 870
introduction 870
pathophysiology 870
surgery for 872
treatment 871
Chronic total coronary occlusions 392, 418
Chronic total occlusions 385, 387, 392, 396, 425, 429
algorithm for crossing 395
antegrade approach of 396
approaches to cross 387f
definition 392
guidewires for 385
imaging for 395
incidence 392
intervention necessary 393
intervention, indications for 394
intervention, success rates of 394
introduction 392
lesion, pathology of 392
lesions, challenges of 394
PCI, steps of current 396f
presentation 392
retrograde 396
safecross system of 400
specific methods for lesion crossing 425f
treatment of 425
wire, shaping tip of 387f
Chronic volume overload and RV dysfunction 1046
Cigarette 144
Cilostazol 8, 516
Cinefluoroscopy 707
Circadian pattern of blood pressure, normal 965
Circuit management 1147
Circulatory death procedure 1079
Circumflex artery, left 439f
Clonidine 650
Clopidogrel 24, 91, 105, 117, 787
and gender, association between 24f
challenges with 91
distribution of 23f
resistance 24
versus aspirin 24
CMR diastolic images 847f
CMR in diagnosis of PAPVC cause of pH 849f
CMR in systole RV dysfunction and TR 847f
CNS stimulants 623
COA, interventional treatment of 498
Coarctation of aorta 496
with poststenotic dilatation 498f
Coenzyme 211
Cognitive behavioral therapy 162
Cold weather and heart 762
Cold wind chill index 763
Cold, avoid outdoor exercise in extreme 764
Collateral vessels, development of 1213
Color Doppler echocardiogram of discrete coarctation of aorta 498f
Combined pharmacological and endovascular treatment, role of 1013
Common carotid artery 510
Commotio cordis 914
Communication skills 1188
Complications future, acute 702
Complications, acute 702
Concurrent coronary artery disease 677
Congenital aortic abnormalities 496
Congenital coronary artery anomalies 913
Congenital defects 483
Congenital heart defect (CHDs) 1209
acyanotic 1017, 1045
Congenital heart disease 220, 316, 1015, 1028, 1033, 1054
deliver best care for 1028
Congenital long QT syndromes 913
Congenital shunt lesions, interventions in common 1033
Congestive heart failure (CHF) 81, 212, 286, 569, 622, 772, 804
people with 636
role in 214
treatment of 804
Consciousness, loss of 943, 989
Coombs’ test 638
Copeptin 539, 562
COQ10 and CVD risk reduction 2014 211
COQ10 benefit in CAD 216
COQ10 benefit in diastolic heart failure 215
COQ10 in CHF and CAD 214
COQ10 in CHF, role of 215
COQ10 in coronary artery disease, role of 215
Cord blood bank 1096
Cord blood cells 1096
Cord blood transplantation in India, umbilical 1096
Cordis renal denervation system 644
Corn 208
oil 221
Cornerstone of PAH management in 2014 858
Coronary angiogram 791
Coronary angiography 395, 1125
invasive 1108
management 750
Coronary angioplasty 816
procedure, complex 423
Coronary aritery lesions, demonstration of 1111f
Coronary artery bypass
graft 212, 364, 392, 414, 412, 416, 451, 557, 697, 771, 790, 1063
minimally invasive direct 1063, 1070
off-pump 1070
surgery 357, 789,
Coronary artery calcification 1125
Coronary artery calcium 194
score and degree of carotid artery stenosis, correlation between 487
Coronary artery disease (CAD) 8, 57, 72, 105, 119, 125, 127, 131, 142, 168, 196, 211, 224, 233, 237, 255, 289, 315, 385, 392, 412, 416, 450, 483, 529, 532, 538, 636, 771, 744, 770, 790, 897, 902, 909, 1113
and biomarkers 233
critical 718
detection of stable 288
early findings for 127
evaluation of 46
in diabetes mellitus, management of 787
incidence of 622
introduction 196
manifest 531
presentation of 531
rate of 629
role in 212
stable 74, 234
treatment of 581
unstable 234
Coronary artery lesions 448
Coronary artery, left 478
main 425, 439f
Coronary artery, right 394, 478
Coronary chronic total occlusions, system in 399
Coronary disease 151, 825
Coronary events and novel oral anticoagulants, acute 33
Coronary events, global registry of acute (GRACE) 359
Coronary guidewires in CTO PCI, description of 397t
Coronary heart disease 27, 55, 60, 77, 131, 132, 142, 165, 193, 196, 322, 324, 577, 646t, 647
majority of 762
Coronary intervention 119, 383, 791
Coronary magnetic resonance angiography 1106
Coronary microvascular dysfunction 189
Coronary microvascular impairment 745
Coronary obstruction injury 702
Coronary revascularization procedures 461
Coronary sinus 703
anatomy of 986
angiographic versus functional severity of 419f
ASD, device closure of 1048f
cannulation of 986
OS, location of 986
over wire 987f
sheath 988f
Coronary stent restenosis
classification of 468
definition of 468
management of 468, 470
mechanisms of 468
Coronary stenting 816
Coronary syndrome
acute (ACS) 4, 8, 22, 50, 91, 97, 119, 120, 141, 184, 233, 290, 359, 362, 484, 538, 562, 787, 791, 898
antiplatelet therapy, acute 120
beta-blockers in acute 72
diagnosis of acute 745
fewer, acute 791
management in acute 787
management strategies–recent advances, acute 2014 119
Coronary/guide catheter back up and control 408
Coronnium 451
Corus cad test 1195
Cottonseed oils 208
Covidien oneshottm renal denervation system 643
COX-2 inhibitors 623
COX-maze procedure for surgical treatment of AF 931
C-reactive protein 79, 138, 165, 233, 177, 771, 813
elevation of 539
levels 165
Creatine kinase 728
myocardial band 234, 295, 360
Creatine phosphokinase-MB 355
Creatinine phosphokinase 69
Critical aortic stenosis 1026f
Crossing mitral valve 683
CRT implantation 985
procedure, guidelines for 985
CTA, appropriateness criteria for 1111
CTO angioplasty, complications associated with 399
CTO recanalization 394
CTO, approach to 396
C-type natriuretic peptide 234, 546
Culprit artery 1110
Curatis 458
Cushing syndrome 593
Cuspal resuspension 1072f
CVD protection in metabolic syndrome 765
CVD protection, management for 649t
CVD, spectrum of 412f
CVD, statin in primary prevention of 51
CVDs, causes of 116
CVDs, management of 162
Cyanosis 1212
Cyanotic congenital heart diseases (CCHD) 1017
Cyclic adenosine monophosphate 975
Cyclooxygenase (COX) enzyme, blocker of 105
Cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors 624
Cyclophosphamide 814
Cystathionine beta synthetase 171
Cystic medial degeneration 499
Cystic medial necrosis 499
Cytochromes in relation of cardiac drugs 104t
Cytomegalovirus ability of stem cells 1095
Cytoskeletal breakdown, cellular 1009
D
Dabigatran 3133, 121, 892
Dabigatran 891t
Dabigatran vs warfarin 33
Darexaban 121
DCM, diagnosis of 727
Defenses in professional misconduct 1175
Defibrillation first 875
Delirium 571
Delivery of free fatty acids 60
Delivery of LV pacing lead target site 987
Delivery timing in eclampsia 799
Dense LDL-C 55
Dense middle cerebral artery sign 1011f
Density lipoprotein, low 55
high 55
Density lipoprotein-cholesterol, low 196
Deoxygenated blood 585
Deoxyglucose 1120
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) 221
Depression 571
Desethylamiodarone 86
Desolve bioresorbable coronary scaffold 448f
Detect failing RV 880
Diabetes 29, 46, 54, 82, 127, 138, 143, 173, 190, 314, 483, 569, 570, 573, 781, 784
foundation definition of CDS, international 173t
management in 178t, 365
mellitus 77, 178, 598
CAD preventive strategies in 783
restenosis in 443f
modification in 178
people with 637
prevention project 176
type 2 54
Diabetic and CKD patients 966
Diabetic dyslipidemia 57, 59
etiopathogenesis of 59
management of 774
Diabetics 28
Diastolic blood pressure 602, 629, 637, 795
Diastolic blood pressure See Smokers
Diastolic dysfunction 272, 302, 719, 279t
applications of 279
basic rule of 276
causes of 543
criteria for 276t
grades of 276
in atrial fibrillation, assessment of 278
preclinical 543
severity of 544
types of 275
Diastolic filling pressure, estimation of 279
Diastolic function assessment in atrial fibrillation, principles of 278
Diastolic function in children 543
Diastolic heart failure 284, 542, 543
diagnosis of 543, 545
Diastolic hypertension in middle age 590
Diastolic indices, new 281
Diastolic mitral, mid 272
Diastolic pressures, equalization of 1190
Diastolic pulmonary artery pressure 840
Diastolic stress echocardiography 280
Diet intervention 175
Diet plus physical activity plus behavioral therapy 228
Diet, commercial 227
Dietary approaches to stop hypertension plan 618t
Dietary calcium supplementation 800
Dietary changes 618
animal products 619
dash eating plan 618
mediterranean diet 619
vegan diet 619
weight loss 619
Dietary fiber 208
Dietary lipid phosphatidylcholine 43
Dietary recommendations 209
Dietary supplements 800
Dietary therapy 226
Diets, role of different 209
Digital subtraction angiography 486, 515
Digoxin 32, 104, 580, 742
use of 564
Dihydropyridine 626
Dilated aortic root 1210
Dilated cardiomyopathy 315, 727, 900
introduction 727
treatment 728
Dilated inferior vena cava 827
Diltiazem 86
Diltiazem See Verapamil
Dipeptidase 4 48
Dipping status in diabetic 966
Disease, burden of 1028
Disease, diagnosis of certain 737
Diseased valve, three-DE evaluation of structure of 306
Disopyramide 86
Distal filtration system 476f
Distal occlusion balloon EPD 493
Distal occlusion device 476f
Diuretic optimization strategies evaluation trial 563
Diuretic therapy 626
Diuretics 104, 632, 742
in hypertension 603
Dobutamine 564566
stress echocardiography 289, 558
Dofetilide 86
Door-to-balloon (D2B) times 379
Door-to-needle (D2N) times 379
DOSE trial See Diuretic optimization strategies evaluation
Dressler’s syndrome 296
Drink water before going for long walk 764
Driving 998
Drowsiness 571
Drugs 785, 914
antihypertensive 627, 631
anti-obesity 176
classes, indications for individual 605t
combination 632f
dosing, antihypertensive 626
eluting stents 332
from different classes, anti-hypertensive 626f
in specific situations 575
interactions identification software 107
new classes of 650
nonpolymeric 428
polymer technology 428
release 428
kinetics of superia 454f
reservoir technology 428
therapy 228
sequential combination 887
triple combination 887
trials with 88
used for hypertension 649t
Drug-coated balloon angioplasty 471
using paclitaxel-coated balloon in ISR, trials of 472t
Drug-drug interactions
classification 103
in cardiology 103
in patients with heart failure 103
incidence and prevalence 103
introduction 103
Drug-eluting balloons 418
Drug-eluting stents 99, 121, 369, 418, 419, 423, 428, 437, 451
implantation for chronic total occlusions 400
platform 429
with durable polymers 433
Drug-elution technology for SFA lesions 519
Dual antiplatelet agents 356
Dual antiplatelet therapy 6
duration 121
Dual drug-eluting polymer-free stent 433
Dual PPAR alpha or gamma agonist in hypertriglyceridemia, role of 69
Dual-chamber pacing 997
Dual-isotope MPI predicts prognosis in CHD 268f
Ductal occluder II, amplatzer 1039
Durable polymer sirolimus-eluting stents 433
Durable polymer zotarolimus-eluting stent 433
Dynamic respiratory criteria 1192t
Dynamic respiratory variation 1191
Dysautonomic syndromes with syncope 991
Dyskinesia, consists of See Akinesia, consists of
Dyslipidemia 54, 66, 173, 190, 770, 766, 784, 790
treatment of 132
Dyslipidemic triad, management of 56
Dyspnea 238, 546, 806
relief 40f
Dysrhythmias 162
E
ECG in pathological conditions, normal 237t
ECHO for cannulation during chemotherapy 1156
ECHO for thrombosis detection 1166
ECHO navigation 711
ECHO weaning from ECMO 1169
ECHO, causes of false-positive and false-negative stress 256
Echocardiograhy in AMI, aspects of 302
Echocardiographic abnormalities in elderly patients 284
Echocardiographic and angiographic anatomy of patent ductus arteriosus, comparison of 1039f
Echocardiographic diagnosis in elderly patients 286
Echocardiographic evaluation in elderly 283
Echocardiographic features at different stages of cardiac rupture 297t
Echocardiographic findings 746
Echocardiographic parameters in elderly patients 284f
Echocardiographic parameters used in estimating left ventricular filling pressure 544t
Echocardiography 543, 681, 736
in ECMO, role of 1141
in hypertension, role of 607
