Jaypee Brothers
In Current Chapter
In All Chapters
X
Clear
X
GO
Normal
Sepia
Dark
Default Style
Font Style 1
Font Style 2
Font Style 3
Less
Normal
More
Comprehensive Ophthalmology
AK Khurana, Bhawna Khurana, Aruj K Khurana
SECTION I: ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF EYE
1:
Anatomy and Development of Eye
ANATOMY OF EYE
EYEBALL
Dimensions of an adult eyeball
Coats of the eyeball
Segments and chambers of the eyeball
VISUAL PATHWAY
ORBIT, EXTRAOCULAR MUSCLES AND APPENDAGES OF THE EYE
BLOOD VESSELS AND NERVES
Arteries
Veins
Nerves
Motor nerves
Autonomic nerves
Lymphatic drainage
DEVELOPMENT OF EYE
FORMATION OF OPTIC VESICLE AND OPTIC STALK
FORMATION OF LENS VESICLE
FORMATION OF OPTIC CUP
CHANGES IN THE ASSOCIATED MESENCHYME
DEVELOPMENT OF VARIOUS OCULAR STRUCTURES
Retina
Optic nerve
Crystalline lens
Cornea
Sclera
Choroid
Ciliary body
Iris
Vitreous
Eyelids
Conjunctiva
The lacrimal apparatus
Extraocular muscles
STRUCTURES DERIVED FROM THE EMBRYONIC LAYERS
1. Surface ectoderm
2. Neural ectoderm
3. Associated paraxial mesenchyme
4. Visceral mesoderm of maxillary process below the eye
IMPORTANT MILESTONES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF EYE
Embryonic and fetal period
Eye at birth
Postnatal period
2:
Physiology of Eye and Vision
INTRODUCTION
MAINTENANCE OF CLEAR OCULAR MEDIA
PHYSIOLOGY OF VISION
PHOTOTRANSDUCTION
Photochemical changes
Electrical changes
PROCESSING AND TRANSMISSION OF VISUAL IMPULSE
VISUAL PERCEPTION
1. light sense
2. form sense
3. Sense of contrast
4. Colour sense
ELECTROPHYSIOLOGICAL TESTS
PHYSIOLOGY OF OCULAR MOTILITY AND BINOCULAR VISION
PHYSIOLOGY OF OCULAR MOTILITY
PHYSIOLOGY OF BINOCULAR SINGLE VISION
SECTION II: OPTICS AND REFRACTION
3:
Elementary and Physiological optics
ELEMENTARY OPTICS
LIGHT
Nature of light
Properties of light
Visible light and the eye
PHYSICAL OPTICS
WAVE OPTICS
QUANTUM OPTICS
GEOMETRICAL OPTICS
REFLECTION OF LIGHT
LAWS OF REFLECTION
MIRRORS
Types of mirrors
Images formed by mirrors
REFRACTION OF LIGHT
LAWS OF REFRACTION
TOTAL INTERNAL REFLECTION
PRISM
Uses in ophthalmology
LENSES
Cardinal data of a lens
Types of lenses
PHYSIOLOGICAL OPTICs (OPTICS OF THE EYE)
EYE AS AN OPTICAL INSTRUMENT
SCHEMATIC EYE: CARDINAL POINTS
REDUCED EYE
AXES AND VISUAL ANGLES OF THE EYE
Axes of the eye
Visual angles
OPTICAL ABERRATIONS OF THE NORMAL EYE
4:
Errors of refraction and Accommodation
ERRORS OF REFRACTION
EMMETROPIA AND AMETROPIA
HYPERMETROPIA
APHAKIA
Causes
Optics of aphakic eye
Clinical features
Treatment
PSEUDOPHAKIA
MYOPIA
CONGENITAL MYOPIA
SIMPLE MYOPIA
Etiology
Clinical features
Diagnosis
PATHOLOGICAL MYOPIA
Etiology
Clinical features
Complications
Treatment of myopia
ASTIGMATISM
REGULAR ASTIGMATISM
Etiology
Types of regular astigmatism
Optics of regular astigmatism
Clinical features
Treatment
IRREGULAR ASTIGMATISM
Etiological types
Clinical features
Treatment
ANISOMETROPIA
ANISEIKONIA
ACCOMMODATION AND ITS ANOMALIES
ACCOMMODATION
ANOMALIES OF ACCOMMODATION
PRESBYOPIA
Pathophysiology and causes
Symptoms
Treatment
INSUFFICIENCY OF ACCOMMODATION
Causes
Clinical features
Treatment
PARALYSIS OF ACCOMMODATION
Causes
Clinical features
Treatment
SPASM OF ACCOMMODATION
Causes
Clinical features
Diagnosis
Treatment
DETERMINATION OF REFRACTIVE ERRORS
Correction of refractive errors
SPECTACLES
CONTACT LENSES
REFRACTIVE SURGERY
REFRACTIVE SURGERY FOR MYOPIA
A. Cornea based procedures
B. Lens based procedures
REFRACTIVE SURGERY FOR HYPEROPIA
I. Cornea based procedures
II. Lens based procedures
REFRACTIVE SURGERY FOR ASTIGMATISM
MANAGEMENT OF POST-KERATOPLASTY ASTIGMATISM
REFRACTIVE SURGERY FOR PRESBYOPIA
SECTION III: DISEASES OF EYE
5:
Diseases of Conjunctiva
APPLIED ANATOMY
PARTS OF CONJUNCTIVA
Structure of conjunctiva
Glands of conjunctiva
Plica semilunaris
Caruncle
Blood supply of conjunctiva
Nerve supply of conjunctiva
INFLAMMATIONS OF CONJUNCTIVA
A. INFECTIVE CONJUNCTIVITIS
BACTERIAL CONJUNCTIVITIS
ACUTE BACTERIAL CONJUNCTIVITIS
Clinical features
Differential diagnosis
Treatment
HYPERACUTE BACTERIAL CONJUNCTIVITIS
Hyperacute Conjunctivitis of Adults (Gonococcal Conjunctivitis)
Etiology
Clinical feature
Complications
Treatment
CHRONIC BACTERIAL CONJUNCTIVITIS
Etiology
Clinical features
Treatment
ANGULAR BACTERIAL CONJUNCTIVITIS
Etiology
Pathology
Clinical features
Treatment
CHLAMYDIAL CONJUNCTIVITIS
TRACHOMA
Etiology
Prevalence
Clinical features
Grading of trachoma
Complications
Diagnosis
Differential diagnosis
Management
ADULT INCLUSION CONJUNCTIVITIS
Etiology
Clinical features
Treatment
Prophylaxis
VIRAL CONJUNCTIVITIS
ADENOVIRAL CONJUNCTIVITIS
Epidemic Keratoconjunctivitis (EKC)
Etiology
Clinical features
Differential diagnosis
Treatment
Nonspecific acute follicular conjunctivitis
Pharyngoconjunctival fever (PCF)
Newcastle conjunctivitis
ACUTE HERPETIC CONJUNCTIVITIS
Etiology
Clinical features
Treatment
ACUTE HAEMORRHAGIC CONJUNCTIVITIS
Etiology
Clinical features
Treatment
OPHTHALMIA NEONATORUM
GRANULOMATOUS CONJUNCTIVAL INFLAMMATIONS
PARINAUD’S OCULOGLANDULAR SYNDROME
OPHTHALMIA NODOSA (CATERPILLAR HAIR CONJUNCT IVITIS)
B. ALLERGIC CONJUNCTIVITIS
SIMPLE ALLERGIC CONJUNCTIVITIS
Etiology
Pathology
Clinical features
Diagnosis
Treatment
VERNAL KERATOCONJUNCTIVITIS (VKC) OR SPRING CATARRH
Etiopathogenesis
Pathology
Clinical features
Treatment
ATOPIC KERATOCONJUNCTIVITIS (AKC)
