Index

ESI Manual of Clinical Endocrinology RV Jayakumar, Nihal Thomas, Sarita Bajaj, Sanjay Kalra, Rakesh Sahay, Nalini S Shah, Ambrish Mithal, GR Sridhar, Anil Bhansali, KM Prasanna Kumar, Nikhil Tandon, Shashank R Joshi, AC Ammini, Subhankar Chowdhury

SECTION 1: DIABETES AND METABOLIC SYNDROME
CHAPTER 1: The Diversity of Diabetes
- INTRODUCTION
- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
- ETHNIC DIFFERENCES
- CLINICAL PRESENTATION
- COMPLICATIONS
- MANAGEMENT
- MEDICAL ANTHROPOLOGY
- MULTIDISCIPLINARY APPROACH
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 2: Diabesity
- INTRODUCTION
- MAGNITUDE OF THE PROBLEM
- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
- ANTHROPOMETRIC INDICES
- TREATMENT
  - Diet and Food-Based Therapies
- EXERCISE
- BEHAVIORAL THERAPY
- PHARMACOTHERAPY
- NEWER DRUGS
- ANTIDIABETIC DRUGS
- BARIATRIC SURGERY
- ILEAL TRANSPOSITION
  - Biliopancreatic Diversion with Duodenal Switch
- PEDIATRIC OBESITY
- POLYCYSTIC OVARIAN SYNDROME
- PREVENTION
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 3: Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes in Young
- INTRODUCTION
- EPIDEMIOLOGY
- DIFFERENTIATING TYPE 1 FROM TYPE 2 DIABETES
- LABORATORY TESTING
- TYPE 1 AND TYPE 2 DIABETES: INDIAN EXPERIENCE
- DIABETIC COMPLICATIONS IN THE YOUNG
- TREATMENT OF TYPE 1 DIABETES
- MANAGEMENT OF TYPE 2 DIABETES IN CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS
CHAPTER 4: Type 1.5 Diabetes
- DEFINITION AND EPIDEMIOLOGY
- ETIOPATHOGENESIS
- CLINICAL FEATURES
- MODALITIES OF DIAGNOSIS
- TREATMENT
- PROGNOSIS
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 5: Gestational Diabetes Mellitus
- DEFINITION AND CHARACTERISTICS
- PREVALENCE
- GLUCOSE REGULATION IN PREGNANCY
  - Hormonal Effects in Pregnancy
  - The Pederson Hypothesis
- RATIONALE OF DIAGNOSIS OF GDM
  - The HAPO Study
  - Putting HAPO Results to Clinical Practice
- DIAGNOSIS OF GDM AND DIABETES IN PREGNANCY
- REASSURANCE TO THE PREGNANT WOMAN WITH DYSGLYCEMIA
- BIOLOGICAL RATIONALE FOR EUGLYCEMIA IN PREGNANCY
- MANAGEMENT OF HYPERGLYCEMIA IN GDM
- FETAL MONITORING
  - Monitoring of Vital Signs
  - Psychosocial Support
- OUTCOMES OF GDM
  - Follow-up of the Women with GDM
CHAPTER 6: Women's Health and Diabetes
- INTRODUCTION
- THE RISE OF DIABETES IN WOMEN
- MAJOR REASONS FOR OBESITY AND DIABETES IN WOMEN
- SUMMARY
CHAPTER 7A: Geriatric Diabetes
- INTRODUCTION
- DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA AND GLYCEMIC CONTROL GOALS
- HYPOGLYCEMIA: A MAJOR SAFETY ISSUE
- CLINICAL EVALUATION
- SELECTION OF DRUGS IN PHARMACOLOGICAL INTERVENTION
- INSULIN THERAPY IN THE ELDERLY
- THERAPEUTIC LIFESTYLE CHANGES AND NUTRITIONAL THERAPY
- PHYSICAL ACTIVITY
- CONCLUSION
- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
CHAPTER 7B: Type 3 Diabetes Mellitus
- INTRODUCTION
- GENETICS UNDERLYING TYPE 3 DIABETES
- CLINICAL EVIDENCE SUPPORTING LINK BETWEEN DIABETES AND ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE
- OTHER STUDIES SUPPORTING LINK BETWEEN DIABETES AND ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE
- POSSIBLE TREATMENT OF TYPE 3 DIABETES
- CONTROVERSY OF TYPE 3 DIABETES
CHAPTER 8: Infections in Diabetes
- INFECTIONS IN DIABETES
  - Respiratory Tract
    - Tuberculosis
    - Urinary Tract Infection
  - Skin and Soft Tissue Infections
- OTHER INFECTIONS
- INFECTIONS OCCURRINGUNIQUELY IN DIABETICS
  - Rhino-orbito-cerebral Mucormycosis
CHAPTER 9: HIV and Diabetes
- INTRODUCTION
- INCIDENCE
  - Indian Data
- CATEGORIZATION OF DIABETES MELLITUS AMONG HIV PATIENTS
- ETIOPATHOGENESIS
- SCREENING FOR DIABETES
- STRATEGIES TO MANAGE HYPERGLYCEMIA
- MANAGEMENT OF PRE-EXISTING DIABETES AMONG HIV PATIENTS
- MANAGEMENT OF DIABETES DETECTED SIMULTANEOUSLY WITH HIV
- MANAGEMENT OF ART-INDUCED DIABETES
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 10: Malignancy and Diabetes
- INTRODUCTION
- DIABETES AND CANCER
- COMMON RISK FACTORS FOR BOTH CANCER AND DIABETES
- POSSIBLE BIOLOGICAL LINK BETWEEN DIABETES AND CANCER
- DIABETES TREATMENT AND CANCER
- MANAGING DIABETES INPATIENTS WITH CANCER
- CONCLUSION ANDFURTHER RESEARCH
- SUMMARY
CHAPTER 11: Nonpharmacological Management of Diabetes Mellitus
- INTRODUCTION
- MEDICAL NUTRITIONAL THERAPY
- DIET PRESCRIPTION FOR AN INDIVIDUAL PATIENT (FLOWCHART 11.1)
  - Nutritional Assessment of the Patient
  - Calculating Basal Metabolic Rate
  - Calculating Activity Factor
  - Total Energy Requirements
  - Calorie Distribution and Macronutrient Distribution
  - Food Exchange Lists
- EVALUATION AND PROGRESS
- EFFECTIVENESS OF MNT
- GLYCEMIC INDEX OF FOODS
- PRACTISING CARBOHYDRATE COUNTING IN DIABETES
  - Three Levels of CHO Counting
  - Structured Programs that Include Level 3 CHO Counting Skills
  - Closed Loop Predictive Modeling
- FIBRE INTAKE
- ARTIFICIAL SWEETENERS
  - Reduced Calorie Sweeteners
  - Non-Nutrient Sweeteners
- PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AND EXERCISE
- CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS
- BENEFITS OF EXERCISE IN PATIENTS WITH DIABETES
- PRE-EXERCISE EVALUATION
- EXERCISE PRESCRIPTION FOR A PATIENT WITH DIABETES MELLITUS (FLOWCHART 11.2)
  - Aerobic Exercise
  - Resistance Exercise
  - Supervised Training
  - Flexibility Exercises
- POTENTIAL ADVERSE EFFECTS
- YOGA IN PATIENTS WITH DIABETES MELLITUS
- BEHAVIORAL THERAPY IN PATIENTS WITH DIABETES MELLITUS
  - Assumptions
  - Common Components of Behavioral Therapy
- SMOKING CESSATION
- CONCLUSION
- SUGGESTED READING
CHAPTER 12: Oral Antidiabetic Drugs
- SULFONYLUREA
- NONSULFONYLUREASECRETAGOGUES
  - Repaglinide and Nateglinide
- PROTEIN- KINASE ACTIVATORS
  - Biguanides (Metformin)
- INSULIN SENSITIZERS
  - Thiazolidinediones
    - Pioglitazone
- DIPEPTIDYL PEPTIDASE-IVINHIBITORS (FIG. 12.2)
- GLUCOSIDASE INHIBITORS
  - Acarbose, Voglibose and Miglitol
- SUMMARY