three-D-speckle tracking 313
Echonavigator during mitraclip 714f
E-cigarettes 144
Eclampsia 796
management of 799
ECMO circuit 1147
components of 1137
of typical 1144f
prime 1148
ECMO commencement, echocardiography before 1156
ECMO complication 1160
cannula malposition 1160
detection of 1166
thrombosis around cannulas 1160
ECMO during lung transplantation 1146
ECMO for cardiac surgery 1140
ECMO in cardiogenic shock 1140
ECMO in H1N1 influenza 1143
ECMO in heart failure 1140
ECMO in noncardiac surgery 1143
ECMO initiation and cannulation, echocardiography during 1158
ECMO response, monitoring of 1163
ECMO support, cessation of 1169t
ECMO terminology 1135
ECMO therapy, complications during 1150
ECMO versus conventional therapy 1143
ECMO via femoral venoarterial for lung transplantation, application of 1146f
ECMO, aims of 1135
ECMO, central versus peripheral 1139
ECMO, complications of 1167f
ECMO, contraindication of 1135, 1136
ECMO, decision to institute 1135
ECMO, hourly circuit observations 1147
ECMO, past and future of 1149
ECMO, trials of 1143
ECMO, types of 1136, 1152
ECMO, uses of 1140
ECMO-CPR 1139
ED-atherosclerosis 531
Edible oil industry 220
Edible oils antioxidants 222
Edible oils in cardiovascular disease protection 218
Edible oils Indian cooking conditions 220
Edmonton obesity-staging system 326t
Edoxaban 32, 33, 928
Edwards-Sapien transcatheter heart valve 699f
Ehlers-Danlos syndrome 499, 500, 900
Eicosapentanoic acid 68
Eisenmenger’s syndrome 856, 1054
cardiac catheterization 1056
cardiac imaging 1056
cerebrovascular events 1056
classification 1054
combination therapy 1058
conventional therapy 1057
exercise conditioning 1057
iron supplement 1057
phlebotomy 1057
pregnancy and contraception 1057
erythrocytosis 1055
future trends 1058
heart and lung transplant 1058
investigations 1056
management strategy 1056
natural history 1055
pathophysiology 1054
platelets 1056
prostanoids 1058
pulmonary dysfunction 1056
renal function 1056
surgical management 1058
targeted therapy 1057
thrombosis 1056
treat-repair-treat 1058
Ejection systolic murmur (ESM) 1021, 1049
Elderly hypertensives 635
diuretics 635
Electroanatomic mapping 948
Electrocardiogram artifacts 240
Electrocardiogram left to right shunts 1024
Electrocardiogram post-tricuspid L-R shunts 1025
Electrocardiogram pretricuspid L-R shunts 1024
Electrocardiogram, abnormal exercise 268
Electromyographic signals 240
Electronic nicotine delivery systems 141
Elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) 813
Embolic protection device 475, 476, 491, 493f
Embryonic stem cells 42
Emergency room, value in 1110
Emphysema 837f
Endeavor resolute stent 431
Endeavor stent 431
Endocardial maps, types of 949
Endocarditis 804
Endocrine disorders 624
Endocrine organ, adipose tissue 770
Endoleak, types of 503f
Endomyocardial biopsy 728, 737, 741
Endomyocardial fibrosis 738, 1105
Endoscopic AVR 1076
Endoscopic coronary artery bypass on arrested heart, totally 1068
Endothelial cells 42
Endothelial dysfunction 151, 173, 174, 176, 574
improvement in 216
role of 531
Endothelial function 138
Endothelial nitric oxide synthase 531
Endothelin receptor antagonist (ERA) 856, 862, 886, 1058
Endothelium-bound extracellular superoxide dismutase 212
Endovascular aortic aneurysm repair 1091
Endovascular aortic repair 502f, 502t
Endovascular renal angioplasty and stenting 658
Endovascular revascularization on hypertension 659
Endovascular treatment 516
of Takayasu arteritis, personal experience of 510t
End-systolic wall stress 1105
Endurance and resistance training 364t
Energy expenditure, twenty-four-hour 765
Energy intake and obesity, effect of 207
Energy-dense foods, low 226
Engager valve 1075f
Eosinophilia 738
Epigenetic factors 1055
Epoprostenol 856, 884, 886
in pulmonary arterial hypertension 863
analogue of 886
Eptifibatide 370, 791
Erectile dysfunction 529, 531, 532
assessment of 529
introduction 529
patient 532
with cardiovascular disease, management of 532
Erectile function-erectile function domain 529
Erythropoiesis-stimulating agents 554
Erythropoietin 623
stimulating agents 554
ESH and ESC guidelines 594
ESH criteria for nocturnal hypertension 966
Ester transfer protein 55
Estimated glomerular filtration rate 61, 179
Estrogen replacement 63
Etanercept 186
Ethnic-specific values for waist circumference 326t
Everolimus-eluting stents 430
versus bare-metal stents 430
versus paclitaxel-eluting stents 430
versus sirolimus-eluting stents 430
Exercise in cold weather, safety rules for 763
Extracardiac involvement 538
Extracardiac vascular disease 494
Extracellular matrix markers 539
Extracellular superoxide dismutase 216
Extracorporeal life support 584
mode of 1145
Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) 357, 417, 584, 1135, 1142, 1153
Extracranial carotid artery stenosis 484
Extracranial carotid atherosclerosis 483
F
Fabry disease 737, 738
manifestations of 738
Fad diets 229
False-negative stress ECHO 256
False-positive stress ECHO 256
Fascicular tachycardia 977f
Fast foods 226
Fasting plasma glucose (FPG) 69, 70
Fasting TGS levels, classification of 66t
Fat oxidation, higher 227
Fat, classification of 219f
Fat, depiction of 219f
Fats and oils basics 218
Fats classification 219
Fatty acid 220
binding proteins 234
capacity for 775
profile 221t
unsaturated 220
Fatty alcohols 219
Fatty infiltration 1105
Femoral artery 518f
disease, common 518
disease, deep 518
superficial 518
Ferric iron sucrose in heart failure 553
Fetal and maternal radiation doses pulmonary embolism 806t
Fetal echocardiography 497
Fetal intrauterine growth restriction 795
Fetal USG in pregnancy 796
FFR, IVUS, VH-IVUS, OCT and NIRS problems, role of 420t
Fibrates 57, 68
Fibrinolysis 334, 357
Fibrinolytic therapy 372
Fibrinolytic therapy introduction 372
Fibroblast growth factors, production of 142
Fibrocalcific and undilatable lesions 425
Fibromuscular disease, angioplasty for 659
Fibromuscular dysplasia 592, 657
Filter-type device 493f
Filter-type EPD 493
Filterwire randomized evaluation (FIRE) 476
First-generation drug-eluting stents 429
Fitness versus fatness 773
Flash pulmonary edema 549
Flecainide 86
Fluctuant/intermittent syndromes 237
Fludrocortisone 996
Fluorine-18 FDG metabolic imaging 1120
Fluoxetine + propranol 996
Fog, prepare for 764
Folic acid 551
Fondaparinux 106, 890
Fontan pathways, obstructed 1212
Fontan, failed 1213
Food and drug administration (FDA) 428
Food composition 226
Food industry 220
Food items avoided in hypertension 631t
Four-wire strategy 396
Fracture of superficial femoral artery stent 519f
Fragmented QRS complexes 904
Frail patients 570
Framingham risk score 132
Free fatty acids 219, 771, 775
Frontal plane axis 970
Furosemide 565
Fusiform aneurysm 499f
Fusion and capture beats 970
G
Galectin-3 540, 562
Gastric inhibitory polypeptide 48
Gaucher disease 739
Gebrochenes-Herz syndrome 744
Gender, impact of 28
Gender-specific analysis 1198
Gene 9Q34.2 129
Gene therapy 1064
role of 129
Genes and mutations in genetic diseases, description of disease 1130t
Genetic 127
evaluation in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy 733
factors 1055
hypothesis 741
of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy 733
variability on platelet function test 24
variants predisposing to CAD/MI, thirty-six 128t
Genomics 503
Genotyping help 734
Genotyping hypertrophic cardiomyopathy 733
Genotyping in family screening, role of 734
Genotyping, cost of 733
Gestational hypertension 796
GHE causes, categories to 1127t
Giant cell myocarditis 729
Girlie disease 656
Gliptins 46
Glitazars 777
Global reduction of flow to myocardium 1124f
Glomerular filtration rate 70, 77, 515
Glucagon-like peptide 1
receptor 48
Glucose intolerance 766
Glucose tolerance, impaired (IGT) 177
Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide 48
Glycemia 227
and CVD, relation between 787
Glycemic control and cardiovascular disease, relationship between 787
Glycemic index 218
diet 227
Glycemic load 227
Glycoprotein 787
Glycoprotein IIB/IIIA antagonists 1206
Glycoprotein IIB/IIIA inhibitors 90, 92, 475, 788
Gout and hyperuricemia, people with 637
GPIIB/IIIA inhibitors 333
Gracia-2 111
Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) 1096
Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor 484
Gray zone 549
Groundnut oil 221
Gynecomastia 88
H
Halsbury’s laws of England 1175
Hampton’s hump 827
Hand and wrist devices, use of 963
Has-bled risk score 937t
Has-bled score 933t
HCR, angiographic indications for 463
HCR, contraindications to 463
HCR, evolution of 462
HCR, indications to 463
HCR, rationale for 464
HCR, relative contraindications for 463
HCR, surgical component of 464
HCR, technical aspects of 464
HDL-atherosclerosis treatment study (HATS) 63
HDP, management strategies in 796
Head trauma 750
Headache 854
Head-up tilt test (HUTT) 993
Head-up tilt test responses in dysautonomia 995t
Head-up tilt-table testing 922, 923f, 945f
Healed incision 1086f
Health behavior theories 201
Health belief model (HBM) 201, 202
Health care, evidence-based 1181
Health paradox 221
Health system determinants on rheumatic fever 688t
Health systems approach 651
Health technology assessment (HTA) 226
Healthy diet 648
Heart 207, 781
after intervention 1050
and nutrition 205
and renal protection (sharp) 790
attack trial, antihypertensive and lipid-lowering treatment to prevent (ALLHAT) 622
block 676
complete 731
incidence of 676
cannulated, explanted 1080f
disease 142
and exercise in cold weather 762
association of coronary 1181
common acyanotic congenital 1017
phases in development of 152
without structural 950
failure 82, 322324, 352, 535, 546, 770, 772, 1142
acute 39
acute decompensated (ADHF) 538, 561567, 1140,
age-adjusted mortality rates after diagnosis of 577t
and dyssynchrony 315
and renal failure, bidirectional association between 573
anemia in chronic 551
aquapheresis versus intravenous diuretics and hospitalizations for 564
biomarkers in 537
candesartan in 82
causes of congestive 1126
chest radiography, decompensated 562
coronary angiography, acute decompensated 562
devices available for managing 1141
diagnosis 548
diagnosis, acute decompensated 561
echocardiography, acute decompensated 562
emerging biomarkers in 538t
epidemiology of 577
etiology of 578
evidence for revascularization in 559
incidence of 551
interactions in 104
introduction 537
introduction, acute decompensated 561
management in women 577
management of 742
management of women with 578
managing comorbidities in 569
mortality in women and men with 579t
prognosis of 578
revascularize in 557
role in 211
surgery 1064
therapy 83
with normal ejection fraction 271, 272
with preserved ejection fraction 235, 544
with reduced ejection fraction 235
with systolic dysfunction 985
health 156
heavy obesity 770
hemodynamics, assessment of right 850
lung transplant 888
neurogenic control of 920
or kidneys, acute dysfunction of 573
or kidneys, chronic dysfunction of 573
positioned for OM graft 1084f
protection study (HPS) 784
rate turbulence (HRT) 906
rate variability 905
rate variability analysis method 983
rate variability, measurement of 905
rate variance 906
rate, abnormalities in resting 905
rates 318, 355, 356
rhythm society 903
structural changes of 915
structure and function, measures of right 882t
syndrome, broken 150, 744
transplant and rejection 316
transplantation with donation after circulatory death 1079
valve designs, new 1074
Heartache 150
Heartmate II VAD 583f
Hearts, abnormal ECG pattern in normal 237
Heightened adrenergic tone hypothesis 741
Helicobacter pylori infection 116
HELLP syndrome 796
other therapy for 799
transfusion therapy, therapy for 799
Hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) 738
Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) 42
Hemochromatosis 739, 1105
Hemodynamic changes in chronic total occlusion intervention 393
Hemodynamic concepts of diastole 271