Pathogenesis
Clinical features
Treatment
GIANT PAPILLARY CONJUNCTIVITIS (GPC)
Etiology
Clinical features
Treatment
PHLYCTENULAR KERATOCONJUNCTIVITIS
Etiology
Pathology
Clinical features
Differential diagnosis
Management
CONTACT DERMATOCONJUNCTIVITIS
Etiology
Clinical features
Diagnosis
Treatment
C. CICATRICIAL CONJUNCTIVITIS
OCULAR MUCOUS MEMBRANE PEMPHIGOID (OMMP)
Etiology
Pathology
Clinical features
Treatment
STEVENS-JOHNSON SYNDROME AND TOXIC EPIDERMAL NECROSIS
Etiology
Clinical features
Treatment
SECONDARY CICATRICIAL CONJUNCTIVITIS
D. TOXIC CONJUNCTIVITIS
DEGENERATIVE CONDITIONS
PINGUECULA
PTERYGIUM
Etiology
Pathology
Clinical features
Treatment
CONCRETIONS
AMYLOID DEGENERATION OF CONJUNCTIVA
Etiology
Clinical features
Treatment
SYMPTOMATIC CONDITIONS OF CONJUNCTIVA
SIMPLE HYPERAEMIA OF CONJUNCTIVA
Etiology
Clinical features
Treatment
CHEMOSIS OF CONJUNCTIVA
ECCHYMOSIS OF CONJUNCTIVA
Etiology
Clinical features
Treatment
XEROSIS OF CONJUNCTIVA
DISCOLORATION OF CONJUNCTIVA
CYSTS AND TUMOURS
CYSTS OF CONJUNCTIVA
Treatment
TUMOURS OF CONJUNCTIVA
Classification
A. Non-pigmented tumours
B. Pigmented tumours
6:
Diseases of Cornea
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
APPLIED ANATOMY
Dimensions
Histology
Blood supply
Nerve supply
APPLIED PHYSIOLOGY
Corneal transparency
Metabolism of cornea
CONGENITAL ANOMALIES
ANOMALIES OF SIZE AND SHAPE
Megalocornea
Microcornea
Cornea plana
ANOMALIES OF CORNEAL TRANSPARENCY
INFLAMMATIONS OF CORNEA
ULCERATIVE KERATITIS
INFECTIVE KERATITIS
BACTERIAL CORNEAL ULCER
HYPOPYON CORNEAL ULCER
Etiopathogenesis
Clinical features
Management
Complications of corneal ulcer
MANAGEMENT OF A CASE OF CORNEAL ULCER
A. Clinical evaluation
B. Laboratory investigations
C. Treatment
MARGINAL CATARRHAL ULCER
Etiology
Clinical features
Treatment
MYCOTIC CORNEAL ULCER
VIRAL CORNEAL ULCER
HERPES SIMPLEX KERATITIS
Etiology
Ocular lesions of herpes simplex
A. Primary ocular herpes
Clinical features
B. Recurrent ocular herpes
1. Epithelial keratitis
2. Stromal keratitis
3. Metaherpetic keratitis
HERPES ZOSTER OPHTHALMICUS
Etiology
Clinical features
Treatment
PROTOZOAL KERATITIS
ACANTHAMOEBA KERATITIS
Etiology
Clinical features
Differential diagnosis
Diagnosis
Treatment
ALLERGIC KERATITIS
TROPHIC CORNEAL ULCERS
NEUROTROPHIC KERATOPATHY
Causes
Pathogenesis
Clinical features
Treatment
EXPOSURE KERATOPATHY
Causes
Pathogenesis
Clinical features
Treatment
PERIPHERAL ULCERATIVE KERATOPATHIES
PERIPHERAL ULCERATIVE KERATITIS ASSOCIATED WITH CONNECTIVE TISSUE DISEASES (MARGINAL KERATOLYSIS)
Causes
Clinical features
Treatment
MOOREN’S ULCER
Etiology
Clinical features
Treatment
ROSACEA KERATITIS
Clinical features
Treatment
NON-ULCERATIVE KERATITIS
NON-ULCERATIVE SUPERFICIAL KERATITIS
DIFFUSE SUPERFICIAL KERATITIS
SUPERFICIAL PUNCTATE KERATITIS (SPK)
PHOTO-OPHTHALMIA
Causes
Pathogenesis
Clinical features
Prophylaxis
Treatment
SUPERIOR LIMBIC KERATOCONJUNCTIVITIS
Etiology
Clinical features
Treatment
THYGESON’S SUPERFICIAL PUNCTATE KERATITIS
Etiology
Clinical features
Treatment
FILAMENTARY KERATITIS
Pathogenesis
Causes
Clinical features
Treatment
DEEP KERATITIS
INTERSTITIAL KERATITIS
Syphilitic (luetic) interstitial keratitis
Pathogenesis
Clinical features
Diagnosis
Treatment
Tuberculous interstitial keratitis
Cogan’s syndrome
CORNEAL DEGENERATIONS
I. AGE-RELATED CORNEAL DEGENERATIONS
Arcus senilis
Vogt’s white limbal girdle
Hassall-Henle bodies
II. PATHOLOGICAL CORNEAL DEGENERATIONS
Fatty degeneration (lipoid keratopathy)
Hyaline degeneration
Amyloid degeneration
Calcific degeneration (Band shape keratopathy)
Etiology
Clinical features
Treatment
Salzmann’s nodular degeneration
Furrow degeneration (Senile marginal degeneration)
Spheroid degeneration
Pellucid marginal degeneration
Terrien’s marginal degeneration
CORNEAL DYSTROPHIES
I. EPITHELIAL AND SUBEPITHELIAL DYSTROPHIES
1. Epithelial basement membrane dystrophy
2. Epithelial recurrent erosion dystrophy
3. Subepithelial mucinous corneal dystrophy
4. Mutations in keratin genes: Meesmann corneal dystrophy
5. Lisch epithelial corneal dystrophy
6. Gelatinous drop-like corneal dystrophy (GDLD)
II. BOWMAN LAYER DYSTROPHIES
1. Reis-Bucklers corneal dystrophy
2. Thiel-Behnke corneal dystrophy
3. Grayson-Wilbrandt corneal dystrophy (GWCD)
III. STROMAL CORNEAL DYSTROPHIES
1. TGFB1 corneal dystrophies
A. Lattice corneal dystrophy
B. Granular dystrophy
2. Macular corneal dystrophy
3. Schnyder corneal dystrophy
4. Congenital stromal corneal dystrophy
5. Fleck corneal dystrophy
6. Posterior amorphous corneal dystrophy
7. Central cloudy dystrophy of francois
8. Pre-Descemet corneal dystrophy
IV. DESCEMET MEMBRANE AND ENDOTHELIAL CORNEAL DYSTROPHIES
1. Fuchs endothelial corneal dystrophy
2. Posterior polymorphous corneal dystrophy (PPCD)
3. Congenital hereditary endothelial dystrophy 1
4. Congenital hereditary endothelial dystrophy 2
5. X-linked endothelial corneal dystrophy
ECTATIC CONDITIONS OF CORNEA
KERATOCONUS
KERATOGLOBUS
KERATOCONUS POSTERIOR
ABNORMALITIES OF CORNEAL TRANSPARENCY
CORNEAL OEDEMA
Causes of corneal oedema
Clinical features
Treatment
CORNEAL OPACITY
Causes
Clinical features
Treatment
CORNEAL VASCULARIZATION
Pathogenesis
Clinico-etiological features
Treatment
CORNEAL SURGERY
KERATOPLASTY
Types
Indications
Donor tissue
Methods of corneal preservation
