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Textbook of Microbiology for GNM Students
Ashutosh Debata, Darshan Panda, Sandeep Dhuper
CHAPTER 1:
Introduction to Microbiology
WHAT ARE MICROORGANISMS?
MICROBIOLOGY: STUDY OF MICROORGANISMS
CATEGORIES OF MICROORGANISMS
Eukaryotic Microorganisms
Prokaryotic Microorganisms
Noncellular Microorganisms
HISTORY OF MICROBIOLOGY
CONTRIBUTION OF EMINENT SCIENTISTS TO MICROBIOLOGY EDWARD JENNER (1749–1823)
LOUIS PASTEUR (1822–1895)
ROBERT KOCH (1843–1912)
JOSEPH LISTER (1827–1912)
ELIE METCHNIKOFF (1845–1916)
ALEXANDER FLEMING (1881–1955)
PAUL EHRLICH (1854–1915)
POSSIBLE QUESTIONS
CHAPTER 2:
Scope of Microbiology of Nursing
THE PROFESSION OF NURSING
MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY
MICROBIOLOGY IN NURSING
APPLICATION OF MICROBIOLOGY IN NURSING
ROLE OF THE NURSING STAFF IN INFECTION CONTROL
POSSIBLE QUESTIONS
CHAPTER 3:
Classification of Microorganisms
WHAT IS THE CLASSIFICATION OF MICROORGANISMS?
WHY WE NEED TO CLASSIFY MICROORGANISMS?
BASIS OF CLASSIFICATION
MAJOR GROUPS OF MICROORGANISMS
Eukaryotic Microorganisms
Basic Features of Eukaryotic cells
Protozoa
Helminths
Fungi
Algae
Prokaryotic Microorganisms
Basic Features of Prokaryotic cells
Chlamydia
Mycoplasma
Rickettsia
Siprochaetes
Archaebacteria
Acellular Microorganisms
Basic Features of Acellular Microbes
Viruses
Prions
Viroids
POSSIBLE QUESTIONS
CHAPTER 4:
Structure of Microorganisms
WHAT ARE BACTERIA?
DISTRIBUTION OF BACTERIA
SIZE
SHAPE
ULTRASTRUCTURE OF BACTERIAL CELL
(a) Capsule and Slime Layer
(b) Cell Wall
(c) Cell Membrane
(d) Cytoplasm
(e) Chromosome
(f) Plasmid
(g) Ribosomes
(h) Locomotory Organs (Flagella and Cilia)
Structure and Composition
(i) Inclusion Bodies
(j) Pilli and Fimbrae
(k) Endospore
POSSIBLE QUESTIONS:
CHAPTER 5:
Microbial Reproduction
WHAT IS REPRODUCTION ?
TYPES OF REPRODUCTION IN MICROORGANISMS
Asexual Reproduction
In this Type of Reproduction
Types of Asexual Reproduction
(a) Budding
It Takes Place in following Steps
(b) Binary Fission
It Occurs Through following Steps
(c) Spore Formation or Sporulation
(d) Conidia Formation
(e) Zoospores
(f) Cyst
(g) Fragmentation
Sexual Reproduction
In this type of Reproduction
Types of Sexual Reproduction
(a) Conjugation
Steps of Conjugation
(b) Transduction
Steps of Transduction
Transformation
Steps of Transformation
POSSIBLE QUESTIONS
CHAPTER 6:
Growth and Nutrition of Microorganisms
WHAT IS GROWTH IN MICROORGANISMS?
CLASSIFICATION OF MICROORGANISMS ON NUTRITION BASIS
FACTORS AFFECTING MICROBIAL GROWTH
(a) Nutrition
The Macroelements
Microelements
(b) Oxygen Requirement
(c) pH
(d) Temperature
(e) Solute and Water Availability
CALCULATION OF MICROBIAL GROWTH
MICROBIAL GROWTH CYCLE
POSSIBLE QUESTIONS
CHAPTER 7:
The Normal Flora of Human Body
WHAT IS NORMAL FLORA?