Hemodynamic criteria for constriction, traditional 1192t
Hemodynamic depression complication 494
Hemodynamic deterioration and death, acute 706
Hemodynamic determinants of Doppler parameters 275
Hemodynamic features of constrictive physiology 1190
Hemodynamic repercussion of obesity 771
Hemodynamic stress of
normal pregnancy 802
pregnancy hypothesis 741
Hemodynamic study, preparation for 1190
Hemodynamic subtypes of hypertension 590
Hemodynamic support in percutaneous coronary intervention 122
Hemodynamics and pulmonary angiography, invasive 848
Hemodynamics in progressive pulmonary vascular disease 880f
Hemodynamics in various situations, typical 850t
Hemodynamics in VV ECMO 1163
Hemodynamics of pulmonary circulation by echocardiography 837
Hemoglobin levels in pregnancy 796
Hemolytic anemia 638
Hemorrhagic risk 937t
Heparin 805, 890
dosage 890
versus low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) 105
Hepatic lipase 774, 775
Hepatic venous systolic filling fraction (HVSFF) 839
Hepatitis B surface antigen 1095
Hepatitis C virus 1095
Herbal interactions 107
Herbal preparations 623
Heritability 127
High density lipoprotein (HDL) 227
High energy-dense foods 226
High-density lipoprotein cholesterol 69, 70, 161
High-sensitivity 814
ST2 539
Hip arthroplasty, total 892
Hip fracture surgery 892
Holt-Oram syndrome 1020
Home blood pressure measurement (HBPM) 623, 630
Homocysteine
biochemistry of 168
levels 168, 169
role of 209
Hooking coronary 404
Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) 63
age-related effects 194
and heart 193
Hormone sensitive lipase (HSL) 54
Hormone therapy, role of 193
Horner’s syndrome 815
Hrombolysis, adjunct anticoagulant therapy with 334
HRT, concept of 906
HT and aortic root dilatation, relationship between 614
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) 728
Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) 1096
Human T-lymphotropic virus 1095
Human-induced pluripotent stem cells (HIPSCs) 1203
Humanitarian approach 1176
Hybrid coronary intervention, part of 1069
Hybrid coronary revascularization (HCR) 461, 462, 462t, 463t
Hybrid procedure 1089
Hybrid wire with hydrophilic coating 386
Hydralazine 104, 798
Hydrochlorothiazide 798
Hydrophilic 386
Hydrophobic 386
Hydroxytyrosol acid 222
Hypercholesterolemia, familial 77
Hyperglycemia 173, 180, 360
IGT and diabetes mellitus 177
Hyperhomocysteinemia
and atherosclerosis, relationship between 168
and endothelial cell dysfunction, relation between 169
prevalence of 66, 168
treatment of 170
Hyperinsulinemia 173
Hyperlipidemia 162, 178
Hyper-low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterolemia 637
Hyperparathyroidism 138
Hyperperfusion syndrome complication 494
Hypertension 81, 82, 107, 132, 138, 173, 179, 314, 324, 483, 570, 587, 602, 635, 641, 661, 766, 770, 790, 1005
burden of 961
cardiovascular risk factor 647
causes of 633t
secondary 591t
characteristics of resistant 623t
classification of 629
common causes of 592t
combination therapy 632
control of 632
definition of 589, 602, 629, 795
diagnosis on ambulatory BP monitoring 968
epidemiology of 629
evaluation of 590
for adults
classification of 602
isolated systolic hypertension 602
normal BP 602
prehypertension 602
stage 1 602
stage 2 602
goals of therapy 631
guidelines, new in third indian 633
impact of 602
in elderly 633
in pregnancy (HIP) 638, 795
drug treatment 638
first line agent 638
second line agents 638
third line agents 638
management strategies 795
when to treat 638
in RAS 657
in special situations 633
in subsequent pregnancy, recurrence of 799
initiation 631
introduction of 589, 607, 617
major risk factor 790
management for cardiovascular disease prevention 646
management introduction of 656
management of 603, 629, 631, 637
rational combinations for 650f
resistant 627f
strategy in renal artery stenosis 656
masked 596
uncontrolled 596
nonpharmacologic therapy 631
optimal treatment (HOT) 27, 785
paradoxes 654
pathophysiology of 607
pharmacologic therapy 631
pharmacotherapy of 603
principles to treat resistant 626
resistant 622, 641
role in 212
secondary 590, 633
causes of 623
forms of 624, 624t
targets 631
treatment, approach to 593
with diabetes mellitus 633
Hypertensive disorders 800
of pregnancy (HDP) 795, 800
assessment of 796
classification of 795
complications of 800
Hypertensive emergencies 633
Hypertensive patient 635
resistant 966
Hypertensive urgencies 633
Hypertriglyceridemia 55, 66, 67
classification of 66
consequences of 67
management of 66, 68
pharmacotherapy for 68
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) 314, 720, 730, 733, 900, 912, 921, 1104, 1127
Hypoglycemia 47, 570
Hypokalemia suggestive of aldosteronism 590
Hypotension 825
in amyloid light-chain 738
Hypothesis of artery size 532
Hypoxemic respiratory failure 1146
Hysteric faint 991
I
Ibutilide 86
ICD and CRT-D devices, remote monitoring of 947
Idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy (IDCM) 741
Idiopathic left ventricular tachycardia 977
Idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension (IPAH) 854, 861
Idiopathic ventricular fibrillation 981
Illness in elderly patients, characteristics of 284
Iloprost 856
Imatinib mesylate 867
Immunoglobulins 742
Immunosuppressives 742
Impasse sign 685f
Impella recover 584
Implantable cardioverter defibrillators 903
Incretin defect 46
Indigenous tenecteplase 378
mortality 378f
Indolimus 454
Infarction, acute 559
Infection, diagnosis of 1142
Infective endocarditis prophylaxis 1057
Inferior vena cava (IVC) 573, 931, 1153
during VV ECMO cannulation 1161f
plethora 301
Inflammation, markers of 539
Inflammatory bowel disease 1128
Inflammatory processes, biomarkers for 233
Infliximab 186
Infrapopliteal lesions, revascularization in 520t
Initial anticoagulation therapy in VTE 890
Inotropes 564, 742
In-stent restenosis 418
angiographic classification of 469t
treatment of 437
Insular ribbon sign 1011f
Insulin resistance 54, 765, 770, 784, 821f
adipocyte role in 175f
syndrome 54
Insulinemia 227
Intact endothelium 142
Interatrial connection, types of 1045t
Intercellular adhesion molecule 42
Interleukins 42, 484
Intermacs level of limitation 582t
Intermittent claudication, management of 516f
Internal carotid, left 247
Internal jugular vein, left 247
Internal mammary artery 409
left 1067
right 1067
Internal thoracic artery 1083
left 1085
right 1085
Interventricular septal thickness (diastolic) (IVSD) 610
Intestinal absorption of clopidogrel 1205
Intestinal microbiota 43
Intra-aortic balloon counterpulsation 334, 1141t
use of 426
Intra-aortic balloon pump (IABP) 122, 302, 356, 581, 1082
Intracardiac echocardiography, use of 732
Intracerebral haemorrhage, prevention of 1005
Intracerebral hemorrhage 1003
Intracoronary vasodilators 475
Intracranial haemorrhage 375
incidences of 336
Intramyocardial dissecting hematoma 297
Intraplaque hemorrhage (IPH) 487
Intrarenal pressure 574
Intravascular imaging, role of 470
Intravascular optical coherence tomography (IVOCT) 644
Intravascular ultrasound 396, 444
guided reverse cart 391
in vein graft interventions, value of 475
Intravenous antiplatelet drugs 92
Intravenous glycoprotein 120
IIB/IIIA blockers 98
Intravenous thrombolysis 1011
Invasive diagnostic tools, adjunctive 419
Involving aorta 510
Ion channel, defect of 954t
Ionic basis of SQTs 957f
Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) 552
Iron supplementation 553
Irrigated radiofrequency ablation 644
Ischemia and regional wall motion abnormality, pathophysiology of 255
Ischemia, CT early signs of 1011f
Ischemic cardiogenic shock 1139
Ischemic heart disease 56t, 589, 800, 1102, 1128
Ischemic LV dysfunction
definition of 557
mechanism of 557
Ischemic penumbra 1008
Ischemic stroke 750
acute 1008
causes of 1009f
classification of acute 1009
etiology of 1009
treatment, acute 1011
Ischemic vascular disease 56t
Ischemic viable myocardium 558
Isovolumic relaxation time interval (IVRT) 279
ISR after DES implantation, predictors of 470t
IVC filters in pulmonary embolism, role of 828
J
Japanese takotsubo 744f
Jena valve 1075
J-shaped sternotomy 1072
Judkins
left 409
right 409
Juxtaglomerular granular cells 36
K
Kalam-Raju coil stent 451f
Kaplan-Meir survival graph 1055f
Khella or Ammi visnaga 85
Kidney 136
disease 575
chronic 624
injury molecule-1 539
injury, acute 702
medulla of 554
Kissing wire
cross 390, 398f
technique, retrograde 425
Knee arthroplasty, total 892
Knuckle wire technique 388
Koratkoff technique 964
Korotkoff sounds 595, 961
L
LA function, assessment of 612
LA size, estimation of 611
Labetalol 798
Lacunar stroke 1009
Lambl’s excrescences 286, 286f
Late lumen loss 468
Leadless pacemaker 37
Leadless trial 38f
Left anterior oblique 478
Left atrial size, ranges and partition values for 612t
Left bundle-branch block (LBBB) 265, 972
Left main coronary artery 419, 420
Left ventricular 718
assist device 423
ejection fraction 718, 903
end-diastolic pressure 1141f
hypertrophy, rate of 790
longitudinal strain from apical four-chamber 614f
mass by three-dimensional echocardiography, estimation of 609f
mass, estimation of 608, 608f, 609
relaxation abnormality (mild abnormality) 276
systolic dysfunction 718, 771
thrombi 300, 1005
wall thickness and mass, values for 610t
Left ventriculogram demonstrated left ventricular 749f
Left-sided OPVT, surgery in 707
Levosimendan 566
Life support in
adults, component of basic 876t
children, component of basic 876t
infants, component of basic 876t
Life support sequence, adult basic 875
Lifestyle 67, 196
and genetic factors 67
and stroke prevention 1006
diet 196
exercise 196
interventions 619
dietary supplements 619
for blood pressure reduction 631t
meditation 619
smoking cessation 619
measures 619t
modification 174
psychosocial stress 197
smoking 197
Life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias 978
Lignocaine 86
Limb electrode misconnection 239
Limb ischemia gangrenous changes, acute 520
Limb ischemia, acute (ALI) 513, 520
Limus analogues 429
Lipid management 176
Lipid pool, targeting 185
Lipoprotein cholesterol
high-density (HDL-C) 54, 66, 77
levels, high-density 1204
low-density 50, 66, 1205
small dense low density 774
very low-density 69
Lipoprotein infusion, high-density 62
Lipoprotein lipase 774, 775
Lipoprotein, high-density (HDL) 59, 79, 132, 142, 186, 365, 637, 775, 783
Lipoprotein, low-density 132, 142, 165, 176, 207, 775, 1004
Lipoprotein, lower high-density 207
Lipoprotein-associated phospholipase 186
Lipoprotein-raising therapies, high-density 62
Lipoxygenase 42
LITA-RITA Y constructed 1084f
Liver diseases 638
Liver dysfunction 573
Liver function tests in pregnancy 796
Loeys-Dietz syndrome 900
Long sheath versus short sheath for venous access, use of 986
Loop diuretics 562
Loop pressure thresholds 630t
Losartan 82
intervention for endpoint (LIFE) 82
Low- and very low-calorie diet 226
Low-molecular weight heparin therapy 805, 808, 828
LQTs, management of 979
Lucas-mechanical chest compression system 877f
Lumen cannula 1161f
Lumen ECMO cannulas and ECHO, double 1160
Lumen silhouette 419
Lung disease, features of 837f
Lung or lung-heart transplantation 858
Lung perfusion scan 844f
Lung transplantation 873, 1145
LV diastolic dysfunction 611
diagnosis of 542
LV diastolic function 545
evaluation 271
assessment of 610
LV dysfunction 73
with intracranial hemorrhage 750
LV end diastolic pressure 542
LV function of supine 1170f
LV function, assessment of 308
LV lead placement, telescoping technique for 987f
LV systolic function 545, 613
M
M’sure-CR chromium cobalt coronary stent 451
M’sure-SS coronary stent 451
Maastricht classification 1080
of non-heart beating donors 1080f
Macitentan 857, 865, 886
Malignant hypertension See Hypertensive emergencies
Malnutrition hypothesis 741
Malondialdehyde (MDA) 221
Malperfusion syndrome 1089
Mammary artery dissection, skeletonized left internal 1068f
Mammary artery, internal 789, 1070
Manmade disasters 151