CHAPTER 13: Incretin-Based Therapies
- INTRODUCTION
- HISTORY
- THE INCRETIN EFFECT (FIG. 13.1)
- THE INCRETIN HORMONES
  - Secretion of Incretin Hormones
  - Physiologic Actions of the Incretin Hormones (Table 13.1)
- DIPEPTIDYL PEPTIDASE 4
  - Incretin Hormones in T2DM
- INCRETIN-BASED THERAPY
- GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDE-1RECEPTOR AGONISTS (GLP-1RA)IN DEVELOPMENT (TABLE 13.3)
- INCRETIN ENHANCERS (DPP-4INHIBITORS) (TABLE 13.4)
- EXTRAGLYCEMIC EFFECTS
- THE SAFETY OF INCRETIN-BASED THERAPIES
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 14A: Insulin Therapy: Pharmacology of Insulin
- INTRODUCTION
- HISTORY OF INSULIN
- PHYSIOLOGY OF INSULIN
- MECHANISM OF ACTION OF INSULIN
- INSULIN PREPARATIONS
- ROUTE OF ADMINISTRATION
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 14B: Premixed Insulin
- PREMIX INSULIN
- INDICATIONS OF PREMIX INSULIN
- INSULIN INITIATION WITH PREMIX INSULIN
- PREMIX VERSUS BASALBOLUS REGIMEN
- DOSE OF PREMIX INSULIN
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 14C: Basal Insulin
- INTRODUCTION
- PATHOPHYSIOLOGIC BASIS OFUSE OF BASAL INSULINS
- IDEAL BASAL INSULIN
- NPH AND OTHER CONVENTIONALBASAL INSULINS
- NEWER BASAL INSULINS
- CLINICAL CONSIDERATIONS
- BASAL-BASED REGIMENS
- ROLE OF BASAL INSULIN INSPECIAL CLINICAL SETTINGS
- POTENTIAL CARCINOGENIC RISK
- FUTURE BASAL INSULINS
CHAPTER 14D: Intensive Insulin Regimen
- CONCERNS OF INTENSIVEINSULIN TREATMENT
CHAPTER 14E: Insulin and GLP1 RA Combinations
- INTRODUCTION
- RATIONALE FOR COMBINING ANTIDIABETIC DRUG THERAPY
- THE RATIONALE OF COMBINING GLP-1 RECEPTOR AGONISTS (GLP-1-RA) AND INSULIN
- PROOF OF CONCEPT
  - This Concept is no Longer in the Realm of the Abstract
- EFFECT ON GLYCAEMIC CONTROL
  - Combining Insulin and GLP 1 RA Is an Alternative
- CONCLUSIONS
- LEARNING POINTS
CHAPTER 14F: Smart Insulin and Future Developments
- INTRODUCTION
- BASIC PRINCIPLE OF SMART INSULIN
  - Conventional Smart Insulin
  - Nanotechnology-Based Smart Insulin
- PROTEIN BINDING LIGANDS
- BULK HYDROGEL MATRIX
- PHENYLBORONIC ACID
- NANOTECHNOLOGY
- NANOMEMBRANES
- MICROGEL/NANOGEL (SMART SPONGE)
- NANONETWORK
- PATENT COVERAGE
- FUTURE DEVELOPMENT
CHAPTER 15: Ethnopharmacy in Diabetes
- INTRODUCTION
- STATE OF DIABETES CONTROL
- IS CONSENSUS GLOBAL?
- ETHNOPHARMACY
- ETHNIC DIFFERENCES IN TYPE-2 DIABETES IN ASIAN INDIANS
- ETHNIC DIFFERENCES IN PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF DIABETES
- ETHNIC DIFFERENCE IN DIABETES THERAPIES
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 16: Glycemic Emergencies: Diabetic Ketoacidosis, Hyperosmolar Nonketotic Hyperglycemia, and Hypoglycemia
- INTRODUCTION
- DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS
- HYPEROSMOLAR NONKETOTIC HYPERGLYCEMIA
- HYPOGLYCEMIA
CHAPTER 17: Glycemic Control in ICU
- DEFINITION AND EPIDEMIOLOGY
- ETIOPATHOGENESIS
- CLINICAL FEATURES
- MODALITIES OF DIAGNOSIS
- TREATMENT
- MONITORING OF BLOOD GLUCOSE
- COMPLICATIONS
- TRANSITION THERAPY
- PROGNOSIS AND PREVENTION
CHAPTER 18: Hyperglycemia and Acute Coronary Syndrome
- INTRODUCTION
- NEWLY DETECTED HYPERGLYCEMIA AND ACS
- METABOLIC EFFECTS OF HYPERGLYCEMIA
- MANAGEMENT OF HYPERGLYCEMIA
CHAPTER 19: Diabetes Education
- INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER 20: Imaging of the Pancreas
- INTRODUCTION
- METHODS OF INVESTIGATION
- CONGENITAL AND DEVELOPMENTAL ANOMALIES OF PANCREAS
  - Annular Pancreas
  - Pancreatic Divisum
- PANCREATITIS
- NEOPLASMS OF THE PANCREAS
  - Solid Neoplasms
  - Cystic Neoplasms
- HEREDITARY CONDITIONS INVOLVING THE PANCREAS
- OTHER LESIONS OF THE PANCREAS
- SUMMARY
- ACKNOWLEDGMENT
CHAPTER 21: Diabetes and Hypertension
- INTRODUCTION
- PATHOGENESIS OF HYPERTENSION IN DIABETES
- INITIAL EVALUATION OF PATIENT WITH HYPERTENSION AND DIABETES
- PHARMACOLOGIC METHODS
- NONPHARMACOLOGIC METHODS
- EVIDENCE FOR TREATING SYSTEMIC HYPERTENSION
- CURRENT RECOMMENDATIONS ON GOALS OF TREATMENT
- CHOICE OF ANTIHYPERTENSIVES IN DIABETES
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 22: Diabetes Mellitus and Lipids
- INTRODUCTION
- LIPID METABOLISM ABNORMALITIES IN DIABETES
- TREATMENT
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 23: Microvascular Complications in Diabetes
- PATHOGENESIS OF MICROVASCULAR COMPLICATIONS
- DIABETIC NEPHROPATHY
  - Pathogenesis
  - Microalbuminuria
- TREATMENT OF DIABETIC NEPHROPATHY
- DIABETIC NEUROPATHY (DN)
- MANAGEMENT
- DIABETIC RETINOPATHY (DR)
  - Factors in the Pathogenesis of DR
- CLASSIFICATION
  - Nonproliferative Diabetic Retinopathy
  - Macular Edema
- INVESTIGATIONS
- MANAGEMENT
CHAPTER 24: Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Diabetes
- DEFINITION
- CLASSIFICATION
- EPIDEMIOLOGY
- NAFLD AND DIABETES
- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
  - Increased Fat Accumulation
  - Hepatic Inflammation and Injury
- CONSEQUENCES OF FATTY LIVER
- CLINICAL PRESENTATION
- DIAGNOSIS
- TREATMENT
- CONCLUSION
- SUGGESTED READING
CHAPTER 25: Musculoskeletal Effects of Diabetes Mellitus
- INTRODUCTION
- BONE EFFECTS OF DIABETES: BONE DENSITY AND FRACTURE RISK
- MUSCLE EFFECTS OF DIABETES
- DIABETIC MYONECROSIS
- DIABETIC AMYOTROPHY
- JOINT AND CONNECTIVE TISSUE EFFECTS OF DIABETES
- ADHESIVE CAPSULITIS OF THE SHOULDER (FROZEN SHOULDER SYNDROME, SHOULDER PERIARTHRITIS)
- LIMITED JOINT MOBILITY (DIABETIC CHEIROARTHROPATHY)
- DUPUYTREN’S CONTRACTURE
- STENOSING FLEXOR TENOSYNOVITIS (TRIGGER FINGER)
- CALCIFIC SHOULDER PERIARTHRITIS (TENDINITIS)
  - Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
- DIFFUSE IDIOPATHIC SKELETAL HYPEROSTOSIS, FORESTIER’S DISEASE
- CRYSTAL-INDUCED ARTHRITIS
- OSTEOARTHRITIS
- DIABETIC FOOT
CHAPTER 26: Oral Complications of Diabetes Mellitus
- INTRODUCTION
- GINGIVAL AND PERIODONTAL DISEASES
  - Gingival and Periodontal Diseases as a Complication of Diabetes Mellitus
- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
- EFFECT OF PERIODONTAL DISEASES ON DIABETES MELLITUS
- EFFECT OF PERIODONTAL TREATMENT ON GLYCEMIC CONTROL
- OTHER ORAL COMPLICATIONS OF DIABETES MELLITUS
- MANAGEMENT
- CONCLUSION
- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
CHAPTER 27: Diabetes and Psychology
- INTRODUCTION
- RELEVANCE OF PSYCHOLOGICALISSUES IN ETIOPATHOGENESIS OF DIABETES
- RELEVANCE OF PSYCHOLOGICALISSUES IN MANAGEMENT OFDIABETES
CHAPTER 28: Diabetes and Psychiatry
- PREVALENCE OF CO-OCCURRENCE OF DIABETES AND PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS
- PATTERNS OF CO-OCCURRENCE OF DIABETES AND PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS
- IMPLICATIONS OF CO-OCCURRENCE OF DIABETES AND PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS
- DIAGNOSING PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS AMONG PATIENTS WITH DIABETES
- ACKNOWLEDGMENT
CHAPTER 29: Modern Biology and Diabetes
- BACKGROUND
- HUMAN GENOME PROJECT AND ENSUING GENOMIC REVOLUTION
- MODERN BIOLOGY AND TYPE 2 DIABETES
- MODERN BIOLOGY AND MONOGENIC DIABETES
- MODERN BIOLOGY AND TYPE 1 DIABETES
- EPIGENETICS AND DIABETES
- MICROBIOTA AND DIABETES
  - Personalized Medicine
  - Lessons from Modern Biology of Diabetes
- FUTURE RESEARCH
CHAPTER 30: Telemedicine in Diabetes Mellitus
- INTRODUCTION
- TELEMEDICINE AND DIABETES
- EARLY TELEMEDICINE INTERVENTIONS
- NEWER TELEMEDICINE INTERVENTIONS
  - Basis of the Clinic and the Research Project
- SETTING UP A DIABETES TELEMEDICINE CLINIC
- LIMITATIONS OF THE DIABETES TELEMEDICINE CLINIC
- PROJECT ECHO AND VA SCAN
- ADAPTING THE CONCEPT TO INDIAN CONTEXT
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 31A: Nontraditional Association of Insulin and Diabetes with Other Conditions
- INTRODUCTION
- THYROID AND DIABETES
- INTERACTION OF BONE-RELATED OSTEOCALCIN WITH GLUCOSE AND LIPID METABOLISM
- SLEEP, OBESITY, AND DIABETES
- LEPTIN AS AN ANTIDEPRESSANT
- IRON METABOLISM, ANEMIA, AND DIABETES
- NONTRADITIONAL BENEFITS OF EXERCISE
  - Physical Exercise and Cognition
  - Physical Activity Prevents Cancer
- LIPID MODULATION BY LESSER- KNOWN PROTEINS
- EXTRAGLYCEMIC EFFECTS OF INCRETINS
- PLANT INSULIN
- MORE INSULIN, DENSE BONES BUT MORE FRACTURES IN TYPE 2 DIABETES
- INSULIN NOT FOR GLUCOSE, BUT FOR COGNITION
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 31B: Vitamin D and Diabetes Emerging Links
- INTRODUCTION
- VITAMIN D DEFICIENCY
- VITAMIN D SYNTHESIS AND METABOLISM
- VITAMIN D AND TYPE 1 DIABETES
- VITAMIN D AND TYPE 2 DIABETES
- VITAMIN D TREATMENT STRATEGIES
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 31C: Testosterone and Diabetes Emerging Links
- INTRODUCTION
- PATHOGENESIS
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 32: Foot Complications in Diabetes
- INTRODUCTION
- EPIDEMIOLOGY OFDIABETIC FOOT ULCER
- RISK FACTORS FOR ULCERATIONS
- INFECTIONS
- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
- PREVENTION
- FOOT HYGIENE
- SHOES
- PROBLEMS TO REPORT DOCTOR
- ASSESSMENT
- BIOTHESIOMETER THE CALIBRATED VIBRATION THRESHOLD (VPT) METER
- ANKLE BRACHIAL INDEX
- WOUND EVALUATION
- INFECTION
- MANAGEMENT
- TREATMENT OF SUPERFICIAL UNCOMPLICATED ULCERS AND INFECTIONS
- TREATMENT OF LIMB-THREATENING INFECTIONS
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 33: Metabolic Syndrome and the Gut Flora
- INTRODUCTION
- BACTERIAL CELLS OUTNUMBER HUMAN CELLS
- MICROBIOTA, OBESITY, AND METABOLIC SYNDROME
- RANGE AND VARIETY OF THE GUT MICROBIOTA
- IDENTIFICATION OF MICROBIOTA
- ORIGIN AND SELECTION OF MICROBIAL SPECIES
- FUNCTIONS OF NORMAL GUT MICROBIOTA
- CROSS-TALK BETWEEN MICROBIOTA AND HOST ORGANISM
- GUT MICROBIOTA AND BODY WEIGHT
- TRANSLATION INTO PRACTICE
  - Probiotics and Prebiotics
- MECHANISM OF BENEFICIAL EFFECTS
- FECAL TRANSPLANTATION
  - Studies in Humans
- CHALLENGES AND LIMITATIONS
CHAPTER 34: Sleep Circadian Rhythms and Diabetes
- INTRODUCTION
- THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SLEEP AND ENERGY HOMEOSTASIS
- CIRCADIAN DISRUPTION
- CIRCADIAN MISALIGNMENT
- INSUFFICIENT SLEEP
- FRAGMENTED SLEEP
- OBSTRUCTIVE SLEEP APNEA
- SLEEP DISTURBANCES AND GESTATIONAL DIABETES
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 35: The HbA1c Assay: A Critical Appraisal
- INTRODUCTION
- NATIONAL GLYCOHEMOGLOBIN STANDARDIZATION PROGRAM (NGSP): HOW IT WORKS?
  - IFCC Standardization and Traceability
- ANALYTICAL CONSIDERATIONS
  - Assay Methods
  - Sample Collection, Handling, and Storage
    - The ADAG Story: Link Between HbA1c Values versus Capillary Blood Glucose Values
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 36: Online Risk Engines in Diabetes
- INTRODUCTION
- FRAMINGHAM RISK SCORE
- UK PROSPECTIVE DIABETES STUDY (UKPDS) RISK ENGINE
- NONALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASE (NAFLD) SCORE
- RESULT
- ESTIMATED GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE (EGFR ) CALCULATOR
- LIMITATIONS
- DIABETES RISK SCORE
- DIAREM SCORE
- CONCLUSIONS
- ACKNOWLEDGMENT
SECTION 2: THYROID
CHAPTER 37: Thyroid—Anatomy, Physiology, and Thyroid Function Tests
- INTRODUCTION
- ANATOMY
- DEVELOPMENT
- ANATOMICAL VARIANTS AND ECTOPIC THYROID
- PHYSIOLOGY
- IODINE
- THYROID FUNCTION TEST
- ESTIMATION OF HORMONES
  - Immunoassays
  - Mass Spectrometry
- TOTAL HORMONES
- FREE HORMONES
  - Index Methods
  - Free Hormone Estimation Based on TBG Measurements
  - Indirect Methods
    - Two-step immunoassays
- ANALOGUE (ONE STEP) IMMUNOASSAY
- LABELLED ANTIBODY APPROACH
- AUTOMATED ASSAYS
- TSH
- REVERSE T3
- PHYSIOLOGICAL STATES AND THYROID PREGNANCY
- CHILDHOOD
- DRUG AND THYROID FUNCTIONS
  - Thyroglobulin
- ANTIBODIES
- TSH RECEPTOR ANTIBODIES
- THYROID PEROXIDASE ANTIBODY
- THYROGLOBULIN ANTIBODY
- THYROID SCINTIGRAPHY
- IODINE SCAN
  - Technetium Pertechnetate Scan
- SPECIALIZED TESTS