Surgical technique of penetrating keratoplasty
Complications
REFRACTIVE CORNEAL SURGERY
PHOTOTHERAPEUTIC KERATECTOMY
KERATOPROSTHESIS
7:
Diseases of Sclera
APPLIED ANATOMY
INFLAMMATIONS OF SCLERA
EPISCLERITIS
Etiology
Pathology
Clinical features
Differential diagnosis
Treatment
SCLERITIS
Etiology
Pathology
Classification
Clinical features
Complications
Investigations
Treatment
BLUE SCLERA
STAPHYLOMAS
8:
Diseases of Uveal Tract
APPLIED ANATOMY
THE IRIS
Macroscopic appearance
Microscopic structure
CILIARY BODY
Microscopic structure
Ciliary processes
Functions of ciliary body
CHOROID
Microscopic structure
BLOOD SUPPLY OF UVEAL TRACT
Arterial supply
Venous drainage
CONGENITAL ANOMALIES OF UVEAL TRACT
HETEROCHROMIA OF IRIS
CORECTOPIA
POLYCORIA
CONGENITAL ANIRIDIA (IRIDREMIA)
PERSISTENT PUPILLARY MEMBRANE
CONGENITAL COLOBOMA OF UVEAL TRACT
UVEITIS
General Considerations
DEFINITION
CLASSIFICATION
ETIOLOGY
1. Infective uveitis
2. Immune related uveitis
3. Toxic uveitis
4. Traumatic uveitis
5. Uveitis associated with non-infective systemic diseases
6. Idiopathic uveitis
PATHOLOGY OF UVEITIS
1. Pathology of suppurative uveitis
2. Pathology of nongranulomatous uveitis
3. Pathology of granulomatous uveitis
Non-suppurative Uveitis
ANTERIOR UVEITIS (IRIDOCYCLITIS)
Definition
Etiology
Clinical Features
Symptoms
Signs
Complications and Sequelae
Differential Diagnosis
Investigations
Treatment of Iridocyclitis
I. Nonspecific treatment
II. Specific treatment of the cause
III. Treatment of complications
INTERMEDIATE UVEITIS
POSTERIOR UVEITIS
Etiology and pathology
Clinical features
Symptoms
Signs
Clinical types of choroiditis
Focal choroiditis
Multifocal choroiditis
Diffuse choroiditis
Complications
Treatment
SPECIFIC CLINICO-ETIOLOGICAL TYPES OF NON-SUPPURATIVE UVEITIS
A. INFECTIOUS UVEITIS
I. UVEITIS IN CHRONIC SYSTEMIC BACTERIAL INFECTIONS
Tubercular uveitis
Leprotic uveitis
II. SPIROCHETAL UVEITIS
Acquired syphilitic uveitis
III. PARASITIC UVEITIS
Toxoplasmosis
Clinical presentation
Diagnosis and treatment
Toxocariasis
IV. FUNGAL UVEITIS
Presumed Ocular Histoplasmosis Syndrome (PoHs)
Candidiasis
V. VIRAL UVEITIS
Uveitis in herpes zoster ophthalmicus
Herpes simplex uveitis
Cytomegalovirus Retinitis
Acute Retinal Necrosis
Progressive Outer Retinal Necrosis
B. NON-INFECTIOUS UVEITIS
I. UVEITIS ASSOCIATED WITH NON-INFECTIOUS SYSTEMIC DISEASES
Uveitis in sarcoidosis
Ocular lesions
Diagnosis and treatment
Behcet’s disease
II. UVEITIS ASSOCIATED WITH ARTHRITIS
Uveitis with ankylosing spondylitis
Reiter’s syndrome
Juvenile idiopathic arthritis
III. LENS-INDUCED UVEITIS
Phacoanaphylactic uveitis
Phacotoxic uveitis
IV. TRAUMATIC UVEITIS
V. UVEITIS ASSOCIATED WITH INTRAOCULAR TUMOURS
VI. IDIOPATHIC SPECIFIC UVEITIS SYNDROMES
Fuchs’ uveitis syndrome (Fus)
Glaucomatocyclitic crisis
Sympathetic ophthalmitis
Vogt-koyanagi-Harada (Vkh) syndrome
Acute Posterior Multifocal Placoid Pigment Epitheliopathy (Apmppe)
Serpiginous geographical choroidopathy
Bird-shot retinochoroidopathy
Purulent Uveitis
ENDOPHTHALMITIS
Etiology
Clinical feature of acute bacterial endophthalmitis
Treatment
PANOPHTHALMITIS
Etiology
Clinical features
Treatment
Evisceration
DEGENERATIVE CONDITIONS OF UVEAL TRACT
DEGENERATIONS OF THE IRIS
DEGENERATIONS AND DYSTROPHIES OF THE CHOROID
I. Primary choroidal degenerations
II. Secondary choroidal degeneration
TUMOURS OF UVEAL TRACT
CLASSIFICATION
TUMOURS OF CHOROID
Naevus
Choroidal haemangioma
Melanocytoma
Choroidal osteoma
Malignant melanoma of choroid
Pathology
Clinical features
Differential diagnosis
Investigations
Treatment
Prognostic indicators in uveal melanomas
TUMOURS OF CILIARY BODY
Hyperplasia and benign cyst
Medulloepithelioma (diktyoma)
Malignant melanoma
TUMOURS OF IRIS
Naevus
Naevoxanthoendothelioma
Malignant melanoma
9:
Diseases of Lens
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
APPLIED ANATOMY
structure
Suspensory ligaments of lens
APPLIED PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY
Lens transparency
Metabolism
CATARACT
DEFINITION
CLASSIFICATION
A. Etiological classification
B. Morphological classification (Fig. 9.5)
CONGENITAL AND DEVELOPMENTAL CATARACTS
ETIOLOGY
CLINICAL TYPES
I. Congenital capsular cataracts
II. Polar cataracts
III. Congenital nuclear cataracts
IV. Generalized cataracts
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
MANAGEMENT OF CONGENITAL AND DEVELOPMENTAL CATARACT
A. Clinico-investigative work up
B. Prognostic factors
C. Indications and timing of paediatric cataract surgery
D. Surgical procedures
E. Correction of paediatric aphakia
F. Correction of amblyopia
ACQUIRED CATARACT
AGE-RELATED CATARACT
Etiology
Stages of maturation
Clinical features
Differential diagnosis
Complications
TRAUMATIC CATARACT
METABOLIC CATARACTS
Diabetic cataract
Galactosaemic cataract
Hypocalcaemic (Tetanic) cataract
Cataract due to error of copper metabolism
Cataract in Lowe’s syndrome
COMPLICATED CATARACT
Etiology
Clinical features
Drug-induced cataracts
RADIATIONAL CATARACT
1. Infrared (heat) cataract
2. Irradiation cataract
3. Ultraviolet radiation cataract
ELECTRIC CATARACT
SYNDERMATOTIC CATARACT
MANAGEMENT OF CATARACT IN ADULTS
A. NON-SURGICAL MEASURES
B. SURGICAL MANAGEMENT
Indications
Preoperative evaluation and workup
Preoperative medications and preparations
Anaesthesia
Types and choice of surgical techniques