Marfan’s syndrome 499, 501, 802, 804, 900, 913
McConnell’s sign 827
MCE in acute myocardial infarction 290
MCE in clinical practice, role of 291
MCE, pathophysiologic basis of 288
MCE, role of 288
ME RES bioresorbable scaffold 456
Mean arterial pressure (MAP) 356
Mean pulmonary artery pressure 840
Mechanical device-based therapy 627
Mechanical reperfusion versus thrombolysis 109
Meconium aspiration and ECMO 1147
Meconium aspiration syndrome (MAS) 1147
Mediastinal tissue to reach right hemithorax 1083f
Medical manpower 3
Medical termination of pregnancy (MTP) 803
Medical therapy in RAS 658
Meditation 162
Mediterranean diet 209, 227
Mediterranean-style patterns 209
Medtronictm 409
Membrane oxygenation, extracorporeal 1152
Mendelian lipid disorders 128t
Mental stress in CAD, role of 151
Mesenteric angioplasty and stenting 817
Mesenteric artery 510
Metabolic alkalosis 885
Metabolic pathways of homocysteine 169f
Metabolic syndrome 598, 639
Metabolic syndrome See Diabetes
Metabolic syndrome and CVD 175f
Metabolic syndrome to diabetes 177
Metabolic syndrome with exercise, targeting 767
Metabolic syndrome, state-of-the-art review on 173
Metabolic tracers 1120
Metabolically healthy nonobese (MHNO) 770
Metabolically healthy obese (MHO) 770
Metabolism 86
of vitamin D 137f
Metal metalloproteinase 142
Metal stents, dose for bare 97
Metformin 64, 176, 570
Methotrexate 814
Methyldopa 638, 798
Methylene tetrahydrofolate 169
reductase 171, 169
Metoprolol 104, 335, 996
in acute myocardial infarction (MIAMI) trial 72
Mexiletine 86
MI, complications of 295
Microcatheters and over-the-wire (OTW) balloons 386
Microcatheters in CTO PCI, role of 386
Microvascular angina, presentation of 190
Microvascular CAD 189
classification 189
Microvolt electrical alternans 907
MICS-CABG intercostal retractor 1083f
Midodrine 996
Milrinone 565, 566
use of 564
Mind-body therapies, categories of 161
Mindfulness based stress reduction (MBSR) 162
Minithoracotomy, left f 1083
Mitraclip therapy 39f
Mitral annular calcification 285, 285f
Mitral annulus 703, 978
Mitral Doppler 275, 279
Mitral inflow color propagation velocity 274
Mitral inflow Doppler on left side 276f
Mitral leaflet, anterior (AML) 692
Mitral regurgitation 250, 299, 703
acute 417
after myocardial infarction 299t
assessment of 306, 693
association with 717
complications specially 684
grading severity of 696t
Mitral spectral Doppler, normal 273f
Mitral stenosis 703
moderate or severe 717
Mitral valve disease, 3DE in evaluation of 306
Mitral valve prolapse (MVP) 913
Mitral valve repair 697, 703
Mitral valve replacement 703
Moderate dysfunction 276
Molecular structure 85
of thyroxine 88f
Monitoring therapy 547
Monitoring treatment 483
Mono- and diacylglycerols 218
Monoclonal antibodies 122
Monounsaturated fatty acids 220
amount of 220
role of 208
Morphine 565
Mosaic color turbulence across obstruction 498f
Mouth breathing precipitates coronary spasm 763
Mullin’s dilators 682
Mullin’s sheath, regular 1036
Multicenter unsustained tachycardia trial 904
Multidetector cardiac computed tomography 707
Multilayered flow modulator 501f
use of 501
Multimarker approaches 540
Multivalvular disease 804
Multivessel coronary artery disease 461
Multivessel disease 791
Multivessel epicardial coronary artery spasm 745
Murmur in acyanotic patient, causes of continuous 1021t
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors, activation of (MACHRs) 983
Muscle cell hypertrophy 855
Muscular ventricular septal defect
closure of 1041
types of 1041f
Musculoskeletal disease See Arthritis
Music therapy 162
Mustard oil 221
Mutations causing SQTS 958t
Mycophenolate mofetil 814
Myoblasts See Stem cells
Myocardial architecture 311
Myocardial blood flow 1123
absolute quantification of 1124
assessment of 1115f
quantitation of 1122
with rubidium-82 1123f
Myocardial cells 1118
Myocardial contrast echocardiogram 288, 559
Myocardial contrast echocardiography
guidance 730
use of 732
Myocardial diseases 314
Myocardial fibrosis 719
Myocardial hibernation 558
Myocardial infarction 72, 73, 82, 119, 131, 132, 144, 238, 359, 442, 745, 898, 899, 910, 969, 1082
acute (AMI) 72, 111, 122, 141, 290, 329, 351, 362, 372, 449, 617, 771
complication of acute 296t
death and 290
description of acute 331
inferior 924
management of acute 331, 331f
ST-segment elevation in 72, 91, 119, 423
Myocardial infiltration 1105
Myocardial injury 235f, 770
biomarkers of 233, 538
Myocardial ischemia hypothesis 741
Myocardial layers 1101
Myocardial lipotoxicity 770
Myocardial metabolism 1120
Myocardial performance index (MPI) 842, 881, 882
Myocardial perfusion 266
applications of positron emission tomography 1115
assessment of 288
imaging (MPI) 265, 1195
abnormal 268
application of spect 1114
for choice of therapy 269
for prognosis 267
introduction 263
normal 267
tracers of 1118
Myocardial regeneration 335
Myocardial reperfusion 109
Myocardial revascularization 414, 791
Myocardial stunning 558
Myocardial viability in chronic CAD, assessment of 291
Myocarditis 741, 914, 1104, 1106
hypothesis 741
Myocardium, female 578
Myocyte apoptosis hypothesis, increased 741
Myocyte injury 538
Myocyte stress 538
Myolimus 429
Myolimus-eluting stent with biodegradable polymer 432
Myosin binding protein C 727
N
N-acetyl-seryl-aspartyl-lysyl-proline 552
Nambiar technique 1082
National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) 776
National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 635
National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute (NHLBI) 740
Native coronary arteries 474
Natriuretic peptides 234, 537, 538, 546, 564
B-type (BNP) 858
concentrations 772
in prognosis of heart failure 547
physiologic effects of 546
Nausea 854
Nellix sac sealing device 504f
principle of 504f
Neonatal intensive-care unit 1040
Nephropathy, contrast induced 792
Neprilysin 83
Nerves, efferent 36
Nervous system, autonomic 905
Nesiritide 564, 565
Neurally mediated syncope See Vasovagal syncope
Neurocardiac damage 152
Neurocardiogenic syncope 920
Neurocardiogenic syncope See Cardioneurogenic syncope
Neurocardiogenic syncope
diagnostic evaluation of 921
treatment 924
Neurocardiology 152
Neurogenic stress cardiomyopathy 750
Neurohormones 538
Neurohumoral 323
Neuromuscular disorders 727
Neurotransmitter systems, central 158
Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin 539, 562
Newer adjunctive devices in TAVR 1073
Newer anti-inflammatory drugs 41
Newer biomarkers for ADHF 562
Newer catheter-based approaches 711
Newer drug therapies 575
Newer generation drug-eluting stents with durable polymer 430
Newer oral anticoagulants (NOACs) 829
status of 891
Newer therapeutic modalities 575
Newer β-blockers 632
Newly diagnosed hypertensive 589
Nexgen cobalt chromium coronary stent system 451
Niacin 57, 63, 68
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate 222
Nicotine 141
replacement therapy (NRT) 145
Nifedipine 638, 798
Nitrates 104
Nitric oxide 48, 222, 771, 884
Nitroglycerin 565
Nitroglycerine-mediated dilation (NMD) 531
Nitroprusside 565
NOAC and digoxin, use of 32
Nocturnal blood pressure
behaviour, patterns of 597t
dipping, gradation of 965
significance of 965
Nocturnal home hemodialysis 821
Non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) 359
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease 229
Noncardiac amyloidosis 738
Noncardiac drugs 104
Noncardiac indications for ECMO 1143
Noncommunicable diseases 201, 203, 224, 483, 603
Nondiabetic dyslipidemic patients 64
Nondihydropyridine 929
Non-drug therapy 625
Nonexercise activity thermogenesis (NEAT) 225
Non-HDL-C in CVD and benefits of non-HDL-C reduction, role of 776
Non-ICH bleeding rates 374
Non-insulin dependent mellitus 177
Non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) 766
Non-life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias 974
Non-loop diuretics 563
Nonobstructive PVT 708
Nonobstructive thrombi 706
Nonpharmacologic interventions 580
Nonpharmacologic stroke prevention 940
Nonpharmacological management of hypertension 2014 617
Nonpharmacological management strategies 797
Nonpharmacological therapies 36
Nonphysiological 240
Nonsegment elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) 234
Non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndrome 359
Non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) 771
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) 623, 657
Non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) 119
Non-ST-segment elevation-acute coronary syndrome (NSTE-ACS) 120, 415
Nonsustained ventricular tachycardia (NSVT) 902, 984
Nonthienopyridines 105
Nonvalvular AF 935
Nonvalvular lesions in bicuspid aortic valve 721
Nordistemi 111
Nosology’s system 1127
Novel anticoagulants 8
Novel oral anticoagulants 34
Novel stent coatings 433
Novelties, future 732
Novolimus 429
Novolimus-eluting stent with durable polymer 431
NP elevation, causes of 547
NP levels lower than expected 547
NSTE acute coronary syndrome 73, 234
NT-probnp versus BNP 547
Nuclear factor κb 187
Nuclear imaging 843
Nutrition 207, 218
Nutritional counseling 365
Nutritional deficiencies 727
Nuts 208
O
Oat bran 208
Obese patient
examination of 325
identifying high-risk 326
Obesity 224, 322, 483, 548, 598, 623, 639, 765, 770772
as chronic disease 326
assessment of adult 324
being genetic and metabolic cardiovascular 770
by optimizing nutrition, management of 224, 225
cardiomyopathy of 772
pathophysiology of 323f
epidemic 770
causes of 225
focused history 325
identification and evaluation of 325
impact of morbid 324
manage 225
methods to calculate 224
myocardial infarction paradox 771
on cardiac performance, effects of 323t
on total and cardiovascular mortality 772
paradox 322, 772
pathophysiology of 225
secondary causes of 225
telling patient about 325
Obesogenic schools 225
Oblique caudal, right anterior 438f, 439f
Obstructive prosthetic valve thrombosis, left-sided 707, 707t
Oil, minor components in 218, 222t
Olive 208
Olive oil 166, 208, 221
Omecamtiv mecarbil 566
Omega-3 fatty acids 68
role of 208
source of 208
Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids 57
One-kidney, one-clip model 657
Optical coherence tomography findings in Takayasu arteritis 509f
Optimal medical therapy 412, 417
Oral anticoagulant 31, 106, 828, 890, 1206
indication for (OAC) 123
therapies 803
trials with novel 33t
use of 121
Oral antihypertensive drugs 798t
Oral beta blockers 370
Oral contraceptives 623
Oral hydralazine 638
Organ care system 1081
Organ preservation 1144
Organic phase 154f
ORMAL electrocardiogram in pathological conditions 237
Orthostatic 570
hypotension 921t
intolerance syndromes 921t
tachycardia syndrome 995t
Oryzanols 222
Oscillometric technique 962
Otamixaban versus unfractionated heparin 121
Oxygen species, increase of reactive 771
P
PA systolic pressure 838
Pacemakers in vasovagal syncope, trials of 997t
Paclitaxel drug-eluting stents 451
Paclitaxel-eluting stents 418, 425, 429, 468
PAH, classification of 852
PAH, prognosis of 858
PAH, prognostic determinants in 854t
PAH, prognostic indicators in 884
PAH, specific therapy for 855
PAH, targeted treatment of 855
PAH-approved drugs 858
Palla’s sign 827
Palm oil 208
Palmolein 221
Pansystolic murmur 1021, 1049
Pantoprazole 106
Papillary muscle 978
Paradoxical embolism 1005
Parallel wire technique 387
Parasternal long axis 882
vena contracta 696f
Parasternal short axis 882
Parathyroid hormone level 138
Paravalvular 712
regurgitation 702, 712f
Parkinson’s disease 991
Paroxysmal AF 935
Paroxysmal arrhythmias 237
Paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia 984
Partial anomalous pulmonary venous drainage (PAPVD) 1019
Partially hydrogenated 219
Patent ductus arteriosus 1019, 1020, 1025, 1037
amplatzer ductal occluder 1038
challenges 1039
clinically silent 1039
coil occlusion 1037
controversies 1039
history of procedure 1037
in adults 1040
occlusion, current era in 1037