DISTRIBUTION OF NORMAL FLORA IN THE BODY
BENEFICIAL FUNCTIONS OF NORMAL FLORA
HARMFUL EFFECTS OF NORMAL FLORA
POSSIBLE QUESTIONS
CHAPTER 8:
Pathogenic Microorganisms
INTRODUCTION
PATHOGENIC AND NON-PATHOGENIC MICROORGANISMS
HOST-PARASITE RELATIONSHIP
MECHANISM OF INFECTIOUS PROCESS
POSSIBLE QUESTIONS
CHAPTER 9:
Diseases Caused by Microorganisms
INTRODUCTION
COMMON DISEASES CAUSED BY BACTERIA (FIG. 9.1 AND TABLE 9.1)
COMMON DISEASES CAUSED BY VIRUSES (FIG. 9.2 AND TABLE 9.2)
COMMON DISEASES CAUSED BY FUNGI (FIG. 9.3 AND TABLE 9.3)
Clinical categories of fungal infections
COMMON DISEASES CAUSED BY PROTOZOA (FIG. 9.4 AND TABLE 9.4)
COMMON DISEASES CAUSED BY CHLAMYDIA
Symptoms
Symptoms include:
Transmission
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prevention
COMMON DISEASES CAUSED BY RICKETTSIA
Diagnosis
Treatment
COMMON DISEASES CAUSED BY SPIROCHETES
POSSIBLE QUESTIONS
CHAPTER 10:
Infection and Transmission of Pathogenic Microorganisms
INTRODUCTION
WHAT IS INFECTION?
SOME IMPORTANT TERMS RELATED TO INFECTION
SOURCES OF INFECTION
CHAIN OF INFECTION
INFECTIOUS AGENTS
RESERVOIRS
PORTAL OF EXIT
MODE OF TRANSMISSION
PORTALS OF ENTRY
SUSCEPTIBLE HOST
POSSIBLE QUESTIONS
CHAPTER 11:
Collection of Specimen by Nurses
INTRODUCTION
WHAT IS A SPECIMEN?
Common examples of specimen include:
PRINCIPLES OF SPECIMEN COLLECTION
General Considerations For Specimen Collection
THROAT CULTURE (FIGURE 11.1)
When to Perform?
Supplies and Equipment
Procedure for a Throat Culture
SPUTUM CULTURE (FIGURE 11.2)
When to perform?
Supplies and Equipments
Procedure for Sputum Specimen
STOOL SPECIMEN
When to perform?
Supplies and Equipments
Procedure for Stool Specimen
URINE SPECIMENS
When to perform?
Physical Appearance Test
Midstream Urine Specimen
a. Supplies and Equipments
b. Procedure
24-hours Urine Specimen
a. Supplies and Equipments
b. Procedure
BLOOD CULTURES (FIGURE 11.3)
When to Perform?
Supplies and Equipments
Procedure for Blood Cultures
POSSIBLE QUESTIONS
CHAPTER 12:
Immunity
INTRODUCTION
TYPES OF IMMUNITY (FLOW CHART 12.1)
INNATE IMMUNITY
PHYSICAL BARRIERS
(a) Skin
(b) Mucous Membranes
CHEMICAL BARRIERS
BLOOD AND LYMPH SYSTEMS
(1) Blood System
(2) Lymphatic System
CELLULAR DEFENCES
(a) Inflammation (Figure 12.2)
(b) Phagocytosis (Figure 12.3)
Phagocytic Cells
(i) Macrophages
(ii) Eosinophils
(iii) Neutrophils
(c) Fever
(d) Blood Clotting (Figure 12.4)
MOLECULAR DEFENCES
(a) Complement Proteins
(b) Cytokines
(c) Interferons
ADAPTIVE IMMUNE SYSTEM: THIRD LINE OF DEFENCE (FLOW CHARTS 12.2 AND 12.3)
Humoral and Cellular Immunity
ANTIBODIES (FIGURE 12.5)
Features of Adaptive Immunity (Figure 12.7)
IMMUNIZATION (FIGURE 12.8)
Active and Passive Immunity
VACCINES
(a) Live Vaccines
Demerit of Live Vaccines
(b) Killed Vaccines
(c) Subunit Vaccines
Adverse Effects of Immunization
AUTOIMMUNITY (TABLE 12.4)
HYPERSENSITIVITY AND TYPES OF HYPERSENSITIVE REACTIONS (TABLE 12.5 TO 12.8)
Type I Hypersensitivity
Diagnosis
Treatment
Anaphylaxis
Prevention
Type II Hypersensitivity
Diagnosis
Treatment
Type III Hypersensitivity
Diagnosis
Treatment
Type VI Hypersensitivity
POSSIBLE QUESTIONS:
CHAPTER 13:
Control and Destruction of Microorganisms
INTRODUCTION
IMPORTANT TERMS USED IN THE OF CONTROL MICROORGANISMS
Terms related to destruction of microorganisms are:
Terms Related to Suppression of Microorganisms
Terms for Destruction or Suppression of Microorganisms
PRINCIPLES OF MICROBIAL CONTROL
METHODS OF MICROBIAL CONTROL
Physical Agents
Heat
Articles sterilized
Sterilization Process
Construction and operation of Autoclave
Precautions
Radiation Sterilization
Chemical Methods
Classification of disinfectants:
ALCOHOLS
ALDEHYDES
PHENOL
HALOGENS
HEAVY METALS
SURFACE ACTIVE AGENTS
DYES
HYDROGEN PEROXIDE
ETHYLENE OXIDE (EO)
BETA-PROPIOLACTONE (BPL)
CHEMOTHERAPY AND ANTIBIOTICS
Properties of Antibiotics
ASEPSIS (FIGURE : 13.4)
Principles and practices of surgical asepsis.