SURGICAL TECHNIQUES FOR CATARACT EXTRACTION
INTRACAPSULAR CATARACT EXTRACTION
SURGICAL TECHNIQUES OF EXTRA CAPSULAR CATARACT EXTRACTION FOR ADULTHOOD CATARACTS
CONVENTIONAL EXTRACAPSULAR CATARACT EXTRACTION
Surgical steps of conventional ECCE are:
MANUAL SMALL INCISION CATARACT SURGERY
Surgical steps of manual SICS
PHACOEMULSIFICATION
Microincision cataract surgery
Femtosecond laser assisted cataract surgery
SURGICAL TECHNIQUES OF EXTRACAPSULAR CATARACT EXTRACTION FOR CHILDHOOD CATARACT
1. IRRIGATION AND ASPIRATION OF LENS MATTER
2. LENSECTOMY
INTRAOCULAR LENS IMPLANTATION
POSTOPERATIVE MANAGEMENT AFTER CATARACT OPERATION
COMPLICATIONS OF CATARACT SURGERY AND THEIR MANAGEMENT
DISPLACEMENTS OF LENS
CLINICO-ETIOLOGICAL TYPES
I. Congenital displacements
II. Traumatic displacement of the lens
III. Consecutive or spontaneous displacement
TOPOGRAPHICAL TYPES
I. Subluxation
II. Dislocation or luxation of the lens
CONGENITAL ANOMALIES OF THE LENS
10:
Glaucoma
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
APPLIED ANATOMY
APPLIED PHYSIOLOGY
Aqueous humour and its production
Drainage of aqueous humour
Maintenance of intraocular pressure
GLAUCOMA: AN OVERVIEW
DEFINITION AND CLASSIFICATION OF GLAUCOMA
EPIDEMIOLOGY
PATHOGENESIS OF GLAUCOMATOUS OCULAR DAMAGE
Pathogenesis of retinal ganglion cell death
CONGENITAL/DEVELOPMENTAL GLAUCOMAS
TERMINOLOGY
PRIMARY CONGENITAL/DEVELOPMENTAL GLAUCOMA
DEVELOPMENTAL GLAUCOMAS WITH ASSOCIATED OCULAR ANOMALIES
DEVELOPMENTAL GLAUCOMA WITH ASSOCIATED SYSTEMIC ANOMALIES
PRIMARY OPEN-ANGLE GLAUCOMA AND RELATED CONDITIONS
PRIMARY OPEN-ANGLE GLAUCOMA
Etiopathogenesis
EPIDEMIOLOGY OF POAG
CLINICAL FEATURES
INVESTIGATIONS
DIAGNOSIS
MANAGEMENT
OCULAR HYPERTENSION
NORMAL TENSION GLAUCOMA
PRIMARY ANGLE-CLOSURE DISEASE
TERMINOLOGY
EPIDEMIOLOGY
ETIOPATHOGENESIS
CLASSIFICATION
CLINICAL PROFILE AND MANAGEMENT
I. Primary angle-closure suspect
II. Primary Angle-Closure
III. Primary Angle-Closure Glaucoma
Absolute primary angle-closure glaucoma
SECONDARY GLAUCOMAS
LENS-INDUCED (PHACOGENIC) GLAUCOMAS
1. Phacomorphic glaucoma
2. Phacolytic glaucoma (Lens protein glaucoma)
3. Lens particle glaucoma
4. Phacoantigenic glaucoma
GLAUCOMAS DUE TO UVEITIS
I. Non-specific inflammatory glaucoma
II. Specific hypertensive uveitis syndromes
PIGMENTARY GLAUCOMA
NEOVASCULAR GLAUCOMA (NVG)
GLAUCOMA ASSOCIATED WITH INTRAOCULAR TUMOURS
PSEUDOEXFOLIATIVE GLAUCOMA (GLAUCOMA CAPSULARE)
GLAUCOMAS-IN-APHAKIA/PSEUDOPHAKIA
STEROID-INDUCED GLAUCOMA
TRAUMATIC GLAUCOMA
CILIARY BLOCK GLAUCOMA
GLAUCOMAS ASSOCIATED WITH INTRAOCULAR HAEMORRHAGES
GLAUCOMAS ASSOCIATED WITH IRIDOCORNEAL ENDOTHELIAL SYNDROMES
SURGICAL PROCEDURES FOR GLAUCOMA
PERIPHERAL IRIDECTOMY
GONIOTOMY AND TRABECULOTOMY
FILTERING OPERATIONS
A. External filtration surgery
B. Internal filteration surgeries
GLAUCOMA DRAINAGE DEVICE OPERATIONS
CYCLO-DESTRUCTIVE PROCEDURES
11:
Diseases of Vitreous
APPLIED ANATOMY
DISORDERS OF THE VITREOUS
VITREOUS LIQUEFACTION
VITREOUS DETACHMENTS
1. Posterior vitreous detachment (PVD)
2. Detachment of the vitreous base and the anterior vitreous
VITREOUS OPACITIES
Muscae volitantes
Persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous (PHPV)
Inflammatory vitreous opacities
Vitreous aggregates and condensation with liquefaction
Amyloid degeneration
Asteroid hyalosis
Synchysis scintillans (Cholestrolosis bulbi)
Red cell opacities
Tumour cells opacities
VITREOUS HAEMORRHAGE
Causes
Clinical features
Fate of vitreous haemorrhage
Treatment
VITREO-RETINAL DEGENERATIONS
VITRECTOMY
TECHNIQUES
Open-sky vitrectomy
Closed vitrectomy (pars plana vitrectomy)
VITREOUS SUBSTITUTES
12:
Diseases of Retina
APPLIED ANATOMY
CONGENITAL AND DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS of retina
COLOBOMA OF THE OPTIC DISC
DRUSEN OF THE OPTIC DISC
HYPOPLASIA OF OPTIC DISC
MEDULLATED NERVE FIBRES
PERSISTENT HYALOID ARTERY
INFLAMMATORY DISORDERS OF RETINA
RETINITIS
RETINAL VASCULITIS
VASCULAR DISORDERS OF RETINA
RETINAL ARTERY OCCLUSIONS
RETINAL VEIN OCCLUSIONS
Centeral Retinal Vein Occlusion
Management of retinal vein occlusions
HYPERTENSIVE RETINOPATHY
Pathogenesis
Clinical types
Staging of Hypertensive Retinopathy
Management
Retinopathy in Pregnancy-induced Hypertension
DIABETIC RETINOPATHY
Etiopathogenesis
Classification of Diabetic Retinopathy
Management
RETINOPATHIES OF BLOOD DISORDERS
Sickle-cell Retinopathy
Anaemic retinopathy
Leukaemic retinopathy
RETINOPATHY OF PREMATURITY
PRIMARY RETINAL TELANGIECTASIA
OCULAR ISCHAEMIC SYNDROME
DYSTROPHIES AND DEGENERATIONS OF RETINA
RETINAL DYSTROPHIES
RETINITIS PIGMENTOSA
Inheritance
Prevalence and demography
Pathogenesis
Clinical features
Associations of retinitis pigmentosa
Atypical forms of retinitis pigmentosa
Treatment
RETINAL DEGENERATIONS
PERIPHERAL RETINAL DEGENERATIONS
VITREORETINAL DEGENERATIONS
Wagner’s syndrome
Stickler syndrome
Favre-Goldmann syndrome
MACULAR DISORDERS
HEREDITARY MACULAR DYSTROPHIES
Best’s disease
Stargardt’s disease
SOLAR RETINOPATHY
Pathogenesis
Clinical features
Treatment
CENTRAL SEROUS CHORIORETINOPATHY
Etiopathogenesis
Clinical features
Clinical course
Investigations
Differential diagnosis
Treatment
CYSTOID MACULAR OEDEMA (CME)
Etiology
Pathogenesis
Clinical features
Complications
Treatment
AGE-RELATED MACULAR DEGENERATION
Etiopathogenesis
Clinical types
1. Non-exudative or atrophic ARMD