  - Perchlorate Discharge Test
- POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY SCAN (18FLUORO-DEOXYGLUCOSE)
- ULTRASOUND OF THYROID
  - Elastography
  - Tests of Historical Interest
- SUMMARY
CHAPTER 38: Iodine Metabolism andThyroid Disorder
- INTRODUCTION
- IODINE METABOLISM
  - Absorption of Iodine
- IODINE TRANSPORT IN THYROID AND SYNTHESIS OF THYROID HORMONES
- ADAPTATION OF THYROID TO DIFFERENT LEVELS OF IODINE INTAKE
- THYROID DISORDERS
  - Effect of Iodine Deficiency
  - Effect of Excess Iodine
CHAPTER 39: Hypothyroidism
- INTRODUCTION
- EPIDEMIOLOGY
- CLINICAL PRESENTATION
- GENERAL APPEARANCE
- MUSCULOSKELETON SYSTEM MANIFESTATION
- GI SYSTEM MANIFESTATIONS
- REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM MANIFESTATIONS
- HEMATOPOEITIC SYSTEM MANIFESTATIONS
- NERVOUS SYSTEM MANIFESTATIONS
- CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM MANIFESTATIONS
- RESPIRATORY SYSTEM MANIFESTATIONS
- PITUARY AND ADRENOCORTICAL FUNCTION
- DIAGNOSIS
  - History and Examination
  - Laboratory
- SCREENING FOR HYPOTHYROIDISM
- SCREENIG TEST
- TREATMENT
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 40: Thyrotoxicosis
- ETIOLOGY OF THYROTOXICOSIS
- PATHOGENESIS OF THYROTOXICOSIS
- CLINICAL FEATURES OF THYROTOXICOSIS
- LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS
- OTHER LABORATORY ABNORMALITIES IN THYROTOXICOSIS
- IMAGING
- NUCLEAR MEDICINE SCANNING
  - Thyroid Ultrasonography in the Evaluation of Hyperthyroidism
- TREATMENT OF THYROTOXICOSIS
- BETA-ADRENERGIC BLOCKING DRUGS
- OTHER MEDICATIONS USED FOR THYROTOXICOSIS
- MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES FOR DISORDERS CAUSING THYROTOXICOSIS
- TMNG AND SOLITARY TOXIC ADENOMA
- THYROTOXICOSIS DUE TO THYROIDITIS
- AMIODARONE INDUCED THYROTOXICOSIS
CHAPTER 41: Subclinical Thyroid Disorders
- SUBCLINICAL HYPOTHYROIDISM
- CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS
- TREATMENT
- SUBCLINICAL HYPOTHYROIDISM IN CHILDHOOD6
  - Etiology and Course
  - Evaluation and Management
- SUBCLINICAL HYPERTHYROIDISM
- CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS
- TREATMENT
  - Exogenous Subclinical Hyperthyroidism
  - Endogenous Subclinical Hyperthyroidism
- SCREENING
- KEY POINTS
CHAPTER 42: Euthyroid Goiter and Thyroid Nodules
- INTRODUCTION
- ETIOLOGY
- CLINICAL EVALUATION
- INVESTIGATIONS
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 43: Thyroiditis
- OVERVIEW
- PATHOGENESIS
- CLASSIFICATION
- PAINFUL THYROIDITIS
- PAINLESS THYROIDITIS
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 44: Carcinoma of the Thyroid
- PRIMARY EPITHELIAL TUMORS (ORIGINATING IN THE FOLLICULAR EPITHELIUM)
- DIFFERENTIATED THYROID CARCINOMA (DTC)
  - Papillary Carcinoma of Thyroid (PTC)
  - Follicular Thyroid Carcinoma (FTC)
  - Molecular Pathogenesis
  - Environmental Factors
- PRESENTATION
- FINE-NEEDLE ASPIRATION CYTOLOGY
- TREATMENT
- STAGING AND PROGNOSIS OF DIFFERENTIATED THYROID CANCER
- RISK ASSESSMENT
- FOLLOW-UP
  - Scan Negative Tg-Positive Patients
- LONG-TERM FOLLOW-UP
  - Outcome
- TREATMENT OF METASTASIS
  - Targeted Chemotherapy or Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors
  - Cytotoxic Chemotherapy
- ANAPLASTIC CARCINOMA
- ETIOPATHOGENESIS AND MOLECULAR PATHOLOGY
- CLINICAL PRESENTATION
- SURGERY
- EXTERNAL BEAM RADIOTHERAPY AND OTHER MODES
- CHEMOTHERAPY
- MULTIMODALITY THERAPY
  - Medullary Carcinoma of Thyroid
- CLINICAL PRESENTATION
- SPORADIC MTC
- HEREDITARY MTC
- MOLECULAR PATHOGENESIS
- DIAGNOSIS OF MTC
- CLASSIFICATION
- TREATMENT
- HEREDITARY MTC—SURGICAL OPTIONS
CHAPTER 45: Thyroid Disease During Pregnancy
- INTRODUCTION
- THYROID PHYSIOLOGY DURING PREGNANCY
- THYROID FUNCTION TEST DURING PREGNANCY
- TRIMESTER-SPECIFIC TSH
- IMMUNE SYSTEM IN PREGNANCY
- IODINE NUTRITION AND PREGNANCY
- HYPOTHYROIDISM
  - Thyroid Antibody Positivity and Conversion to Hypothyroidism
  - Whom to Screen?
  - Consequences of Hypothyroidism on Pregnancy
  - Subclinical HypothyroidismMaternal and Fetal Impact
  - Significance of TPO Antibody
  - Signs and Symptoms of Hypothyroidism
- INVESTIGATIONS (FLOWCHART 45.1)
- TREATMENT OF HYPOTHYROIDISM
- HYPERTHYROIDISM DURING PREGNANCY (FLOWCHART 45.2)
- CLINICAL FEATURES
- EVALUATION OF HYPERTHYROIDISM
- HYPEREMESIS GRAVIDARUM
- OTHER HYPERTHYROID CONDITIONS
- CONSEQUENCES OF HYPERTHYROIDISM ON PREGNANCY
- TREATMENT
- THYROID STORM AND PREGNANCY
- THYROID NODULE AND PREGNANCY
- TREATMENT OF THYROID NODULES DURING PREGNANCY
- THYROID CANCER DURING PREGNANCY
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 46: Thyroid Disorders in Children
- INTRODUCTION
- EPIDEMIOLOGY AND PREVALENCE OF HYPOTHYROIDISM
- THYROID EMBRYOGENESIS AND PHYSIOLOGY OF THYROID HORMONES IN THE NEW-BORN
- SCREENING FOR NEONATAL HYPOTHYROIDISM
  - Diagnostic Evaluation
- CONGENITAL HYPOTHYROIDISM
- CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS: HYPOTHYROIDISM IN NEWBORNS AND INFANTS
- DIAGNOSTIC EVALUATION AND TREATMENT OF CH
- JUVENILE OR ACQUIRED HYPOTHYROIDISM
- AUTOIMMUNE THYROID DISEASE (AIT/AITD)
- CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS—JUVENILE HYPOTHYROIDISM
- DIAGNOSTIC EVALUATION
  - Management and Follow-Up
- PROGNOSIS AND OUTCOME
- GOITER (THYROMEGALY)
- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY AND ETIOLOGY
- CLINICAL AND INVESTIGATIVE EVALUATION
- MANAGEMENT
- ACUTE AND SUBACUTE THYROIDITIS
CHAPTER 47A: Special Situations in Thyroidology
- INTRODUCTION AND DEFINITION
- WHY ARE THYROID HORMONES SUPPRESSED IN NTIS?
  - Reverse T3
  - Low-Serum T4
- THE MECHANISMS OF REDUCTION IN TOTAL SERUM T4 COULD BE
- FREE THYROID HORMONES
- SERUM TSH
- OTHER FACTORS IMPLICATED IN NTIS
- ARE PATIENTS WITH NTIS CLINICALLY HYPOTHYROID?
- SHOULD ALL CRITICAL PATIENTS HAVE THEIR THYROID HORMONES ASSAYED?
- SHOULD TREATMENT BE CONSIDERED IN ALL CRITICALLY PATIENTS?