with pulmonary hypertension 1039
PCI after fibrinolysis, anticoagulant therapy to support
delayed 369
primary 369
PCI in special groups 417
PCI of infarct artery versus non-infarct artery 368
PCI of non-infarct vessel 334
PCI of saphenous vein graft (SVG) 418
PCI vs CABG vs optimal medical therapy 414
PCI, functional 420f
Peak systolic pressure gradient 816
Pediatric cardiac care in India, current status of 1028
Peer-reviewed publications for corus CAD 1197t
Penile Doppler test, role of 530
Pentoxifylline 516, 742
Percutaneous atrial septal defect closure, history of 1035
Percutaneous closure, history of 1041
Percutaneous coronary 235
access–radial versus femoral 122
clopidogrel in unstable angina 91
competence and training standards 413
for large bifurcation lesions 424f
in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction 122
intervention (PCI) 6, 7, 22, 91, 97, 109, 114, 184, 187, 291, 373, 385, 396, 412, 416, 409, 412, 423, 437, 442, 461, 468, 474, 557, 677, 771, 788, 1205
introduction 412
primary 357, 367, 373
Percutaneous left atrial-to-femoral arterial ventricular assist device 356
Percutaneous left ventricular assist devices 583, 426
Percutaneous mitral valve repair 39, 39t
Percutaneous mitral valvuloplasty 681
balloon, reverse loop entry of 684f
during pregnancy 684
introduction 681
Percutaneous MVRE and MVR technologies 703t
Percutaneous transluminal
angioplasty (PTA) 815, 658, 813
balloon angioplasty (PTBA) 510, 815, 816
coronary angioplasty (PTCA) 439
use of 442
rotational atherectomy (PTRA) 439
Percutaneous transvenous mitral valvuloplasty (PTMC) 681
Percutaneous treatment of saphenous vein graft obstructions 475
Percutaneous valve repair/replacement 697
Percutaneous venous angioplasty 987
Perfusion-metabolism mismatch using N-13 ammonia 1122f
Pericardial disease 316, 1106
Pericardial effusion 1166
Pericardial fat, role of 771
Periflex 458
Perimembranous ventricular septal defect, closure of 1041
Peripartum cardiomyopathy 578, 728, 740, 1142
definition 740
diagnosis 741
differential diagnosis 741
epidemiology 740
etiopathogenesis 741
introduction 740
management 742
nomenclature 740
Peripheral artery disease 131, 784
classification of 514t
suspected 515f
Peripheral blood film in pregnancy 796
Peripheral cannulation 1140f
Peripheral ultrafiltration 563
Peripheral vascular disease (PVD) 141, 513, 622, 646, 1082
diagnosis 513
evaluation 513
Peripheral vascular evaluation and intervention 513
Peripheral vascular intervention 481
Perivascular epicardial ectopy 978
Peroxisome proliferator 776
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) 61, 69, 177, 774, 775
Persistent AF, longstanding 935
Persistent pulmonary hypertension 1147
of newborn 853
Pet myocardial ischemia imaging 1119
Pharmacogenetics 1204
Pharmacoinvasive strategy 334
Pharmacoinvasive therapy 110
trials of 111
Pharmacokinetics 69
Phenolic acid 222
Phenytoin 86
Pheochromocytoma 593, 624
Phosphatides 219
Phosphatidylcholine, gut flora mechanism of 43, 44f
Phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors, safety of 532
Phosphodiesterase III inhibitor 564
Phosphodiesterase type 5
inhibitors 886, 1058
Phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors 857, 863
Phrenic nerve pacing 988
Physical activity therapy 228
Physical activity, promotion of 648
Pitfalls 292
in diagnosis 237
in jones criteria 692
of ECHO in ECMO 1171
Plant sterols 222
Plaque inflammation 486
Plaque morphology, evaluation of 483
Plasma catecholamine levels 746
Plasma levels of triglycerides, function of 56t
Plasma renin 138
Plasma triglyceride levels, total mortality to 56t
Plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 374
Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 177, 340
Plastic jacket guidewires 385
Platelet aggregation 151
Platelet aggregation, inhibition of 91
Platelet count in pregnancy 796
Platelet reactivity cutoff with ischemic and bleeding events 8t
Platelet reactivity, high on-treatment 90
Platinum-chromium drug-eluting stents 433
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons 141
Polycythemia 571
Polyethylene terephthalate 518
Polymer technology 428
Polymer-coated guidewires 385, 387
Polymer-coated paclitaxel-eluting stent (PES) 428
Polymer-free drug-eluting stents 432, 433
Polymeric prosthetic heart valves 1074
Polymeric prosthetic heart valves mold 1076f
Polymorphisms, apolipoprotein E 1205
Polytetrafluoroethylene See Saphenous vein
Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) 475
covered stents 518
Polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) 208, 220
role of 208
Popliteal artery disease 518
Portico valve 1075f
Positive pressure ventilation 565
Positron emission tomography 559
cardiac 1115t
Post-aortouni-iliac stenting and fem-fem bypass 503f
Post-acute coronary syndrome (ACS) 142
Postcardiac arrest care, part of 878
Postcoronary artery bypass graft patient 672
Post-myocardial infarction 295, 902, 1202
ventricular septal defect 1042
Postpartum
cardiomyopathy 740
evaluation 799
heart disease 740
heart failure 740
management 799
myocarditis 740
surveillance 799
Postpercutaneous coronary intervention 255
Post-PTCA and post-CABG care 114
Post-Robotic surgery appearance 1069f
Post-therapeutic evaluation of stenosis 483
Post-traumatic ventricular septal defect 1042
Post-tricuspid shunt 1019
Potassium channel genes 900
Potential drugs 7
Potential molecule mechanism 166
Potential of stem cell banking 1095
Potential of thrombolytic therapy 380
Potential reasons for obesity paradox in cardiovascular diseases 323
Potential targets for antiplatelet drugs 7f
Potentially future cardiac biomarkers 234
Potts shunt 858
PPAR alpha and gamma agonists, effects of dual 69t
PPAR receptor agonism, action of 775f
PPARS and CV risk reduction, modulation of 775
PPAR-α in CV risk reduction, role of 776
Pranayama See Breath control
Prasugrel 91, 105, 120, 788
versus ticagrelor 92
Precordial leads, assessment of 971
Preeclampsia 800
and chronic hypertension with superimposed preeclampsia 796
assessment of risk for 797
high risk for 800
severity of 797
Pregnancy and heart 793
Pregnancy and pulmonary embolism 806
Pregnancy hypothesis, abnormal immune response to 741
Pregnancy in ASD 1051
Pregnancy introduction 806
Pregnancy, clotting screen in 796
Pregnancy, predictive tests in 796
Pregnancy, surgical correction during 804
Pregnancy, USG in 796
Pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH) 795
Pregnancy-specific differential diagnoses 808
Prehospital fibrinolysis 110, 379
Prehospital management 331
Premature ventricular contractions (PVCs) 906
Preterm patent ductus arteriosus 1040
Pretransplant lung support, ECLs modes for 1146
Primary LV hypertrophy, differentiate between 720
Primum ASD 1048f
Procainamide 86
Proerythrocytic hormone 554
Proinflammatory cytokines 158
production of several 207
Prolactin hypothesis 741
Propafenone 86
Prostacyclin 886
analogs 863
IP-receptor agonists 858
synthase in PAH 855
Prostanoids 855, 886
Prosthesis durability 671
Prosthesis-patient mismatch 677
Prosthetic heart valve 107
complications of 709
thrombosis in pregnancy 708
Prosthetic tri leaflet valve 1076f
Prosthetic valve
complications, prevention of mechanical 709
leak, types of 712f
management 804
patient, assessment of 804
thrombosis 706
left-sided 706
type of 706
Protease-activated receptors (PARs) 6
Protein C 733
deficiency 1009
Protein 221
deficiency 1009
energy malnutrition 1128
loosing enteropathy 1213
Prothrombin time 796
in pregnancy 796
Proximal embolic protection 476f
Proximal protection with flow reversal 493f
Pseudoaneurysm of ascending aorta 499f
Pseudohypertension 961
Pseudomonas 1142
Pseudonormal diastolic dysfunction 276
Pseudoresistance to therapy 623
Psychic phase 153, 153f
Psychosocial management 365
Psychosocial stress, effects of acute 155f
Psychosomatic phase 153, 153f
PTCA patient, care of post- 114
Pulmonary angiogram 846
Pulmonary angiogram stenosis 846f
Pulmonary arterial hypertension 803, 834, 852, 858, 861, 880, 1039
in 2014, treating 852
introduction 852
management of 852, 854f, 863
patients 887f
prognostic determinants in 885t
right heart catheterization 854
soluble guanylate cyclase 857
specific therapies 872
trial 863
triumph trial 863
Pulmonary artery 1049
angioplasty 817
denervation to treat PAH 864
denervation, effects of 864
enlarged main 835
incidence of left 1037
main 864
ostial stenosis, right 818f
pressure 275, 852, 1054
right 835
systolic pressure (PASP) 870
to left atrium 1146f
wedge pressure (PAWP) 834
Pulmonary blood flow, increase in 1019f, 1054
Pulmonary capillary hemangiomatosis (PCH) 834
Pulmonary disease, chronic obstructive (COPD) 1082
Pulmonary embolism 807
acute 830, 871, 890
angiography 827
anticoagulation 828
cardiac biomarkers 827
chest computed tomography 827
chest radiography 827
D-dimer assay 826
diagnosis 806, 826
diagnostic tests 826
echocardiography 827
electrocardiography 826
in pregnancy 807
management of 806
interventions 828
introduction 825
acute 830
magnetic resonance angiography 827
management 827
strategies 2014 825
pathophysiology 825
risk factors 825
severity index score 826, 826t
surgical embolectomy 828
thrombolysis 828, 831
treatment 808
venous ultrasonography 827
ventilation-perfusion scintigraphy 827
Pulmonary hypertension 834, 835, 1046, 1146, 1153
classification of 853t
diagnosis of 835, 837
imaging tests 835
of newborn (PPHN) 852
patients, suspected 834
postoperative residual 872
quantification of 837
secondary to left heart diseases 834
suspects 835
to lung disease/hypoxia 834
useful in evaluation of 835
Pulmonary insufficiency 1210
Pulmonary stenosis: severity 1022t
Pulmonary thromboembolism 302, 731
Pulmonary thromboendarterectomy 872
Pulmonary valve, assessment of 307
Pulmonary vascular disease 1046
Pulmonary vascular resistance 837, 840, 871
index (PVRI) 872, 1045, 1049
Pulmonary vasculature, assessment of 846
Pulmonary vein Doppler 275
diastolic 273f
systolic 273f
Pulmonary vein
left upper (LUPV) 1035
right upper 1036
Pulmonary veins 984
Pulmonary velocity profile 843f
type 1 843f
type 2 843f
type 3 843f
Pulmonary venous flow pattern, normal 273
Pulmonic regurgitation 1049
Pulse 1020
Doppler to perform MPI 883
volume recording 514
Pulsed Doppler echocardiographic recordings from mitral annulus 281
Pulseless disease 813
Pump assisted lung protection 1149
Pumpless ECMO 1137
Puncture kits 404
PVT, recurrent episodes of 708
Q
Q waves in absence of MI 238
QRS duration 970
QRS morphology favoring VT 971t
QRS tachycardia, approach to broad 969
QT response to heart rate 958
QT syndromes 953
diagnosis 955
genetic testing 955
introduction 953
long 237, 900, 902, 953, 979
management 956
short 900, 953, 957, 981
suspect short 958
Quiescin Q6 539
Quinidine 86, 107
R
RA strain 317
RA thrombus post-cannula insertion 1160f
Rabeprazole See Pantoprazole
Radial angioplasty 402
Radial artery spasm 402
Radiofrequency catheter ablation 911
Raising HDL 186
Randomized FFR trials 419
Rapid platelet function assay (RPFA) test 22
RAS and hypertension, scenarios of 657
RAS, revascularization in 658
Rastelli operation 1211
RB-82, injection of 1122
Reactive nitrogen species 222
Reactive oxygen species 222
Reflex syncope, mechanism of 990f
Refractory hypercapnic respiratory failure and acidosis 1145
Refractory hypertension 658
Regional wall motion abnormalities 745
Regurgitant orifice area 250
Reinfarction 295
Relaxin 566
Relevant trials 376
Renal angioplasty and stenting 816
Renal artery 510
denervation 642
device 643f
device by angiography 641f
devices, variety of 642t
stenosis 624, 656
to atherosclerosis 593
to fibromuscular dysplasia 592
sympathetic 641f
Renal denervation 36, 627, 640
introduction 36
quick facts 641
therapy 651
Renal disease 81, 548
end stage (ESRD) 82, 622
progression 82
Renal dysfunction 573
Renal failure 593, 784
Renal function 82
Renal hypoxia 554
Renal impairment 34
Renal insufficiency 569
