Index

GENOSYS–Exam Preparatory Manual for Undergraduates: Biochemistry (A Simplified Approach) Neethu Lakshmi N, Aiswarya S Lal, Divya JS, Nikhila K, Nimisha PM

SECTION 1: THEORIES
CHAPTER 1:Cell and Subcellular Organelles
- CELL
- LYSOSOMES
  - Enzymes Present
  - Clinical Correlation of Lysosomes
- PEROXISOMES
  - Enzymes Present
  - Clinical Correlation of Peroxisomes
- MITOCHONDRIA
  - Functions
- MARKER MOLECULES
- TRANSPORT MECHANISMS
  - Passive Transport
  - Active Transport
- TRANSPORT SYSTEMS
  - Types
    - Uniport
    - Cotransport
CHAPTER 2:Enzymology
- ENZYMES
- NOMENCLATURE
  - Trivial Names
  - IUBMB System of Classification
- PROSTHETIC GROUPS, COFACTORS AND COENZYMES
- ENZYME KINETICS
- MICHAELIS-MENTEN THEORY
- FACTORS AFFECTING ENZYME ACTIVITY
- INHIBITION OF ENZYME ACTIVITY
  - General Types of Inhibitors
- REGULATION OF ENZYME ACTIVITY
  - Regulation of Rate of Synthesis or Degradation
  - Allosteric Regulation
- SPECIFICITY OF ENZYMES
- CLINICAL ENZYMOLOGY
  - Cardiac Biomarkers
  - Isoenzymes
- ENZYME PATTERN (ENZYME PROFILE) IN DISEASES
CHAPTER 3:Carbohydrates
- FUNCTIONS OF CARBOHYDRATES
- CLASSIFICATION OF CARBOHYDRATES
- METABOLISM OF CARBOHYDRATES
  - Clinical Correlation: Lactose Intolerance
- GLYCOLYSIS (EMBDEN-MEYERHOF-PARNAS PATHWAY)
- CORI CYCLE (LACTIC ACID CYCLE)
  - Significance
- RAPOPORT-LUEBERING REACTION
  - Significance
  - Energetics
- GLUCONEOGENESIS
- GLYCOGEN METABOLISM
- BLOOD GLUCOSE REGULATION
- GLUCAGON
  - Metabolic Effects of Glucagon
- GLUCOSE TOLERANCE TEST
- DIABETES MELLITUS
- PENTOSE PHOSPHATE PATHWAY
- GLUCURONIC ACID PATHWAY OF GLUCOSE METABOLISM
  - Uses
  - Essential Pentosuria
- POLYOL PATHWAY OF GLUCOSE
- FRUCTOSE METABOLISM
  - Hereditary Fructose Intolerance
  - Fructosuria
- GALACTOSE METABOLISM
  - Galactosemia
    - Diagnosis
    - Treatment
- METABOLISM OF ALCOHOL
CHAPTER 4:Proteins and Amino Acids
- AMINO ACIDS
- PROTEINS
- METABOLISM OF AMINO ACIDS
- ONE-CARBON METABOLISM
- AMINO ACID METABOLISM
CHAPTER 5:Lipids
- CHEMISTRY OF LIPIDS
- FUNCTIONS OF LIPIDS
- CLASSIFICATION OF LIPIDS
- FATTY ACIDS
- OXIDATION OF ODD-CHAIN FATTY ACIDS
- TRIACYLGLYCEROLS
- KETONE BODIES
- CHOLESTEROL AND LIPOPROTEINS
- LIPOPROTEINS
  - Classification of Lipoproteins
  - Disorders of Plasma Lipoproteins
- FREE FATTY ACIDS
- POLYUNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS
- EICOSANOIDS
  - Prostaglandins
    - Synthesis of Prostaglandins
    - Biochemical Actions
  - Leukotrienes
- SPHINGOLIPIDOSES OR LIPID STORAGE DISEASES
- HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA
  - Control of Hypercholesterolermia
- ATHEROSCLEROSIS
CHAPTER 6:Cellular Energetics
- CITRIC ACID CYCLE
- SUMMARY
- HIGH-ENERGY COMPOUNDS
  - Significance
- ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN
- OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION
- CHEMIOSMOTIC HYPOTHESIS
CHAPTER 7:Nutrition
- VITAMINS
- FAT-SOLUBLE VITAMINS
- WATER-SOLUBLE VITAMINS
- MINERALS
- PROTEIN ENERGY MALNUTRITION
CHAPTER 8:Tissue Biochemistry
- HEME SYNTHESIS
- HEME CATABOLISM
- HEMOGLOBIN
- MYOGLOBIN
- IMMUNOCHEMISTRY
- IMMUNITY
  - Types of Immunity
    - Acquired Immunity
  - Mechanism of Immunity
    - Cell-mediated Immunity
    - Humoral Immunity
- IMMUNOGLOBULINS
- ACID-BASE BALANCE
  - Acids and Bases
- MAINTENANCE OF BLOOD PH
- BUFFERS OF THE BODY FLUIDS
- RESPIRATORY REGULATION OF PH
  - Hemoglobin as a Buffer
- RENAL REGULATION OF PH
- DISTURBANCES IN ACID-BASE BALANCE