- THYROID STORM
- MYXEDEMA COMA
- EPIDEMIOLOGY
- PATHOGENESIS
- CLINICAL PRESENTATION
- EVALUATION AND CLASSIFICATION
- MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 47B: Drugs and Thyroid
- INTRODUCTION
- EPIDEMIOLOGY
- MECHANISM OF ACTION
- TSH SUPPRESSION
- THYROID HORMONE SECRETION
- TBG CONCENTRATION
- BINDING TO TBG
- METABOLISM OF THYROID HORMONES
- AUTOIMMUNITY
- EFFECT OF DRUGS ON LEVOTHYROXINE
  - Absorption
  - Thyroid
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 47C: Thyroid and Bone
- INTRODUCTION
- BONE MINERAL HOMEOSTASIS
- PHYSIOLOGY OF BONE MODELING AND REMODELING
- INFLUENCE OF THYROID HORMONE ON SKELETAL GROWTH AND MATURATION
- EFFECT OF THYROID HORMONE ON MINERAL METABOLISM
- EFFECT OF THYROID HORMONE ON SKELETAL METABOLISM
- BONE MINERAL DENSITY IN THYROID DISORDERS AND FRACTURE RISK
- FUTURE DIRECTIONS AND ROLE OF THYROMIMETICS
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 47D: Ultrasonography in Thyroid Diseases
- ULTRASOUND IMAGING OF THE THYROID
- PRINCIPLES OF ULTRASOUND IMAGING
- TERMINOLOGIES USED IN REPORTING IMAGES
- NORMAL THYROID GLAND
- USES OF ULTRASOUND IMAGING
- FETAL THYROID EVALUATION
- EVALUATION OF CONGENITAL DISORDERS
- ASSESSMENT OF THYROID VOLUME
- DETERMINATION OF MORPHOLOGY
CHAPTER 47E: Fine-Needle Aspiration Cytology in Thyroid Diseases
- INDICATIONS
- TECHNIQUE
- ULTRASOUND-GUIDED FNAC (US-FNA)
- REPORTING TERMINOLOGY
- ADEQUACY ASSESSMENT
- DIAGNOSTIC ACCURACY
- MAJOR LIMITATIONS
- ANCILLARY TESTS
  - Immunocytochemistry
  - Molecular Testing
CHAPTER 47F: Resistance to Thyroid Hormones
- INTRODUCTION
- CLINICAL FEATURES
- DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
- MOLECULAR GENETICS
- MANAGEMENT
CHAPTER 47G: Environmental Disruptors and Thyroid
- INTRODUCTION
- THYROID HOMEOSTASIS DISRUPTION DURING HUMAN LIFE
- ENDOCRINE DISRUPTOR CHEMICALS
  - Polychlorinated Biphenyls
    - Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) in India
  - Tetrabromobisphenol A
    - The Extent of TBBPA in India
- EDC AS COMPETITORS TO IODINE UPTAKE/THYROID HORMONE METABOLISM
  - Perchlorate
  - Thiocyanate as Goitrogen
    - NHANES Assessment of Combined Effects of Perchlorate and Thiocyanate Exposure
    - Thiocyanates in India
SECTION 3: PITUITARY
CHAPTER 48: Pituitary Function Tests
- PITUITARY FUNCTION TESTS
  - Anterior Pituitary
CHAPTER 49: Disorders of Prolactin Excess
- INTRODUCTION
- EPIDEMIOLOGY
- CAUSES OF HYPERPROLACTINEMIA
- DRUG-INDUCED HYPERPROLACTINEMIA
- PROLACTINOMA
- PATHOGENESIS
- CLINICAL FEATURES
- DIAGNOSIS
- MANAGEMENT
- MEDICAL TREATMENT OF PROLACTINOMA
- SURGICAL TREATMENT OF PROLACTINOMAS
- RADIOTHERAPY
- FOLLOW-UP
- SPECIAL SITUATIONS
  - Pregnancy and Prolactinoma
- MALIGNANT PROLACTINOMA
- SUGGESTED READING
CHAPTER 50: Disorders of ACTH Excess
- ESTABLISHING THE HYPERCORTISOLIC STATE
- SUPPRESSION TESTS
- INVESTIGATING THE CAUSE OF CUSHING’S SYNDROME
- IMAGING
  - Bilateral IPSS
- TREATMENT
- MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
- TRANSSPHENOIDAL PITUITARY SURGERY
- RADIATION THERAPY
- BILATERAL ADRENALECTOMY AND NELSON’S SYNDROME
- CORTICOTROPH PITUITARY CARCINOMA
- MORTALITY AND MORBIDITY
CHAPTER 51: Disorders of Growth Hormone Excess
- DISORDERS OF GROWTH HORMONE EXCESS
- EPIDEMIOLOGY
- ETIOLOGY
- CLINICAL FEATURES
- CLINICAL PRESENTATION IN INDIANS
- DIAGNOSIS
- RADIOGRAPHIC CHANGES
- MANAGEMENT
- RADIOTHERAPY
- MEDICAL THERAPY
- CHOICE OF THERAPY
- PROGNOSIS
- CANCER RISK IN ACROMEGALY
- POST-TREATMENT FOLLOW-UP
CHAPTER 52: Nonfunctioning Sellar-Suprasellar Masses
- INTRODUCTION
- ANATOMY
- CLASSIFICATION (TABLE 52.1)
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 53: Posterior Pituitary and Disorders of Water Homeostasis
- INTRODUCTION
- HISTORY
- NEUROANATOMY
- NEUROPHYSIOLOGY
- DIABETES INSIPIDUS (DI)
- TREATMENT
  - HDI
  - NDI
  - DDI
  - GDI
- SYNDROME OF INAPPROPRIATE ANTIDIURESIS (SIAD)
- TREATMENT
- NEWER DEVELOPMENTS IN WATER HOMEOSTASIS
  - Vasopressin Receptor Antagonists—Vaptans (Aquaretics)
- HYPODIPSIA
CHAPTER 54: Hypopituitarism
- INTRODUCTION
- EPIDEMIOLOGY OF HYPOPITUITARISM
- ETIOLOGY OF HYPOPITUITARISM
- ETIOLOGICAL PROFILE IN INDIA
  - Clinical Features
  - Diagnostic Evaluation
- MANAGEMENT OF HYPOPITUITARISM
- REFERENCES
CHAPTER 55: Hypothalamus and Hypothalamic Disorders
- HYPOTHALAMUS AND HYPOTHALAMIC DISORDERS
- ANATOMY AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE HYPOTHALAMUS
  - Gross Anatomy
  - Embryologic Anatomy
- PHYSIOLOGY-ENDOCRINE ROLE OF HYPOTHALAMUS AND ITS PHYSIOLOGICAL REGULATION
- THE ENDOCRINE ROLE OF HYPOTHALAMUS
CHAPTER 56: Surgery for Pituitary Adenomas
- INTRODUCTION
  - Preoperative Visual Field and Hormonal Evaluation
  - Radiological Evaluation
- TRANS-SPHENOIDAL SURGERY
- OUTCOME AFTER TRANS-SPHENOIDAL PITUITARY SURGERY
CHAPTER 57: Pituitary Incidentalomas
- INTRODUCTION
- RADIOGRAPHIC ANATOMY
- IMAGING MODALITIES
- CLASSIFICATION
- RADIOLOGICAL ARTIFACTS
  - MRI Artifacts
- VOLUMETRIC CHANGE
- NONPITUITARY ANATOMICAL ANOMALIES
- TRUE PATHOLOGICAL ALTERATIONS
  - Pituitary Microadenomas
  - Pituitary Macroadenoma
- RATHKE'S CLEFT CYST
- METASTASES
- TUBERCULOSIS
- POSTOPERATIVE PSEUDOTUMOR
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 58: Imaging of Pituitary
- INTRODUCTION
- IMAGING MODALITIES
- NORMAL RADIOGRAPHIC ANATOMY
- INDICATIONS FOR IMAGING THE PITUITARY GLAND
- HYPERFUNCTIONING GLAND
- HYPOPITUITARISM
- SELLAR, SUPRASELLAR, AND HYPOTHALAMIC TUMOURS THAT CAN CAUSE HYPOPITUITARISM
- INFILTRATIVE CAUSES OF HYPOPITUITARISM
- NONTUMORAL HYPOPITUITARISM
  - Empty Sella
  - Pituitary Apoplexy
- CONGENITAL HYPOPITUITARISM
- DIABETES INSIPIDUS
- SUMMARY
- REFERENCES
CHAPTER 59: Radiotherapy of the Pituitary
- INTRODUCTION
- MANAGEMENT
- RADIATION THERAPY
- OUTCOME
CHAPTER 60: Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 1
- NATURAL HISTORY
SECTION 4: ADRENALS
CHAPTER 61: Adrenal Gland: Anatomy and Physiology
- INTRODUCTION
- EMBRYOLOGY
- BIOSYNTHESIS OF ADRENAL STEROIDS
- MINERALOCORTICOIDS
- GLUCOCORTICOIDS
- ADRENAL ANDROGENS
- ADRENAL MEDULLA
CHAPTER 62A: Cushing Syndrome: Symptomatology and Diagnostic Strategies
- INTRODUCTION
- CLINICAL FEATURES
- DIAGNOSIS
  - Testing in Special Situations
CHAPTER 62B: Treatment and Follow-Up Strategies in Cushing’s Syndrome
- INTRODUCTION
- TRANSSPHENOIDAL PITUITARY RESECTION: PRIMARY THERAPY
- SURGICAL APPROACH
- SURGICAL OUTCOMES-REMISSION CRITERIA
- EVALUATION FOR DISEASE RECURRENCE/PERSISTENCE
- PITUITARY SURGERY FOR PERSISTENT OR RECURRENT DISEASE
- PITUITARY RADIOTHERAPY (RT) FOR PERSISTENT OR RECURRENT DISEASE
- MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
- BILATERAL ADRENALECTOMY
- ECTOPIC ACTH SYNDROME
- ACTH-INDEPENDENT CUSHING’S SYNDROME
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 63: Primary Adrenal Insufficiency
- INTRODUCTION
- HISTORY
- ETIOLOGY
- CLINICAL FEATURES
- DIAGNOSIS
- ROUTINE LABORATORY INVESTIGATIONS
- BASAL CORTISOL AND ACTH SAMPLE
- ACTH STIMULATION TEST OR SHORT SYNACTHEN TEST (SST)
- PROLONGED ACTH STIMULATION TEST
- IMMUNOLOGY
- MINERALOCORTICOID STATUS
- ADRENAL IMAGING
- TREATMENT
  - Acute Adrenal Crisis
- LONG TERM THERAPY OF PRIMARY ADRENAL INSUFFICIENCY
  - Patient Education
- GLUCOCORTICOID REPLACEMENT
- MINERALOCORTICOID REPLACEMENT
- DHEA REPLACEMENT
CHAPTER 64: Management of Adults with Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia
- INTRODUCTION
- AIMS OF TREATMENT IN ADULT CAH
- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
- NEWER CLASSIFICATIONS OF ADULT CAH
  - Clinical Classification
  - Genotype Classification Based on Residual 21-Hydroxylase Activity
- STEROID REPLACEMENT AND MONITORING
- TREATMENT OF ANDROGEN EXCESS
- INFERTILITY
  - ANTENATAL MANAGEMENT
- ADRENAL TUMORS
- TARTS
- METABOLIC PROFILE
- BONE HEALTH
- QUALITY OF LIFE
- MANAGEMENT OF NONCLASSIC CAH
- CONCLUSION AND AREAS OF UNCERTAINTY
CHAPTER 65: Pheochromocytoma—Molecular Genetics, Diagnosis, and Treatment Strategies
- INTRODUCTION
- BIOCHEMICAL DIAGNOSIS
- ANATOMICAL LOCALIZATION
- MOLECULAR GENETICS
- SCREENING FOR MUTATIONS IN PATIENTS WITH PHEO/PGL
- TREATMENT
- PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA CRISIS
- SURGERY
- MALIGNANT TUMORS
CHAPTER 66: Primary Aldosteronism
- INTRODUCTION
- PREVALENCE
- SUBTYPES
  - Surgically Curable
  - Surgically Not Curable
- WHO SHOULD BE SCREENED?