Renal parenchymal disease 591
nephropathy profile for 659
Renal replacement therapy, continuous 1143
Renal revascularization in RAS 658
Renal sympathetic denervation 36, 598
rationale of 36
Renal sympathetic innervation 641f
Renal tamponade 574
Renin-angiotensin inhibition 79
Renin-angiotensin system 81, 81f, 623
inhibition 177
Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone 138
system 158, 177, 546, 624, 654, 657
blockers 625, 626
Renocardiac syndrome 573
with RAS 656
Renovascular hypertension 656
medical therapy of 657
pathophysiology of 656
predictors of 657
Reperfusion in acute myocardial infarction 368
Reperfusion injury, prevention of 335
Reperfusion strategies 373f
Reperfusion therapy 332
in acute myocardial infarction 372
early 373
Repolarization in athletes, early 915
Repolarization syndrome, early 907
Rescue PCI 367
Residual dyspnea in progressive PAH, treatments for 864
Resistant hypertension
management of 625, 625t
pathobiology of 623
Respiratory disease 637
beta-blockers 637
Respiratory distress syndrome, acute 1143
Respiratory failure,
acute 1152
indications 1140
Restenosis with drug-eluting stent, mechanisms of 469t
Restrictive cardiomyopathy 316, 736, 1105, 1190
investigations 736
treatment 737
Reteplase 340
Retroesophageal right subclavian artery with guidewire 408f
Revascularization in patients with femoropopliteal lesions 519t
Revascularized segments, assessment of 395
RHD, magnitude of 688t
Rheumatic fever 687
acute 691
background, acute 691
Rheumatic heart disease 3, 687, 688t, 691, 716, 936
diagnosis 688
epidemiological factors 687
epidemiology 687
introduction 691
management 688
primary prevention, treatment of 689
secondary prevention, treatment of 689
treatment of 689, 690
Rheumatics 802
Rheumatoid arthritis 499
Rho kinase inhibitors 867
Rhuepo treatment, effect of 554
Rhythm abnormalities in ASD 1046
Rhythm control 929
in atrial fibrillation 941
Rice bran oil 221
Right ventricle, role of 879
Right ventricular failure 1146
Right ventricular outflow tract 882
Right-sided PVT 708
Right-sided valvular disease 804
Riociguat 857, 867
Rituximab 813
Rivaroxaban 3133, 121, 829, 891, 892, 928
Rivaroxaban 891t
Rivaroxaban vs warfarin 33
Robot-assisted cardiac surgery 1066
Robot-assisted coronary artery bypass graft 1067
Robot-assisted minimally invasive direct coronary artery bypass surgery 1068
Robotic aortic valve surgery 1072
Robotic atrial septal defect 1069
closure with dacron patch 1069f
surgery 1069
Robotic cardiac surgery
da Vinci surgical system 1066
introduction 1066
Robotic cart 1067f
Robotic catheters 1073
Robotic coronary artery bypass grafting 1069
Robotic internal mammary harvest 1067
Robotic master console 1066f
Robotic mitral valve repair 1070f
Robotic mitral valve replacement 1070f
Robotic mitral valve surgery 1069
Rolofylline 566
Room for thrombolytic therapy in era of PPCI 379
Rosuvastatin 79
Rotational atherectomy 436
equipment 436
indications 437
introduction 436
lesion selection 437
mechanism 436
prior to taxus stent treatment for complex native coronary artery disease 439
procedure 437
versus balloon angioplasty for diffuse in-stent restenosis 439
Rotaxus trial 425, 440
RPA presenting pH, congenital absence of 837f
Rubidium-82 myocardial perfusion 1124
Rubidium-82 pet myocardial perfusion study 1118
Rultract retractor 1083f
RV failure 880
definition 880
etiology of 880
management of 885
pathophysiology of 880, 881
RV in PAH, failing 879
RV myocardial performance index 883f
RV structure and function, assessment of 881
RV, normal 879
S
Saccular aneurysm 499f
Sadra lotus valve 1075f
Safflower oil 208, 221
Salt, excessive consumption of 623
Salutogenesis 202
Saphenous vein 789, 816
de novo trial 475
graft 404, 426, 429, 474
disease 418
disease, pathophysiology of 474
interventions, strategies to prevent no-reflow in 475
intervention 474
Sarcoid heart disease 737
Sarcoidosis 739, 1105
Sarcoplasmic reticulum 214
Saroglitazar 69, 777
doses of 69
Saturated fat 219
SAVOR-TIMI 53
primary endpoint 47f
SCD part myocardial infarction 899t
SCD, assessment of 897
Second hand smoke 143
Second heart sound 1021
Sedentary pursuits 225
Segmental arterial pressure 514
Seizure prophylaxis 800
Sensing without pacing 997
Septal artery, target 730
Septostomy balloon 1166f
Serelaxin 39
Serum creatinine in pregnancy 796
Serum creatinine perturbation 575
Serum ferritin, low 552
Serum LDL-cholesterol 132
Sesamin 222
Sesamol 222
Sesamolin 222
Severe acute hypertension, treatment of 798t
Severe aortic regurgitation 813
Severe chronic kidney disease 133
Severe coronary artery disease 697
Severe diastolic dysfunction 277
Severe hypertriglyceridemia, treatment of 68
Sex, distribution according to 23f
Sexual activity 533
Sheath sizing protocol 406, 406f
Short QT interval 958
Shorter-acting sulfonylurea 570
Shunt lesions, left to right 1020t
Shunts, residual 1209
Shy-Drager syndrome 991
S-ICD components with sensing vectors, anatomic locations of 948f
Sigmoid septum See Carinate
Sildenafil 857, 886
Silicone 386
Single chain urokinase-type plasminogen activator 339
Single dual chamber 1153
Single photon emission computed tomography 289, 559, 791
Single-vessel disease 771
Sinus node 921
Sinus of Valsalva
left 478
noncoronary 478
right 478
Sinus rhythm after cardioversion in atrial fibrillation, maintenance of 932f
Sirolimus 429
coronary eluting system 455f
eluting stent system 457f
exposure of 453
Sirolimus-eluting stent implantation See Paclitaxel-eluting stent
Sirolimus-eluting stents 418, 429, 432, 433, 453
Sirolimus-eluting versus paclitaxel-eluting stents for coronary revascularization 430
Sitaxsentan 886
Skeletal myopathy 573
Slave unit See Robotic cart
Sleep apnea 573
syndrome 625, 638
obstructive 593, 624
Slow down after snowing 764
Slow down little bit 764
Smokers 143
Smoking 142, 143, 365, 598
and hypertension 143
and lipids 143
and mortality 142
and stroke 143
and tobacco 647
cessation 785
Smooth muscle cell 184
Social attributes 1188
Social cognitive theory 202
Sodium and potassium to blood pressure, relation of 618
Sodium channel 953
type of 953
Sodium reduction 618
Soluble guanylate cyclase stimulators 857
Sotalol 86
Soy protein, role of 209
Soyabean oil 221
Soybean 208
Specialized head-up-tilt test 923
Specific causes and treatment 738
Speckle tracking echocardiography 248, 310
applications of 313
SPECT and pet in CAD, value of 1113
Sport-related SCD 912
Spring coil guidewires 386
Spring coil wires 386
SQTS diagnostic critrtia 959t
SQTs, management of 959
ST elevation acute myocardial infarction 234
ST elevation myocardial infarction 412
cause of acute (STEMI) 339
Statin therapy in primary prevention, safety of 52
Statin therapy intensity 51
Statins 50, 57, 68, 106, 185
in primary prevention of CVD 50
side effects of 51
ST-elevation myocardial infarction 745, 771
management of (STEMI) 109
Stem cell 1107
bank 1095
therapy 122, 335, 729, 1093, 1097
treatment for acute myocardial infarction 336t
Stemi management, evolution of 109
STEMI, management of 373
Stenosis severity, angiographic methods of assessing 493f
Stenosis, left main 357
Stenotic lesions in aorta, site of 816t
Stent in PCI 369
Stent thrombosis 442
burden of 442
prediction of 443
prevention of 444
Stent type 123
Stenting with
bare-metal stents, repeat 471
drug-eluting stents, repeat 471
Sterols 219
Storage disease 737
Strain and strain rate 311
Strains, types of 311
Streptokinase 339
Stress 151
acute 151
acute versus chronic 151
and CAD, mechanism of 154
and heart 150
cardiomyopathy 155, 316, 744
cardiomyopathy introduction 744
ECHO, interpretation of 256
echocardiography 255, 264, 315
myocardial perfusion imaging 263
myocardial perfusion scan using F-18 flurpiridaz 1124
response, model of 151
Stressors used in stress ECHO, different 255
Stroke 83, 131, 143, 676, 928, 1004, 1005, 1008
complications 494, 701
diagnosis of 1011t
history of 1003
in atrial fibrillation 939
in atrial fibrillation, primary prevention of 936
in cardiac patients 1003
in interheart 646t
introduction 1003
natural history of 1003
of etiology, acute 1010
of undetermined etiology 1010
prevention 28, 1004
rate 933t
risk for ischemic 1005
secondary prevention of 941
volume index 697
Strut thickness of various DES with Superia, comparison of 455f
Subacute stent thrombosis 99
Subarachnoid hemorrhage 1003
Subclavian angioplasty and stenting 814
Subclavian artery 510
Subclavian vein 987
Subclinical carditis in ECHO, prevalence of 688t
Subcutaneous versus transvenous arrhythmia recognition testing 948
Subepicardial aneurysm 300
Subintimal tracking and reentry technique 388
Submassive pulmonary embolism with tenecteplase, treatment of 832
Subsegmental thromboembolism 843
Subvalvular aortic stenosis 1019
Subxiphoid for evaluation of interatrial septum 1034f
Sudden cardiac death 731, 772, 902, 909, 912, 924
definition 909
epidemiology of 897, 909
in athletes 912
introduction 897, 909, 912
management of 907
markers of 902
prevention of 907
Sugary drinks probably 226
Sulfur hexafluoride microbubble 289
Superia 454
Superior vena cava 931
Supine bicycle 255
Supralimus 453
stent 454
Supra-skirtal regurgitation 712f
mitral position 712f
Supravalvular aortic stenosis 1019, 1020
Supraventricular tachycardia 237, 921, 972, 990
Surgeon working at console 1066f
Surgical ports, marking for 1067f
Surgicaly implanted VAD 581
Sustained renovascular hypertension, mechanisms of 657
Sutureless valves 1074
SVG PCI, approaches to 477
Sympathetic nervous system 574, 623
Sympathomimetics 623
Symplicity HTN-1 37
Symplicity HTN-2 37
Symplicity HTN-3 644
Symposium on pulmonary hypertension, second world 852
Syncope 920, 943, 998
and cardiovascular link 989
and impact on quality of life 997
and orthostatic intolerance, treatment of reflex 925t
causes of 924, 989
classification of 989
diagnosis and treatment 997
diagnosis for 920, 921, 925
epidemiology of 989
in patients with high risk of sudden cardiac death 926
introduction 920
management of 920
secondary to structural cardiac 924
to cardiac disease 992
to hypersensitive carotid sinus 992
to orthostatic hypotension/dysautonomia 992
treatment of 924
types of 991
Synthetic prostacyclin See Epoprostenol
Systematic cardiologic 532
Systemic hypertension 622
introduction 622
Systemic infections, prevention of 1142
Systemic inflammation 166
Systemic lupus erythematosus 499
Systemic thrombolysis 522
Systemic vascular resistance (SVR) 355, 575
Systolic anterior motion of anterior mitral leaflet 730
Systolic anterior motion 302
Systolic area index 1191
of constriction on left versus restrictive cardiomyopathy on right f 1193
Systolic blood pressure 132, 143, 271, 514, 591, 602, 629, 795
Systolic hypertension in elderly program 637
Systolic hypertension in older adults, isolated 590
Systolic hypertension in young adults 590
T
T1-weighted spin-ECHO 1106
Tachycardia 990
approach to wide complex 969
induced cardiomyopathy 728
protocols for broad complex 973t
wide complex 971
Tachycardia-related cardiomyopathy 974
Tachycardiomyopathy 928
Tachypnea 806
Tadalafil 857
Tai Chi 162
Takayasu’s arteritis 505, 727, 813, 816, 817f, 818f
classification of 506, 508f
diagnosis 506
and assessment of disease activity 813
endovascular intervention 814
introduction 813
management of 507, 813
NIH protocol 510f
pathogenesis of 507f
pathology 505
patient 816f
pharmacologic therapy 814
treatment 814
of hypertension 814
Takotsubo cardiomyopathy 744
Tandem heart 583
Tar 141
Target organ damage, evaluation of 590
TAVI, alternate access for 1073
TAVR for aortic regurgitation 671
TAVR in bicuspid aortic valve, feasibility of 671
TAVR present status and challenges ahead 669
TAVR technology today and challenges ahead 670
Taxus 1 trial 429
Taxus element 433
Technological skills 1187
TEE and ECMO, role of 1167
Tenecteplase 340, 708, 830, 831
in acute pulmonary embolism, use of 831
successful thrombolysis 378f
tissue plasminogen act 339
trials of 375t
