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Chapter-20 Thyroid

BOOK TITLE: Clinical Surgery: A Text and Atlas

Author
1. Tandon Nikhil
2. Chumber Sunil
3. Khadgawat Rajesh
4. S Vishwanath
5. Saha Sudipto
ISBN
9789351526797
DOI
10.5005/jp/books/12698_21
Edition
1/e
Publishing Year
2016
Pages
20
Author Affiliations
1. All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, India, All India Institute of Medical Sciences New Delhi, 433, Hawa Singh Block, ASAID, New Delhi 110049
3. All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, India, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
4. Manipal Institute of Nephrology and Urology, Manipal Hospital, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India, Manipal Health Enterprises Pvt Ltd, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
5. Lady Hardinge Medical College, New Delhi, India
Chapter keywords
thyroxin, triiodothyronine, hypothyroidism, basal metabolic rate, thyroglossal tract, Graves’ disease, thyroiditis, hyperparathyroidism, serum PTH, hypocalcemia

Abstract

Thyroid is a large ductless gland in the neck which secretes hormones regulating growth and development through the rate of metabolism. Thyroid diseases are five times more common in women than men. Simple goiter, multinodular goiter, Graves’ disease, thyroiditis and thyroid cancer — all are far more common in the women. However, if a thyroid nodule is present in a male, it is more likely to be malignant. Smoking aggravates symptoms of thyrotoxicosis. This chapter discusses various thyroid diseases such as Thyrotoxicosis, Myxedema, Menorrhagia, thyroglossal cysts, Goiter, solitary thyroid nodules (STN) and Follicular Adenoma with the different diagnostic methods to find the related signs and symptoms. Hypothyroidism is one of the most common thyroid diseases. Nonspecific symptoms of hypothyroidism are tiredness, weight-gain, cold intolerance. Constipation and menorrhagia are more common in adults. Facial and periorbital puffiness is accompanied by coarse and dry skin. The hair is dry and brittle and hair loss is marked and involves the eyebrows as well. The tongue is enlarged with slowed and impaired speech. Apart from the common diseases associated with the thyroid gland, the chapter also discusses the thyroid cancers and the process to examine them. Tumor markers such as serum thyroglobulin are useful in the follow-up of patients of thyroid cancer after total thyroidectomy. When the serum thyroglobulin levels following operation are undetectable and subsequently rising levels are noted, there is chance for the recurrence of malignancy.

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