2. Exudative ARMD
Diagnosis
Treatment
MACULAR HOLE
Causes
Clinical features
Management
RETINAL DETACHMENT
RHEGMATOGENOUS OR PRIMARY RETINAL DETACHMENT
Etiology
Clinical features
Complications
Treatment
Prophylaxis
EXUDATIVE OR SOLID RETINAL DETACHMENT
Etiology
Clinical features
Investigations
Treatment
TRACTIONAL RETINAL DETACHMENT
Etiology
Clinical features
Treatment
TUMOURS OF RETINA
RETINOBLASTOMA
Demographic data
Genetics and heredity
Pathology
Clinical features
I. Intraocular stage of retinoblastoma
Classifications of retinoblastoma
II. Stage of extraocular extension
III. Stage of distant metastasis
Differential diagnosis
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
ENUCLEATION
Indications
Surgical technique
Fitting of artificial prosthetic eye
PHACOMATOSES
13:
Neuro-ophthalmology
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
ANATOMY OF THE VISUAL PATHWAY
Components of visual pathway
Blood supply of the visual pathway
PATHWAY OF VISUAL SENSATIONS VERSUS SOMATIC SENSATIONS
LESIONS OF THE VISUAL PATHWAY
OPTIC NERVE LESIONS
CHIASMAL LESIONS
PUPILLARY REFLEXES AND THEIR ABNORMALITIES
PUPILLARY REFLEXES
EXAMINATION OF PUPILLARY REFLEXES
ABNORMALITIES OF PUPILLARY REACTIONS
ANISOCORIA
DISEASES OF OPTIC NERVE
OPTIC NEURITIS
LEBER’S HEREDITARY OPTIC NEUROPATHY
TOXIC/NUTRITIONAL OPTIC NEUROPATHY
Tobacco amblyopia
Ethyl alcohol amblyopia
Methyl alcohol amblyopia
Quinine amblyopia
Ethambutol amblyopia
ANTERIOR ISCHAEMIC OPTIC NEUROPATHY (AION)
TRAUMATIC OPTIC NEUROPATHY
PAPILLOEDEMA
OPTIC ATROPHY
SYMPTOMATIC DISTURBANCES OF THE VISION
NIGHT BLINDNESS (NYCTALOPIA)
DAY BLINDNESS (HAMARLOPIA)
COLOUR BLINDNESS
AMAUROSIS
AMBLYOPIA
CORTICAL BLINDNESS
MALINGERING
DISORDERS OF HIGHER VISUAL FUNCTIONS
OCULAR MANIFESTATIONS OF DISEASES OF CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
INTRACRANIAL INFECTIONS
INTRACRANIAL ANEURYSMS
INTRACRANIAL HAEMORRHAGES
INTRACRANIAL SPACE-OCCUPYING LESIONS (ICSOLS)
DEMYELINATING DISEASES
OCULAR SIGNS IN HEAD INJURY
14:
Disorders of Ocular Motility
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF OCULAR MOTILITY SYSTEM
EXTRAOCULAR MUSCLES
Origin and insertion
Nerve supply
Actions
OCULAR MOTILITY
Types of ocular movements
Synergists, antagonists and yoke muscles
Laws governing ocular movements
Diagnostic positions of gaze
SUPRANUCLEAR CONTROL OF EYE MOVEMENTS
BINOCULAR SINGLE VISION
DEFINITION
DEVELOPMENT OF BINOCULAR SINGLE VISION
Prerequisites for development of binocular single vision
GRADES OF BINOCULAR SINGLE VISION
ANOMALIES OF BINOCULAR VISION
Suppression
Amblyopia
Abnormal retinal correspondence (ARC)
Diplopia
Binocular diplopia
Uniocular diplopia
Treatment of diplopia
STRABISMUS
DEFINITION AND CLASSIFICATION
Definition
Classification of strabismus
PSEUDOSTRABISMUS
HETEROPHORIA
CONCOMITANT STRABISMUS
INCOMITANT SQUINT
PARALYTIC STRABISMUS
Etiology
I. Neurogenic lesions
II. Myogenic lesions
III. Neuromuscular junction lesion
Clinical features
Symptoms
Signs
Pathological sequelae of an extraocular muscle palsy
Clinical varieties of ocular palsies
Investigations of a case of paralytic squint
A. Evaluation for squint
B. Investigations to find out the cause of paralysis
Paralytic vs. non-paralytic squint
Management
‘A’ AND ‘V’ PATTERN HETEROTROPIA
Terminology
Etiology
Clinical presentations
Treatment
RESTRICTIVE SQUINT
1. Duane’s retraction syndrome
2. Brown’s superior oblique tendon sheath syndrome
3. Strabismus fixus
STRABISMUS SURGERY
Surgical techniques
Steps of recession (Fig. 14.30)
Steps of resection (Fig. 14.31)
NYSTAGMUS
DEFINITION AND FEATURES
PATHOGENESIS AND CLASSIFICATION
Physiological nystagmus
Pathological nystagmus
A. Physiological nystagmus
B. Pathological nystagmus
I. Nystagmus of infancy
II. Acquired nystagmus
15:
Disorders of Eyelids
APPLIED ANATOMY
GROSS ANATOMY
STRUCTURE
GLANDS OF EYELIDS (FIG. 15.4)
BLOOD SUPPLY
NERVE SUPPLY
CONGENITAL ANOMALIES
OEDEMA OF EYELIDS
INFLAMMATORY DISORDERS OF EYELIDS
BLEPHARITIS
Bacterial Blepharitis
Etiology
Clinical features
Treatment
Seborrhoeic or Squamous Blepharitis
Posterior Blepharitis (Meibomitis)
1. Chronic meibomitis
Clinical features
2. Acute meibomitis
Treatment of meibomitis
Parasitic Blepharitis (Lash Infestation)
Etiology
Clinical features
Treatment
EXTERNAL HORDEOLUM (STYE)
Etiology
Clinical features
Treatment
CHALAZION
Etiology
Clinical features
Clinical course and complications
Treatment
INTERNAL HORDEOLUM
Etiology
Clinical features
Treatment
MOLLUSCUM CONTAGIOSUM
EYELASH DISORDERS
TRICHIASIS
Etiology
Clinical features
Treatment
DISTICHIASIS
MADAROSIS
ANOMALIES IN THE POSiTION OF LID MARGINS
ENTROPION
Etiological types
Clinical features
Treatment
ECTROPION
Etiological types
Clinical features
Symptoms
Signs
Complications
Treatment
SYMBLEPHARON
Etiology
Clinical features
Complications
Treatment
ANKYLOBLEPHARON
BLEPHAROPHIMOSIS
LAGOPHTHALMOS
Tarsorrhaphy
1. Temporary tarsorrhaphy
2. Permanent tarsorrhaphy
BLEPHAROSPASM
Etiology
Clinical features
Treatment
PTOSIS
Clinic-etiological Types
I. Congenital ptosis
II. Acquired ptosis
Clinical evaluation
I. History
II. Examination
Treatment
I. Treatment of Congenital ptosis
II. Treatment of acquired ptosis
LID RETRACTION
TUMOURS OF EYELIDS
BENIGN TUMOURS
1. Papillomas
2. Xanthelasma
3. Haemangioma
4. Neurofibroma
5. Keratoacanthomas
6. Naevi
PREMALIGNANT TUMOURS