Maintain the Sterile field from Start to Finish.
Sterile Supplies
The Surgical Team
PRACTICAL PROCEDURES FOR HANDWASHING (FIGURES 13.5 (1 TO 12))
CROSS INFECTION
Types of Cross Infection
Causes of Cross Infection
Symptoms of Cross Infection
Diagnosing Cross Infection
Treating Cross Infection
Cross Infection Complications
Preventing Cross Infection
CONTROL OF SPREAD OF INFECTION
General Infection Control Measures
Standard Precautions
Standard precautions include the following:
Droplet Precautions
Droplet precautions include the following:
Contact Precautions
Contact precautions include the following:
Airborne Infection Isolation
Respiratory Hygiene/Cough Etiquette
POSSIBLE QUESTIONS
CHAPTER 14:
Biosafety and Waste Management
BIOSAFETY
NEED FOR BIOSAFETY
TERMS USED IN BIOSAFETY
SPILL, LEAK AND DISPOSAL PROCEDURES
BIOSAFETY CABINETS AND OTHER SAFETY EQUIPMENTS (FIGURES 14.1 AND 14.2)
BIOSAFETY CABINET ALARMS
OTHER SAFETY EQUIPMENTS
SAFE AND EFFECTIVE USE OF THE BIOSAFETY CABINET (BSC)
I. Before starting the work in laboratory:
II. Avoid air flow disturbances which might affect the protection level in BSC:
III. While working:
IV. After completing the work:
GENERAL LABORATORY SAFETY (FIGURE: 14.3)
WASTE DISPOSAL
PROPER DISPOSAL OF SHARPS AND WASTES
POLICY FOR HANDLING SHARPS
Handling Chemicals
DISINFECTION
HAZARDOUS CHEMICAL WASTES
DECONTAMINATION
THE HANDLING AND DISPOSAL OF CONTAMINATED MATERIALS AND WASTES
SHARPS
CONTAMINATED (POTENTIALLY INFECTIOUS) MATERIALS FOR AUTOCLAVING AND REUSE
CONTAMINATED MATERIALS FOR DISPOSAL
PROCESS FOR HAZARDOUS CHEMICALS WASTE MANAGEMENT (TABLE 14.1)
Waste Characterization
Waste Segregation
On-site Collection, Transport and Storage
Container Management
Empty Containers
POSSIBLE QUESTIONS
CHAPTER 15:
Introduction to Laboratory Techniques
INTRODUCTION
APPARATUS IN MICROBIOLOGY LABORATORY
Media (Figures 15.1 (A to E))
Culture Tubes and Petri Dishes
Transfer Instruments
Cultivation Chambers
Refrigerator
ISOLATION OF MICROORGANISMS
Streak Plate Method
Spread Plate Technique
Pour Plate Technique
Pipette Transfer
PURE CULTURE TECHNIQUES
CULTURE MEDIA
Need for culture media
Types of Culture Media
Based on their consistency
Based on the constituents or ingredients
Selective and enrichment media
Based on the oxygen requirement
INOCULATION OF CULTURE MEDIA
Aseptic Transfer
Specific transfer methods
TRANSFERS USING AN INOCULATING LOOP OR NEEDLE
Obtaining a Sample with an Inoculating Loop or Needle
Inoculation of Broth Tubes
STAINING
Simple stain techniques (Figure 15.11)
Differential stain techniques
Gram Staining Technique
Principle:
Steps of Gram Staining
PREPARATION OF SLIDE
Direct Stain
Fixation
EXAMINATION OF SLIDE
Staining
Applications of Staining:
Microscopy
i. Working Principle
ii. Construction
Handling and Care
POSSIBLE QUESTIONS
Model Questions and Answers
Glossary
SUGGESTED READING
INDEX
TOC
Index
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