- MANAGEMENT
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 67: Adrenocortical Carcinoma Current Concept and Treatment Strategies
- INTRODUCTION
- CLINICAL PRESENTATION
- DIAGNOSTIC EVALUATION
- STAGING
- HORMONAL INVESTIGATIONS
- FINE-NEEDLE ASPIRATION BIOPSY (FNA)
- HISTOPATHOLOGY
- TREATMENT
- ADJUVANT THERAPY
- CHEMOTHERAPY
- RADIOTHERAPY
- FOLLOW-UP
SECTION 5: BONE AND MINERAL DISORDERS
CHAPTER 68: Basics of Bone Physiology
- BONE CELLS
- ORGANIC MATRIX
- INORGANIC MINERAL
- BONE DEVELOPMENT
- CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR CONTROL OF SKELETAL DEVELOPMENT
- OSTEOBLAST FUNCTION
- OSTEOCLAST DIFFERENTIATION AND FUNCTION
- STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF OSTEOCLAST
- BONE REMODELING
  - Systemic Factors Influencing Bone Turnover and Pathogenesis of Osteoporosis
- KEY MESSAGE
CHAPTER 69: Basics of Mineral Physiology
- INTRODUCTION
- CALCIUM
- PHOSPHORUS (PO4)
- MAGNESIUM
- PARATHYROID HORMONE
- VITAMIN D
- FGF-23
CHAPTER 70: Primary Hyperparathyroidism: An Indian Perspective
- INTRODUCTION
- DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS
- ETIOLOGY OF PHPT
- PATHOGENESIS OF PHPT
- PRESENTING MANIFESTATIONS
- SKELETAL MANIFESTATIONS
- RENAL MANIFESTATIONS
- NEUROMUSCULAR MANIFESTATIONS
- GASTROINTESTINAL MANIFESTATIONS
- HEMATOLOGICAL MANIFESTATIONS
- MISCELLANEOUS MANIFESTATIONS
- PRESENTATION IN CHILDHOOD
- EFFECT OF GENDER ON PRESENTATION OF PHPT
- EVALUATION OF PRIMARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM
- TREATMENT OF PHPT
  - Management of Hypercalcemic Crisis
  - Preoperative Localization of Hyperfunctioning Parathyroid Tissue
- TREATMENT OF SYMPTOMATIC PRIMARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM
  - Surgical Treatment
  - Postoperative Management
- MANAGEMENT OF ASYMPTOMATIC PRIMARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM
  - Mortality in PHPT
- SUGGESTED READING
CHAPTER 71: Hypoparathyroidism-Hypocalcemia
- INTRODUCTION
- EPIDEMIOLOGY
- ETIOPATHOGENESIS
- CLINICAL FEATURES
- EVALUATION
  - Biochemical Investigations
  - Genetic Testing
- MANAGEMENT
- TREATMENT IN SPECIAL SITUATIONS
- ROLE OF PTH THERAPY
CHAPTER 72A: Vitamin D Status of Indian Population
- INTRODUCTION
- VITAMIN D STATUS IN ADULTS
- VITAMIN D DEFICIENCY AND BONE MINERAL DENSITY
- VITAMIN D STATUS IN PREGNANCY AND LACTATION
- VITAMIN D STATUS IN NEONATES AND INFANTS
- VITAMIN D STATUS IN INDIAN CHILDREN
- STRATEGIES TO OVERCOME VITAMIN D DEFICIENCY IN INDIA
CHAPTER 72B: Vitamin D Toxicity
- INTRODUCTION
- CASE PRESENTATIONS
- DISCUSSION
- SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 73A: Epidemiology and Risk Factors of Osteoporosis
- INTRODUCTION
- BONE MINERAL DENSITY IN INDIANS
- HIP FRACTURE
- VERTEBRAL AND OTHER FRACTURES
- RISK FACTORS FOR OSTEOPOROSIS (TABLE 73a.1)
- LOW BODY WEIGHT OR WEIGHT LOSS
- PREVIOUS FRAGILITY FRACTURE
- FALLS
- DISEASES AND MEDICATIONS ASSOCIATED WITH RISK OF OSTEOPOROSIS
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 73B: Diagnosis of Osteoporosis and Assessment of Fracture Risk
- DUAL X-RAY ABSORPTIOMETRY (FIGS. 73B.1 AND 73B.2)
- WHICH SITES TO MEASURE
- WHEN TO ORDER DXA SCAN
- ADDITIONAL BONE DENSITOMETRY TECHNOLOGIES
- BIOMARKERS OF BONE TURNOVER
- THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN BMD AND FRACTURES
- ASSESSMENT OF FRACTURE RISK
- FRAX
CHAPTER 73C: Treatment of Osteoporosis
- INTRODUCTION
- NON-PHARMACOLOGICAL MANAGEMENT OF OSTEOPOROSIS (TABLE 73C.1)
- PHARMACOLOGICAL INTERVENTION
- BISPHOSPHONATES
  - Side Effects of Bisphosphonates
- ESTROGEN
- SERMS (SELECTIVE ESTROGEN RECEPTOR MODULATORS)
- CALCITONIN
- TERIPARATIDE RHPTH (1–34)
- STRONTIUM RANELATE
- DENOSUMAB
- FUTURE THERAPIES
- WHICH TREATMENT FOR WHICH PATIENT
CHAPTER 74: Metabolic Bone Disease in Children
- INTRODUCTION
- RICKETS
- EPIDEMIOLOGY
- ETIOLOGY
- CLINICAL FEATURES
  - Clinical Differences of Phosphopenic Rickets from Calcipenic Rickets
- DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
- LABORATORY FINDINGS
- RADIOLOGICAL FINDINGS
- TREATMENT
  - Preparations of Vitamin D Available in India
  - Treatment Schedule
  - Calcium Supplementation During Treatment
  - Duration of Therapy
  - Monitoring of Treatment
- HYPERVITAMINOSIS D
- PREVENTION
  - Sunlight Exposure
  - Supplements
- WHEN TO REFER?
- RICKETS DUE TO CALCIUM DEFICIENCY
- VITAMIN D-DEPENDENT RICKETS TYPE I
- VITAMIN D-DEPENDENT RICKETS TYPE II
- X-LINKED HYPOPHOSPHATEMIC RICKETS (XLHR)
  - Pathophysiology
  - Clinical Presentation
  - Laboratory Features
  - Radiological Features
  - Treatment
- METABOLIC BONE DISEASE OF PREMATURITY
- RICKETS SECONDARY TO RENAL TUBULAR ACIDOSIS
- OSTEOPOROSIS IN CHILDREN
- ETIOLOGY (TABLE 74.6)
  - Clinical Features
  - Investigations
  - Prevention and Treatment
  - Osteogenesis Imperfecta
- SUMMARY
CHAPTER 75: Medical Evaluation of Nephrolithiasis
- WHY WE REQUIRE STONE EVALUATION?
- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
- ETIOLOGY OF RENAL STONES
- IDIOPATHIC HYPERCALCIURIA (IH)
- HYPERURICOSURIA AND URIC ACID NEPHROLITHIASIS
- HYPOCITRATURIA
- HYPEROXALURIA
- DISTAL RENAL TUBULAR ACIDOSIS
- INFECTION STONES
- CYSTINURIA
- KIDNEY STONE METABOLIC EVALUATION AND INTERVENTION
  - Assessment of Risk Factors
- EVALUATION PROTOCOL
- CLINICAL HISTORY AND FAMILY HISTORY
- STONE ANALYSIS
- DETAILED METABOLIC EVALUATION
- CALCIUM TOLERANCE TEST
- AMMONIUM CHLORIDELOADING TEST
- INDIAN SCENARIO
  - Prevalence
- CHEMICAL COMPOSITION
- METABOLIC EVALUATION
- MANAGEMENT
  - Nonpharmacologic Management
  - Pharmacologic Management (Table 75.6)
CHAPTER 76: Fluorosis
- DEFINITION AND EPIDEMIOLOGY
- ETIOPATHOGENESIS
  - Effect of Fluoride Ingestion on Bone Mineral Metabolism
  - Recent Understanding of Etiopathogenesis of Fluorotoxic Metabolic Bone Disease (FMBD)
- CLINICAL FEATURES
- RADIOLOGY
- BONE SCANING AND BONE DENSITOMETRY
- BONE HISTOPATHOLOGY AND HISTOMORPHOMETRY
- TREATMENT
SECTION 6: REPRODUCTIVE ENDOCRINOLOGY
CHAPTER 77: Evaluation of Amenorrhea
- INTRODUCTION
- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
- EVALUATION OF AMENORRHEA (FLOWCHART 77.1)
- INVESTIGATION
  - Primary Amenorrhea
    - Uterus Absent
    - Uterus Present
  - Secondary Amenorrhea
- TREATMENT
  - Müllerian Dysgenesis
  - Gonadal Dysgenesis
    - Turner’s Syndrome
    - Hypothalamic–Pituitary Disorders
- SECONDARY AMENORRHEA
- PCOS
  - Post-Pill Amenorrhea
  - Intrauterine Adhesions
- CAH
- CONCLUSION
- MCQs
CHAPTER 78: Management of Hypogonadism in Females
- INTRODUCTION
- ETIOLOGY
  - Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism
    - Functional Defects
    - Permanent Structural and Functional Lesions
- HYPERGONADOTROPIC HYPOGONADISM
  - Turner’s Syndrome
  - Primary Ovarian Insufficiency
- EPIDEMIOLOGY
- CLINICAL FEATURES
  - Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism
  - Hypergonadotropic Hypogonadism
    - Turner’s Syndrome
    - Primary Ovarian Insufficiency
- EVALUATION OF FEMALEHYPOGONADISM
- TREATMENT
- COMPLICATIONS
- PREVENTION
- SUMMARY
CHAPTER 79: Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
- INTRODUCTION
- PATHOGENESIS OF PCOS
- COMORBIDITIES AND CONSEQUENCES OF PCOS
- DIAGNOSTIC EVALUATION
- MANAGEMENT
  - Lifestyle Modification
- PHARMACOTHERAPY
  - Clomiphene Citrate
- SURGICAL TREATMENT
- SYMPTOMATIC APPROACH
- KEY MESSAGE
CHAPTER 80: Hyperandrogenism Other than PCOS
- CAUSES OF HYPERANDROGENISM (TABLE 80.1)
- CLINICAL MARKERS OF ANDROGEN EXCESS
- NORMAL HORMONAL LEVELS AND WHAT IS ABNORMAL?
- INVESTIGATIONS
- TREATMENT
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 81: Primary Ovarian Failure and Menopause
- INTRODUCTION
- PRIMARY OVARIAN FAILURE
- MENOPAUSE
  - Treat Right Women for Right Reasons with Right Drug
CHAPTER 82: Female Hormonal Contraception
- INTRODUCTION
- PHARMACOLOGY OF STEROID HORMONES
  - Estrogens
  - Progestins
- TYPES OF HORMONAL CONTRACEPTION
  - Combination Oral Contraception
- COMBINED ORAL CONTRACEPTION AND MEDICAL PROBLEMS
- NONORAL COMBINATION CONTRACEPTIVES
- PROGESTATIONAL CONTRACEPTIVES
CHAPTER 83: Gynecomastia
- DEFINITION
- PATHOGENESIS
- COURSE OF THE DISEASE
- CLINICAL POINTS
- LABORATORY EVALUATION (Table 83.3)
- MANAGEMENT
CHAPTER 84: Male Reproductive System: Clinical Examination and Investigations
- INTRODUCTION
- BASIC CONCEPTS OF MALE REPRODUCTIVE ENDOCRINOLOGY
- CAUSES OF HYPOGONADISM IN MALE
  - Primary Hypogonadism
  - Secondary Hypogonadism
- HISTORY AND EXAMINATION
- MALE INFERTILITY
CHAPTER 85: Treatment of Hypogonadism in Males
- INTRODUCTION
- SUMMARY
CHAPTER 86: Andropause and Adult Onset Male Hypogonadism
- INTRODUCTION AND PHYSIOLOGY OF MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
- DEFINITION
- CLINICAL DIAGNOSIS OF ANDROGEN DEFICIENCY/MALE HYPOGONADISM
  - Andropause and Adult Onset Male Hypogonadism
- THE AGING MALE
  - Prevalence of Androgen Deficiency in Male
  - General
- DIAGNOSING ANDROGEN DEFICIENCY IN AGING MEN
  - Reproductive Endocrinology
    - Andropause and Adult onset Male Hypogonadism
CHAPTER 87: Erectile Dysfunction
- INTRODUCTION
- EPIDEMIOLOGY
- ERECTILE PHYSIOLOGY
- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION
- DIAGNOSIS OF ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION
- PHYSICAL EXAMINATION
- LABORATORY TESTING
  - Nocturnal Penile Tumescence (NPT)
- MANAGEMENT OF ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION
  - PDE5 Inhibitors
  - Second-Line Therapies
- SURGICAL TREATMENT OF ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 88: Male Contraception
- INTRODUCTION
- REGULATION OF SPERMATOGENESIS
- CLASSIFICATION OF MC
- CONCLUSION
SECTION 7: PEDIATRIC ENDOCRINOLOGY
CHAPTER 89A: Growth Hormone Disorder: Approach to Short Stature
- INTRODUCTION
- ETIOLOGY (TABLE 89a.1)
- SUMMARY
CHAPTER 89B: Use of Growth Hormone in Non–GHD Conditions
- INTRODUCTION
- GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
- TURNER’S SYNDROME (TS)
- SMALL FOR GESTATIONAL AGE (SGA)
- CHRONIC RENAL FAILURE
- PRADER–WILLI SYNDROME (PWS)
- IDIOPATHIC SHORT STATURE (ISS)
- SHOX DEFICIENCY
- NOONAN SYNDROME
- SIDE EFFECTS OF GH
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 89C: Growth Hormone Deficiency in Children
- INTRODUCTION
- GROWTH HORMONE PHYSIOLOGY
- ETIOLOGY OF GROWTH HORMONE DEFICIENCY (TABLE 89C.1)
- CLINICAL PRESENTATION
- DIAGNOSIS OF GHD
- TREATMENT
- KEY POINTS
CHAPTER 90A: Delayed Puberty
- INTRODUCTION
  - Definition of Delayed Puberty
  - Etiology and Epidemiology
- CONSTITUTIONAL DELAY OF PUBERTY
- HYPOGONADOTROPIC HYPOGONADISM (SECONDARY HYPOGONADISM)
- HYPERGONADOTROPIC HYPOGONADISM
- BOYS
- GIRLS
  - Evaluation
    - History
- INVESTIGATIONS
  - Hormonal Evaluation
- LOW GONADOTROPINS
  - Protocol
- ELEVATED GONADOTROPINS
  - Females
  - Males
- MANAGEMENT OF DELAYED PUBERTY
  - Management of Delayed Puberty in Boys
  - Summary: Delayed Puberty
CHAPTER 90B: Precocious Puberty
- INTRODUCTION
- CLASSIFICATION
  - Gonadotropin-Dependent Precocious Puberty (CPP)
  - Gonadotropin—Independent Precocious Puberty (Peripheral or Pseudo PP)
- INITIAL EVALUATION
- FURTHER EVALUATION
- SUMMARY
- CASE VIGNETTE