Actinic (solar) keratosis
Xeroderma pigmentosa
MALIGNANT TUMOURS
1. Basal cell carcinoma
2. Squamous cell carcinoma
3. Sebaceous gland carcinoma
4. Malignant melanoma (melanocarcinoma)
16:
Diseases of Lacrimal Apparatus
APPLIED ANATOMY
Lacrimal glands
Main lacrimal gland
1. Orbital part
2. Palpebral part
Ducts of lacrimal gland
Accessory lacrimal glands
Structure, blood supply and nerve supply
Lacrimal passages
1. Lacrimal puncta
2. Lacrimal canaliculi
3. Lacrimal sac
4. Nasolacrimal duct (NLD)
TEAR FILM
THE DRY EYE
SJOGREN’S SYNDROME
THE WATERING EYE
DACRYOCYSTITIS
CONGENITAL DACRYOCYSTITIS
Etiology
Clinical features
Differential diagnosis
Complications
Treatment
ADULT DACRYOCYSTITIS
Chronic Dacryocystitis
Etiology
A. Predisposing factors
B. Factors responsible for stasis of tears in lacrimal sac
C. Source of infection
D. Causative organisms
Clinical features
Complications
Treatment
Acute Dacryocystitis
Etiology
Clinical features
Complications
Treatment
SURGICAL TECHNIQUE OF DACRYOCYSTORHINOSTOMY
Conventional external approach DCR (Fig. 16.11)
Endonasal DCR
Advantages and disadvantages of endonasal DCR vis-a-vis external DCR
Endocanalicular Laser DCR
SURGICAL TECHNIQUE OF DACRYOCYSTECTOMY (DCT)
SWELLINGS OF LACRIMAL GLAND
DACRYOADENITIS
I. Acute dacryoadenitis
II. Chronic dacryoadenitis
MIKULICZ’S SYNDROME
DACRYOPES
TUMOURS OF THE LACRIMAL GLAND
Epithelial tumours of lacrimal gland
Pleomorphic adenoma
Lacrimal gland carcinoma
17:
Diseases of Orbit
APPLIED ANATOMY
BONY ORBIT
ORBITAL FASCIA
CONTENTS OF ORBIT
SURGICAL SPACES IN ORBIT
PROPTOSIS
ENOPHTHALMOS
DEVELOPMENTAL ANOMALIES OF THE ORBIT
ORBITAL INFECTIONS AND INFLAMMATIONS
A. ORBITAL INFECTIONS
PRESEPTAL CELLULITIS
ORBITAL CELLULITIS AND INTRAORBITAL ABSCESS
ORBITAL MUCORMYCOSIS
CAVERNOUS SINUS THROMBOSIS
B. NON-INFECTIVE ORBITAL INFLAMMATIONS
IDIOPATHIC ORBITAL INFLAMMATORY DISEASE (PSEUDOTUMOUR)
TOLOSA–HUNT SYNDROME
THYROID EYE DISEASE
CAROTID-CAVERNOUS FISTULA
ORBITAL TUMOURS
A. PRIMARY ORBITAL TUMOURS
B. SECONDARY ORBITAL TUMOURS
C. METASTATIC ORBITAL TUMOURS
ORBITAL BLOW-OUT FRACTURES
ORBITAL SURGERY
ORBITOTOMY
EXENTERATION
18:
Ocular Injuries
MECHANICAL INJURIES
OCULAR TRAUMA TERMINOLOGIES
EXTRAOCULAR FOREIGN BODIES
BLUNT TRAUMA
Causes and pathogenesis of damage
Traumatic lesions of blunt trauma
A. Closed-globe injury
B. Globe rupture
C. Extraocular lesions
OPEN-GLOBE INJURIES
PENETRATING AND PERFORATING INJURIES
INTRAOCULAR FOREIGN BODIES
Modes of damage and lesions
Management of retained intraocular foreign bodies (IOFB)
SYMPATHETIC OPHTHALMITIS
CHEMICAL INJURIES
NON-MECHANICAL INJURIES
SECTION IV: OCULAR THERAPEUTICS
19:
Ocular Pharmacology
MODES OF ADMINISTRATION
COMMON PHARMACOLOGICAL AGENTS USED IN OPHTHALMOLOGY
ANTI-INFECTIVE AGENTS
ANTIBACTERIAL AGENTS
ANTIVIRAL DRUGS
ANTIFUNGAL AGENTS
ANTI-GLAUCOMA DRUGS
Classification
A. Parasympathomimetic drugs (Miotics)
B. Sympathomimetic drugs
C. Beta-adrenergic blockers
D. Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors (CAIs)
E. Hyperosmotic agents
F. Prostaglandin derivatives
G. Calcium channel blockers
Antiglaucoma drugs: Mechanism of lowering IOP at a glance
ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AND IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE AGENTS
CORTICOSTEROIDS
NONSTEROIDAL ANTI-INFLAMMATORY DRUGS
IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE AND ANTIMITOTIC DRUGS
ANTI-ALLERGIC AND VASOCONSTRICTORS DRUGS
LUBRICATING AGENTS
INTRAOCULAR IRRIGATING SOLUTIONS
VISCOELASTIC SUBSTANCES
ANTI-VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTOR AGENTS (ANTI-VEGF)
DYES USED IN OPHTHALMOLOGY
FLUORESCEIN SODIUM
FLUOREXONE
INDOCYANINE GREEN
ROSE BENGAL AND LISSAMINE GREEN
TRYPAN BLUE
VERTEPORFIN
20:
Lasers and Cryotherapy in Ophthalmology
LASERS IN OPHTHALMOLOGY
CRYOTHERAPY IN OPHTHALMOLOGY
SECTION V: SYSTEMIC AND COMMUNITY OPHTHALMOLOGY
21:
Systemic Ophthalmology
OCULAR MANIFESTATIONS OF SYSTEMIC DISEASES
INTRODUCTION
OCULAR MANIFESTATIONS OF NUTRITIONAL DEFICIENCIES
XEROPHTHALMIA
OCULAR MANIFESTATIONS OF SYSTEMIC INFECTIONS A. VIRAL INFECTIONS
B. BACTERIAL INFECTIONS
C. PARASITIC INFECTIONS
D. FUNGAL INFECTIONS
OCULAR MANIFESTATIONS OF COMMON ENDOCRINAL AND METABOLIC DISORDERS
OCULAR MANIFESTATIONS OF COMMON DISORDERS OF SKIN AND MUCOUS MEMBRANES
OCULAR MANIFESTATIONS OF HAEMATOLOGICAL DISEASES
OCULAR ABNORMALITIES IN TRISOMIES
ADVERSE OCULAR EFFECTS OF COMMON SYSTEMIC DRUGS
22:
Community Ophthalmology
INTRODUCTION
BLINDNESS AND ITS CAUSES
GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR PREVENTION OF BLINDNESS
NATIONAL PROGRAMME FOR CONTROL OF BLINDNESS (NPCB) IN INDIA
SECTION VI: PRACTICAL OPHTHALMOLOGY
23:
Clinical Methods in Ophthalmology
HISTORY AND EXAMINATION
HISTORY
GENERAL PHYSICAL AND SYSTEMIC EXAMINATION
OCULAR EXAMINATION
I. TESTING OF VISUAL ACUITY
II. EXTERNAL OCULAR EXAMINATION
Scheme of External Ocular Examination
III. FUNDUS EXAMINATION
IV. VISUAL FIELD EXAMINATION
RECORD OF OPHTHALMIC CASE
TECHNIQUES OF OCULAR EXAMINATION AND DIAGNOSTIC TESTS
OBLIQUE ILLUMINATION
TONOMETRY
TECHNIQUES OF FUNDUS EXAMINATION
PERIMETRY
A. MANUAL PERIMETRY
B. AUTOMATED PERIMETRY
FUNDUS FLUORESCEIN ANGIOGRAPHY
ELECTRORETINOGRAPHY AND ELECTRO-OCULOGRAPHY
VISUALLY EVOKED RESPONSE (VER)
OCULAR ULTRASONOGRAPHY
OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY
RELATED QUESTIONS
COMMON OCULAR SIGNS
Appendix I
24:
Clinical Ophthalmic Cases
INTRODUCTION
DISEASES OF CONJUNCTIVA
A CASE OF PTERYGIUM
Related Questions
DISEASES OF CORNEA AND SCLERA
A CASE OF CORNEAL ULCER
Related Questions
A CASE OF CORNEAL OPACITY
Related Questions
A CASE OF ANTERIOR STAPHYLOMA
Related Questions
DISEASES OF UVEAL TRACT
A CASE OF ACUTE IRIDOCYCLITIS
A CASE OF CHRONIC IRIDOCYCLITIS
Related Questions
DISEASES OF LENS
A CASE OF SENILE CATARACT
Related Questions
A CASE OF CONGENITAL/DEVELOPMENTAL CATARACT
Related Questions
A CASE OF APHAKIA
A CASE OF PSEUDOPHAKIA
Related Questions
GLAUCOMA
A CASE OF PRIMARY ANGLE-CLOSURE GLAUCOMA
A CASE OF PRIMARY OPEN-ANGLE GLAUCOMA
A CASE OF PHACOMORPHIC GLAUCOMA
A CASE OF PHACOLYTIC GLAUCOMA
RELATED QUESTIONS
DISEASES OF EYELIDS
A CASE OF BLEPHARITIS
Related Questions
A CASE OF CHALAZION (MEIBOMIAN CYST)
A CASE OF STYE
Related Questions
A CASE OF TRICHIASIS AND ENTROPION
Related Questions
A CASE OF ECTROPION
RELATED QUESTIONS
A CASE OF PTOSIS
RELATED QUESTIONS
DISEASES OF LACRIMAL APPARATUS
A CASE OF CHRONIC DACRYOCYSTITIS
Related Questions
DISEASES OF ORBIT
A CASE OF PROPTOSIS
Related Questions
DISORDERS OF OCULAR MOTILITY
A CASE OF SQUINT
Related Questions
OCULAR INJURIES
A CASE OF BLUNT OCULAR TRAUMA
Related Questions
25:
Darkroom Procedures
OBLIQUE ILLUMINATION, GONIOSCOPY AND TRANSILLUMINATION
OBLIQUE ILLUMINATION
Loupe and lens examination
Slit-lamp examination
GONIOSCOPY
Gonioscopic grading of angle width
TRANSILLUMINATION
RELATED QUESTIONS
Who invented the technique of oblique illumination examination?
Who invented the slit-lamp?
What is the power of the condensing lens used in loupe and lens examination technique?
What is the power of a corneal loupe?
What is the magnification of a corneal loupe?
What are the advantages and disadvantages of a binocular loupe over the monocular corneal loupe?
What is the optical principle of oblique illumination?
What are the prerequisites for loupe and lens examination technique?
Where is the source of light placed in oblique illumination examination?
Enumerate the structures which can be examined with a slit-lamp without any additional aid?
What are the advantages and disadvantages of slit-lamp examination over loupe and lens examination?
Enumerate a few ocular conditions where transillumination test helps in the diagnosis.
CLINICAL REFRACTION
OBJECTIVE REFRACTION
RETINOSCOPY
Definition
Principle
Prerequisites for retinoscopy
Plane versus concave mirror retinoscope
Procedure of retinoscopy
Problems in retinoscopy
Static versus dynamic retinoscopy
Rough estimate of refractive error after retinoscopy
AUTOREFRACTOMETRY
Photorefraction
KERATOMETRY
Principle of keratometer
Types of keratometers
SUBJECTIVE REFRACTION
RELATED QUESTIONS
LIGHT AND GEOMETRICAL OPTICS
What is the wavelength of visible spectrum of the light?
Which light rays are absorbed by the cornea and crystalline lens of the eye?
White light consists of how many colours?
What do you mean by reflection of light?
What are the features of an image formed by a plane mirror?
What do you mean by refraction of light?
Describe the features of the images formed by a concave mirror for different positions of the object.
What is total internal reflection?
What is the critical angle?
What do you mean by Sturm conoid focal interval of Sturm and circle of least diffusion?
Why a patient with mixed astigmatism has comparatively better vision?
OPTICS OF THE EYE
What is a ‘reduced eye’?
What is the nodal point of the eyeball?
What is optical axis of the eyeball?
What is visual axis?
What is fixation axis?
What is visual angle?
What are angles alpha, gamma and kappa of the eyeball?
What is the total refractive power of the eyeball and how much is contributed by cornea and the crystalline lens?
What are the refractive indices of the media of the eye?
REFRACTIVE ERRORS
What is emmetropia?
Define ametropia.
Define hypermetropia (Iong-sightedness).
What is the refractive status of the eye at birth?
What are etiological types of ametropic refractive errors?
What are the components of the hypermetropia?
Name the most common factor responsible for myopia and hypermetropia.
Name the complications which may occur in non-treated cases of hypermetropia.
Define aphakia.
Enumerate the refractive changes which occur in an aphakic eye.
Name the various modalities for correction of aphakia and enumerate advantages and disadvantages of each.
What are fundus findings in a patient with high hypermetropia?
Enumerate the signs of aphakia.
What is pseudophakia?
What is the refractive position of the pseudophakic eye?
What is the average standard power of the posterior chamber IOL?
What is the average weight of an IOL?
What is the power of the IOL in air vis-a-vis in the aqueous humour?
What is the difference in the power of an anterior chamber IOL versus posterior chamber IOL?
What is myopia (short-sightedness)?
Name the clinical varieties of myopia.
Enumerate the fundus changes in pathological myopia.
Name the surgical treatment of myopia.
Name the complications of pathological myopia.
Name the diseases which can be associated with myopia.
What is the basic principle of radial keratotomy operation for myopia?
What is the principle of photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) operation for myopia?