- PLASMA PROTEINS
  - Albumin
  - Globulin
    - Hypergammaglobulinemias
- TRANSPORT PROTEINS
- ACUTE PHASE PROTEINS
CHAPTER 9:Molecular Biology
- PURINE AND PYRIMIDINE METABOLISM
  - Biosynthesis of Purine Nucleotides
    - Salvage Reactions
    - Clinical Correlation
  - Biosynthesis of Pyrimidine Nucleotides
    - Clinical Correlation
- DNA STRUCTURE
  - Watson and Crick Model of DNA Structure
- REPLICATION OF DNA
- DNA REPAIR MECHANISM
  - Clinical Correlations
- TRANSCRIPTION AND TRANSLATION
  - Transcription
  - Translation
    - Ribosome
    - Phases
- MUTATIONS
- REGULATION OF GENE EXPRESSION
  - Lactose Operon
- RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNOLOGY
  - Applications
  - Vectors
- GENE THERAPY
  - Procedure
    - Introducing Genes
    - Retrovirus
- GENETIC CODE
  - Features
- TRANSFER RNA
CHAPTER 10:Xenobiotics
- FREE RADICALS
- LIPID PEROXIDATION
- ANTIOXIDANTS
- METABOLISM OF XENOBIOTICS OR DETOXIFICATION
  - Salient Features of Cytochrome P450
  - Phases of Detoxification
CHAPTER 11:Cancer
- TUMORS
- CANCER
- TUMOR MARKERS
  - Importance
- ANTICANCER DRUGS
- APOPTOSIS
CHAPTER 12:Biotechniques
- ELECTROPHORESIS
  - Factors Affecting Electrophoresis
  - Types of Electrophoresis
    - Normal Pattern
    - Abnormal Patterns in Clinical Disease
- POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION
- RADIOIMMUNOASSAY
- ENZYME-LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAY
  - Indirect ELISA
  - Sandwich ELISA
- DNA FINGERPRINTING
  - Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism
    - Clinical Correlations
- TOOLS IN BIOCHEMISTRY BLOTTING TECHNIQUES
  - Types of Blotting Techniques
CHAPTER 13:Clinical Chemistry
- LIVER FUNCTION TESTS
  - Functions of Liver
  - Classification of Liver Function Tests
- RENAL FUNCTION TESTS
- GASTRIC FUNCTION TESTS
  - Tests to Assess Gastric Function
SECTION 2: PRACTICALS
CHAPTER 14:Qualitative Analysis
- SCHEME FOR IDENTIFICATION OF IMPORTANT BIOLOGICAL PRODUCTS
- REACTIONS OF CARBOHYDRATES (TABLE 14.1)
  - Related Test
- COLOR REACTIONS OF PROTEINS (Table 14.2)
  - Reactions of Casein (Table 14.4)
  - REACTIONS OF NON-PROTEIN NITROGENOUS SUBSTANCES
CHAPTER 15:Quantitative Analysis
- INTRODUCTION TO CLINICAL BIOCHEMISTRY
CHAPTER 16:Urine Analysis
- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF URINE
- CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS OF URINE
  - Qualitative Analysis of Urine for Abnormal Constituents
CHAPTER 17:Biochemical Pathways
Viva Voce
- CELL AND SUBCELLULAR ORGANELLES
- ENZYMOLOGY
- CARBOHYDRATES
- PROTEINS AND AMINO ACIDS
- LIPIDS
- CELLULAR ENERGETICS
- NUTRITION
- TISSUE BIOCHEMISTRY
- MOLECULAR GENETICS
- CANCER
- BIOTECHNIQUES
- CLINICAL CHEMISTRY
APPENDIX 1:Important Topics
- CELL AND SUBCELLULAR ORGANELLES
  - Essay
  - Short Notes
- ENZYMOLOGY
  - Essay
  - Short Notes
- CARBOHYDRATES
  - Essays
  - Short Notes
- PROTEINS AND AMINO ACIDS
  - Essays
  - Short Notes
- LIPIDS
  - Essays
  - Short Notes
- CELLULAR ENERGETICS
  - Essays
  - Short Notes
- NUTRITION
  - Essays
  - Short Notes
- TISSUE BIOCHEMISTRY
  - Essays
  - Short Notes
- MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
  - Essays
  - Short Notes
- XENOBIOTICS
  - Essay
  - Short Notes
- CANCER
  - Short Notes
- BIOTECHNIQUES
  - Essay
  - Short Notes
- CLINICAL CHEMISTRY
  - Essay
  - Short Note
APPENDIX 2:Multiple Choice Questions

INDEX

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Index

Chapter Notes