Tenecteplase-tissue plasminogen activator 374
in humans 374
Tetra peptide inhibitor of erythropoietin 552
TG in CVDS and benefits of TG reduction, role of 776
Thallium stress tests 267f
Thallium-201 versus technetium-99m 267
Theinopyridines 333
Therapeutic implications 157
Therapeutic issues 996
Therapeutic strategic conservative treatment 516
Therapeutic strategic pharmacotherapy 516
Therapeutic strategies 516
Therapeutic targets for pulmonary arterial hypertension 862f
Therapies in high-risk groups, combination 83
Thiazides 626, 638
Thiazolidinediones (TZDs) 177
Thienopyridines 335
Thin fibrous cap, targeting 186
Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, levels of 221
Third hand smoke 144
and E-cigarettes 144
Thoracic and abdominal aorta, aneurysm of 498
Thoracic aneurysm 499f
Thoracic aortic aneurysm 500, 502
descending 1090
diagnosis 500
management of 500
Thoracic artery, internal 1083
Thoracic endovascular aneurism repair 1089
Thoracic endovascular aortic repair 501
Thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysms (TAAA) 501f, 502, 1091
Thorac-pro ITA retractor 1083f
Three-D transthoracic ECHO/Doppler, uses of 250t
Thrombin inhibitor, direct 31, 891
Thrombin-receptor antagonists 6
Thromboembolic phenomena, prevention of 932
Thromboembolic prevention strategies in nonvalvular atrial fibrillation, comparison of 934f
Thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension, classification of chronic 871t
Thrombogenic blood 184
Thrombolysis 110
and PCI in pharmacoinvasive treatment, delay between 112
in acute myocardial infarction 339
in intermediate risk patients with PE 828
in left-sided OPVT 708
in myocardial infarction 340, 360, 375, 385, 424
score 290
with fibrin-specific agents 110
Thrombolytic administration 380
Thrombolytic agents 339, 340, 708
development of 372t
characteristics of ideal 340t
chronology of 372t
classification of (JAPI) 339t
Thrombolytic drug, generation of 339
Thrombolytic therapy 828
for acute pulmonary embolism 830
for AMI management in India 377
in stemi interventions 372
problems with 110
timeline of 377f
use of 831t
Thrombolytics in stemi, use of 373
Thrombolytics like tenecteplase 110
Thrombolytics, stronger contestant in race of 831
Thromboplastin time, activated partial (APTT) 828
Thromboprophylaxis 799
Thrombosis during ECMO, after effects of 1167
Thrombosuction 334
Thrombotic fibrotic material 846
Thrombotic lesions 426
Thrombus aspiration before percutaneous coronary intervention 123
Thrombus aspiration during primary percutaneous coronary angioplasty 351
Thrombus formation 1213
Thrombus migrated to RV cannula 1161f
Thyroid dysfunction 593
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) 88, 591
Ticagrelor 92, 105, 120, 788
Tilting disk 706
Tilt-table testing 943, 944
Tirofiban 370, 791
Tissue Doppler imaging 274, 275
Tissue Doppler imaging tracing on right side 276f
Tissue Doppler lateral tricuspid annulus 883
cardiac biomarkers 883
cardiac catheterization 883
cardiac magnetic resonance imaging 884
obtained from apical four-chamber 884f
vasoreactivity testing 884
Tissue Doppler tracing, normal 274f
Tissue Doppler, strain, and 3D, use of 258
Tissue engineered heart valves 1074
Tissue perfusion 542
Tissue plasminogen activator 339, 340, 374, 708
Tissue specific stem cells 42
TNF-α, inhibiting 186
TNK-TPA in patients, use of 376
Toast classification of subtypes of ischemic stroke 1010t
Toast subtype classification system 1009
Tobacco and heart 141
disease 141
Tobacco cessation 365
benefits of 144
interventions 145
Tobacco control
challenges to 146
framework convention on 648
Tobacco regulation 145
Tobacco smoke
environmental 143
ill-effects of 144
Tobacco use, impact of 141
Tocainide 86
Tocilizumab 186, 813
Tocopherols 222
Toe brachial index (TBI) 514
Torsade de pointes 979
Toxic postpartum heart disease 740
Trans atlantic inter-society consensus (TASC) 516
Trans fats 165, 166
affect 165
and cardiovascular disease 165
and coronary heart disease 165
reduce artificial 166
role of 208
source of 165
Trans fatty acids See Partially hydrogenated
Transatlantic inter-society consensus classification 517t
Transcatheter aortic valve implantation 581, 697, 711, 1072
echonavigator during 711f
Transcatheter aortic valve replacement 697, 669, 697, 700
Transcatheter heart valve 670
next generation 671f
Transcatheter mitral valve repair 704
Transcatheter potts shunt 858
Transcatheter valve 1063
future 1073
implantation to treat failing valves 1073
Transcendental meditation 162
Transesophageal echocardiogram 496
Transesophageal echocardiography 296, 672, 707, 1034
guided 930
movement of 711
Transfer-AMI 111
Transient ischemic attack See Stroke
Transient ischemic attack (TIA) 152, 484, 491, 939, 989, 1008, 1064
Transient LV dysfunction in acute medical illness 750
Transition to oral vitamin K antagonists from novel oral anticoagulants 32
Transmural biventricular enhancement 1106
Transposition of great arteries 1210
Transradial access carries 402
Transradial procedure failure, predictors of 402t
Transseptal catheterization 682
Transseptal puncture 682f
catheter for f 714
Transtheoretical model 201, 202
Transthoracic echocardiogram, detected with 681
Transthoracic echocardiographic 306, 691, 706, 1034
Transthoracic echocardiography 496
Transvalvular 712
regurgitation 712f
Trauma, acute 151
Treadmill 255
Treating aspirin 24
Treprostinil 856, 863, 886
Triacylglycerols 218
absorption of 218
Triangular cuspal resection technique 1073f
Tricuspid and pulmonary regurgitation 871
Tricuspid annular motion (TAM) 883
Tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE) 881, 882, 1056
measurement of 884f
Tricuspid annulus 978
Tricuspid atresia 510
and single ventricle lesions 1212
Tricuspid insufficiency and RV dysfunction 1211
Tricuspid valve, assessment of 308
Triglyceride 66, 69, 70, 142, 774
high 55
Trileaflet prosthesis 1076
Trimethylamine N-oxide 43
Troglitazone 176
Tropical cardiology 811
True aneurysm and pseudoaneurysm, differences between 300t
Truncus arteriosus 1211
TTE and ECMO, contrast-enhanced 1170
Tumor necrosis factor 166, 184, 484
alpha 42
inhibitors 813
Turner’s syndrome 496
Two-kidney, one-clip model 657
Tyrosine kinase inhibitors–imatinib 858
U
ULMCA stenoses 425
Ultimately three Es determine life “healthy heart for hearty health” 162
Ultrafiltration 565
Ultrasound of arm arteries, technique of preprocedure 403
Unfractiona 375
Unfractionated heparin 121, 791
Unstable angina 73, 234
Upstream from left ventricle, causes of 548
Urate in pregnancy 796
Uremic cardiomyopathy 820
introduction 820
newer treatments 821
treatment 821
Uric acid clearance 1056
Urinalysis in pregnancy 796
Urokinase 340
Urticaria and angioedema 90
US food and drug administration 830
Uterine arteries in pregnancy, Doppler assessment of 796
V
VA ECMO See Venoarterial ECMO
VA ECMO access cannula 1166f
VA ECMO
advantage of 1139t
disadvantage of 1139t
diseases suitable for 1138
low flow 1139
weaning from 1169
Vagal atrial fibrillation 983
management of 984
Vaginal delivery 803
Vagus nerve stimulation 38, 38f
Validation of instruments 963
Valsalva, sinus of 702
Valve academic research consortium 713
Valve durability and hemodynamic performance 700
Valve II criteria for evaluation of prosthetic valve leak 713t
Valve in valve TAVR 672
Valve prolapse 691
Valve-in-valve for failing bioprostheses 704
Valve-sparing root replacement using reimplantation technique 1073f
ValveXchange approach 1076
Valvular abnormalities
antenatal care 802
anticoagulant management 805
aortic regurgitation 804
aortic stenosis 803
in delivery 803
introduction 802
mitral regurgitation 803
with mitral stenosis 803
mitral stenosis 803
percutaneous valvotomy 803
physiology 802
Valvular aortic stenosis 1019
with preserved left ventricular function 1024f
Valvular disease 1106
Valvular heart disease 316, 667
in pregnancy, management of 802
Valvular lesions in bicuspid aortic valve 721
Valvular pulmonary stenosis 1024f
Valvulitis 691
Valvuloarterial impedance 718
Vampire bat salivary plasminogen activator 339
Vardenafil 857
Vascular access site issues 674
Vascular brachytherapy 437, 471
Vascular calcification, abnormal 574
Vascular cell adhesi 42
Vascular closure devices, large bore 674, 1073
Vascular complications, complications of 701
Vascular events, incidence of 63
Vascular inflammation 138
Vascular injury 771
Vascular site complications 674
Vascular surgeons 4
Vasodilating inotropes 565
Vasodilator testing, acute 854
Vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein 24
Vasopressin antagonism in heart failure 575
Vasovagal syncope 920, 921, 989, 992, 996f, 997
international study 997
investigations in 993
long-term therapy for 996
pacing for 997t
pacing in 997
reflex syncope, pathophysiology of 990
synonyms of 989
trials of treatment of 996t
Vasovagal/neurally mediated syncope, treatment of 996
Vasovagal/neurocardiogenic syncope 989
pathophysiology of 990f
Vaughan-Williams classification 86
of antiarrhythmic drugs 86f
Vegetarian diet, role of 209
Vein grafts, natural history of 474
Vein into ECMO machine 1153f
Vein thrombosis
deep 806, 825
history of deep 870
Vena contracta method 693, 695
Vendor variability 318
Venoarterial ECMO 1136, 1138
circuit 1139f, 1154
contraindications 1155
for cardiorespiratory failure 1155
versus ventricular assist device 1154
Venous cast around cannula 1161f
Venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation 1160
Venous thromboembolism 806, 825
anticoagulants in 890
in pregnancy and puerperium, management of 808t
incidence of 890
introduction 890
prevention of 892
Venous thrombosis, deep 890
Venovenous ECMO 1137
for respiratory failure 1153f
Ventilator-induced lung injury 1135
Ventricle in pulmonary arterial hypertension, right 879
Ventricle outflow tract, left 730
Ventricle speckle tracking echocardiography, right 317
Ventricle to pulmonary artery conduit stenosis, right 1210
Ventricle, left 310, 730, 751f
Ventricle, right 544
in stress cardiomyopathy 751f
Ventricular activation velocity 971
Ventricular afterload, left 355
Ventricular and biventricular assist devices, left 356
Ventricular aneurysm/pseudoaneurysm, left 300
Ventricular arrhythmia 73, 946
in absence of structural heart disease, classification of 977t
introduction 946
outflow tract 974
surgery for 950
Ventricular assist devices 581
left 357, 417, 581, 1064
right 581, 888
Ventricular changes in chronic total occlusion intervention, left 393
Ventricular diastolic dysfunction, grading of left 543
Ventricular dysfunction in ischemic cardiomyopathy, left 557f
Ventricular dysfunction, detection of left 360
Ventricular dysfunction, left 677, 728, 1047
Ventricular ejection fraction, depressed left 280, 740
Ventricular ejection fraction
left 75, 235, 256, 335, 362, 557, 574, 717, 738, 899, 902
normal left 280
role of left 362
Ventricular end diastolic pressure, left 272
Ventricular failure and cardiogenic shock, left 302
Ventricular fibrillation 903, 913, 946
Ventricular filling pressure, left 544
Ventricular free wall, left (LVFW) 296
Ventricular free-wall rupture 296
Ventricular function, effects on 772
Ventricular functional analysis, left 1101t
Ventricular hypertrophy
characterization of left 608
left 83, 271, 542, 598, 608, 627, 738, 904, 913
pattern of left 610
Ventricular index of myocardial performance, right 881
Ventricular infarction, right 301
Ventricular interdependence 880
phenomena of 880f
Ventricular outflow obstruction
left 1026
right 1026
Ventricular outflow tract obstruction, right 1210
Ventricular outflow tract
left 302, 747, 1104
right 974
Ventricular pattern, left 277
Ventricular preload, left 355
Ventricular pseudoaneurysm, left 300
Ventricular septal defect 298, 417, 1019, 1020, 1041, 1042, 1054
evaluation 1041
multiple 1042
Ventricular septal rupture 295, 298
Ventricular shortening fraction, depressed left 740
Ventricular tachycardia 87, 237, 903, 921, 946, 969, 972