What is ALK operation for myopia?
What is LASIK operation for myopia?
Define astigmatism.
What are the clinical types of astigmatism?
What is the treatment of irregular astigmatism?
What is simple, compound and mixed astigmatism?
What is the most common cause of irregular astigmatism?
What is anisometropia?
What is aniseikonia?
How much image magnification is caused by one dioptre anisometropia?
What are the common causes of aniseikonia?
ACCOMMODATION AND ITS ANOMALIES
Define accommodation.
What is presbyopia?
What is near point of the eye?
What is far point of the eye?
Enumerate the causes of premature presbyopia.
What is range of accommodation?
What is amplitude of accommodation?
What do you mean by insufficiency of accommodation? Enumerate its causes.
DETERMINATION AND CORRECTION OF REFRACTIVE ERRORS
Enumerate objective methods of refraction.
Name some subjective methods of refraction.
Define retinoscopy (skiascopy or shadow test).
What is the principle of retinoscopy?
What are the prerequisites for retinoscopy?
What are the common types of retinoscopes?
What are the advantages of a streak retinoscope over a simple plane mirror retinoscope?
Name the conditions where concave mirror retinoscopy is more useful.
What are the indications of using cycloplegic drugs for retinoscopy?
What do you mean by wet retinoscopy and dry retinoscopy?
Name the commonly used cycloplegics.
At what distance retinoscopy is performed?
When retinoscopy is performed with a plane mirror at a distance of 1 m; what inferences are drawn?
What inferences are drawn from the movement of the red reflex when concave mirror retinoscope is used?
What is the point of neutralization while using a simple plane mirror retinoscope?
What is the end point of neutralization while using a streak retinoscope?
While performing retinoscopy, if the shadow appears to swirl around, what does it indicate?
While performing retinoscopy with dilated pupil, one central and another peripheral shadow may be seen. It is important to neutralize which shadow?
When a cycloplegic retinoscopy has been performed, how many dioptres should be deducted to compensate for the ciliary tone?
What is an autorefractometer?
What is a duochrome test?
Name common problems which can arise while performing retinoscopy.
DARKROOM APPLIANCES
What is a prism and what are its uses in ophthalmology?
What are the uses of a convex spherical lens?
How will you identify a convex lens?
How will you identify a concave lens?
What are the uses of concave lens?
How will you identify a cylindrical lens?
What are the uses of cylindrical lenses?
What is a cross cylinder and what are its uses?
What are the uses of red and green glasses or filters?
Which glass is used most commonly for making spectacles?
What are the types of contact lenses you know of?
What are the advantages and disadvantages of hard contact lenses?
What are the advantages and disadvantages of soft contact lenses?
TECHNIQUES OF FUNDUS EXAMINATION
A. OPHTHALMOSCOPY
1. Distant Direct Ophthalmoscopy
2. Direct Ophthalmoscopy
3. Indirect Ophthalmoscopy
B. SLIT-LAMP BIOMICROSCOPIC EXAMINATION OF THE FUNDUS
RELATED QUESTIONS
Define ophthalmoscopy.
What are the types of ophthalmoscopy?
What are the other methods of fundus examination?
When and who invented the direct ophthalmoscope?
Who reinvented and popularised the ophthalmoscope?
At what distance distant direct ophthalmoscopy is performed?
What are the uses (applications) of distant direct ophthalmoscopy?
At what distance ‘direct ophthalmoscopy’ should be performed?
What are the features of the image formed in direct ophthalmoscopy?
When and who invented the indirect ophthalmoscopy?
What is the principle of indirect ophthalmoscopy?
What is the power of the convex lens most commonly used in indirect ophthalmoscopy?
What are the characteristics of the image formed in indirect ophthalmoscopy?
What are the advantages of indirect ophthalmoscopy over direct ophthalmoscopy?
What are the advantages of direct ophthalmoscopy over indirect ophthalmoscopy?
Name the common diseases of the optic disc which can be diagnosed on direct ophthalmoscopy.
Name few common retinal disorders diagnosed on direct/indirect ophthalmoscopy.
26:
Ophthalmic Instruments and Operative Ophthalmology
INTRODUCTION
ANAESTHESIA FOR OCULAR SURGERY
REGIONAL (LOCAL) ANAESTHESIA
Surface (Topical) anaesthesia
Facial block
Retrobulbar block
Peribulbar block
GENERAL ANAESTHESIA
OPHTHALMIC EQUIPMENT AND INSTRUMENTS
ESSENTIAL EQUIPMENT FOR OPHTHALMIC OPERATION THEATRE
OPHTHALMIC INSTRUMENTS
I. Lid speculums
II. Forceps
Ill. Hooks and retractors
IV. Needle holders
V. Callipers and rules
VI. Knives and knife-needles
VII. Scissors
VIII. Clamps
IX. Additional instruments for cataract surgery
X. Additional instruments for intraocular lens implantation
XI. Additional instruments for glaucoma surgery
XII. Additional instruments for lid surgery
XIII. Additional instruments for lacrimal sac surgery (DCT and DCR)
XIV. Additional instruments for enucleation and evisceration
STERILIZATION, DISINFECTION AND FUMIGATION
STERILIZATION AND DISINFECTION
Methods
A. Heat sterilization
B. Chemical sterilization
(C) Radiation sterilization
FUMIGATION OF OPERATION THEATRE
RELATED QUESTIONS
ANAESTHESIA FOR OCULAR SURGERY
How topical ocular anaesthesia is achieved? What are its indications?
What are various techniques of facial block anaesthesia?
Where injection is made for retrobulbar block?
What are the effects of retrobulbar block?
Enumerate complications of retrobulbar block.
What is the technique of peribulbar block?
What are the advantages of peribulbar block?
OPHTHALMIC INSTRUMENTS AND EYE OPERATIONS
OPERATIONS FOR CATARACT EXTRACTION
IRIDECTOMY OPERATION
What is iridectomy and what are its types?
What are the indications of iridectomy operation?
What is iridotomy and how is it performed?
What are indications of iridotomy operation?
SURGICAL PROCEDURES FOR GLAUCOMA
Peripheral iridectomy operation is performed for which type of glaucoma?
What are filtration operations for glaucoma?
What are the indications of trabeculectomy operation?
What are the advantages of trabeculectomy over other filtration operations?
What is Seton operation?
What are cycloablative procedures?
Cyclodialysis operation is useful in which type of glaucoma?
ENUCLEATION AND EVISCERATION OPERATIONS
What is enucleation operation?
Enumerate indications of enucleation.
What precautions should be taken while performing enucleation in a patient with retinoblastoma?
What is evisceration operation?
What are the indications of evisceration?
How can the cosmetic appearance be improved after enucleation or evisceration operation?
OPERATIONS ON EYELIDS
LACRIMAL APPARATUS OPERATIONS
LASERS AND CRYOTHERAPY IN OPHTHALMOLOGY
What are the properties of laser light?
Name the different types of lasers and their mechanism of action.
Enumerate uses of argon/diode laser.
What are the therapeutic uses of Nd-YAG laser?
What are therapeutic applications of excimer laser?
Describe the laser treatment for diabetic retinopathy.
What is femtosecond laser? enumerate its applications.
What do youmean by cryopexy?
On what principle is the working of a cryoprobe based?
Which gas is used in a cryo-machine?
Enumerate the applications of cryo in ophthalmology.
INDEX
TOC
Index
×
Chapter Notes
Save
Clear