CHAPTER 90C: Turner Syndrome
- INTRODUCTION
- EPIDEMIOLOGY
- CLINICAL FEATURES
- DIAGNOSIS
- ASSOCIATIONS
- MANAGEMENT
- GROWTH
- ESTROGEN REPLACEMENT THERAPY
- REPRODUCTIVE ISSUES
- CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
- HEARING
- INDIAN PERSPECTIVES
CHAPTER 91A: 46,XX Disorders of Sexual Development
- INTRODUCTION
- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF 46,XX DSD
- EPIDEMIOLOGY
  - International
  - India
- CLINICAL FEATURES AND PRESENTATION
  - Disorders of Ovarian Development
  - Disorders of Androgen Synthesis
- DIAGNOSIS
  - Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia
- PRINCIPLES OF MANAGEMENT OF 46,XX DSD
  - Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia
  - Gender Assignment in Newborn Infants
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 91B: 46,XY Disorders of Sexual Development
- INTRODUCTION
- EPIDEMIOLOGY
- OTHER CAUSES OF 46,XY DSD
  - Persistent Müllerian Duct Syndrome
  - Congenital Nongenetic 46,XY DSD
    - Maternal Intake of Endocrine Disruptors
- DIAGNOSIS OF 46,XY DSD
- PRINCIPLES OF MANAGEMENT OF 46,XY DSDS
  - Hormonal Treatment
    - Female Social Sex
    - Male Social Sex
  - Surgical Therapy
    - Dysgenetic or Undescended Gonads and Tumor Development
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 92: Type 1 Diabetes (Pediatric Endocrinology)
- INTRODUCTION
- EPIDEMIOLOGY
- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
- CLINICAL FEATURES
- MANAGEMENT
CHAPTER 93: Metabolic Syndrome in Children and Adolescents
- INTRODUCTION
- EPIDEMIOLOGY
- ETIOLOGY
- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
  - Role of Organokines
  - Hepatokines
- CLINICAL FEATURES
- DIAGNOSIS OF METABOLIC SYNDROME IN CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS
- PRINCIPLES OF PREVENTION, EVALUATION, AND MANAGEMENT
- THERAPEUTIC LIFESTYLE CHANGES
CHAPTER 94: Rickets
- INTRODUCTION
- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
- VITAMIN D DEFICIENCY RICKETS
- CALCIUM DEFICIENCY RICKETS
- HYPOPHOSPHATEMIC RICKETS
- TUMOR INDUCED HYPOPHOSPHATEMIC RICKETS
- RENAL TUBULAR ACIDOSIS
- RADIOLOGICAL FEATURES
- BIOCHEMICAL FEATURES
- TREATMENT
CHAPTER 95A: Neonatal Screening for Endocrine Disorders
- CONGENITAL HYPOTHYROIDISM
- INCIDENCE
- SCREENING PROTOCOLS AND TECHNOLOGY
- FALSE-POSITIVE RESULTS
- IMPROVING CH SCREENING
- CONGENITAL ADRENAL HYPERPLASIA
- INCIDENCE
- SCREENING PROTOCOLS AND TECHNOLOGY
- FALSE-POSITIVE RESULTS
- IMPROVING CAH SCREENING
CHAPTER 95B: Neonatal Endocrine Emergencies
- INTRODUCTION
- HYPOGLYCEMIA
- DEFINITION OF HYPOGLYCEMIA
- CLINICAL FEATURES AND DIAGNOSIS OF HYPOGLYCEMIA
- MANAGEMENT OF HYPOGLYCEMIA
- RECURRENT OR RESISTANT HYPOGLYCEMIA
- CONCLUSION
SECTION 8: OBESITY
CHAPTER 96: Obesity Global and Indian Overview
- OBESITY GLOBAL OVERVIEW
- OBESITY IN INDIA
- WHAT CAUSES OBESITY AND OVERWEIGHT?
- HEALTH CONSEQUENCES OF OVERWEIGHT AND OBESITY
- WHAT ARE THE WAYS AND MEANS TO REDUCE OVERWEIGHT AND OBESITY?
CHAPTER 97: Adipose Cell Biology
- INTRODUCTION
- FUNCTIONS OF THE ADIPOSE TISSUE
- ARE ADIPOCYTES ALL THE SAME?
- WHAT ARE THE PHYSIOLOGICAL ACTIVATORS OF THERMOGENESISIN BROWN/BEIGE CELLS?
- DIFFERENCE BETWEEN WHITE FAT DEPOTS AT DIFFERENT LOCATIONS
- DEVELOPMENTAL PATTERNS OF ADIPOSE TISSUE
- PLASTICITY OF THE ADIPOSE TISSUE
- BEHAVIOR OF THE ADIPOSE TISSUE IN OBESITY
- CHANGES IN FAT TISSUE REMODELING IN OBESITY
- INTERACTION OF THE ADIPOSE TISSUE WITH IMMUNE CELLS: LINKBETWEEN OBESITY AND INFLAMMATION
- INTERACTION OF ADIPOSE TISSUE WITH OTHER CELLS
- LINKAGE OF OBESITY TO CANCER
- COMMUNICATION OF ADIPOSE TISSUE WITH OTHER CELLS
  - Anti-Inflammatory Adipokines
- LIPID TRAFFIC INSIDE THE ADIPOSE TISSUE
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 98: Changing Human Architecture and Energy Equations in Obesity
- INTRODUCTION
- OBESITY—EXTENT OF THE PROBLEM
- CONSEQUENCES OF OBESITY
- CENTRAL OBESITY AND METABOLIC SYNDROME
- CAUSES OF PANDEMIC OF OBESITY
- ARE OUR GENES CHANGING?
  - Energy Equation and Balance
    - Levine Hypothesis of NEAT in Modern Obesity
- CAN WE HALT OBESITY?
- PHYSICAL ACTIVITY GUIDELINES FOR ADULT INDIANS
- PHYSICAL ACTIVITY PRESCRIPTION
CHAPTER 99: Etiopathogenesis of Obesity Including Secondary Causes: Both Endocrine and Genetic Syndromes
- INTRODUCTION
- CENTRAL INTEGRATION OF PERIPHERAL SIGNALS1
- GASTROINTESTINAL HORMONES
- ADIPOKINES
  - Leptin7
- DEVELOPMENTAL PATHWAYS
  - Adaptive Pathway
  - Fetal Overnutrition
- ENDOCANNABINOID SYSTEM (ECS)12
- GUT MICROBIOME13
- INFECTION14
- FOOD INTAKE15
- ODOR DETECTION THRESHOLD16
- PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS17
- OTHER FACTORS18
- ENERGY EXPENDITURE
- GENETICS
- ENDOCRINE DISEASES
CHAPTER 100: Approach to an Obese Patient—Protocols and Plans
- INTRODUCTION
- DEFINITION
- APPROACH TO A PATIENT
- MANAGEMENT
- LIFESTYLE MODIFICATIONS
- BARIATRIC SURGERY
- PHARMACOTHERAPY
- NALTREXONE SUSTAINED-RELEASE AND BUPROPION SUSTAINED-RELEASE
- CONCLUSIONS
CHAPTER 101: Management of Obese Patient—Behavior, Diet, Activity and Treatments
- INTRODUCTION
- ADVANTAGES OF WEIGHT LOSS—LIVE LONGER
- GOALS OF WEIGHT LOSS AND MANAGEMENT
- STRATEGIES FOR WEIGHT LOSS AND WEIGHT MAINTENANCE
- LIPASE BLOCKERS: ORLISTAT, THE EVIDENCE-BASED APPROVED (OVER THE COUNTER) WEIGHT LOSS PILL
- ORLISTAT—THE PLEIOTROPIC PILL
  - US Medications for Obesity (Not Available in India)
- MEDICATIONS WHICH ARE WITHDRAWN
- NOVEL AGENTS FOR DIABESITY: LIRAGLUTIDE
- FUTURE ANTIOBESITY DRUGS IN DEVELOPMENT
- SATIETY INDEX AND MEDICATIONS MODULATING THEM
CHAPTER 102: Bioactives in Obesity
- INTRODUCTION
- FACTORS AFFECTING OBESITY
- PHARMACOTHERAPY AND ITS EFFECT ON WEIGHT LOSS
- OBESITY AND INFLAMMATION
- FOODS FOR WEIGHT LOSS
- ROLE OF GUT MICROBIOTA IN WEIGHT MANAGEMENT
- WHAT ARE BIOACTIVES
- ROLE OF BIOACTIVES
- ANTI-INFLAMMATORY EFFECT OF BIOACTIVES
- SOME DIETARY BIOACTIVES
- (N-3) POLYUNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS
- OTHER KNOWN BIOACTIVES
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 103: Preventive Strategies in Obesity
- FAMILIES
- EARLY CHILD CARE
- SCHOOLS
- HEALTH CARE
- WORKPLACE
- HEALTHY FOOD ENVIRONMENT
- HEALTHY ACTIVITY ENVIRONMENT

INDEX

TOC
Index

Chapter Notes