amiodarone 946
device therapy 947
drug therapy 946
in structurally normal heart 974
management of 946
prevention of 87
Ventricular, left 308
Verapamil 86, 737, 738
interaction of 32
Vertebral artery 510
transluminal angioplasty 491
Very low-density cholesterol 774
Very low-density lipoprotein 55, 59
cholesterol 54, 166, 766
Vessel revascularization
requiring target 468
target 332, 418
Viability, assessment of 558
Viable dysfunctional myocardium See Ischemic viable myocardium
Vibrio cholerae seventh pandemic 997
Vijaya’s ECHO criteria 692, 692t
Vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene 430
Virtual histology-intravascular ultrasound 487
Visceral obesity 174
Vitamin
B12 551
D and cardiovascular disease 136, 139
D deficiency
causing 137t
treatment of 139
D effects on cardiovascular events 138f
D influences 138
D metabolism 137
D, cellular effects of 137
K antagonist 31, 97, 928
therapy 890
K antagonists See Warfarin
Vitamins 219
VKA and NOACs, comparison between 939t
Vomiting 854
Vorapaxar 120
VT storm See Ventricular tachycardia
VT-SVT discrimination and inappropriate shocks 947
Vulnerable patient 184f
Vulnerable plaque 486
in vulnerable patient 184
VV ECMO and VA ECMO, indications of 1152
VV ECMO, involvement of 1155f
W
Walk along breeze 764
Wall thickness, posterior (diastolic) 610
Warfarin 105, 891, 1206
versus novel oral anticoagulants 34
Warm-blooded animal 762
Warning arrhythmias 906
Watchman device 940f
Water sports in winter, avoid 764
Weakness 571
Weight loss surgery 228
Wellens’ criteria 971t
Westermark’s sign 827
White coat hypertension 596
Wide complex tachycardia 969, 970
Williams syndrome 1020
Wire cross, retrograde 389
Wire crossing technique, retrograde 398f
Wire technique, marker 390
Wiring strategies for retrograde approach 389
Wiring techniques
advance 387
basic 386
for antegrade approach, advance 387
for retrograde approach, advance 389
retrograde 390f
strategies and 386
Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome 913, 930
Women’s health initiative 193
Worldwide tenecteplase and indigenous tenecteplase, comparison between 379f
X
X-ray chest versus echo for cannula malposition 1162
Y
Yoga and cardiac rehabilitation 365
Yoga and meditation 162
Yoga in controlling hypertension 162
Yoga, role of 198
Yukon choice PC 456
Z
ZES versus BMS 431
ZES versus PES 431
ZES versus SES 431
Zotarolimus 429
Zotarolimus-eluting stent 418, 430, 431
Zotarolimus-eluting stent, safety of 431
×
Chapter Notes

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1Cardiological Society of India CARDIOLOGY Update 20142
3Cardiological Society of India CARDIOLOGY Update 2014
Editor HK Chopra President Elect, CSI-2014 Chairman, Scientific Committee 66th Annual Conference of CSI 2014 Sr Consultant Cardiologist, Moolchand Medcity New Delhi, India
S Ramakrishnan Additional Professor Department of Cardiology All India Institute of Medical Sciences New Delhi, India Joint Secretary, National CSI
Co-Editors AK Pancholia Head Department of Clinical and Preventive Cardiology and Research Centre Arihant Hospital, Indore, MP, India EC Member, National CSI
Manish Bansal Consultant Cardiologist Medanta: The Medicity Gurgaon, Haryana, India
4
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CSI Cardiology Update 2014
First Edition: 2015
9789351526186
Printed at
5Dedicated to
Our parents, teachers, patients and
All the members of
Cardiological Society of India
6
7PRINCIPAL CONTRIBUTORS
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17PREFACE
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains the leading cause of morbidity and premature mortality in both the developed and developing nations alike. Coronary heart disease is the leading cause of cardiovascular mortality worldwide with more than 17.5 million deaths. The burden of CVD poses significant challenges in a transforming country like India, with its enormous population of more than 125 billion with different regional, social, and cultural strata. We are already the diabetic capital of the world. By 2025, we will be CVD capital of the world with estimation of 69.8 million CVD cases. Today, CVD accounts for 29% of all deaths in India. Coronary artery disease (CAD) burden is rising rapidly in India. The menace of CAD has risen from 1% in 1960 to 3% in 2003, 7% in 2011, and 14% in 2014 in India's urban population. It has been rightly documented that “To be an Indian, is itself a risk for premature coronary artery disease”, because of genetic predisposition due to high levels of lipoprotein (Lpa) and faulty lifestyle. The disease is often diffuse, premature, and triple vessel with poor distal run off. The risk of CAD in Indians is 3–4 times higher than Americans, 6 times higher than Chinese and 20 times higher than Japanese. CAD affects Indians 5–10 years earlier than any other community in the world. The prevalence of metabolic syndrome is highest in India up to an extent of 60% between the age group of 40 and 60 years with dominance of hypertension, 60% at age of 60 years, 70% at the age of 70 years, and 80% at the age of above 80 years. India faces a double burden of diseases, the newer “modern” ones and the old era disease like rheumatic heart disease (RHD). RHD still remains rampant with a prevalence of 1.6–1.8%. There is no dearth of congenital heart disease in India with a prevalence of 0.4–1% of live births.
The evolution of the management of CAD over the last 50 years has been dramatic. Until the early and mid-1960s, medical therapy though often ineffective was the mainstay of treatment. By the 1970s, with the advent of coronary artery bypass graft surgery, treatment of CAD was revolutionized and the overall strategy became an invasive one. Then there was a shift to a less invasive therapy with the start of percutaneous transluminal coronary interventions in the 1980s and the “stent era” in the early 1990s. In the late 1990s and early years of this century, we have come nearly a full circle with prevention and comprehensive risk reduction therapies becoming the foundation of the management of CAD. Long-term follow-up studies have clearly demonstrated that myocardial revascularization procedures are usually directed at severely stenotic lesions and are highly effective in relieving angina but do not reduce the subsequent risk of major acute coronary events (MACE), such as unstable angina, myocardial infarction, arrhythmias, heart failure, or sudden cardiac death. The differential effect is due to the fact that the culprit lesions for most cases of MACE have an average of 50% stenosis or less, whereas all myocardial revascularization procedures are directed at more than 70% stenotic lesions. The lack of survival benefits, definitely adds to the cost, possible excess risk of stroke and major bleeding requiring transfusions, guides the need to control and restrain our enthusiasm to treat every stenotic lesion irrespective of the degree of angina or exercise tolerance, thus, helping us to probe our minds by evolving intervention era and preventive strategies for curbing CVD burden in the world.
In the new paradigm, myocardial revascularization procedures retain their major role as a part of the comprehensive strategy in the management of acute CAD, and preventive strategies enhance the potential CAD management. Several landmark clinical trials have documented the efficacy of aspirin, statins, beta-blockers, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors in CVD protection. The data on lifestyle modification with increased physical activity, reduction in obesity, meticulous control of hypertension, diabetes and cessation of tobacco, stress management, consumption of more fruits, nuts and vegetables are the foundation of the nonpharmacological management in today's preventive cardiology. We must also focus on effective strategies to attack on Heart Attack by pharmacoinvasive approach by using timely tenecteplase at home, in the clinic, in the ambulance, emergency care, primary care hospital followed by coronary intervention in the tertiary care hospital with adequately trained and experienced interventional cardiologists to have the morbidity and mortality benefits.
There is an explosion of rapid advances in the different fields of cardiology with late breaking trials every now and then. It is really a herculean task to remain up-to-date. The axiom of yesterday is the question of today and hopefully the truth of tomorrow. We have really progressed from the era with inactivity advocacy as therapeutic strategy to the most effective pharmacoinvasive approach, where the patient is wheeled into cath lab to identify and open up the clogged arteries with the thrombus burden. Evidence-based medicine is the need of the hour. Keeping all this in mind, we have made a sincere attempt to bring out state-of-the-art “CSI Cardiology Update-2014” to the needs of clinician's quest for knowledge and update, and keeping them abreast with the recent advances in cardiology to help practice clinical cardiology meticulously with CVD morbidity and mortality benefits.
It gives me an immense pleasure and great deal of satisfaction to present to you the enormous contribution by galaxy of eminent authors of international repute and experts in the field of cardiology in this state-of-the-Art “CSI Cardiology Update-2014”, despite their busy schedule. I really thank them from the bottom of my heart and appreciate their enthusiasm and zeal of their contribution.18
The textbook covers wide range of topics from prevention to intervention and intervention to prevention for reducing rising menace of CVD.
We have made every effort to maintain the quality and standard of CSI Cardiology Update-2014. Despite our best efforts, there may be some unintentional errors. Kindly excuse us for the same. I am sure this CSI Cardiology Update-2014 will serve as an important reference guide for postgraduate students, fellows, internists, cardiologists, pediatricians, cardiovascular surgeons, etc.
Bringing up CSI Cardiology Update-2014 is a prodigious task and requires well-structured team efforts with immense dedication, devotion, and coordination.
I express my thanks to Dr K Venugopal (President, CSI), Dr B Ramesh Babu (Organizing Secretary, 66th Annual Conference of CSI-2014), my co-editors Dr S Ramakrishnan, Dr AK Pancholia and Dr Manish Bansal. They played a useful and pivotal role in structuring the CSI Cardiology Update-2014, including planning and editing.
I also express my gratitude to Dr Santanu Guha (General Secretary, CSI HQ), Dr Amal Banerjee (Past President, CSI) and Dr PK Deb (immediate Past President) for their constant guidance.
I dedicate this state-of-the-art “CSI Cardiology Update-2014” to my teachers, all the members of CSI, my parents, my colleagues, my patients, my students and my family, wife Vinita, daughter Karishma, son-in-law Vikramjeet Singh, son Parikshit, daughter-in-law Nidhi and grandson Kabir for being supportive and encouraging throughout in bringing out CSI Cardiology Update-2014.
I also express my thanks to Shri Jitendar P Vij (Group Chairman), Mr Ankit Vij (Group President), Mr Tarun Duneja (Director-Publishing), and Ms Samina Khan (PA to Director-Publishing) of M/s Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd., New Delhi, for their help and guidance in timely completion of this project.
My sincere thanks goes to Mr Soban Singh who worked really hard to keep record of every minor and finer communications.
I hope CSI Cardiology Update-2014 lives up to the expectations of everyone.
Albert Einstein once said:
“The important thing is not to stop questioning. Curiosity has its own reason for existing.”
HK Chopra
19
The Scientific Committee of 66th Annual Conference of CSI-2014 expresses its sincere gratitude and thanks to
for rendering unrestricted education grant, which made this book possible in its current enhanced form.